docs/src/misc.rst - v1.x - niceSOFT/libuv

docs/src/misc.rst
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Jameson Nash
io: make libuv 64-bit safe (#5076)
24 мар 2026, 17:32
24 мар 2026, 17:32fa0ac9e

.. _misc:

Miscellaneous utilities
=======================

This section contains miscellaneous functions that don't really belong in any
other section.


Data types
----------

.. c:type:: uv_buf_t

    Buffer data type.

    .. c:member:: char* uv_buf_t.base

        Pointer to the base of the buffer.

    .. c:member:: size_t uv_buf_t.len

        Total bytes in the buffer.

        .. note::
            On Windows this field is ULONG.

.. c:type:: void* (*uv_malloc_func)(size_t size)

        Replacement function for :man:`malloc(3)`.
        See :c:func:`uv_replace_allocator`.

.. c:type::  void* (*uv_realloc_func)(void* ptr, size_t size)

        Replacement function for :man:`realloc(3)`.
        See :c:func:`uv_replace_allocator`.

.. c:type::  void* (*uv_calloc_func)(size_t count, size_t size)

        Replacement function for :man:`calloc(3)`.
        See :c:func:`uv_replace_allocator`.

.. c:type:: void (*uv_free_func)(void* ptr)

        Replacement function for :man:`free(3)`.
        See :c:func:`uv_replace_allocator`.

.. c:type::  void (*uv_random_cb)(uv_random_t* req, int status, void* buf, size_t buflen)

    Callback passed to :c:func:`uv_random`. `status` is non-zero in case of
    error. The `buf` pointer is the same pointer that was passed to
    :c:func:`uv_random`.

.. c:type:: uv_file

    Cross platform representation of a file handle.

.. c:type:: uv_os_sock_t

    Cross platform representation of a socket handle.

.. c:type:: uv_os_fd_t

    Abstract representation of a file descriptor. On Unix systems this is a
    `typedef` of `int` and on Windows a `HANDLE`.

.. c:type:: uv_pid_t

    Cross platform representation of a `pid_t`.

    .. versionadded:: 1.16.0

.. c:type:: uv_timeval_t

    Y2K38-unsafe data type for storing times with microsecond resolution.
    Will be replaced with :c:type:`uv_timeval64_t` in libuv v2.0.

    ::

        typedef struct {
            long tv_sec;
            long tv_usec;
        } uv_timeval_t;

.. c:type:: uv_timeval64_t

    Y2K38-safe data type for storing times with microsecond resolution.

    ::

        typedef struct {
            int64_t tv_sec;
            int32_t tv_usec;
        } uv_timeval64_t;

.. c:type:: uv_timespec64_t

    Y2K38-safe data type for storing times with nanosecond resolution.

    ::

        typedef struct {
            int64_t tv_sec;
            int32_t tv_nsec;
        } uv_timespec64_t;

.. c:enum:: uv_clock_id

    Clock source for :c:func:`uv_clock_gettime`.

    ::

        typedef enum {
          UV_CLOCK_MONOTONIC,
          UV_CLOCK_REALTIME
        } uv_clock_id;

.. c:type:: uv_rusage_t

    Data type for resource usage results.

    ::

        typedef struct {
            uv_timeval_t ru_utime; /* user CPU time used */
            uv_timeval_t ru_stime; /* system CPU time used */
            uint64_t ru_maxrss; /* maximum resident set size */
            uint64_t ru_ixrss; /* integral shared memory size (X) */
            uint64_t ru_idrss; /* integral unshared data size (X) */
            uint64_t ru_isrss; /* integral unshared stack size (X) */
            uint64_t ru_minflt; /* page reclaims (soft page faults) (X) */
            uint64_t ru_majflt; /* page faults (hard page faults) */
            uint64_t ru_nswap; /* swaps (X) */
            uint64_t ru_inblock; /* block input operations */
            uint64_t ru_oublock; /* block output operations */
            uint64_t ru_msgsnd; /* IPC messages sent (X) */
            uint64_t ru_msgrcv; /* IPC messages received (X) */
            uint64_t ru_nsignals; /* signals received (X) */
            uint64_t ru_nvcsw; /* voluntary context switches (X) */
            uint64_t ru_nivcsw; /* involuntary context switches (X) */
        } uv_rusage_t;

    Members marked with `(X)` are unsupported on Windows.
    See :man:`getrusage(2)` for supported fields on UNIX-like platforms.

