Writable Foreign Data Wrapper for Redis

This PostgreSQL extension provides a Foreign Data Wrapper for read (SELECT) and write (INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE) access to Redis databases (http://redis.io). Supported Redis data types include: string, set, hash, list, zset, and pubsub.

Note that the output FDW module is called redis_fdw, even though this repository is called rw_redis_fdw and not be confused with https://github.com/pg-redis-fdw/redis_fdw (which was used as a basis for the table schema but with very different code), to enable existing users to migrate to this repo. Instructions hereon-in refer to this repository only.

redis_fdw (nahanni/rw_redis_fdw) was written by Leon Dang, sponsored by Nahanni Systems Inc.

This project is currently work in progress and may have experience significant changes until it becomes stable. Use it with caution and at your own risk!

PostgreSQL version compatibility

Currently tested against PostgreSQL 9.4+, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 and 15. Other versions might work but unconfirmed.

Building

Dependencies:

• hiredis - usually part of the Redis installation on your system, or obtain from source at https://github.com/redis/hiredis.
• PostgreSQL pgxs - part of the PostgreSQL package or source SDK

Build

  PATH=<pgsql_prefix>/bin:$PATH make
  sudo PATH=<pgsql_prefix>/bin:$PATH make install

where pgsql_prefix is where you've installed PostgreSQL to, e.g. /usr/local/postgresql/9.4.0

Build RPM

For Centos 7 you should add Centos SCLO repo and install required packages:

yum -y install centos-release-scl-rh
yum-config-manager --enable rhel-server-rhscl-7-rpms
yum -y install hiredis-devel postgresql11-devel llvm-toolset-7-clang

And build RPM by command:

rpmbuild -tb rw_redis_fdw-<tag>.tar.gz

Options

Server options

Server options are optional if using the defaults.

option	description	default
host	(or "address") Redis server's unix socket absolute path, hostname or IP address	localhost
port	server network port	6379
password	Redis-authentication	no default

Example of how to add a Redis backend:

  CREATE EXTENSION redis_fdw;
  
  CREATE SERVER redis_server 
     FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER redis_fdw 
     OPTIONS (host '127.0.0.1', port '6379');
 
  CREATE USER MAPPING FOR PUBLIC
     SERVER redis_server
     OPTIONS (password 'secret');

PostgreSQL Table Schema

redis_fdw expects the tables to have a particular structure to help it issue Redis commands and translate data. The default column names for each table are listed in the following sections; if they are relabeled then the column option

must be provided to map to the original redis_fdw expected name. For example:

  CREATE FOREIGN TABLE rft_str (
     key  TEXT,
     v    TEXT,
     ...
  )...

  ALTER FOREIGN TABLE rft_str ALTER COLUMN v OPTIONS (ADD redis 'value');

Any extraneous columns defined are ignored and untested.

Table options

  CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ftbl (
     ...
  ) ...
  OPTIONS ( <options> )

option	description
tabletype	Mandatory option. Specifies the Redis data type: string, hash, mhash, set, zset, list, ttl, len, publish
key	bind table to a specific key. Note: do not specify a "key" column in the table if this option is used. For a PUBLISH table, use channel instead of key.
keyprefix	prefix all keys in the table with this value. One use is to enable namespace separation from other keys in Redis
readonly	read-only table, no writes permitted
database	for Redis database to use (an integer)

tabletype, with column names, can be one of the following (refer to the subsections further below for operations that can be completed on them):

• string - key-value
• hash - key-field-value
• mhash or hmset - key-field[]-value[]. Read-only table
• set - key-member
• zset - key-member-score-index
• list - key-index-value
• publish - channel-message-len
  • INSERT issues PUBLISH channel message,
  • SELECT issues PUBSUB NUMSUB channel

tabletype for non-redis data types, but useful tables:

• ttl - key-expiry. Inspect or set/remove the expiry from a key.
• len - key-tabletype-len. Retrieve the number of items in a key or the entire database.
• keys - retreive all keys in the database

key must be either defined as a column or a table option, but not both.

Note that expiry (in seconds) is an optional column in all the tables. If it is specified, then redis_fdw will also fetch the key's expiry. This is only done once per unique key fetch, so it isn't too expensive.

String key-value data type

Read-Write

  CREATE FOREIGN TABLE rft_str(
      key    TEXT,
      value  TEXT,
      expiry INT
  ) SERVER xxx
    OPTIONS (tabletype 'string');

Hash

Read-Write

Each row represents a field and value of the hash, so the key and expiry columns will be the same for all rows.

