CSS-LM

1
[{"sentiment": "SUBSTRATE", "sentence": "<< Monocarboxylate transporters >> (MCTs) are proton-linked membrane carriers involved in the transport of [[ monocarboxylates ]] such as lactate, pyruvate, as well as ketone bodies.", "aspect": "chemprot"}, {"sentiment": "SUBSTRATE", "sentence": "Abstract 1.\u2002We investigated the effects of the dose of and the number of times an inducer was administered and the duration of induction of hepatic and intestinal cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) in rats using dexamethasone 21-phosphate (DEX-P) and midazolam (<< MDZ >>) as an inducer and a substrate to [[ CYP3A ]], respectively.", "aspect": "chemprot"}, {"sentiment": "SUBSTRATE", "sentence": "Introduction: 5-Lipoxygenase (<< 5-LO >>) is a crucial enzyme of the [[ arachidonic acid ]] (AA) cascade and catalyzes the formation of bioactive leukotrienes (LTs) with the help of FLAP, the 5-LO-activating protein.", "aspect": "chemprot"}, {"sentiment": "SUBSTRATE", "sentence": "Transport by << OATP1B1 >> and OATP1B3 enhances the cytotoxicity of [[ epigallocatechin 3-O-gallate ]] and several quercetin derivatives.", "aspect": "chemprot"}, {"sentiment": "SUBSTRATE", "sentence": "It has been claimed that hCTR1, the << human high affinity copper transporter >>, is the major entry pathway for [[ cDDP ]] and related drugs via a mechanism that mimics copper.", "aspect": "chemprot"}, {"sentiment": "SUBSTRATE", "sentence": "The M564G mutated CrAT showed higher activity toward longer chain acyl-CoAs: activity toward myristoyl-CoA was 1250-fold higher than that of the wild-type << CrAT >>, and lower activity toward its natural substrate, [[ acetyl-CoA ]].", "aspect": "chemprot"}, {"sentiment": "SUBSTRATE", "sentence": "Specifically, << hGSTA4 >> cells had significantly higher GSH concentrations when exposed to 5-15 microM 4-HNE, but not at 20 microM [[ 4-HNE ]], suggesting extensive GSH utilization at high concentrations of 4-HNE.", "aspect": "chemprot"}, {"sentiment": "SUBSTRATE", "sentence": "Kinetic constants of the mutant << CrAT >> showed modification in favor of longer [[ acyl-CoAs ]] as substrates.", "aspect": "chemprot"}, {"sentiment": "SUBSTRATE", "sentence": "<< QR2 >> catalyzes the two-electron reduction of [[ menadione ]] via the oxidation of N-alkylated or N-ribosylated nicotinamides.", "aspect": "chemprot"}, {"sentiment": "SUBSTRATE", "sentence": "Stable ABCC1, << ABCC2 >> and ABCC3 knockdown cell lines were generated, thus making it possible to demonstrate that ABCC1 mediates the basolateral and ABCC2 the apical excretion of [[ BPDE glutathione ]] conjugates.", "aspect": "chemprot"}, {"sentiment": "AGONIST", "sentence": "Thus, << amitriptyline >> acts as a [[ TrkA ]] and TrkB agonist and possesses marked neurotrophic activity.", "aspect": "chemprot"}, {"sentiment": "AGONIST", "sentence": "The involvement of EP1 and EP2 receptors is indicated by studies with the << EP1 >> selective agonist 17-phenyl trinor PGE2, and the EP2 selective agonist butaprost (which stimulate), as well as by studies with the antagonists SC-51089 (EP1 specific) and [[ AH 6809 ]] (EP1 and EP2 specific).", "aspect": "chemprot"}, {"sentiment": "AGONIST", "sentence": "<< Ramelteon >> (Rozerem; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Osaka, Japan) is an orally active, highly selective melatonin MT(1)/[[ MT(2) ]] receptor agonist.", "aspect": "chemprot"}, {"sentiment": "AGONIST", "sentence": "Dexamethasone (DEX), betamethasone (<< BM >>), and their esterified-derivatives had full transrepression agonistic activity in a reporter assay using CV-1 cells transfected with either [[ human or rat GR ]].", "aspect": "chemprot"}, {"sentiment": "AGONIST-ACTIVATOR", "sentence": "The esterified-BM, however, had only partial transactivation agonistic activity in cells transfected with << rat GR >>, whereas BM and esterified-[[ DEX ]] had full transactivation agonistic activity.", "aspect": "chemprot"}, {"sentiment": "INHIBITOR", "sentence": "In catalytic properties, mouse CA V is closest to CA I; however, in inhibition by << acetazolamide >>, ethoxzolamide, and cyanate, CA V is very similar to [[ CA II ]].", "aspect": "chemprot"}, {"sentiment": "INHIBITOR", "sentence": "In this report, we evaluated the growth-inhibitory effects of << sulindac sulfide >>, a COX-1 and [[ COX-2 ]] inhibitor; exisulind (sulindac sulfone), a novel proapoptotic agent that does not inhibit COX enzymes; and nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA), a lipoxygenase inhibitor on human lung cancer cell lines.", "aspect": "chemprot"}, {"sentiment": "INHIBITOR", "sentence": "<< Jaspamide >> also inhibited other channels including Cav1.2, Cav3.2, and [[ HCN2 ]]; however, the Kv11.1 (hERG) channel was minimally affected.", "aspect": "chemprot"}, {"sentiment": "INHIBITOR", "sentence": "Inhibition of << S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase >> by a specific inhibitor [[[ diethylglyoxal bis-(guanylhydrazone) ]]; DEGBG] led to depletion of spermidine and spermine with a significant accumulation of putrescine and induction of ODC.", "aspect": "chemprot"}, {"sentiment": "INHIBITOR", "sentence": "In this study, using a model of << gentamicin C >> (GMC)-induced reduction in [[ SGLT1 ]] activity, we examined whether ligands for megalin protect LLC-PK1 cells from the GMC-induced reduction in SGLT1 activity.", "aspect": "chemprot"}, {"sentiment": "INHIBITOR", "sentence": "Taken together, the data provide evidence that the synergistic antiproliferative effect of << resveratrol >> and clofarabine is linked to the inhibition of [[ Akt ]] and Sp1 activities, and suggest that this combination may have therapeutic value in treatment of malignant mesothelioma.", "aspect": "chemprot"}, {"sentiment": "INHIBITOR", "sentence": "The two basic mainstays of gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GIST) treatment are surgery and << imatinib >>, a selective [[ tyrosine kinase ]] inhibitor that allows achieving a stable or responding disease in about 80% of patients with unresectable/metastatic GIST.", "aspect": "chemprot"}, {"sentiment": "INHIBITOR", "sentence": "A series of << pyrido-quinazolines >> have been synthesised, characterised and tested for their in vitro [[ EGFR ]] tyrosine kinase inhibitory activity.", "aspect": "chemprot"}, {"sentiment": "INHIBITOR", "sentence": "The competitive inhibitor of << hCOX-1 >>, [[ mefenamic acid ]], also displayed competitive inhibition of hCOX-2.", "aspect": "chemprot"}, {"sentiment": "INHIBITOR", "sentence": "Existing << ion channel >> blockers, such as amiodarone, [[ dronedarone ]], bepridil, aprindine, and cibenzoline, have been found to have an NCX inhibitory action.", "aspect": "chemprot"}, {"sentiment": "INHIBITOR", "sentence": "OBJECTIVE: << Celecoxib >> and rofecoxib are two relatively new nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) that selectively inhibit the [[ cyclo-oxygenase-2 ]] (COX-2) isoenzyme at therapeutic concentrations.", "aspect": "chemprot"}, {"sentiment": "INHIBITOR", "sentence": "A series of xanthine derivatives in which a methylene was inserted at position 8 of << xanthine >> scaffold was synthesized and evaluated as inhibitors of dipeptidyl peptidase 4 ([[ DPP-4 ]]) for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.", "aspect": "chemprot"}, {"sentiment": "INHIBITOR", "sentence": "In