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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">Installing Python modules</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#key-terms">Key terms</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#basic-usage">Basic usage</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#how-do-i">How do I …?</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#install-packages-just-for-the-current-user">… install packages just for the current user?</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#install-scientific-python-packages">… install scientific Python packages?</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#work-with-multiple-versions-of-python-installed-in-parallel">… work with multiple versions of Python installed in parallel?</a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#pip-not-installed">Pip not installed</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#installing-binary-extensions">Installing binary extensions</a></li>
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  <section id="installing-python-modules">
<span id="installing-index"></span><h1>Installing Python modules<a class="headerlink" href="#installing-python-modules" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h1>
<p>As a popular open source development project, Python has an active
supporting community of contributors and users that also make their software
available for other Python developers to use under open-source license terms.</p>
<p>This allows Python users to share and collaborate effectively, benefiting
from the solutions others have already created to common (and sometimes
even rare!) problems, as well as potentially contributing their own
solutions to the common pool.</p>
<p>This guide covers the installation part of the process. For a guide to
creating and sharing your own Python projects, refer to the
<a class="reference external" href="https://packaging.python.org/en/latest/tutorials/packaging-projects/">Python packaging user guide</a>.</p>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
<p>For corporate and other institutional users, be aware that many
organisations have their own policies around using and contributing to
open source software. Please take such policies into account when making
use of the distribution and installation tools provided with Python.</p>
</div>
<section id="key-terms">
<h2>Key terms<a class="headerlink" href="#key-terms" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p><strong class="program">pip</strong> is the preferred installer program. It
is included by default with the Python binary installers.</p></li>
<li><p>A <em>virtual environment</em> is a semi-isolated Python environment that allows
packages to be installed for use by a particular application, rather than
being installed system wide.</p></li>
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">venv</span></code> is the standard tool for creating virtual environments.
It defaults to installing <strong class="program">pip</strong> into all created virtual environments.</p></li>
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">virtualenv</span></code> is a third-party alternative (and predecessor) to
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">venv</span></code>.</p></li>
<li><p>The <a class="reference external" href="https://pypi.org">Python Package Index (PyPI)</a> is a public
repository of open source licensed packages made available for use by
other Python users.</p></li>
<li><p>The <a class="reference external" href="https://www.pypa.io/">Python Packaging Authority</a> is the group of
developers and documentation authors responsible for the maintenance and
evolution of the standard packaging tools and the associated metadata and
file format standards. They maintain a variety of tools, documentation,
and issue trackers on <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/pypa">GitHub</a>.</p></li>
</ul>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.5: </span>The use of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">venv</span></code> is now recommended for creating virtual environments.</p>
</div>
<div class="admonition seealso">
<p class="admonition-title">See also</p>
<p><a class="reference external" href="https://packaging.python.org/installing/#creating-virtual-environments">Python Packaging User Guide: Creating and using virtual environments</a></p>
</div>
</section>
<section id="basic-usage">
<h2>Basic usage<a class="headerlink" href="#basic-usage" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
<p>The standard packaging tools are all designed to be used from the command
line.</p>
<p>The following command will install the latest version of a module and its
dependencies from PyPI:</p>
<div class="highlight-shell notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>python<span class="w"> </span>-m<span class="w"> </span>pip<span class="w"> </span>install<span class="w"> </span>SomePackage
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
<p>For POSIX users (including macOS and Linux users), the examples in
this guide assume the use of a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-virtual-environment"><span class="xref std std-term">virtual environment</span></a>.</p>
<p>For Windows users, the examples in this guide assume that the option to
adjust the system PATH environment variable was selected when installing
Python.</p>
</div>
<p>It’s also possible to specify an exact or minimum version directly on the
command line. When using comparator operators such as <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">&gt;</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">&lt;</span></code> or some other
special character which get interpreted by shell, the package name and the
version should be enclosed within double quotes:</p>
<div class="highlight-shell notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>python<span class="w"> </span>-m<span class="w"> </span>pip<span class="w"> </span>install<span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">SomePackage</span><span class="o">==</span><span class="m">1</span>.0.4<span class="w">    </span><span class="c1"># specific version</span>
python<span class="w"> </span>-m<span class="w"> </span>pip<span class="w"> </span>install<span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;SomePackage&gt;=1.0.4&quot;</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># minimum version</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Normally, if a suitable module is already installed, attempting to install
it again will have no effect. Upgrading existing modules must be requested
explicitly:</p>
<div class="highlight-shell notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>python<span class="w"> </span>-m<span class="w"> </span>pip<span class="w"> </span>install<span class="w"> </span>--upgrade<span class="w"> </span>SomePackage
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>More information and resources regarding <strong class="program">pip</strong> and its capabilities can be
found in the <a class="reference external" href="https://packaging.python.org">Python Packaging User Guide</a>.</p>
<p>Creation of virtual environments is done through the <a class="reference internal" href="../library/venv.html#module-venv" title="venv: Creation of virtual environments."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">venv</span></code></a> module.
