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doc/string.n
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apnadkarni
Introduce encoding term TUTF-8 for Tcl's internal encoding.
11 ноя 2025, 08:18
11 ноя 2025, 08:18
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.\" .\" Copyright (c) 1993 The Regents of the University of California. .\" Copyright (c) 1994-1996 Sun Microsystems, Inc. .\" .\" See the file "license.terms" for information on usage and redistribution .\" of this file, and for a DISCLAIMER OF ALL WARRANTIES. .\" .TH string n 8.1 Tcl "Tcl Built-In Commands" .so man.macros .BS .\" Note: do not modify the .SH NAME line immediately below! .SH NAME string \- Manipulate strings .SH SYNOPSIS \fBstring \fIoption arg \fR?\fIarg ...\fR? .BE .SH DESCRIPTION .PP Performs one of several string operations, depending on \fIoption\fR. .PP \fBFollowing common usage, the command descriptions below use the term \fIcharacter\fB in place of the more accurate term \fIcode point\fR. .PP The legal \fIoption\fRs (which may be abbreviated) are: .\" METHOD: cat .TP \fBstring cat\fR ?\fIstring1\fR? ?\fIstring2...\fR? . Concatenate the given \fIstring\fRs just like placing them directly next to each other and return the resulting compound string. If no \fIstring\fRs are present, the result is an empty string. .RS .PP This primitive is occasionally handier than juxtaposition of strings when mixed quoting is wanted, or when the aim is to return the result of a concatenation without resorting to \fBreturn\fR \fB\-level 0\fR, and is more efficient than building a list of arguments and using \fBjoin\fR with an empty join string. .RE .\" METHOD: compare .TP \fBstring compare\fR ?\fB\-nocase\fR? ?\fB\-length\fI length\fR? \fIstring1 string2\fR . Perform a character-by-character comparison of strings \fIstring1\fR and \fIstring2\fR. Returns \-1, 0, or 1, depending on whether \fIstring1\fR is lexicographically less than, equal to, or greater than \fIstring2\fR. If \fB\-length\fR is specified, then only the first \fIlength\fR characters are used in the comparison. If \fB\-length\fR is negative, it is ignored. If \fB\-nocase\fR is specified, then the strings are compared in a case-insensitive manner. .\" METHOD: equal .TP \fBstring equal\fR ?\fB\-nocase\fR? ?\fB\-length\fI length\fR? \fIstring1 string2\fR . Perform a character-by-character comparison of strings \fIstring1\fR and \fIstring2\fR. Returns 1 if \fIstring1\fR and \fIstring2\fR are identical, or 0 when not. If \fB\-length\fR is specified, then only the first \fIlength\fR characters are used in the comparison. If \fB\-length\fR is negative, it is ignored. If \fB\-nocase\fR is specified, then the strings are compared in a case-insensitive manner. .\" METHOD: first .TP \fBstring first \fIneedleString haystackString\fR ?\fIstartIndex\fR? . Search \fIhaystackString\fR for a sequence of characters that exactly match the characters in \fIneedleString\fR. If found, return the index of the first character in the first such match within \fIhaystackString\fR. If not found, return \-1. If \fIstartIndex\fR is specified (in any of the forms described in \fBSTRING INDICES\fR), then the search is constrained to start with the character in \fIhaystackString\fR specified by the index. For example, .RS .PP .CS \fBstring first a 0a23456789abcdef 5\fR .CE .PP will return \fB10\fR, but .PP .CS \fBstring first a 0123456789abcdef 11\fR .CE .PP will return \fB\-1\fR. .RE .\" METHOD: index .TP \fBstring index \fIstring charIndex\fR . Returns the \fIcharIndex\fR'th character of the \fIstring\fR argument. A \fIcharIndex\fR of 0 corresponds to the first character of the string. \fIcharIndex\fR may be specified as described in the \fBSTRING INDICES\fR section. .RS .PP If \fIcharIndex\fR is less than 0 or greater than or equal to the length of the string then this command returns an empty string. .RE .