    The maximum resident set size is reported in kilobytes, the unit most
    platforms use natively.

.. c:type:: uv_cpu_info_t

    Data type for CPU information.

    ::

        typedef struct uv_cpu_info_s {
            char* model;
            int speed;
            struct uv_cpu_times_s {
                uint64_t user; /* milliseconds */
                uint64_t nice; /* milliseconds */
                uint64_t sys; /* milliseconds */
                uint64_t idle; /* milliseconds */
                uint64_t irq; /* milliseconds */
            } cpu_times;
        } uv_cpu_info_t;

.. c:type:: uv_interface_address_t

    Data type for interface addresses.

    ::

        typedef struct uv_interface_address_s {
            char* name;
            char phys_addr[6];
            int is_internal;
            union {
                struct sockaddr_in address4;
                struct sockaddr_in6 address6;
            } address;
            union {
                struct sockaddr_in netmask4;
                struct sockaddr_in6 netmask6;
            } netmask;
        } uv_interface_address_t;

.. c:type:: uv_passwd_t

    Data type for password file information.

    ::

        typedef struct uv_passwd_s {
            char* username;
            long uid;
            long gid;
            char* shell;
            char* homedir;
        } uv_passwd_t;

.. c:type:: uv_group_t

    Data type for group file information.

    ::

        typedef struct uv_group_s {
          char* groupname;
          unsigned long gid;
          char** members;
        } uv_group_t;

.. c:type:: uv_utsname_t

    Data type for operating system name and version information.

    ::

        typedef struct uv_utsname_s {
            char sysname[256];
            char release[256];
            char version[256];
            char machine[256];
        } uv_utsname_t;

.. c:type:: uv_env_item_t

    Data type for environment variable storage.

    ::

        typedef struct uv_env_item_s {
            char* name;
            char* value;
        } uv_env_item_t;

.. c:type:: uv_random_t

    Random data request type.

API
---

.. c:function:: uv_handle_type uv_guess_handle(uv_file file)

    Used to detect what type of stream should be used with a given file
    descriptor. Usually this will be used during initialization to guess the
    type of the stdio streams.

    For :man:`isatty(3)` equivalent functionality use this function and test
    for `UV_TTY`.

.. c:function:: int uv_replace_allocator(uv_malloc_func malloc_func, uv_realloc_func realloc_func, uv_calloc_func calloc_func, uv_free_func free_func)

    .. versionadded:: 1.6.0

    Override the use of the standard library's :man:`malloc(3)`,
    :man:`calloc(3)`, :man:`realloc(3)`, :man:`free(3)`, memory allocation
    functions.

    This function must be called before any other libuv function is called or
    after all resources have been freed and thus libuv doesn't reference
    any allocated memory chunk.

    On success, it returns 0, if any of the function pointers is `NULL` it
    returns `UV_EINVAL`.

    .. warning:: There is no protection against changing the allocator multiple
                 times. If the user changes it they are responsible for making
                 sure the allocator is changed while no memory was allocated with
                 the previous allocator, or that they are compatible.

    .. warning:: Allocator must be thread-safe.

.. c:function:: void uv_library_shutdown(void);

    .. versionadded:: 1.38.0

    Release any global state that libuv is holding onto. Libuv will normally
    do so automatically when it is unloaded but it can be instructed to perform
    cleanup manually.

    .. warning:: Only call :c:func:`uv_library_shutdown` once.

    .. warning:: Don't call :c:func:`uv_library_shutdown` when there are
                 still event loops or I/O requests active.

    .. warning:: Don't call libuv functions after calling
                 :c:func:`uv_library_shutdown`.

.. c:function:: uv_buf_t uv_buf_init(char* base, unsigned int len)

    Constructor for :c:type:`uv_buf_t`.

    Due to platform differences the user cannot rely on the ordering of the
    `base` and `len` members of the uv_buf_t struct. The user is responsible for
    freeing `base` after the uv_buf_t is done. Return struct passed by value.

   .. warning:: It is discouraged to set `len` to a large value as that may
                result in spurious failures.  Specifically, Windows may fail on
                writes larger than about 511 MB, and various Unicies may fail
                on I/O larger than about 2 GB (0x7ffff000 bytes). Instead it is
                generally better to split the data into multiple `uv_write`
                calls (attach the `write_cb` to the last one).