Installing packages into an active virtual environment uses the commands shown
above.</p>
<div class="admonition seealso">
<p class="admonition-title">See also</p>
<p><a class="reference external" href="https://packaging.python.org/installing/">Python Packaging User Guide: Installing Python Distribution Packages</a></p>
</div>
</section>
<section id="how-do-i">
<h2>How do I …?<a class="headerlink" href="#how-do-i" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
<p>These are quick answers or links for some common tasks.</p>
<section id="install-packages-just-for-the-current-user">
<h3>… install packages just for the current user?<a class="headerlink" href="#install-packages-just-for-the-current-user" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h3>
<p>Passing the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--user</span></code> option to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">python</span> <span class="pre">-m</span> <span class="pre">pip</span> <span class="pre">install</span></code> will install a
package just for the current user, rather than for all users of the system.</p>
</section>
<section id="install-scientific-python-packages">
<h3>… install scientific Python packages?<a class="headerlink" href="#install-scientific-python-packages" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h3>
<p>A number of scientific Python packages have complex binary dependencies, and
aren’t currently easy to install using <strong class="program">pip</strong> directly.
It will often be easier for users to install these packages by
<a class="reference external" href="https://packaging.python.org/science/">other means</a>
rather than attempting to install them with <strong class="program">pip</strong>.</p>
<div class="admonition seealso">
<p class="admonition-title">See also</p>
<p><a class="reference external" href="https://packaging.python.org/science/">Python Packaging User Guide: Installing Scientific Packages</a></p>
</div>
</section>
<section id="work-with-multiple-versions-of-python-installed-in-parallel">
<h3>… work with multiple versions of Python installed in parallel?<a class="headerlink" href="#work-with-multiple-versions-of-python-installed-in-parallel" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h3>
<p>On Linux, macOS, and other POSIX systems, use the versioned Python commands
in combination with the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-m</span></code> switch to run the appropriate copy of
<strong class="program">pip</strong>:</p>
<div class="highlight-shell notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>python3<span class="w">    </span>-m<span class="w"> </span>pip<span class="w"> </span>install<span class="w"> </span>SomePackage<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># default Python 3</span>
python3.14<span class="w"> </span>-m<span class="w"> </span>pip<span class="w"> </span>install<span class="w"> </span>SomePackage<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># specifically Python 3.14</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Appropriately versioned <strong class="program">pip</strong> commands may also be available.</p>
<p>On Windows, use the <strong class="program">py</strong> Python launcher in combination with the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-m</span></code>
switch:</p>
<div class="highlight-shell notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>py<span class="w"> </span>-3<span class="w">    </span>-m<span class="w"> </span>pip<span class="w"> </span>install<span class="w"> </span>SomePackage<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># default Python 3</span>
py<span class="w"> </span>-3.14<span class="w"> </span>-m<span class="w"> </span>pip<span class="w"> </span>install<span class="w"> </span>SomePackage<span class="w">  </span><span class="c1"># specifically Python 3.14</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</section>
</section>
<section id="common-installation-issues">
<h2>Common installation issues<a class="headerlink" href="#common-installation-issues" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
<section id="installing-into-the-system-python-on-linux">
<h3>Installing into the system Python on Linux<a class="headerlink" href="#installing-into-the-system-python-on-linux" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h3>
<p>On Linux systems, a Python installation will typically be included as part
of the distribution. Installing into this Python installation requires
root access to the system, and may interfere with the operation of the
system package manager and other components of the system if a component
is unexpectedly upgraded using <strong class="program">pip</strong>.</p>
<p>On such systems, it is often better to use a virtual environment or a
per-user installation when installing packages with <strong class="program">pip</strong>.</p>
</section>
<section id="pip-not-installed">
<h3>Pip not installed<a class="headerlink" href="#pip-not-installed" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h3>
<p>It is possible that <strong class="program">pip</strong> does not get installed by default. One potential fix is:</p>
<div class="highlight-shell notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>python<span class="w"> </span>-m<span class="w"> </span>ensurepip<span class="w"> </span>--default-pip
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>There are also additional resources for <a class="reference external" href="https://packaging.python.org/en/latest/tutorials/installing-packages/#ensure-pip-setuptools-and-wheel-are-up-to-date">installing pip</a>.</p>
</section>
<section id="installing-binary-extensions">
<h3>Installing binary extensions<a class="headerlink" href="#installing-binary-extensions" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h3>
<p>Python once relied heavily on source-based distribution, with end
users being expected to compile extension modules from source as part of
the installation process.</p>
<p>With the introduction of the binary wheel format, and the
ability to publish wheels through PyPI, this problem is diminishing,
as users are more regularly able to install pre-built extensions rather
than needing to build them themselves.</p>
<p>Some of the solutions for installing <a class="reference external" href="https://packaging.python.org/science/">scientific software</a>
that are not yet available as pre-built wheel files may also help with
obtaining other binary extensions without needing to build them locally.</p>
<div class="admonition seealso">
<p class="admonition-title">See also</p>
<p><a class="reference external" href="https://packaging.python.org/extensions/">Python Packaging User Guide: Binary Extensions</a></p>
</div>
</section>
</section>
</section>


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  <div>
    <h3><a href="../contents.html">Table of Contents</a></h3>
    <ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">Installing Python modules</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#key-terms">Key terms</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#basic-usage">Basic usage</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#how-do-i">How do I …?</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#install-packages-just-for-the-current-user">… install packages just for the current user?</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#install-scientific-python-packages">… install scientific Python packages?</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#work-with-multiple-versions-of-python-installed-in-parallel">… work with multiple versions of Python installed in parallel?</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#common-installation-issues">Common installation issues</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#installing-into-the-system-python-on-linux">Installing into the system Python on Linux</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#pip-not-installed">Pip not installed</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#installing-binary-extensions">Installing binary extensions</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>

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