clinical trials, eprosartan has been demonstrated to be at least as effective in reducing blood pressure as the << ACE >> inhibitor [[ enalapril ]], and has significantly lower side effects.", "aspect": "chemprot"}, {"sentiment": "INHIBITOR", "sentence": "In human blood, the tested glucocorticoids << beclomethasone >>, dexamethasone and fluticasone inhibited the LPS induced TNF release potently in a concentration dependent manner, whereas in dispersed human nasal polyp cells, the effect of the glucocorticoids on allergically induced [[ TNF ]] release, with the exception of dexamethasone, was much less pronounced.", "aspect": "chemprot"}, {"sentiment": "INHIBITOR", "sentence": "It was also antagonized by the non-specific << cyclooxygenase >> (COX) inhibitor, [[ indomethacin ]], and by the selective COX-2 inhibitor, NS-398, but not by the specific COX-1 inhibitor, valeryl salicylate.", "aspect": "chemprot"}, {"sentiment": "INHIBITOR", "sentence": "AIM: To assess the efficacy and safety of a 24-week treatment with << sitagliptin >>, a highly selective once-daily oral dipeptidyl peptidase-4 ([[ DPP-4 ]]) inhibitor, in patients with type 2 diabetes who had inadequate glycaemic control [glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA(1c)) >or=7.5% and <or=10.5%] while on glimepiride alone or in combination with metformin.", "aspect": "chemprot"}, {"sentiment": "INHIBITOR", "sentence": "They included the COX-1 inhibitor indomethacin; the COX-2 inhibitor NS-398; the mixed COX-1/COX-2 inhibitor ibuprofen; the nitric oxide (NO) derivatives of indomethacin, ibuprofen and flurbiprofen; the << 5-LOX >> inhibitor [[ REV 5901 ]]; and the 5-LOX activating protein (FLAP) inhibitor MK-886.", "aspect": "chemprot"}, {"sentiment": "INHIBITOR", "sentence": "When selectively applied to channels after inducing slow inactivation with a 60-s pulse to -10 mV, << mibefradil >> (1 microM) produced 45% fractional block in [[ Nav1.5 ]] and greater block (88%) in an isoform (Nav1.4) that slow-inactivates more completely.", "aspect": "chemprot"}, {"sentiment": "INHIBITOR", "sentence": "We used mutagenesis of these residues, combined with an investigation of << hERG >> block by close analogs of [[ clofilium ]] and ibutilide, to assess how specific alterations in drug structure affected potency and binding interactions.", "aspect": "chemprot"}, {"sentiment": "INHIBITOR", "sentence": "Because clinical studies investigating interactions between garlic and << human immunodeficiency virus protease >> inhibitors saquinavir and [[ ritonavir ]] have already been performed, we used these in vivo data to evaluate the in vitro results and the reliability of the models employed as screening tools for forecasting the potential of first-pass intestinal metabolism changes.", "aspect": "chemprot"}, {"sentiment": "INHIBITOR", "sentence": "The antipsychotic drugs << sertindole >> and pimozide are known to prolong the QT interval on the electrocardiogram via a high affinity block of the cardiac K(+) channel known as [[ HERG ]] (human ether-a-go-go-related gene; erg1).", "aspect": "chemprot"}, {"sentiment": "INHIBITOR", "sentence": "Lineweaver-Burk plots demonstrated that << baicalin >> inhibited the activities of CYP2D and [[ CYP3A ]] in a non-competitive manner in rat liver microsomes (RLMs).", "aspect": "chemprot"}, {"sentiment": "INHIBITOR", "sentence": "To further characterize the inhibitory mechanisms of PSE at the transcriptional level, we examined the transcriptional activities of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB), nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT), and activator protein-1 (AP-1) transcription factors and found that << PSE >> inhibited [[ NF-kappaB ]]-dependent transcriptional activity without affecting either the phosphorylation, the degradation of the cytoplasmic NF-kappaB inhibitory protein, IkappaBalpha or the DNA-binding activity.", "aspect": "chemprot"}, {"sentiment": "INHIBITOR", "sentence": "PURPOSE: To compare phenelzine (<< PLZ >>), an antidepressant drug with anxiolytic properties which inhibits [[ monoamine oxidase ]] (MAO) but also elevates rat brain levels of the amino acids ?