.. c:function:: char** uv_setup_args(int argc, char** argv)

    Store the program arguments. Required for getting / setting the process title
    or the executable path. Libuv may take ownership of the memory that `argv` 
    points to. This function should be called exactly once, at program start-up.

    Example:

    ::

        argv = uv_setup_args(argc, argv);  /* May return a copy of argv. */


.. c:function:: int uv_get_process_title(char* buffer, size_t size)

    Gets the title of the current process. You *must* call `uv_setup_args`
    before calling this function on Unix and AIX systems. If `uv_setup_args`
    has not been called on systems that require it, then `UV_ENOBUFS` is
    returned. If `buffer` is `NULL` or `size` is zero, `UV_EINVAL` is returned.
    If `size` cannot accommodate the process title and terminating `nul`
    character, the function returns `UV_ENOBUFS`.

    .. note::
        On BSD systems, `uv_setup_args` is needed for getting the initial process
        title. The process title returned will be an empty string until either
        `uv_setup_args` or `uv_set_process_title` is called.

    .. versionchanged:: 1.18.1 now thread-safe on all supported platforms.

    .. versionchanged:: 1.39.0 now returns an error if `uv_setup_args` is needed
                        but hasn't been called.

.. c:function:: int uv_set_process_title(const char* title)

    Sets the current process title. You *must* call `uv_setup_args` before
    calling this function on Unix and AIX systems. If `uv_setup_args` has not
    been called on systems that require it, then `UV_ENOBUFS` is returned. On
    platforms with a fixed size buffer for the process title the contents of
    `title` will be copied to the buffer and truncated if larger than the
    available space. Other platforms will return `UV_ENOMEM` if they cannot
    allocate enough space to duplicate the contents of `title`.

    .. versionchanged:: 1.18.1 now thread-safe on all supported platforms.

    .. versionchanged:: 1.39.0 now returns an error if `uv_setup_args` is needed
                        but hasn't been called.

.. c:function:: int uv_resident_set_memory(size_t* rss)

    Gets the resident set size (RSS) for the current process.

.. c:function:: int uv_uptime(double* uptime)

    Gets the current system uptime. Depending on the system full or fractional seconds are returned.

.. c:function:: int uv_getrusage(uv_rusage_t* rusage)

    Gets the resource usage measures for the current process.

    .. note::
        On Windows not all fields are set, the unsupported fields are filled with zeroes.
        See :c:type:`uv_rusage_t` for more details.

.. c:function:: int uv_getrusage_thread(uv_rusage_t* rusage)

    Gets the resource usage measures for the calling thread.

    .. versionadded:: 1.50.0

    .. note::
        Not supported on all platforms. May return `UV_ENOTSUP`.
        On macOS and Windows not all fields are set, the unsupported fields are filled with zeroes.
        See :c:type:`uv_rusage_t` for more details.

.. c:function:: uv_pid_t uv_os_getpid(void)

    Returns the current process ID.

    .. versionadded:: 1.18.0

.. c:function:: uv_pid_t uv_os_getppid(void)

    Returns the parent process ID.

    .. versionadded:: 1.16.0

.. c:function:: unsigned int uv_available_parallelism(void)

    Returns an estimate of the default amount of parallelism a program should
    use. Always returns a non-zero value.

    On Linux, inspects the calling thread's CPU affinity mask to determine if
    it has been pinned to specific CPUs.

    On Windows, the available parallelism may be underreported on systems with
    more than 64 logical CPUs.

    On other platforms, reports the number of CPUs that the operating system
    considers to be online.

    .. versionadded:: 1.44.0

.. c:function:: int uv_cpu_info(uv_cpu_info_t** cpu_infos, int* count)

    Gets information about the CPUs on the system. The `cpu_infos` array will
    have `count` elements and needs to be freed with :c:func:`uv_free_cpu_info`.

    Use :c:func:`uv_available_parallelism` if you need to know how many CPUs
    are available for threads or child processes.

.. c:function:: void uv_free_cpu_info(uv_cpu_info_t* cpu_infos, int count)

    Frees the `cpu_infos` array previously allocated with :c:func:`uv_cpu_info`.

.. c:function:: int uv_cpumask_size(void)

    Returns the maximum size of the mask used for process/thread affinities,
    or `UV_ENOTSUP` if affinities are not supported on the current platform.

