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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#building-a-python-package-for-android">6.2. Building a Python package for Android</a></li>
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  <section id="using-python-on-android">
<span id="using-android"></span><h1><span class="section-number">6. </span>Using Python on Android<a class="headerlink" href="#using-python-on-android" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h1>
<p>Python on Android is unlike Python on desktop platforms. On a desktop platform,
Python is generally installed as a system resource that can be used by any user
of that computer. Users then interact with Python by running a <strong class="program">python</strong>
executable and entering commands at an interactive prompt, or by running a
Python script.</p>
<p>On Android, there is no concept of installing as a system resource. The only unit
of software distribution is an “app”. There is also no console where you could
run a <strong class="program">python</strong> executable, or interact with a Python REPL.</p>
<p>As a result, the only way you can use Python on Android is in embedded mode – that
is, by writing a native Android application, embedding a Python interpreter
using <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">libpython</span></code>, and invoking Python code using the <a class="reference internal" href="../extending/embedding.html#embedding"><span class="std std-ref">Python embedding
API</span></a>. The full Python interpreter, the standard library, and all
your Python code is then packaged into your app for its own private use.</p>
<p>The Python standard library has some notable omissions and restrictions on
Android. See the <a class="reference internal" href="../library/intro.html#mobile-availability"><span class="std std-ref">API availability guide</span></a> for
details.</p>
<section id="adding-python-to-an-android-app">
<h2><span class="section-number">6.1. </span>Adding Python to an Android app<a class="headerlink" href="#adding-python-to-an-android-app" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
<p>Most app developers should use one of the following tools, which will provide a
much easier experience:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p><a class="reference external" href="https://briefcase.readthedocs.io">Briefcase</a>, from the BeeWare project</p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference external" href="https://buildozer.readthedocs.io">Buildozer</a>, from the Kivy project</p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference external" href="https://chaquo.com/chaquopy">Chaquopy</a></p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference external" href="https://www.riverbankcomputing.com/static/Docs/pyqtdeploy/">pyqtdeploy</a></p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference external" href="https://termux.dev/en/">Termux</a></p></li>
</ul>
<p>If you’re sure you want to do all of this manually, read on. You can use the
<a class="extlink-source reference external" href="https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/3.14/Android/testbed">testbed app</a> as a guide; each step below contains a
link to the relevant file.</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p>First, acquire a build of Python for Android:</p>
<ul>
<li><p>The easiest way is to download an Android release from <a class="reference external" href="https://www.python.org/downloads/android/">python.org</a>. The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">prefix</span></code> directory
mentioned below is at the top level of the package.</p></li>
<li><p>Or if you want to build it yourself, follow the instructions in
<a class="extlink-source reference external" href="https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/3.14/Android/README.md">Android/README.md</a>. The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">prefix</span></code> directory will be created under
<code class="samp docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cross-build/</span><em><span class="pre">HOST</span></em></code>.</p></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><p>Add code to your <a class="extlink-source reference external" href="https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/3.14/Android/testbed/app/build.gradle.kts">build.gradle</a>
file to copy the following items into your project. All except your own Python
code can be copied from <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">prefix/lib</span></code>:</p>
<ul>
<li><p>In your JNI libraries:</p>
<ul>
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">libpython*.*.so</span></code></p></li>
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">lib*_python.so</span></code> (external libraries such as OpenSSL)</p></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><p>In your assets:</p>
<ul>
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">python*.*</span></code> (the Python standard library)</p></li>
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">python*.*/site-packages</span></code> (your own Python code)</p></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><p>Add code to your app to <a class="extlink-source reference external" href="https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/3.14/Android/testbed/app/src/main/java/org/python/testbed/MainActivity.kt">extract the assets to the filesystem</a>.</p></li>
<li><p>Add code to your app to <a class="extlink-source reference external" href="https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/3.14/Android/testbed/app/src/main/c/main_activity.c">start Python in embedded mode</a>. This will need to be C code
called via JNI.</p></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="building-a-python-package-for-android">
<h2><span class="section-number">6.2. </span>Building a Python package for Android<a class="headerlink" href="#building-a-python-package-for-android" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
<p>Python packages can be built for Android as wheels and released on PyPI. The
recommended tool for doing this is <a class="reference external" href="https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/platforms/#android">cibuildwheel</a>, which automates
all the details of setting up a cross-compilation environment, building the
wheel, and testing it on an emulator.</p>
</section>
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