valemobil/python-future: Easy, clean, reliable Python 2/3 compatibility

docs/str_object.rst
98 строк3 KB
Ed Schofield
Rename ``future.builtins.backports`` package to ``future.builtins.types``
22 янв 2014, 08:40
22 янв 2014, 08:401c1e891
.. _str-object:

str
-----

The :class:`str` object in Python 3 is quite similar but not identical to the
Python 2 :class:`unicode` object.

The major difference is the stricter type-checking of Py3's ``str`` that
enforces a distinction between unicode strings and byte-strings, such as when
comparing, concatenating, joining, or replacing parts of strings.

There are also other differences, such as the ``repr`` of unicode strings in
Py2 having a ``u'...'`` prefix, versus simply ``'...'``, and the removal of
the :func:`str.decode` method in Py3.

:mod:`future` contains a backport of the :mod:`str` object from Python 3 which
inherits from the Python 2 :class:`unicode` class but has customizations to
improve compatibility with Python 3's :class:`str` object. You can use it as
follows::

    >>> from __future__ import unicode_literals
    >>> from future.builtins import str

(On Py3, this simply imports the builtin :class:`str` object.)

Then, for example, the following code has the same effect on Py2 as on Py3::

    >>> s = str(u'ABCD')
    >>> assert s != b'ABCD'
    >>> assert isinstance(s.encode('utf-8'), bytes)
    >>> assert isinstance(b.decode('utf-8'), str)

    These raise TypeErrors:

    >>> bytes(b'B') in s
    Traceback (most recent call last):
      File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
    TypeError: 'in <string>' requires string as left operand, not <type 'str'>

    >>> s.find(bytes(b'A'))
    Traceback (most recent call last):
      File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
    TypeError: argument can't be <type 'str'>

Various other operations that mix strings and bytes or other types are
permitted on Py2 with the :class:`future.builtins.str` class even though they
are illegal with Python 3. For example::

    >>> s2 = b'/' + str('ABCD')
    >>> s2
    '/ABCD'
    >>> type(s2)
    future.builtins.types.newstr.newstr

This is allowed for compatibility with parts of the Python 2 standard
library and various third-party libraries that mix byte-strings and unicode
strings loosely. One example is ``os.path.join`` on Python 2, which
attempts to add the byte-string ``b'/'`` to its arguments, whether or not
they are unicode. (See ``posixpath.py``.) Another example is the
:func:`escape` function in Django 1.4's :mod:`django.utils.html`.


.. For example, this is permissible on Py2::
.. 
..     >>> u'u' > 10
..     True
.. 
..     >>> u'u' <= b'u'
..     True
.. 
.. On Py3, these raise TypeErrors.

In most other ways, these :class:`future.builtins.str` objects on Py2 have the
same behaviours as Python 3's :class:`str`::

    >>> s = str('ABCD')
    >>> assert repr(s) == 'ABCD'      # consistent repr with Py3 (no u prefix)
    >>> assert list(s) == ['A', 'B', 'C', 'D']
    >>> assert s.split('B') == ['A', 'CD']

.. If you must ensure identical use of (unicode) strings across Py3 and Py2 in a
.. single-source codebase, you can wrap string literals in a :func:`~str` call, as
..  follows::
..     
..     from __future__ import unicode_literals
..     from future.builtins import *
..     
..     # ...
.. 
..     s = str('This absolutely must behave like a Py3 string')
.. 
..     # ...
.. 
.. Most of the time this is unnecessary, but the stricter type-checking of the
.. ``future.builtins.str`` object is useful for ensuring the same consistent
.. separation between unicode and byte strings on Py2 as on Py3. This is
.. important when writing protocol handlers, for example.