  CREATE FOREIGN TABLE rft_hash(
      key    TEXT,
      field  TEXT,
      value  TEXT,
      expiry INT
  ) SERVER xxx
    OPTIONS (tabletype 'hash');

Multiple hash fields

Read-only

• this might be changed to being writable in the future

  CREATE FOREIGN TABLE rft_mhash(
      key    TEXT,
      field  TEXT[],
      value  TEXT[],
      expiry INT
  ) SERVER xxx
    OPTIONS (tabletype 'mhash');

List

Read-Write

  CREATE FOREIGN TABLE rft_list(
      key    TEXT,
      value  TEXT,
      "index" INT,
      expiry INT
  ) SERVER xxx
    OPTIONS (tabletype 'list');

• INSERT is the equivalent of RPUSH (add to the tail of the list)
• UPDATE uses LSET to change the value of an item at the index
• DELETE of
  index = 0
  uses LPOP (remove first item), otherwise redis_fdw will rename the item at the specified index to a searchable string and delete that item.
• DELETE of
  value = x
  uses
  LREM key 1 value
  , ie deletes only the first left instance of the value. If you specify both
  value
  and
  index
  , then only
  value
  is used for deletion (
  index
  is ignored)

Set

Read-Write

  CREATE FOREIGN TABLE rft_set(
      key    TEXT,
      member TEXT,
      expiry INT
  ) SERVER xxx
    OPTIONS (tabletype 'set');

ZSet

Read-Write

  CREATE FOREIGN TABLE rft_zset(
      key     TEXT,
      member  TEXT,
      score   INT,
      "index" INT,
      expiry  INT
  ) SERVER localredis
    OPTIONS (tabletype 'zset');

TTL

Read-Write

Get or set the time to live (in seconds) of a key.

• Set expiry = 0 to make the key persistent.
• DELETE will delete the entire key.

  CREATE FOREIGN TABLE rft_ttl(
      key    TEXT,
      expiry INT
  ) SERVER localredis
    OPTIONS (tabletype 'ttl');

Publish

Read-Write

• SELECT performs
  PUBSUB NUMSUB channel
  to fetch the number of subscribers to the channel
• INSERT performs
  PUBLISH channel message
  and places the number of subscribers who received the message on the RETURNING value of len

  CREATE FOREIGN TABLE rft_pub(
      channel   TEXT,
      message   TEXT,
      len       INT
  ) SERVER localredis
    OPTIONS (tabletype 'publish');

Len

Read-only

Retrieve the length of a key or the database (if SELECT does not have WHERE key = xxxx).

  CREATE FOREIGN TABLE rft_len(
      key       TEXT,
      tabletype TEXT,
      len       INT,
      expiry    INT
  ) SERVER localredis
    OPTIONS (tabletype 'len');

Keys

Read-only

Retrieve all keys for the database. Use with special care and only on small key-spaces since it requires fetching all keys from redis which returns all keys as a single array which can hurt memory use significantly.

  CREATE FOREIGN TABLE rft_keys(
      key       TEXT
  ) SERVER localredis
    OPTIONS (tabletype 'keys');

Usage

redis_fdw is able to parse simple WHERE clauses containing the following operators.

Text Equality

• column = constant/parameter
• e.g.
  WHERE key = "foo"

Index and Score integer comparisons

• index/score column < | <= | = | >= | > constant/parameter
• e.g.
  WHERE index > 4 AND index < 9

Array contains

• array-column @> array-constant/array-parameter
• e.g.
  WHERE field @> '{"a","b","c"}'

Refer to the test sql script for real examples.

Limitations

redis_fdw can handle most queries ok if the WHERE clause conditions are passed to it from PostgreSQL.

The module can't yet handle JOINs if the key is not provided in WHERE clause as a constant or parameter. The reasons are complex and have to do with PostgreSQL's query planner which doesn't (and may not be able to) provide the WHERE conditions to redis_fdw.

For example, the following will fail because

isn't provided to redis_fdw.

  SELECT u.*, r.value, r.expiry
  FROM pgsql_users u
  JOIN rft_sessions r ON r.key = u.key
  WHERE r.key = u.key;

The workaround is something like where

:

  WITH u AS (SELECT * FROM pgsql_users WHERE userid = 1)
  SELECT u.*, r.value, r.expiry
  FROM rft_sessions r, u
  WHERE r.key = (SELECT u.key FROM u);

PubSub

Only PUBSUB NUMSUB channel is implemented.

SUB clients will need to connect to Redis directly.

License:

Copyright 2015 Leon Dang, Nahanni Systems Inc. BSD-style license; see LICENSE.

Support

(this wiki section to be improved upon)

If you encounter an issue with the module, here are some ways that can assist in identifying root causes:

1. If PostgreSQL crashes because of the module:

• enable core dumps on your system
• start postgres with
  ulimit -c unlimited
  to enable core dumps
• compile this module with gdb enabled (it is enabled by default in the Makefile with the -g switch to PG_CPPFLAGS)
• gdb <pgsql-prefix>/bin/postgresql <path-to-core>/<corefile>
• get gdb back trace so with
  gdb> bt
• submit the backtrace

2. Enable debug output from the module

• make DEBUG=1
  and reinstall (
  make install
  )
• configure postgres to write debug messages with log level INFO to the logs
• obtain and submit the log entries that were printed by this module

Authors

Leon Dang