\" METHOD: insert .TP \fBstring insert \fIstring index insertString\fR .VS TIP504 Returns a copy of \fIstring\fR with \fIinsertString\fR inserted at the \fIindex\fR'th character. The \fIindex\fR may be specified as described in the \fBSTRING INDICES\fR section. .RS .PP If \fIindex\fR is start-relative, the first character inserted in the returned string will be at the specified index. If \fIindex\fR is end-relative, the last character inserted in the returned string will be at the specified index. .PP If \fIindex\fR is at or before the start of \fIstring\fR (e.g., \fIindex\fR is \fB0\fR), \fIinsertString\fR is prepended to \fIstring\fR. If \fIindex\fR is at or after the end of \fIstring\fR (e.g., \fIindex\fR is \fBend\fR), \fIinsertString\fR is appended to \fIstring\fR. .RE .VE TIP504 .\" METHOD: is .TP \fBstring is \fIclass\fR ?\fB\-strict\fR? ?\fB\-failindex \fIvarname\fR? \fIstring\fR . Returns 1 if \fIstring\fR is a valid member of the specified character class, otherwise returns 0. If \fB\-strict\fR is specified, then an empty string returns 0, otherwise an empty string will return 1 on any class. If \fB\-failindex\fR is specified, then if the function returns 0, the index in the string where the class was no longer valid will be stored in the variable named \fIvarname\fR. The \fIvarname\fR will not be set if \fBstring is\fR returns 1. The following character classes are recognized (the class name can be abbreviated): .RS .IP \fBalnum\fR 12 Any Unicode alphabet or digit character. .IP \fBalpha\fR 12 Any Unicode alphabet character. .IP \fBascii\fR 12 Any character with a value less than \eu0080 (those that are in the 7\-bit ascii range). .IP \fBboolean\fR 12 Any of the forms allowed to \fBTcl_GetBoolean\fR. .IP \fBcontrol\fR 12 Any Unicode control character. .IP \fBdict\fR 12 .VS TIP501 Any proper dict structure, with optional surrounding whitespace. In case of improper dict structure, 0 is returned and the \fIvarname\fR will contain the index of the .QW element where the dict parsing fails, or \-1 if this cannot be determined. .VE TIP501 .IP \fBdigit\fR 12 Any Unicode digit character. Note that this includes characters outside of the [0\-9] range. .IP \fBdouble\fR 12 Any of the forms allowed to \fBTcl_GetDoubleFromObj\fR. .IP \fBentier\fR 12 . Synonym for \fBinteger\fR. .IP \fBfalse\fR 12 Any of the forms allowed to \fBTcl_GetBoolean\fR where the value is false. .IP \fBgraph\fR 12 Any Unicode printing character, except space. .IP \fBinteger\fR 12 Any of the valid string formats for an integer value of arbitrary size in Tcl, with optional surrounding whitespace. The formats accepted are exactly those accepted by the C routine \fBTcl_GetBignumFromObj\fR. .IP \fBlist\fR 12 Any proper list structure, with optional surrounding whitespace. In case of improper list structure, 0 is returned and the \fIvarname\fR will contain the index of the .QW element where the list parsing fails, or \-1 if this cannot be determined. .IP \fBlower\fR 12 Any Unicode lower case alphabet character. .IP \fBprint\fR 12 Any Unicode printing character, including space. .IP \fBpunct\fR 12 Any Unicode punctuation character. .IP \fBspace\fR 12 Any Unicode whitespace character, mongolian vowel separator (U+180e), zero width space (U+200b), word joiner (U+2060) or zero width no-break space (U+feff) (=BOM). .IP \fBtrue\fR 12 Any of the forms allowed to \fBTcl_GetBoolean\fR where the value is true. .IP \fBupper\fR 12 Any upper case alphabet character in the Unicode character set. .IP \fBwideinteger\fR 12 Any of the valid forms for a wide integer in Tcl, with optional surrounding whitespace. In case of overflow in the value, 0 is returned and the \fIvarname\fR will contain \-1. .IP \fBwordchar\fR 12 Any Unicode word character. That is any alphanumeric character, and any Unicode connector punctuation characters (e.g. underscore). .IP \fBxdigit\fR 12 Any hexadecimal digit character ([0\-9A\-Fa\-f]). .PP In the case of \fBboolean\fR, \fBtrue\fR and \fBfalse\fR, if the function will return 0, then the \fIvarname\fR will always be set to 0, due to the varied nature of a valid boolean value. .RE .