docs/intro/tutorial07.txt - main - vshmidt/django

docs/intro/tutorial07.txt
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Sarah Boyce
Clarified "Add another question" as the plus sign button.
13 апр 2026, 15:34
13 апр 2026, 15:34746f5fd
=====================================
Writing your first Django app, part 7
=====================================

This tutorial begins where :doc:`Tutorial 6 </intro/tutorial06>` left off.
We're continuing the web-poll application and will focus on customizing
Django's automatically-generated admin site that we first explored in
:doc:`Tutorial 2 </intro/tutorial02>`.

.. admonition:: Where to get help:

    If you're having trouble going through this tutorial, please head over to
    the :doc:`Getting Help</faq/help>` section of the FAQ.

Customize the admin form
========================

By registering the ``Question`` model with ``admin.site.register(Question)``,
Django was able to construct a default form representation. Often, you'll want
to customize how the admin form looks and works. You'll do this by telling
Django the options you want when you register the object.

Let's see how this works by reordering the fields on the edit form. Replace
the ``admin.site.register(Question)`` line with:

.. code-block:: python
    :caption: ``polls/admin.py``

    from django.contrib import admin

    from .models import Question


    class QuestionAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
        fields = ["pub_date", "question_text"]


    admin.site.register(Question, QuestionAdmin)

You'll follow this pattern -- create a model admin class, then pass it as the
second argument to ``admin.site.register()`` -- any time you need to change the
admin options for a model.

This particular change above makes the "Publication date" come before the
"Question" field:

.. image:: _images/admin07.png
   :alt: Fields have been reordered

This isn't impressive with only two fields, but for admin forms with dozens
of fields, choosing an intuitive order is an important usability detail.

And speaking of forms with dozens of fields, you might want to split the form
up into fieldsets:

.. code-block:: python
    :caption: ``polls/admin.py``

    from django.contrib import admin

    from .models import Question


    class QuestionAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
        fieldsets = [
            (None, {"fields": ["question_text"]}),
            ("Date information", {"fields": ["pub_date"]}),
        ]


    admin.site.register(Question, QuestionAdmin)

The first element of each tuple in
:attr:`~django.contrib.admin.ModelAdmin.fieldsets` is the title of the
fieldset. Here's what our form looks like now:

.. image:: _images/admin08t.png
   :alt: Form has fieldsets now

Adding related objects
======================

OK, we have our Question admin page, but a ``Question`` has multiple
``Choice``\s, and the admin page doesn't display choices.

Yet.

There are two ways to solve this problem. The first is to register ``Choice``
with the admin just as we did with ``Question``:

.. code-block:: python
    :caption: ``polls/admin.py``

    from django.contrib import admin

    from .models import Choice, Question

    # ...
    admin.site.register(Choice)

Now "Choices" is an available option in the Django admin. The "Add choice" form
looks like this:

.. image:: _images/admin09.png
   :alt: Choice admin page

In that form, the "Question" field is a select box containing every question in
the database. Django knows that a :class:`~django.db.models.ForeignKey` should
be represented in the admin as a ``<select>`` box. In our case, only one
question exists at this point.

Also note the "Add another question" button (displayed as a plus sign) to the
right of the "Question" field. Every ``ForeignKey`` relationship gets this
button for free. When you click this button, you'll get a popup window with the
"Add question" form. If you add a question in that window and click "Save",
Django will save the question to the database and dynamically add it as the
selected choice on the "Add choice" form you're looking at.

But, really, this is an inefficient way of adding ``Choice`` objects to the
system. It'd be better if you could add a bunch of Choices directly when you
create the ``Question`` object. Let's make that happen.

Remove the ``register()`` call for the ``Choice`` model. Then, edit the
``Question`` registration code to read:

.. code-block:: python
    :caption: ``polls/admin.py``

    from django.contrib import admin

    from .models import Choice, Question


    class ChoiceInline(admin.StackedInline):
        model = Choice
        extra = 3


    class QuestionAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
        fieldsets = [
            (None, {"fields": ["question_text"]}),
            ("Date information", {"fields": ["pub_date"], "classes": ["collapse"]}),
        ]
        inlines = [ChoiceInline]


    admin.site.register(Question, QuestionAdmin)

This tells Django: "``Choice`` objects are edited on the ``Question`` admin
page. By default, provide enough fields for 3 choices."

Load the "Add question" page to see how that looks:

.. image:: _images/admin10t.png
   :alt: Add question page now has choices on it

It works like this: There are three slots for related Choices -- as specified
by ``extra`` -- and each time you come back to the "Change" page for an
already-created object, you get another three extra slots.

At the end of the three current slots you will find an "Add another Choice"
link. If you click on it, a new slot will be added. If you want to remove the
added slot, you can click on the X to the top right of the added slot. This
image shows an added slot:

.. image:: _images/admin14t.png
   :alt: Additional slot added dynamically

One small problem, though. It takes a lot of screen space to display all the
fields for entering related ``Choice`` objects. For that reason, Django offers
a tabular way of displaying inline related objects. To use it, change the
``ChoiceInline`` declaration to read:

.. code-block:: python
    :caption: ``polls/admin.py``

    class ChoiceInline(admin.TabularInline): ...

With that ``TabularInline`` (instead of ``StackedInline``), the
related objects are displayed in a more compact, table-based format:

.. image:: _images/admin11t.png
   :alt: Add question page now has more compact choices

Note that there is an extra "Delete?" column that allows removing rows added
using the "Add another Choice" button and rows that have already been saved.

Customize the admin change list
===============================

Now that the Question admin page is looking good, let's make some tweaks to the
"change list" page -- the one that displays all the questions in the system.

Here's what it looks like at this point:

.. image:: _images/admin04t.png
   :alt: Polls change list page

By default, Django displays the ``str()`` of each object. But sometimes it'd be
more helpful if we could display individual fields. To do that, use the
:attr:`~django.contrib.admin.ModelAdmin.list_display` admin option, which is a
list of field names to display, as columns, on the change list page for the
object:

.. code-block:: python
    :caption: ``polls/admin.py``

    class QuestionAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
        # ...
        list_display = ["question_text", "pub_date"]

For good measure, let's also include the ``was_published_recently()`` method
from :doc:`Tutorial 2 </intro/tutorial02>`:

.. code-block:: python
    :caption: ``polls/admin.py``

    class QuestionAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
        # ...
        list_display = ["question_text", "pub_date", "was_published_recently"]

Now the question change list page looks like this:

.. image:: _images/admin12t.png
   :alt: Polls change list page, updated

You can click on the column headers to sort by those values -- except in the
case of the ``was_published_recently`` header, because sorting by the output
of an arbitrary method is not supported. Also note that the column header for
``was_published_recently`` is, by default, the name of the method (with
underscores replaced with spaces), and that each line contains the string
representation of the output.

You can improve that by using the :func:`~django.contrib.admin.display`
decorator on that method (extending the :file:`polls/models.py` file that was
created in :doc:`Tutorial 2 </intro/tutorial02>`), as follows:

.. code-block:: python
    :caption: ``polls/models.py``

    from django.contrib import admin


    class Question(models.Model):
        # ...
        @admin.display(
            boolean=True,
            ordering="pub_date",
            description="Published recently?",
        )
        def was_published_recently(self):
            now = timezone.now()
            return now - datetime.timedelta(days=1) <= self.pub_date <= now

For more information on the properties configurable via the decorator, see
:attr:`~django.contrib.admin.ModelAdmin.list_display`.

Edit your :file:`polls/admin.py` file again and add an improvement to the
``Question`` change list page: filters using the
:attr:`~django.contrib.admin.ModelAdmin.list_filter`. Add the following line to
``QuestionAdmin``::

    list_filter = ["pub_date"]

That adds a "Filter" sidebar that lets people filter the change list by the
``pub_date`` field:

.. image:: _images/admin13t.png
   :alt: Polls change list page, updated

The type of filter displayed depends on the type of field you're filtering on.
Because ``pub_date`` is a :class:`~django.db.models.DateTimeField`, Django
knows to give appropriate filter options: "Any date", "Today", "Past 7 days",
"This month", "This year".

This is shaping up well. Let's add some search capability::

    search_fields = ["question_text"]

That adds a search box at the top of the change list. When somebody enters
search terms, Django will search the ``question_text`` field. You can use as
many fields as you'd like -- although because it uses a ``LIKE`` query behind
the scenes, limiting the number of search fields to a reasonable number will
make it easier for your database to do the search.

Now's also a good time to note that change lists give you free pagination. The
default is to display 100 items per page.

.. seealso::

   The following :class:`~django.contrib.admin.ModelAdmin` options allow
   further customization of change lists:
   :attr:`~django.contrib.admin.ModelAdmin.list_per_page`,
   :attr:`~django.contrib.admin.ModelAdmin.search_fields`,
   :attr:`~django.contrib.admin.ModelAdmin.date_hierarchy`, and
   :attr:`~django.contrib.admin.ModelAdmin.list_display`.

Customize the admin look and feel
=================================

Clearly, having "Django administration" at the top of each admin page is
ridiculous. It's just placeholder text.

You can change it, though, using Django's template system. The Django admin is
powered by Django itself, and its interfaces use Django's own template system.

.. _ref-customizing-your-projects-templates:

Customizing your *project's* templates
--------------------------------------

Create a ``templates`` directory in your ``djangotutorial`` directory.
Templates can live anywhere on your filesystem that Django can access. (Django
runs as whatever user your server runs.) However, keeping your templates within
the project is a good convention to follow.

Open your settings file (:file:`mysite/settings.py`, remember) and add a
:setting:`DIRS <TEMPLATES-DIRS>` option in the :setting:`TEMPLATES` setting:

.. code-block:: python
    :caption: ``mysite/settings.py``

    TEMPLATES = [
        {
            "BACKEND": "django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates",
            "DIRS": [BASE_DIR / "templates"],
            "APP_DIRS": True,
            "OPTIONS": {
                "context_processors": [
                    "django.template.context_processors.request",
                    "django.contrib.auth.context_processors.auth",
                    "django.contrib.messages.context_processors.messages",
                ],
            },
        },
    ]

:setting:`DIRS <TEMPLATES-DIRS>` is a list of filesystem directories to check
when loading Django templates; it's a search path.

.. admonition:: Organizing templates

    Just like the static files, we *could* have all our templates together, in
    one big templates directory, and it would work perfectly well. However,
    templates that belong to a particular application should be placed in that
    application's template directory (e.g. ``polls/templates``) rather than the
    project's (``templates``). We'll discuss in more detail in the
    :doc:`reusable apps tutorial </intro/reusable-apps>` *why* we do this.

Now create a directory called ``admin`` inside ``templates``, and copy the
template ``admin/base_site.html`` from within the default Django admin
template directory in the source code of Django itself
(:source:`django/contrib/admin/templates`) into that directory.

.. admonition:: Where are the Django source files?

    If you have difficulty finding where the Django source files are located
    on your system, run the following command:

    .. console::

        $ python -c "import django; print(django.__path__)"

Then, edit the file and replace
``{{ site_header|default:_('Django administration') }}`` (including the curly
braces) with your own site's name as you see fit. You should end up with
a section of code like:

.. code-block:: html+django

    {% block branding %}
    <div id="site-name"><a href="{% url 'admin:index' %}">Polls Administration</a></div>
    {% if user.is_anonymous %}
      {% include "admin/color_theme_toggle.html" %}
    {% endif %}
    {% endblock %}

We use this approach to teach you how to override templates. In an actual
project, you would probably use
the :attr:`django.contrib.admin.AdminSite.site_header` attribute to more easily
make this particular customization.

This template file contains lots of text like ``{% block branding %}``
and ``{{ title }}``. The ``{%`` and ``{{`` tags are part of Django's
template language. When Django renders ``admin/base_site.html``, this
template language will be evaluated to produce the final HTML page, just like
we saw in :doc:`Tutorial 3 </intro/tutorial03>`.

Note that any of Django's default admin templates can be overridden. To
override a template, do the same thing you did with ``base_site.html`` -- copy
it from the default directory into your custom directory, and make changes.

Customizing your *application's* templates
------------------------------------------

Astute readers will ask: But if :setting:`DIRS <TEMPLATES-DIRS>` was empty by
default, how was Django finding the default admin templates? The answer is
that, since :setting:`APP_DIRS <TEMPLATES-APP_DIRS>` is set to ``True``,
Django automatically looks for a ``templates/`` subdirectory within each
application package, for use as a fallback (don't forget that
``django.contrib.admin`` is an application).

Our poll application is not very complex and doesn't need custom admin
templates. But if it grew more sophisticated and required modification of
Django's standard admin templates for some of its functionality, it would be
more sensible to modify the *application's* templates, rather than those in the
*project*. That way, you could include the polls application in any new project
and be assured that it would find the custom templates it needed.

See the :ref:`template loading documentation <template-loading>` for more
information about how Django finds its templates.

Customize the admin index page
==============================

On a similar note, you might want to customize the look and feel of the Django
admin index page.

By default, it displays all the apps in :setting:`INSTALLED_APPS` that have
been registered with the admin application, in alphabetical order. You may want
to make significant changes to the layout. After all, the index is probably the
most important page of the admin, and it should be easy to use.

The template to customize is ``admin/index.html``. (Do the same as with
``admin/base_site.html`` in the previous section -- copy it from the default
directory to your custom template directory). Edit the file, and you'll see it
uses a template variable called ``app_list``. That variable contains every
installed Django app. Instead of using that, you can hardcode links to
object-specific admin pages in whatever way you think is best.

When you're comfortable with the admin, read :doc:`part 8 of this
tutorial </intro/tutorial08>` to learn how to use third-party packages.