    .. versionadded:: 1.45.0

.. c:function:: int uv_interface_addresses(uv_interface_address_t** addresses, int* count)

    Gets address information about the network interfaces on the system. An
    array of `count` elements is allocated and returned in `addresses`. It must
    be freed by the user, calling :c:func:`uv_free_interface_addresses`.

.. c:function:: void uv_free_interface_addresses(uv_interface_address_t* addresses, int count)

    Free an array of :c:type:`uv_interface_address_t` which was returned by
    :c:func:`uv_interface_addresses`.

.. c:function:: void uv_loadavg(double avg[3])

    Gets the load average. See: `<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Load_(computing)>`_

    .. note::
        Returns [0,0,0] on Windows (i.e., it's not implemented).

.. c:function:: int uv_ip4_addr(const char* ip, int port, struct sockaddr_in* addr)

    Convert a string containing an IPv4 addresses to a binary structure.

.. c:function:: int uv_ip6_addr(const char* ip, int port, struct sockaddr_in6* addr)

    Convert a string containing an IPv6 addresses to a binary structure.

.. c:function:: int uv_ip4_name(const struct sockaddr_in* src, char* dst, size_t size)

    Convert a binary structure containing an IPv4 address to a string.

.. c:function:: int uv_ip6_name(const struct sockaddr_in6* src, char* dst, size_t size)

    Convert a binary structure containing an IPv6 address to a string.

.. c:function:: int uv_ip_name(const struct sockaddr *src, char *dst, size_t size)

    Convert a binary structure containing an IPv4 address or an IPv6 address to a string.

.. c:function:: int uv_inet_ntop(int af, const void* src, char* dst, size_t size)
.. c:function:: int uv_inet_pton(int af, const char* src, void* dst)

    Cross-platform IPv6-capable implementation of :man:`inet_ntop(3)`
    and :man:`inet_pton(3)`. On success they return 0. In case of error
    the target `dst` pointer is unmodified.

.. c:macro:: UV_IF_NAMESIZE

    Maximum IPv6 interface identifier name length.  Defined as
    `IFNAMSIZ` on Unix and `IF_NAMESIZE` on Linux and Windows.

    .. versionadded:: 1.16.0

.. c:function:: int uv_if_indextoname(unsigned int ifindex, char* buffer, size_t* size)

    IPv6-capable implementation of :man:`if_indextoname(3)`. When called,
    `*size` indicates the length of the `buffer`, which is used to store the
    result.
    On success, zero is returned, `buffer` contains the interface name, and
    `*size` represents the string length of the `buffer`, excluding the NUL
    terminator byte from `*size`. On error, a negative result is
    returned. If `buffer` is not large enough to hold the result,
    `UV_ENOBUFS` is returned, and `*size` represents the necessary size in
    bytes, including the NUL terminator byte into the `*size`.

    On Unix, the returned interface name can be used directly as an
    interface identifier in scoped IPv6 addresses, e.g.
    `fe80::abc:def1:2345%en0`.

    On Windows, the returned interface cannot be used as an interface
    identifier, as Windows uses numerical interface identifiers, e.g.
    `fe80::abc:def1:2345%5`.

    To get an interface identifier in a cross-platform compatible way,
    use `uv_if_indextoiid()`.

    Example:

    ::

        char ifname[UV_IF_NAMESIZE];
        size_t size = sizeof(ifname);
        uv_if_indextoname(sin6->sin6_scope_id, ifname, &size);

    .. versionadded:: 1.16.0

.. c:function:: int uv_if_indextoiid(unsigned int ifindex, char* buffer, size_t* size)

    Retrieves a network interface identifier suitable for use in an IPv6 scoped
    address. On Windows, returns the numeric `ifindex` as a string. On all other
    platforms, `uv_if_indextoname()` is called. The result is written to
    `buffer`, with `*size` indicating the length of `buffer`. If `buffer` is not
    large enough to hold the result, then `UV_ENOBUFS` is returned, and `*size`
    represents the size, including the NUL byte, required to hold the
    result.

    See `uv_if_indextoname` for further details.

    .. versionadded:: 1.16.0

.. c:function:: int uv_exepath(char* buffer, size_t* size)

    Gets the executable path. You *must* call `uv_setup_args` before calling
    this function.