\" METHOD: last .TP \fBstring last \fIneedleString haystackString\fR ?\fIlastIndex\fR? . Search \fIhaystackString\fR for a sequence of characters that exactly match the characters in \fIneedleString\fR. If found, return the index of the first character in the last such match within \fIhaystackString\fR. If there is no match, then return \-1. If \fIlastIndex\fR is specified (in any of the forms described in \fBSTRING INDICES\fR), then only the characters in \fIhaystackString\fR at or before the specified \fIlastIndex\fR will be considered by the search. For example, .RS .PP .CS \fBstring last a 0a23456789abcdef 15\fR .CE .PP will return \fB10\fR, but .PP .CS \fBstring last a 0a23456789abcdef 9\fR .CE .PP will return \fB1\fR. .RE .\" METHOD: length .TP \fBstring length \fIstring\fR . Returns a decimal string giving the number of characters in \fIstring\fR. Note that this is not necessarily the same as the number of bytes used to store the string. If the value is a byte array value (such as those returned from reading a binary encoded channel), then this will return the actual byte length of the value. .\" METHOD: map .TP \fBstring map\fR ?\fB\-nocase\fR? \fImapping string\fR . Replaces substrings in \fIstring\fR based on the key-value pairs in \fImapping\fR. \fImapping\fR is a list of \fIkey value key value ...\fR as in the form returned by \fBarray get\fR. Each instance of a key in the string will be replaced with its corresponding value. If \fB\-nocase\fR is specified, then matching is done without regard to case differences. Both \fIkey\fR and \fIvalue\fR may be multiple characters. Replacement is done in an ordered manner, so the key appearing first in the list will be checked first, and so on. \fIstring\fR is only iterated over once, so earlier key replacements will have no affect for later key matches. For example, .RS .PP .CS \fBstring map {abc 1 ab 2 a 3 1 0} 1abcaababcabababc\fR .CE .PP will return the string \fB01321221\fR. .PP Note that if an earlier \fIkey\fR is a prefix of a later one, it will completely mask the later one. So if the previous example is reordered like this, .PP .CS \fBstring map {1 0 ab 2 a 3 abc 1} 1abcaababcabababc\fR .CE .PP it will return the string \fB02c322c222c\fR. .RE .\" METHOD: match .TP \fBstring match\fR ?\fB\-nocase\fR? \fIpattern string\fR . See if \fIpattern\fR matches \fIstring\fR; return 1 if it does, 0 if it does not. If \fB\-nocase\fR is specified, then the pattern attempts to match against the string in a case insensitive manner. For the two strings to match, their contents must be identical except that the following special sequences may appear in \fIpattern\fR: .RS .IP \fB*\fR 10 Matches any sequence of characters in \fIstring\fR, including a null string. .IP \fB?\fR 10 Matches any single character in \fIstring\fR. .IP \fB[\fIchars\fB]\fR 10 Matches any character in the set given by \fIchars\fR. If a sequence of the form \fIx\fB\-\fIy\fR appears in \fIchars\fR, then any character between \fIx\fR and \fIy\fR, inclusive, will match. When used with \fB\-nocase\fR, the end points of the range are converted to lower case first. Whereas {[A\-z]} matches .QW _ when matching case-sensitively (since .QW _ falls between the .QW Z and .QW a ), with \fB\-nocase\fR this is considered like {[A\-Za\-z]} (and probably what was meant in the first place). .IP \fB\e\fIx\fR 10 Matches the single character \fIx\fR. This provides a way of avoiding the special interpretation of the characters \fB*?[]\e\fR in \fIpattern\fR. .RE .