-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and alanine (ALA), with vigabatrin (VIG), an anticonvulsant which elevates brain GABA by inhibition of GABA transaminase (GABA-T), with regard to their actions on brain levels of GABA and ALA and on activities of MAO, GABA-T and ALA transaminase (ALA-T).", "aspect": "chemprot"}, {"sentiment": "INHIBITOR", "sentence": "Both NS-398 and Dup-697 exhibited time-dependent inactivation of << hCOX-2 >>, as did [[ indomethacin ]] on both enzymes.", "aspect": "chemprot"}, {"sentiment": "INHIBITOR", "sentence": "The molecular mechanism studies suggested that << neoechinulin A >> may block the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) molecule [[ p38 ]], apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK-1) and nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-\u03baB (NF-\u03baB) p65 and p50 subunits.", "aspect": "chemprot"}, {"sentiment": "INHIBITOR", "sentence": "We have examined the effect of dihydropyridine << Ca2+-channel >> blockers felodipine and [[ nicardipine ]] on CaMPDE.", "aspect": "chemprot"}, {"sentiment": "INHIBITOR", "sentence": "Furthermore, a decreased CD11c(+) macrophage infiltration in colons and inactivation of << caspase-1 >> in peritoneal macrophages were detected in [[ Fc11a ]]-2-treated mice.", "aspect": "chemprot"}, {"sentiment": "INHIBITOR", "sentence": "In the interaction of << GAL >> and CAR, [[ AChE ]] inhibition was stronger but without any statistical significance.", "aspect": "chemprot"}, {"sentiment": "INHIBITOR", "sentence": "The acetylcholinesterase (<< AChE >>) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) inhibitory activities of a series of pyrano[2,3-b]quinolines (2, 3), [1,8]naphthyridines (5, 6), 4-amino-2,3-diaryl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofuro[2,3-b]quinolines (11-13)/ [[ 4-amino-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-2,3-diphenyl-5H-cyclohepta[e]furo[2,3-b]pyridine ]] (14), 4-amino-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-2,3-diphenylthieno[2,3-b]quinoline (15)/ 4-amino-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-2,3-diphenyl-5H-cyclohepta[e]thieno[2,3-b]pyridine (16) are described.", "aspect": "chemprot"}, {"sentiment": "INHIBITOR", "sentence": "A series of << benzenesulfonamides >> incorporating cyanoacrylamide moieties (tyrphostine analogs) were assayed as inhibitors of the \u03b2-carbonic anhydrase ([[ CA ]], EC 4.2.1.1) from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, ScCA.", "aspect": "chemprot"}, {"sentiment": "DOWNREGULATOR", "sentence": "We observed a significant reduction in CSE induced luciferase expression, NF-\u03baB DNA binding, << I-\u03baB\u03b5 >> degradation and c-Rel nuclear translocation in cells pretreated with [[ vitamin C ]].", "aspect": "chemprot"}, {"sentiment": "DOWNREGULATOR", "sentence": "Inhibition of SIRT1 significantly increased vascular superoxide production, enhanced NADPH oxidase activity, and mRNA expression of its subunits << p22(phox) >> and NOX4, which were prevented by [[ resveratrol ]].", "aspect": "chemprot"}, {"sentiment": "DOWNREGULATOR", "sentence": "It is not yet clear whether << tamoxifen >> can reduce breast cancer incidence in women with BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations, although preliminary evidence favors benefit for at least those with a [[ BRCA2 ]] mutation.", "aspect": "chemprot"}, {"sentiment": "INDIRECT-DOWNREGULATOR", "sentence": "Ginseng total saponins, << ginsenosides Rb2, Rg1 and Rd >> administered intraperitoneally attenuated the immobilization stress-induced increase in plasma [[ IL-6 ]] level.", "aspect": "chemprot"}, {"sentiment": "INDIRECT-DOWNREGULATOR", "sentence": "Inhibition > 90% of << IL-2 >> secretion was observed at 1 microM [[ BPB ]] and 10 microM AACOCF3 compared to the respective vehicle control.", "aspect": "chemprot"}, {"sentiment": "INDIRECT-DOWNREGULATOR", "sentence": "Cotreatment with U0126 and YC-1 synergistically increases apoptosis in colorectal cancer cells and recapitulates the effects of << sulindac >> treatment on ERK1/2, JNK, and [[ beta-catenin ]].", "aspect": "chemprot"}, {"sentiment": "INDIRECT-DOWNREGULATOR", "sentence": "The decrement of << p-CREB >> protein in the nucleus accumbens remained at 24 h (-35 %) and 72 h (-28 %) of ethanol withdrawal, which recovered toward control level after 7 d of [[ ethanol ]] withdrawal.", "aspect": "chemprot"}, {"sentiment": "INDIRECT-DOWNREGULATOR", "sentence": "Treatment with << carvedilol >> reversed both protein and mRNA of HIF-1alpha, VEGF, [[ BNP ]], and NGF-beta to the baseline values.", "aspect": "chemprot"}, {"sentiment": "INDIRECT-DOWNREGULATOR", "sentence": "In addition, << 5HHMF >> blocked LPS-induced phosphorylation of I\u03baB, resulting in suppression of the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-\u03baB ([[ NF-\u03baB ]]) subunits, namely p65 and p50, which are important molecules involved in the regulation of iNOS expression.", "aspect": "chemprot"}, {"sentiment": "INDIRECT-DOWNREGULATOR", "sentence": "These G-proteins are likely to be involved in the adrenaline-induced inhibition of dihydropyridine-sensitive Ca2+ currents and in other signal transduction pathways contributing to the << adrenaline >>-induced inhibition of [[ insulin ]] secretion.", "aspect": "chemprot"}, {"sentiment": "INDIRECT-DOWNREGULATOR", "sentence": "In hippocampal dentate gyrus, << MPH >>-receiving rats showed a 51% decrease in [[ NET ]]-ir density and a 61% expanded distribution of the new-cell marker PSA-NCAM (polysialylated form of neural cell adhesion molecule).", "aspect": "chemprot"}, {"sentiment": "INDIRECT-DOWNREGULATOR", "sentence": "<< DBDCT >> up-regulated the expression of Bax, down-regulated the expression of [[ Bcl-2 ]], and significantly increased the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2.", "aspect": "chemprot"}, {"sentiment": "INDIRECT-DOWNREGULATOR", "sentence": "In whole-cell voltage-clamp recordings from principal neurons of the rat basolateral amygdala, << topiramate >> at low concentrations (IC50, approximately 0.5 microm) selectively inhibited pharmacologically isolated excitatory synaptic currents mediated by kainate receptors containing the [[ GluR5 ]] subunit.", "aspect": "chemprot"}, {"sentiment": "PRODUCT-OF", "sentence": "PURPOSE: The fluoropyrimidine carbamate (capecitabine) is converted to 5-fluorouracil (<< 5-FU >>) by [[ thymidine phosphorylase ]] (TP) inside target tissues.", "aspect": "chemprot"}, {"sentiment": "PRODUCT-OF", "sentence": "These findings, derived from a variety of analytical and functional approaches, provide evidence for a novel nongenomic signaling mechanism for androgen action in the microvasculature: TES-stimulated vasodilation mediated primarily by << peroxynitrite >> formed from [[ xanthine oxidase ]]-generated superoxide