man/importctl.xml - main - niceSOFT/systemd

man/importctl.xml
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Lennart Poettering
man: document everything we just added
19 фев 2026, 17:08
19 фев 2026, 17:08eb581ff
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<!-- SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later -->

<refentry id="importctl" conditional='ENABLE_MACHINED'
    xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude">

  <refentryinfo>
    <title>importctl</title>
    <productname>systemd</productname>
  </refentryinfo>

  <refmeta>
    <refentrytitle>importctl</refentrytitle>
    <manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
  </refmeta>

  <refnamediv>
    <refname>importctl</refname>
    <refpurpose>Download, import or export disk images</refpurpose>
  </refnamediv>

  <refsynopsisdiv>
    <cmdsynopsis>
      <command>importctl</command>
      <arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg>
      <arg choice="req">COMMAND</arg>
      <arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">NAME</arg>
    </cmdsynopsis>
  </refsynopsisdiv>

  <refsect1>
    <title>Description</title>

    <para><command>importctl</command> may be used to download, import, and export disk images via
    <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-importd.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para>

    <para><command>importctl</command> operates both on block-level disk images (such as DDIs),
    file-system-level images (tarballs), as well as OCI images. It supports disk images in one of the four
    following classes:</para>

    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem><para>VM images or full OS container images, that may be run via
      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-vmspawn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> or
      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-nspawn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, and
      managed via
      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>machinectl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para></listitem>

      <listitem><para>Portable service images, that may be attached and managed via
      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>portablectl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para></listitem>

      <listitem><para>System extension (sysext) images, that may be activated via
      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-sysext</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para></listitem>

      <listitem><para>Configuration extension (confext) images, that may be activated via
      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-confext</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para></listitem>
    </itemizedlist>

    <para>When images are downloaded or imported they are placed in the following directories, depending on
    the <option>--class=</option> parameter:</para>

    <table>
      <title>Classes and Directories</title>
      <tgroup cols='2'>
        <colspec colname='class' />
        <colspec colname='directory' />
        <thead>
          <row>
            <entry>Class</entry>
            <entry>Directory</entry>
          </row>
        </thead>
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry><literal>machine</literal></entry>
            <entry><filename>/var/lib/machines/</filename></entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><literal>portable</literal></entry>
            <entry><filename>/var/lib/portables/</filename></entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><literal>sysext</literal></entry>
            <entry><filename>/var/lib/extensions/</filename></entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><literal>confext</literal></entry>
            <entry><filename>/var/lib/confexts/</filename></entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </table>
  </refsect1>

  <refsect1>
    <title>Commands</title>

    <para>The following commands are understood:</para>

    <variablelist>
      <varlistentry>
        <term><command>pull-tar</command> <replaceable>URL</replaceable> [<replaceable>NAME</replaceable>]</term>

        <listitem><para>Downloads a <filename>.tar</filename> image from the specified URL, and makes it
        available under the specified local name in the image directory for the selected
        <option>--class=</option>. The URL must be of type <literal>http://</literal> or
        <literal>https://</literal>, and must refer to a <filename>.tar</filename>,
        <filename>.tar.gz</filename>, <filename>.tar.xz</filename> or <filename>.tar.bz2</filename> archive
        file. If the local image name is omitted, it is automatically derived from the last component of the
        URL, with its suffix removed.</para>

        <para>The image is verified before it is made available, unless <option>--verify=no</option> is
        specified.  Verification is done either via a file with the name of the image and the
        suffix <filename>.sha256</filename> and a detached <filename>.sha256.asc</filename> or
        <filename>.sha256.gpg</filename> signature or via separate <filename>SHA256SUMS</filename> and
        <filename>SHA256SUMS.asc</filename> or <filename>SHA256SUMS.gpg</filename> files.  The signature
        files need to be made available on the same web server, under the same URL as the
        <filename>.tar</filename> file. With
        <option>--verify=checksum</option>, only the SHA256 checksum for the file is verified, based on the
        <filename>.sha256</filename> suffixed file or the <filename>SHA256SUMS</filename> file.  With
        <option>--verify=signature</option>, the sha checksum file is first verified with the detached GPG
        signature of <filename>.sha256</filename> or <filename>SHA256SUMS</filename>.  The public key for
        this verification step needs to be available in
        <filename>/usr/lib/systemd/import-pubring.pgp</filename> or
        <filename>/etc/systemd/import-pubring.pgp</filename>.</para>

        <para>If <option>-keep-download=yes</option> is specified the image will be downloaded and stored in
        a read-only subvolume/directory in the image directory that is named after the specified URL and its
        HTTP etag (see <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP_ETag">HTTP ETag</ulink> for more
        information). A writable snapshot is then taken from this subvolume, and named after the specified local
        name. This behavior ensures that creating multiple instances of the same URL is efficient, as
        multiple downloads are not necessary. In order to create only the read-only image, and avoid creating
        its writable snapshot, specify <literal>-</literal> as local name.</para>

        <para>Note that pressing Control-c during execution of this command will not abort the download. Use
        <command>cancel-transfer</command>, described below.</para>

        <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v256"/></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><command>pull-raw</command> <replaceable>URL</replaceable> [<replaceable>NAME</replaceable>]</term>

        <listitem><para>Downloads a <filename>.raw</filename> disk image from the specified URL, and makes it
        available under the specified local name in the image directory for the selected
        <option>--class=</option>. The URL must be of type <literal>http://</literal> or
        <literal>https://</literal>. The image must either be a qcow2 or raw disk
        image, optionally compressed as <filename>.gz</filename>, <filename>.xz</filename>, or
        <filename>.bz2</filename>. If the local name is omitted, it is automatically derived from the last
        component of the URL, with its suffix removed.</para>

        <para>Image verification is identical for raw and tar images (see above).</para>

        <para>If the downloaded image is in qcow2 format it is converted into a raw
        image file before it is made available.</para>

        <para>If <option>-keep-download=yes</option> is specified the image will be downloaded and stored in
        a read-only file in the image directory that is named after the specified URL and its HTTP etag. A
        writable copy is then made from this file, and named after the specified local name. This behavior
        ensures that creating multiple instances of the same URL is efficient, as multiple downloads are not
        necessary. In order to create only the read-only image, and avoid creating its writable copy,
        specify <literal>-</literal> as local name.</para>

        <para>Note that pressing Control-c during execution of this command will not abort the download. Use
        <command>cancel-transfer</command>, described below.</para>

        <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v256"/></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><command>pull-oci</command> <replaceable>REF</replaceable> [<replaceable>NAME</replaceable>]</term>

        <listitem><para>Downloads the specified OCI container image, and makes it available under the
        specified local name in the image directory for the selected <option>--class=</option>. The first
        argument must be an OCI container reference, such as <literal>library/nginx</literal> If the local
        name is omitted, it is automatically derived from the last component of the URL, with its suffix
        removed.</para>

        <para>When downloading images of this type no image verification is done beyond the usual
        authentication of the HTTPS certificates.</para>

        <para>Note that pressing Control-c during execution of this command will not abort the download. Use
        <command>cancel-transfer</command>, described below.</para>

        <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v260"/></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><command>import-tar</command> <replaceable>FILE</replaceable> [<replaceable>NAME</replaceable>]</term>
        <term><command>import-raw</command> <replaceable>FILE</replaceable> [<replaceable>NAME</replaceable>]</term>

        <listitem><para>Imports a TAR or RAW image, and places it under the specified name in the image
        directory for the image class selected via <option>--class=</option>. When
        <command>import-tar</command> is used, the file specified as the first argument should be a
        <citerefentry project='die-net'><refentrytitle>tar</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
        archive, possibly compressed with
        <citerefentry project='die-net'><refentrytitle>xz</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
        <citerefentry project='die-net'><refentrytitle>gzip</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
        <citerefentry project='die-net'><refentrytitle>zstd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
        or
        <citerefentry project='die-net'><refentrytitle>bzip2</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
        It will then be unpacked into its own
        subvolume/directory. When <command>import-raw</command> is used, the file should be a qcow2 or raw
        disk image, possibly compressed with xz, gzip, zstd or bzip2. If the second argument (the resulting image
        name) is not specified, it is automatically derived from the file name. If the filename is passed as
        <literal>-</literal>, the image is read from standard input, in which case the second argument is
        mandatory.</para>

        <para>No cryptographic validation is done when importing the images.</para>

        <para>Much like image downloads, ongoing imports may be listed with <command>list</command>
        and aborted with <command>cancel-transfer</command>.</para>

        <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v256"/></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><command>import-fs</command> <replaceable>DIRECTORY</replaceable> [<replaceable>NAME</replaceable>]</term>

        <listitem><para>Imports an image stored in a local directory into the image directory for the image
        class selected via <option>--class=</option> and operates similarly to <command>import-tar</command>
        or <command>import-raw</command>, but the first argument is the source directory. If supported, this
        command will create a
        <citerefentry project="url"><refentrytitle url="https://btrfs.readthedocs.io/en/latest/btrfs.html">btrfs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>
        snapshot or subvolume for the new image.</para>

        <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v256"/></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><command>export-tar</command> <replaceable>NAME</replaceable> [<replaceable>FILE</replaceable>]</term>
        <term><command>export-raw</command> <replaceable>NAME</replaceable> [<replaceable>FILE</replaceable>]</term>

        <listitem><para>Exports a TAR or RAW image and stores it in the specified file. The first parameter
        should be an image name. The second parameter should be a file path the TAR or RAW
        image is written to. If the path ends in <literal>.gz</literal>, the file is compressed with
        <citerefentry project='die-net'><refentrytitle>gzip</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
        if it ends in <literal>.xz</literal>, with
        <citerefentry project='die-net'><refentrytitle>xz</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
        if it ends in <literal>.zst</literal>, with
        <citerefentry project='die-net'><refentrytitle>zstd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
        and if it ends in <literal>.bz2</literal>, with
        <citerefentry project='die-net'><refentrytitle>bzip2</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
        If the path ends in neither, the file is left uncompressed. If the second argument is missing, the image
        is written to standard output. The compression may also be explicitly selected with the
        <option>--format=</option> switch. This is in particular useful if the second parameter is left
        unspecified.</para>

        <para>Much like image downloads and imports, ongoing exports may be listed with
        <command>list</command> and aborted with <command>cancel-transfer</command>.</para>

        <para>Note that, currently, only directory and subvolume images may be exported as TAR images, and
        only raw disk images as RAW images.</para>

        <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v256"/></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><command>list-transfer</command></term>

        <listitem><para>Shows a list of image downloads, imports and exports that are currently in
        progress.</para>

        <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v256"/></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><command>cancel-transfer</command> <replaceable>ID</replaceable>…</term>

        <listitem><para>Aborts a download, import or export of the image with the specified ID. To list
        ongoing transfers and their IDs, use <command>list</command>. </para>

        <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v256"/></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><command>list-images</command></term>

        <listitem><para>Shows a list of already downloaded/imported images.</para>

        <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v256"/></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

    </variablelist>
  </refsect1>

  <refsect1>
    <title>Options</title>

    <para>The following options are understood:</para>

    <variablelist>
      <varlistentry>
        <term><option>--read-only</option></term>

        <listitem>
          <para>When used with <command>pull-raw</command>, <command>pull-tar</command>,
          <command>import-raw</command>, <command>import-tar</command> or <command>import-fs</command> a
          read-only image is created.</para>

          <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v256"/>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><option>--verify=</option></term>

        <listitem><para>When downloading an image, specify whether the image shall be verified before it is
        made available. Takes one of <literal>no</literal>, <literal>checksum</literal> and
        <literal>signature</literal>.  If <literal>no</literal>, no verification is done. If
        <literal>checksum</literal> is specified, the download is checked for integrity after the transfer is
        complete, but no signatures are verified. If <literal>signature</literal> is specified, the checksum
        is verified and the image's signature is checked against a local keyring of trustable vendors. It is
        strongly recommended to set this option to <literal>signature</literal> if the server and protocol
        support this. Defaults to <literal>signature</literal>.</para>

        <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v256"/></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><option>--force</option></term>

        <listitem><para>When downloading an image, and a local copy by the specified local name already
        exists, delete it first and replace it by the newly downloaded image.</para>

        <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v256"/></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><option>--format=</option></term>

        <listitem><para>When used with the <option>export-tar</option> or <option>export-raw</option>
        commands, specifies the compression format to use for the resulting file. Takes one of
        <literal>uncompressed</literal>, <literal>xz</literal>, <literal>gzip</literal>,
        <literal>zst</literal>, <literal>bzip2</literal>. By default, the format is determined
        automatically from the output image file name passed.</para>

        <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v256"/></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><option>-q</option></term>
        <term><option>--quiet</option></term>

        <listitem><para>Suppresses additional informational output while running.</para>

        <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v256"/></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <xi:include href="user-system-options.xml" xpointer="host" />

      <varlistentry>
        <term><option>-M</option></term>
        <term><option>--machine=</option></term>

        <listitem><para>Connect to
        <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-importd.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>
        running in a local container, to perform the specified operation within the container.</para>

        <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v256"/></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><option>--class=</option></term>
        <term><option>-m</option></term>
        <term><option>-P</option></term>
        <term><option>-S</option></term>
        <term><option>-C</option></term>

        <listitem><para>Selects the image class for the downloaded images. This primarily selects the
        directory to download into. The <option>--class=</option> switch takes <literal>machine</literal>,
        <literal>portable</literal>, <literal>sysext</literal> or <literal>confext</literal> as argument. The
        short options <option>-m</option>, <option>-P</option>, <option>-S</option>, <option>-C</option> are
        shortcuts for <option>--class=machine</option>, <option>--class=portable</option>,
        <option>--class=sysext</option>, <option>--class=confext</option>.</para>

        <para>Note that <option>--keep-download=</option> defaults to true for
        <option>--class=machine</option> and false otherwise, see below.</para>

        <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v256"/></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><option>--keep-download=</option></term>
        <term><option>-N</option></term>

        <listitem><para>Takes a boolean argument. When specified with <command>pull-raw</command> or
        <command>pull-tar</command>, selects whether to download directly into the specified local image
        name, or whether to download into a read-only copy first of which to make a writable copy after the
        download is completed. Defaults to true for <option>--class=machine</option>, false otherwise.</para>

        <para>The <option>-N</option> switch is a shortcut for <option>--keep-download=no</option>.</para>
        <xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v256"/></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <xi:include href="standard-options.xml" xpointer="json" />
      <xi:include href="standard-options.xml" xpointer="j" />
      <xi:include href="standard-options.xml" xpointer="no-pager" />
      <xi:include href="standard-options.xml" xpointer="no-legend" />
      <xi:include href="standard-options.xml" xpointer="no-ask-password" />
      <xi:include href="standard-options.xml" xpointer="help" />
      <xi:include href="standard-options.xml" xpointer="version" />
    </variablelist>
  </refsect1>

  <refsect1>
    <title>Examples</title>
    <example id="example-import-tar">
      <title>Download an Ubuntu TAR image and open a shell in it</title>

      <programlisting># importctl pull-tar -mN https://cloud-images.ubuntu.com/jammy/current/jammy-server-cloudimg-amd64-root.tar.xz
# systemd-nspawn -M jammy-server-cloudimg-amd64-root</programlisting>

      <para>This downloads and verifies the specified <filename>.tar</filename> image, and then uses
      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-nspawn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> to
      open a shell in it.</para>
    </example>

    <example id="example-import-raw">
      <title>Download an Ubuntu RAW image, set a root password in it, start
      it as a service</title>

      <programlisting># importctl pull-raw -mN \
      https://cloud-images.ubuntu.com/jammy/current/jammy-server-cloudimg-amd64-disk-kvm.img \
      jammy
# systemd-firstboot --image=/var/lib/machines/jammy.raw --prompt-root-password --force
# machinectl start jammy
# machinectl login jammy</programlisting>

      <para>This downloads the specified <filename>.raw</filename> image and makes it available under the
      local name <literal>jammy</literal>. Then, a root password is set with
      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-firstboot</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>. Afterwards
      the machine is started as system service. With the last command a login prompt into the container is
      requested.</para>
    </example>

    <example id="example-export-tar">
      <title>Exports a container image as tar file</title>

      <programlisting># importctl export-tar -m fedora myfedora.tar.xz</programlisting>

      <para>Exports the container <literal>fedora</literal> as an xz-compressed tar file
      <filename>myfedora.tar.xz</filename> into the current directory.</para>
    </example>
  </refsect1>

  <refsect1>
    <title>Exit status</title>

    <para>On success, 0 is returned, a non-zero failure code
    otherwise.</para>
  </refsect1>

  <xi:include href="common-variables.xml" />

  <refsect1>
    <title>See Also</title>
    <para><simplelist type="inline">
      <member><citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry></member>
      <member><citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-importd.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry></member>
      <member><citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-nspawn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry></member>
      <member><citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-vmspawn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry></member>
      <member><citerefentry><refentrytitle>machinectl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry></member>
      <member><citerefentry><refentrytitle>portablectl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry></member>
      <member><citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-sysext</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry></member>
      <member><citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-confext</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry></member>
      <member><citerefentry project='die-net'><refentrytitle>tar</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry></member>
      <member><citerefentry project='die-net'><refentrytitle>xz</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry></member>
      <member><citerefentry project='die-net'><refentrytitle>gzip</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry></member>
      <member><citerefentry project='die-net'><refentrytitle>zstd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry></member>
      <member><citerefentry project='die-net'><refentrytitle>bzip2</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry></member>
    </simplelist></para>
  </refsect1>

</refentry>