\" METHOD: range .TP \fBstring range \fIstring first last\fR . Returns a range of consecutive characters from \fIstring\fR, starting with the character whose index is \fIfirst\fR and ending with the character whose index is \fIlast\fR (using the forms described in \fBSTRING INDICES\fR). An index of \fB0\fR refers to the first character of the string; an index of \fBend\fR refers to last character of the string. \fIfirst\fR and \fIlast\fR may be specified as for the \fBindex\fR method. If \fIfirst\fR is less than zero then it is treated as if it were zero, and if \fIlast\fR is greater than or equal to the length of the string then it is treated as if it were \fBend\fR. If \fIfirst\fR is greater than \fIlast\fR then an empty string is returned. .\" METHOD: repeat .TP \fBstring repeat \fIstring count\fR . Returns a string consisting of \fIstring\fR concatenated with itself \fIcount\fR times. If \fIcount\fR is 0, the empty string will be returned. .\" METHOD: replace .TP \fBstring replace \fIstring first last\fR ?\fInewstring\fR? . Removes a range of consecutive characters from \fIstring\fR, starting with the character whose index is \fIfirst\fR and ending with the character whose index is \fIlast\fR (using the forms described in \fBSTRING INDICES\fR). An index of 0 refers to the first character of the string. \fIFirst\fR and \fIlast\fR may be specified as for the \fBindex\fR method. If \fInewstring\fR is specified, then it is placed in the removed character range. If \fIfirst\fR is less than zero then it is treated as if it were zero, and if \fIlast\fR is greater than or equal to the length of the string then it is treated as if it were \fBend\fR. The initial string is returned untouched, if \fIfirst\fR is greater than \fIlast\fR, or if \fIfirst\fR is equal to or greater than the length of the initial string, or \fIlast\fR is less than 0. .\" METHOD: reverse .TP \fBstring reverse \fIstring\fR . Returns a string that is the same length as \fIstring\fR but with its characters in the reverse order. .\" METHOD: tolower .TP \fBstring tolower \fIstring\fR ?\fIfirst\fR? ?\fIlast\fR? . Returns a value equal to \fIstring\fR except that all upper (or title) case letters have been converted to lower case. If \fIfirst\fR is specified, it refers to the first char index in the string to start modifying. If \fIlast\fR is not specified, only the character at position \fIfirst\fR is converted, otherwise \fIlast\fR refers to the char index in the string to stop at (inclusive). \fIfirst\fR and \fIlast\fR may be specified using the forms described in \fBSTRING INDICES\fR. .\" METHOD: totitle .TP \fBstring totitle \fIstring\fR ?\fIfirst\fR? ?\fIlast\fR? . Returns a value equal to \fIstring\fR except that the first character in \fIstring\fR is converted to its Unicode title case variant (or upper case if there is no title case variant) and the rest of the string is converted to lower case. If \fIfirst\fR is specified, it refers to the first char index in the string to start modifying. If \fIlast\fR is not specified, only the character at position \fIfirst\fR is converted, otherwise \fIlast\fR refers to the char index in the string to stop at (inclusive). \fIfirst\fR and \fIlast\fR may be specified using the forms described in \fBSTRING INDICES\fR. .\" METHOD: toupper .TP \fBstring toupper \fIstring\fR ?\fIfirst\fR? ?\fIlast\fR? . Returns a value equal to \fIstring\fR except that all lower (or title) case letters have been converted to upper case. If \fIfirst\fR is specified, it refers to the first char index in the string to start modifying. If \fIlast\fR is not specified, only the character at position \fIfirst\fR is converted, otherwise \fIlast\fR refers to the char index in the string to stop at (inclusive). \fIfirst\fR and \fIlast\fR may be specified using the forms described in \fBSTRING INDICES\fR. .\" METHOD: trim .TP \fBstring trim \fIstring\fR ?