and NO.", "aspect": "chemprot"}, {"sentiment": "PRODUCT-OF", "sentence": "<< Aldose reductase >> (AR) catalyzes the reduction of toxic lipid aldehydes to their [[ alcohol ]] products and mediates inflammatory signals triggered by lipopolysaccharide (LPS).", "aspect": "chemprot"}, {"sentiment": "PRODUCT-OF", "sentence": "The in vivo inhibitory effect of harmaline on CYP2D6-catalyzed << bufotenine >> formation was confirmed by in vitro study using purified [[ CYP2D6 ]].", "aspect": "chemprot"}, {"sentiment": "PRODUCT-OF", "sentence": "One of the enzymes responsible for the production of << KA >>, [[ kynurenine aminotransferase I ]] (KATI), also catalyses the reversible transamination of glutamine to oxoglutaramic acid (GTK, EC 2.6.1.15).", "aspect": "chemprot"}, {"sentiment": "ANTAGONIST", "sentence": "This selectivity could, in part, account for the more favorable clinical profile of << felbamate >> in comparison with [[ NMDA receptor ]] antagonists that do not show subunit selectivity.", "aspect": "chemprot"}, {"sentiment": "ANTAGONIST", "sentence": "The 5-HT(2B/2C)-receptor antagonist SB 206553 facilitated hyperglycemia induced by clomipramine, although the << 5-HT(2A) >>-receptor antagonist [[ ketanserin ]] was without effect.", "aspect": "chemprot"}, {"sentiment": "ANTAGONIST", "sentence": "<< (+)-Tamsulosin >>, (-)-tamsulosin, SL 89,0591, Rec 15/2739, SNAP 1069 and RS 17053 appeared to act as competitive antagonists of noradrenaline-mediated contractions of rat aorta yielding pA2 affinity estimates which were similar to binding affinities at cloned [[ human alpha 1D adrenoceptors ]].", "aspect": "chemprot"}, {"sentiment": "ANTAGONIST", "sentence": "In the rabbit pulmonary artery, << rilmenidine >> and oxymetazoline are potent full agonists, whereas in the human atrial appendages they are antagonists at the [[ alpha(2)-autoreceptors ]], sharing this property with rauwolscine, phentolamine, and idazoxan.", "aspect": "chemprot"}, {"sentiment": "ANTAGONIST", "sentence": "The memory-improving effect of minaprine on cycloheximide-induced amnesia was potentiated by a selective << 5-HT2 >> antagonist, [[ ritanserin ]].", "aspect": "chemprot"}, {"sentiment": "INDIRECT-UPREGULATOR", "sentence": "Although Bak and Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax), another member of the Bcl-2 family, are generally thought to be functionally redundant, only Bak is necessary and sufficient for << VK2 >>-induced [[ cytochrome c ]] (cyt c) release and cell death.", "aspect": "chemprot"}, {"sentiment": "INDIRECT-UPREGULATOR", "sentence": "To determine whether H(2)S itself provoked inflammation in acinar cells, the cells were treated with H(2)S donor drug, sodium hydrosulphide (<< NaHS >>), (10, 50 and 100 muM), that resulted in a significant increase in SP concentration and expression of PPT-A and [[ NK1-R ]] in acinar cells.", "aspect": "chemprot"}, {"sentiment": "INDIRECT-UPREGULATOR", "sentence": "<< AhR >>-dependent reporter gene expression in transfected HepG2 cells was increased by [[ pelargonidin ]] in a concentration-dependent manner at 24h.", "aspect": "chemprot"}, {"sentiment": "INDIRECT-UPREGULATOR", "sentence": "Intravenous << arginine >> significantly increased the acute [[ glucagon ]] response (129 +/- 12 vs 36 +/- 6 ng/l in controls; p < 0.01), notably without affecting plasma glucose.", "aspect": "chemprot"}, {"sentiment": "INDIRECT-UPREGULATOR", "sentence": "Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis showed that following the exposure of cells to << SiO(2) >> NPs, the messenger RNA level of apoptotic genes (caspase-3 and [[ caspase-9 ]]) were upregulated in a dose-dependent