    Be careful in setuid executables. On some platforms the executable path
    is an arbitrary string that is controlled by the user. On other platforms
    environment variables are consulted that may be under control of the user.

.. c:function:: int uv_cwd(char* buffer, size_t* size)

    Gets the current working directory, and stores it in `buffer`. If the
    current working directory is too large to fit in `buffer`, this function
    returns `UV_ENOBUFS`, and sets `size` to the required length, including the
    null terminator.

    .. versionchanged:: 1.1.0

        On Unix the path no longer ends in a slash.

    .. versionchanged:: 1.9.0 the returned length includes the terminating null
                        byte on `UV_ENOBUFS`, and the buffer is null terminated
                        on success.


.. c:function:: int uv_chdir(const char* dir)

    Changes the current working directory.

.. c:function:: int uv_os_homedir(char* buffer, size_t* size)

    Gets the current user's home directory. On Windows, `uv_os_homedir()` first
    checks the `USERPROFILE` environment variable using
    `GetEnvironmentVariableW()`. If `USERPROFILE` is not set,
    `GetUserProfileDirectoryW()` is called. On all other operating systems,
    `uv_os_homedir()` first checks the `HOME` environment variable using
    :man:`getenv(3)`. If `HOME` is not set, :man:`getpwuid_r(3)` is called. The
    user's home directory is stored in `buffer`. When `uv_os_homedir()` is
    called, `size` indicates the maximum size of `buffer`. On success `size` is set
    to the string length of `buffer`. On `UV_ENOBUFS` failure `size` is set to the
    required length for `buffer`, including the null byte.

    .. warning::
        `uv_os_homedir()` is not thread safe.

    .. versionadded:: 1.6.0

.. c:function:: int uv_os_tmpdir(char* buffer, size_t* size)

    Gets the temp directory. On Windows, `uv_os_tmpdir()` uses `GetTempPathW()`.
    On all other operating systems, `uv_os_tmpdir()` uses the first environment
    variable found in the ordered list `TMPDIR`, `TMP`, `TEMP`, and `TEMPDIR`.
    If none of these are found, the path `"/tmp"` is used, or, on Android,
    `"/data/local/tmp"` is used. The temp directory is stored in `buffer`. When
    `uv_os_tmpdir()` is called, `size` indicates the maximum size of `buffer`.
    On success `size` is set to the string length of `buffer` (which does not
    include the terminating null). On `UV_ENOBUFS` failure `size` is set to the
    required length for `buffer`, including the null byte.

    .. warning::
        `uv_os_tmpdir()` is not thread safe.

    .. versionadded:: 1.9.0

.. c:function:: int uv_os_get_passwd(uv_passwd_t* pwd)

    Gets a subset of the password file entry for the current effective uid (not
    the real uid). The populated data includes the username, euid, gid, shell,
    and home directory. On non-Windows systems, all data comes from
    :man:`getpwuid_r(3)`. On Windows, uid and gid are set to -1 and have no
    meaning, and shell is `NULL`. After successfully calling this function, the
    memory allocated to `pwd` needs to be freed with
    :c:func:`uv_os_free_passwd`.

    .. versionadded:: 1.9.0

.. c:function:: int uv_os_get_passwd2(uv_passwd_t* pwd, uv_uid_t uid)

    Gets a subset of the password file entry for the provided uid.
    The populated data includes the username, euid, gid, shell,
    and home directory. On non-Windows systems, all data comes from
    :man:`getpwuid_r(3)`. On Windows, uid and gid are set to -1 and have no
    meaning, and shell is `NULL`. After successfully calling this function, the
    memory allocated to `pwd` needs to be freed with
    :c:func:`uv_os_free_passwd`.

    .. versionadded:: 1.45.0

.. c:function:: int uv_os_get_group(uv_group_t* group, uv_uid_t gid)

    Gets a subset of the group file entry for the provided uid.
    The populated data includes the group name, gid, and members. On non-Windows
    systems, all data comes from :man:`getgrgid_r(3)`. On Windows, uid and gid
    are set to -1 and have no meaning. After successfully calling this function,
    the memory allocated to `group` needs to be freed with
    :c:func:`uv_os_free_group`.

    .. versionadded:: 1.45.0

.. c:function:: void uv_os_free_group(uv_passwd_t* pwd)

    Frees the memory previously allocated with :c:func:`uv_os_get_group`.

    .. versionadded:: 1.45.0

.. c:function:: void uv_os_free_passwd(uv_passwd_t* pwd)

    Frees the `pwd` memory previously allocated with :c:func:`uv_os_get_passwd`.

    .. versionadded:: 1.9.0

.. c:function:: uint64_t uv_get_free_memory(void)

    Gets the amount of free memory available in the system, as reported by
    the kernel (in bytes). Returns 0 when unknown.

.. c:function:: uint64_t uv_get_total_memory(void)

    Gets the total amount of physical memory in the system (in bytes).
    Returns 0 when unknown.

.. c:function:: uint64_t uv_get_constrained_memory(void)

    Gets the total amount of memory available to the process (in bytes) based on
    limits imposed by the OS. If there is no such constraint, or the constraint
    is unknown, `0` is returned. If there is a constraining mechanism, but there
    is no constraint set, `UINT64_MAX` is returned. Note that it is not unusual
    for this value to be less than or greater than :c:func:`uv_get_total_memory`.

    .. note::
        This function currently only returns a non-zero value on Linux, based
        on cgroups if it is present, and on z/OS based on RLIMIT_MEMLIMIT.

    .. versionadded:: 1.29.0

.. c:function:: uint64_t uv_get_available_memory(void)

    Gets the amount of free memory that is still available to the process (in bytes).
    This differs from :c:func:`uv_get_free_memory` in that it takes into account any
    limits imposed by the OS. If there is no such constraint, or the constraint
    is unknown, the amount returned will be identical to :c:func:`uv_get_free_memory`.

    .. note::
        This function currently only returns a value that is different from
        what :c:func:`uv_get_free_memory` reports on Linux, based
        on cgroups if it is present.

    .. versionadded:: 1.45.0

.. c:function:: uint64_t uv_hrtime(void)

    Returns the current high-resolution timestamp. This is expressed in
    nanoseconds. It is relative to an arbitrary time in the past. It is not
    related to the time of day and therefore not subject to clock drift. The
    primary use is for measuring performance between intervals.

    .. note::
        Not every platform can support nanosecond resolution; however, this value will always
        be in nanoseconds.

.. c:function:: int uv_clock_gettime(uv_clock_id clock_id, uv_timespec64_t* ts)

    Obtain the current system time from a high-resolution real-time or monotonic
    clock source.

    The real-time clock counts from the UNIX epoch (1970-01-01) and is subject
    to time adjustments; it can jump back in time.

    The monotonic clock counts from an arbitrary point in the past and never
    jumps back in time.

    .. versionadded:: 1.45.0

.. c:function:: void uv_print_all_handles(uv_loop_t* loop, FILE* stream)

    Prints all handles associated with the given `loop` to the given `stream`.

    Example:

    ::

        uv_print_all_handles(uv_default_loop(), stderr);
        /*
        [--I] signal   0x1a25ea8
        [-AI] async    0x1a25cf0
        [R--] idle     0x1a7a8c8
        */

    The format is `[flags] handle-type handle-address`. For `flags`:

    - `R` is printed for a handle that is referenced
    - `A` is printed for a handle that is active
    - `I` is printed for a handle that is internal

    .. warning::
        This function is meant for ad hoc debugging, there is no API/ABI
        stability guarantees.

    .. versionadded:: 1.8.0

.. c:function:: void uv_print_active_handles(uv_loop_t* loop, FILE* stream)

    This is the same as :c:func:`uv_print_all_handles` except only active handles
    are printed.

    .. warning::
        This function is meant for ad hoc debugging, there is no API/ABI
        stability guarantees.

    .. versionadded:: 1.8.0

.. c:function:: int uv_os_environ(uv_env_item_t** envitems, int* count)

    Retrieves all environment variables. This function will allocate memory
    which must be freed by calling :c:func:`uv_os_free_environ`.

    .. warning::
        This function is not thread safe.

    .. versionadded:: 1.31.0

.. c:function:: void uv_os_free_environ(uv_env_item_t* envitems, int count);

    Frees the memory allocated for the environment variables by
    :c:func:`uv_os_environ`.

    .. versionadded:: 1.31.0

.. c:function:: int uv_os_getenv(const char* name, char* buffer, size_t* size)

    Retrieves the environment variable specified by `name`, copies its value
    into `buffer`, and sets `size` to the string length of the value. When
    calling this function, `size` must be set to the amount of storage available
    in `buffer`, including the null terminator. If the environment variable
    exceeds the storage available in `buffer`, `UV_ENOBUFS` is returned, and
    `size` is set to the amount of storage required to hold the value. If no
    matching environment variable exists, `UV_ENOENT` is returned.

    .. warning::
        This function is not thread safe.

    .. versionadded:: 1.12.0

.. c:function:: int uv_os_setenv(const char* name, const char* value)

    Creates or updates the environment variable specified by `name` with
    `value`.

    .. warning::
        This function is not thread safe.

    .. versionadded:: 1.12.0

.. c:function:: int uv_os_unsetenv(const char* name)

    Deletes the environment variable specified by `name`. If no such environment
    variable exists, this function returns successfully.

    .. warning::
        This function is not thread safe.

    .. versionadded:: 1.12.0

.. c:function:: int uv_os_gethostname(char* buffer, size_t* size)

    Returns the hostname as a null-terminated string in `buffer`, and sets
    `size` to the string length of the hostname. When calling this function,
    `size` must be set to the amount of storage available in `buffer`, including
    the null terminator. If the hostname exceeds the storage available in
    `buffer`, `UV_ENOBUFS` is returned, and `size` is set to the amount of
    storage required to hold the value.

    .. versionadded:: 1.12.0

    .. versionchanged:: 1.26.0 `UV_MAXHOSTNAMESIZE` is available and represents
                               the maximum `buffer` size required to store a
                               hostname and terminating `nul` character.

.. c:function:: int uv_os_getpriority(uv_pid_t pid, int* priority)

    Retrieves the scheduling priority of the process specified by `pid`. The
    returned value of `priority` is between -20 (high priority) and 19 (low
    priority).

    .. note::
        On Windows, the returned priority will equal one of the `UV_PRIORITY`
        constants.

    .. versionadded:: 1.23.0

.. c:function:: int uv_os_setpriority(uv_pid_t pid, int priority)

    Sets the scheduling priority of the process specified by `pid`. The
    `priority` value range is between -20 (high priority) and 19 (low priority).
    The constants `UV_PRIORITY_LOW`, `UV_PRIORITY_BELOW_NORMAL`,
    `UV_PRIORITY_NORMAL`, `UV_PRIORITY_ABOVE_NORMAL`, `UV_PRIORITY_HIGH`, and
    `UV_PRIORITY_HIGHEST` are also provided for convenience.

    .. note::
        On Windows, this function utilizes `SetPriorityClass()`. The `priority`
        argument is mapped to a Windows priority class. When retrieving the
        process priority, the result will equal one of the `UV_PRIORITY`
        constants, and not necessarily the exact value of `priority`.

    .. note::
        On Windows, setting `PRIORITY_HIGHEST` will only work for elevated user,
        for others it will be silently reduced to `PRIORITY_HIGH`.

    .. note::
        On IBM i PASE, the highest process priority is -10. The constant
        `UV_PRIORITY_HIGHEST` is -10, `UV_PRIORITY_HIGH` is -7, 
        `UV_PRIORITY_ABOVE_NORMAL` is -4, `UV_PRIORITY_NORMAL` is 0,
        `UV_PRIORITY_BELOW_NORMAL` is 15 and `UV_PRIORITY_LOW` is 39.

    .. note::
        On IBM i PASE, you are not allowed to change your priority unless you
        have the \*JOBCTL special authority (even to lower it).

    .. versionadded:: 1.23.0

.. c:function:: int uv_os_uname(uv_utsname_t* buffer)

    Retrieves system information in `buffer`. The populated data includes the
    operating system name, release, version, and machine. On non-Windows
    systems, `uv_os_uname()` is a thin wrapper around :man:`uname(2)`. Returns
    zero on success, and a non-zero error value otherwise.

    .. versionadded:: 1.25.0

.. c:function:: int uv_gettimeofday(uv_timeval64_t* tv)

    Cross-platform implementation of :man:`gettimeofday(2)`. The timezone
    argument to `gettimeofday()` is not supported, as it is considered obsolete.

    .. versionadded:: 1.28.0

.. c:function:: int uv_random(uv_loop_t* loop, uv_random_t* req, void* buf, size_t buflen, unsigned int flags, uv_random_cb cb)

    Fill `buf` with exactly `buflen` cryptographically strong random bytes
    acquired from the system CSPRNG. `flags` is reserved for future extension
    and must currently be 0.

    Short reads are not possible. When less than `buflen` random bytes are
    available, a non-zero error value is returned or passed to the callback.

    The synchronous version may block indefinitely when not enough entropy
    is available. The asynchronous version may not ever finish when the system
    is low on entropy.

    Sources of entropy:

    - Windows: `RtlGenRandom <https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/desktop/api/ntsecapi/nf-ntsecapi-rtlgenrandom>_`.
    - Linux, Android: :man:`getrandom(2)` if available, or :man:`urandom(4)`
      after reading from `/dev/random` once, or the `KERN_RANDOM`
      :man:`sysctl(2)`.
    - FreeBSD: `getrandom(2) <https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=getrandom&sektion=2>_`,
      or `/dev/urandom` after reading from `/dev/random` once.
    - NetBSD: `KERN_ARND` `sysctl(7) <https://man.netbsd.org/sysctl.7>_`
    - macOS, OpenBSD: `getentropy(2) <https://man.openbsd.org/getentropy.2>_`
      if available, or `/dev/urandom` after reading from `/dev/random` once.
    - AIX: `/dev/random`.
    - IBM i: `/dev/urandom`.
    - Other UNIX: `/dev/urandom` after reading from `/dev/random` once.

    :returns: 0 on success, or an error code < 0 on failure. The contents of
        `buf` is undefined after an error.

    .. note::
        When using the synchronous version, both `loop` and `req` parameters
        are not used and can be set to `NULL`.

    .. versionadded:: 1.33.0

.. c:function:: void uv_sleep(unsigned int msec)

    Causes the calling thread to sleep for `msec` milliseconds.

    .. versionadded:: 1.34.0

.. code-block:: c
    #include <uv.h>
    #include <stdio.h>
    int main() {
        printf("Sleeping for 1 second...\n");
        uv_sleep(1000);
        printf("Awake!\n");
        return 0;
    }

String manipulation functions
-----------------------------

These string utilities are needed internally for dealing with Windows, and are
exported to allow clients to work uniformly with this data when the libuv API
is not complete.

.. c:function:: size_t uv_utf16_length_as_wtf8(const uint16_t* utf16, ssize_t utf16_len)

    Get the length of a UTF-16 (or UCS-2) `utf16` value after converting it to
    WTF-8. If `utf16` is NUL terminated, `utf16_len` can be set to -1,
    otherwise it must be specified.

    .. versionadded:: 1.47.0

.. c:function:: int uv_utf16_to_wtf8(const uint16_t* utf16, ssize_t utf16_len, char** wtf8_ptr, size_t* wtf8_len_ptr)

    Convert UTF-16 (or UCS-2) data in `utf16` to WTF-8 data in `*wtf8_ptr`. The
    `utf16_len` count (in characters) gives the length of `utf16`. If `utf16`
    is NUL terminated, `utf16_len` can be set to -1, otherwise it must be
    specified. If `wtf8_ptr` is `NULL`, no result will be computed, but the
    length (equal to `uv_utf16_length_as_wtf8`) will be stored in `wtf8_len_ptr`.
    If `*wtf8_ptr` is `NULL`, space for the conversion will be allocated and
    returned in `wtf8_ptr` and the length will be returned in `wtf8_len_ptr`.
    Otherwise, the length of `*wtf8_ptr` must be passed in `wtf8_len_ptr`. The
    `wtf8_ptr` must contain an extra space for an extra NUL after the result.
    If the result is truncated, `UV_ENOBUFS` will be returned and
    `wtf8_len_ptr` will be the length of the required `wtf8_ptr` to contain the
    whole result.

    .. versionadded:: 1.47.0

.. c:function:: ssize_t uv_wtf8_length_as_utf16(const char* wtf8)

    Get the length in characters of a NUL-terminated WTF-8 `wtf8` value
    after converting it to UTF-16 (or UCS-2), including NUL terminator.

    .. versionadded:: 1.47.0

.. c:function:: void uv_wtf8_to_utf16(const char* utf8, uint16_t* utf16, size_t utf16_len)

    Convert NUL-terminated WTF-8 data in `wtf8` to UTF-16 (or UCS-2) data
    in `utf16`. The `utf16_len` count (in characters) must include space
    for the NUL terminator.

    .. versionadded:: 1.47.0