\fIchars\fR? . Returns a value equal to \fIstring\fR except that any leading or trailing characters present in the string given by \fIchars\fR are removed. If \fIchars\fR is not specified then white space is removed (any character for which \fBstring is space\fR returns 1, and "\e0"). .\" METHOD: trimleft .TP \fBstring trimleft \fIstring\fR ?\fIchars\fR? . Returns a value equal to \fIstring\fR except that any leading characters present in the string given by \fIchars\fR are removed. If \fIchars\fR is not specified then white space is removed (any character for which \fBstring is space\fR returns 1, and "\e0"). .\" METHOD: trimright .TP \fBstring trimright \fIstring\fR ?\fIchars\fR? . Returns a value equal to \fIstring\fR except that any trailing characters present in the string given by \fIchars\fR are removed. If \fIchars\fR is not specified then white space is removed (any character for which \fBstring is space\fR returns 1, and "\e0"). .SS "OBSOLETE SUBCOMMANDS" .PP These subcommands are currently supported, but are likely to go away in a future release as their functionality is either virtually never used or highly misleading. .\" METHOD: wordend .TP \fBstring wordend \fIstring charIndex\fR . Returns the index of the character just after the last one in the word containing character \fIcharIndex\fR of \fIstring\fR. \fIcharIndex\fR may be specified using the forms in \fBSTRING INDICES\fR. A word is considered to be any contiguous range of alphanumeric (Unicode letters or decimal digits) or underscore (Unicode connector punctuation) characters, or any single character other than these. .\" METHOD: wordstart .TP \fBstring wordstart \fIstring charIndex\fR . Returns the index of the first character in the word containing character \fIcharIndex\fR of \fIstring\fR. \fIcharIndex\fR may be specified using the forms in \fBSTRING INDICES\fR. A word is considered to be any contiguous range of alphanumeric (Unicode letters or decimal digits) or underscore (Unicode connector punctuation) characters, or any single character other than these. .SH "STRING INDICES" .PP When referring to indices into a string (e.g., for \fBstring index\fR or \fBstring range\fR) the following formats are supported: .IP \fIinteger\fR 10 For any index value that passes \fBstring is integer \-strict\fR, the char specified at this integral index (e.g., \fB2\fR would refer to the .QW c in .QW abcd ). .IP \fBend\fR 10 The last char of the string (e.g., \fBend\fR would refer to the .QW d in .QW abcd ). .IP \fBend\-\fIN\fR 10 The last char of the string minus the specified integer offset \fIN\fR (e.g., .QW \fBend\-1\fR would refer to the .QW c in .QW abcd ). .IP \fBend+\fIN\fR 10 The last char of the string plus the specified integer offset \fIN\fR (e.g., .QW \fBend+\-1\fR would refer to the .QW c in .QW abcd ). .IP \fIM\fB+\fIN\fR 10 The char specified at the integral index that is the sum of integer values \fIM\fR and \fIN\fR (e.g., .QW \fB1+1\fR would refer to the .QW c in .QW abcd ). .IP \fIM\fB\-\fIN\fR 10 The char specified at the integral index that is the difference of integer values \fIM\fR and \fIN\fR (e.g., .QW \fB2\-1\fR would refer to the .QW b in .QW abcd ). .PP In the specifications above, the integer value \fIM\fR contains no trailing whitespace and the integer value \fIN\fR contains no leading whitespace. .SH EXAMPLE .PP Test if the string in the variable \fIstring\fR is a proper non-empty prefix of the string \fBfoobar\fR. .PP .CS set length [\fBstring length\fR $string] if {$length == 0} { set isPrefix 0 } else { set isPrefix [\fBstring equal\fR -length $length $string "foobar"] } .CE .SH "SEE ALSO" expr(n), list(n) .SH KEYWORDS case conversion, compare, index, integer value, match, pattern, string, word, equal, ctype, character, reverse .\" Local Variables: .\" mode: nroff .\" End: