valemobil/python-future: Easy, clean, reliable Python 2/3 compatibility

docs/quickstart.rst
163 строки5 KB
Ed Schofield
More doc updates
02 окт 2014, 08:55
02 окт 2014, 08:55ff8a39c
.. _quickstart-guide:

Quick-start guide
=================

You can use ``future`` to help to port your code from Python 2 to Python 3
today -- and still have it run on Python 2.

If you already have Python 3 code, you can instead use ``future`` to
offer Python 2 compatibility with almost no extra work.

Installation
------------

To install the latest stable version, type::

    pip install future

If you would prefer the latest development version, it is available `here
<https://github.com/PythonCharmers/python-future>`_.

On Python 2.6, three packages containing backports of standard library modules
in Python 2.7+ are needed for small parts of the code::

    pip install importlib       # for future.standard_library.import_ function only
    pip install unittest2       # to run the test suite
    pip install argparse        # for the backported http.server module from Py3.3

Unless these features are used on Python 2.6 (only), ``future`` has no
dependencies.


If you are writing code from scratch
------------------------------------

The easiest way is to start each new module with these lines::

    from __future__ import (absolute_import, division,
                            print_function, unicode_literals)
    from builtins import *

Then write standard Python 3 code. The :mod:`future` package will
provide support for running your code on Python 2.6 and 2.7 mostly unchanged.

- For explicit import forms, see :ref:`imports`.
- For more details, see :ref:`what-else`.
- For a cheat sheet, see :ref:`compatible-idioms`.


To convert existing Python 3 code
---------------------------------

To offer backward compatibility with Python 2 from your Python 3 code,
you can use the ``pasteurize`` script. This adds these lines at the top of each
module::

    from __future__ import absolute_import
    from __future__ import division
    from __future__ import print_function
    from __future__ import unicode_literals

    from builtins import open
    from builtins import str
    # etc., as needed

    from future import standard_library
    standard_library.install_aliases()
    
and converts several Python 3-only constructs (like keyword-only arguments) to a
form compatible with both Py3 and Py2. Most remaining Python 3 code should
simply work on Python 2.

See :ref:`backwards-conversion` for more details.


To convert existing Python 2 code
---------------------------------

.. include:: futurize_overview.rst

See :ref:`forwards-conversion-stage1` and :ref:`forwards-conversion-stage2` for more details.

.. If you already know Python 3, start with the :ref:`automatic-conversion` page.
.. If you don't know Python 3 yet, start with :ref:`python3-essentials`.


.. _standard-library:

Standard library reorganization
-------------------------------

:mod:`future` supports the standard library reorganization (PEP 3108) via
one of several mechanisms, allowing most moved standard library modules
to be accessed under their Python 3 names and locations in Python 2::
    
    from future import standard_library
    standard_library.aliases()

    # Then these Py3-style imports work on both Python 2 and Python 3:
    import socketserver
    import queue
    import configparser
    from collections import UserDict, UserList, UserString
    from collections import Counter, OrderedDict   # even on Py2.6
    from itertools import filterfalse, zip_longest

    import html
    import html.entities
    import html.parser

    import http
    import http.client
    import http.server
    import http.cookies
    import http.cookiejar

    import urllib.request
    import urllib.parse
    import urllib.response
    import urllib.error
    import urllib.robotparser

    import xmlrpc.client
    import xmlrpc.server

and others. For a complete list, see :ref:`list-standard-library-renamed`.

.. _py2-dependencies:

Python 2-only dependencies
--------------------------

If you have dependencies that support only Python 2, you may be able to use the
``past`` module to automatically translate these Python 2 modules to Python 3
upon import. First, install the Python 2-only package into your Python 3
environment::

    $ pip3 install mypackagename --no-compile   # to ignore SyntaxErrors
    
(or use ``pip`` if this points to your Py3 environment.)

Then add the following code at the top of your (Py3 or Py2/3-compatible)
code::

    from past import autotranslate
    autotranslate(['mypackagename'])
    import mypackagename

This feature is experimental, and we would appreciate your feedback on
how well this works or doesn't work for you. Please file an issue `here
<https://github.com/PythonCharmers/python-future>`_ or post to the
`python-porting <https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-porting>`_
mailing list.

For more information on the automatic translation feature, see :ref:`translation`.


Next steps
----------
For more information about writing Py2/3-compatible code, see:

- :ref:`compatible-idioms`
- :ref:`what-else`.