manner.", "aspect": "chemprot"}, {"sentiment": "INDIRECT-UPREGULATOR", "sentence": "In the liver of rats given << flutamide >> as initiating agent at the dose of 500 mg/kg/week for 6 successive weeks, [[ gamma-glutamyltraspeptidase ]]-positive foci were detected only in 3 of 10 rats.", "aspect": "chemprot"}, {"sentiment": "INDIRECT-UPREGULATOR", "sentence": "Exposure to << Cu >> NPs decreased cell viability to 73% (p<0.01) and significantly (p<0.05) elevated levels of [[ lactate dehydrogenase ]], intracellular reactive oxygen species and interleukin-8 that mirrored our findings from subacute in vivo inhalation studies in mice.", "aspect": "chemprot"}, {"sentiment": "INDIRECT-UPREGULATOR", "sentence": "Results showed that neonatal << quinpirole >> treatment induced [[ D2 ]] priming that was eliminated by olanzapine treatment.", "aspect": "chemprot"}, {"sentiment": "UPREGULATOR", "sentence": "Moreover, BH(4) treatment of the << fructose >>-fed rats markedly reduced the lipid peroxide content of both aortic and cardiac tissues and inhibited the activation of 2 redox-sensitive transcription factors, nuclear factor-kappaB and [[ activating protein-1 ]], which were increased in fructose-fed rats.", "aspect": "chemprot"}, {"sentiment": "UPREGULATOR", "sentence": "Pretreatment with dexamethasone significantly suppressed nasal allergy-like behaviors, up-regulation of histamine content, HDC activity and << HDC >> mRNA induced by TDI in [[ TDI ]]-sensitized rats.", "aspect": "chemprot"}, {"sentiment": "ACTIVATOR", "sentence": "Nox4 << oxidase >> activity is thought to be constitutive and regulated at the transcriptional level; however, we challenge this point of view and suggest that specific [[ quinone ]] derivatives could modulate this activity.", "aspect": "chemprot"}, {"sentiment": "ACTIVATOR", "sentence": "These results suggest that the megabase DNA fragmentation is induced as a consequence of inhibition of thymidylate synthase by << Tomudex >> and kilobase DNA fragmentation may correlate with the reduction of p27(kip1) expression and the increase in cyclin E and [[ cdk2 ]] kinase activities.", "aspect": "chemprot"}, {"sentiment": "ACTIVATOR", "sentence": "Abstract 1.\u2002We investigated the effects of the dose of and the number of times an inducer was administered and the duration of induction of hepatic and intestinal cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) in rats using dexamethasone 21-phosphate (<< DEX-P >>) and midazolam (MDZ) as an inducer and a substrate to [[ CYP3A ]], respectively.", "aspect": "chemprot"}, {"sentiment": "ACTIVATOR", "sentence": "Thus, << SFO >> contributes to the instability of atherosclerotic plaque in apoE(-/-) mice through activating [[ p75(NTR) ]] and IL-8 and cell apoptosis in plaque.", "aspect": "chemprot"}, {"sentiment": "ACTIVATOR", "sentence": "Furthermore, proteosomal inhibitor MG132 suppressed << AMPK >> activation, GSK3\u03b2 phosphorylation, cleaved PARP and deceased AEG-1 induced by [[ ursolic acid ]] in HepG2 cells.", "aspect": "chemprot"}, {"sentiment": "ACTIVATOR", "sentence": "Also, << vinblastine >> enhances the phosphorylation of Ras homologous protein A, the accumulation of reactive oxygen species, the release of intracellular Ca(2+), as well as the activation of [[ apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 ]], c-jun-N-terminal kinase, p38, inhibitor of kappaB\u03b1 (I\u03baB\u03b1) kinase, and inositol requiring enzyme 1\u03b1.", "aspect": "chemprot"}, {"sentiment": "ACTIVATOR", "sentence": "We also found that << TRPV1 >> receptors are activated by [[ CuSO(4) ]], ZnSO(4), and FeSO(4), three salts known to produce a metallic taste sensation.", "aspect": "chemprot"}]