git/git.go - main - niceSOFT/git-lfs

git/git.go
1 754 строки48 KB
brian m. carlson
git: use `strings.Cut`
04 мар 2026, 18:31
04 мар 2026, 18:31810588a
// Package git contains various commands that shell out to git
// NOTE: Subject to change, do not rely on this package from outside git-lfs source
package git

import (
	"bufio"
	"bytes"
	"crypto/sha1"
	"crypto/sha256"
	"encoding/hex"
	"errors"
	"fmt"
	"io"
	"net/url"
	"os"
	"path/filepath"
	"regexp"
	"slices"
	"strconv"
	"strings"
	"sync"
	"time"

	lfserrors "github.com/git-lfs/git-lfs/v3/errors"
	"github.com/git-lfs/git-lfs/v3/subprocess"
	"github.com/git-lfs/git-lfs/v3/tools"
	"github.com/git-lfs/git-lfs/v3/tr"
	"github.com/git-lfs/gitobj/v2"
	"github.com/rubyist/tracerx"
)

type RefType int

const (
	RefTypeLocalBranch  = RefType(iota)
	RefTypeRemoteBranch = RefType(iota)
	RefTypeLocalTag     = RefType(iota)
	RefTypeRemoteTag    = RefType(iota)
	RefTypeHEAD         = RefType(iota) // current checkout
	RefTypeOther        = RefType(iota) // stash or unknown

	SHA1HexSize   = sha1.Size * 2
	SHA256HexSize = sha256.Size * 2
)

var (
	ObjectIDRegex = fmt.Sprintf("(?:[0-9a-f]{%d}(?:[0-9a-f]{%d})?)", SHA1HexSize, SHA256HexSize-SHA1HexSize)
	// ObjectIDLengths is a slice of valid Git hexadecimal object ID
	// lengths in increasing order.
	ObjectIDLengths = []int{SHA1HexSize, SHA256HexSize}
	emptyTree       = ""
	emptyTreeMutex  = &sync.Mutex{}
)

type IndexStage int

const (
	IndexStageDefault IndexStage = iota
	IndexStageBase
	IndexStageOurs
	IndexStageTheirs
)

// Prefix returns the given RefType's prefix, "refs/heads", "ref/remotes",
// etc. It returns an additional value of either true/false, whether or not this
// given ref type has a prefix.
//
// If the RefType is unrecognized, Prefix() will panic.
func (t RefType) Prefix() (string, bool) {
	switch t {
	case RefTypeLocalBranch:
		return "refs/heads", true
	case RefTypeRemoteBranch:
		return "refs/remotes", true
	case RefTypeLocalTag:
		return "refs/tags", true
	default:
		return "", false
	}
}

func ParseRef(absRef, sha string) *Ref {
	r := &Ref{Sha: sha}
	if strings.HasPrefix(absRef, "refs/heads/") {
		r.Name = absRef[11:]
		r.Type = RefTypeLocalBranch
	} else if strings.HasPrefix(absRef, "refs/tags/") {
		r.Name = absRef[10:]
		r.Type = RefTypeLocalTag
	} else if strings.HasPrefix(absRef, "refs/remotes/") {
		r.Name = absRef[13:]
		r.Type = RefTypeRemoteBranch
	} else {
		r.Name = absRef
		if absRef == "HEAD" {
			r.Type = RefTypeHEAD
		} else {
			r.Type = RefTypeOther
		}
	}
	return r
}

// A git reference (branch, tag etc)
type Ref struct {
	Name string
	Type RefType
	Sha  string
}

// Refspec returns the fully-qualified reference name (including remote), i.e.,
// for a remote branch called 'my-feature' on remote 'origin', this function
// will return:
//
//	refs/remotes/origin/my-feature
func (r *Ref) Refspec() string {
	if r == nil {
		return ""
	}

	prefix, ok := r.Type.Prefix()
	if ok {
		return fmt.Sprintf("%s/%s", prefix, r.Name)
	}

	return r.Name
}

// HasValidObjectIDLength returns true if `s` has a length that is a valid
// hexadecimal Git object ID length.
func HasValidObjectIDLength(s string) bool {
	return slices.Contains(ObjectIDLengths, len(s))
}

// IsZeroObjectID returns true if the string is a valid hexadecimal Git object
// ID and represents the all-zeros object ID for some hash algorithm.
func IsZeroObjectID(s string) bool {
	for _, length := range ObjectIDLengths {
		if s == strings.Repeat("0", length) {
			return true
		}
	}
	return false
}

func EmptyTree() (string, error) {
	emptyTreeMutex.Lock()
	defer emptyTreeMutex.Unlock()

	if len(emptyTree) == 0 {
		cmd, err := gitNoLFS("hash-object", "-t", "tree", "/dev/null")
		if err != nil {
			return "", errors.New(tr.Tr.Get("failed to find `git hash-object`: %v", err))
		}
		cmd.Stdin = nil
		out, _ := cmd.Output()
		emptyTree = strings.TrimSpace(string(out))
	}
	return emptyTree, nil
}

// Some top level information about a commit (only first line of message)
type CommitSummary struct {
	Sha            string
	ShortSha       string
	Parents        []string
	CommitDate     time.Time
	AuthorDate     time.Time
	AuthorName     string
	AuthorEmail    string
	CommitterName  string
	CommitterEmail string
	Subject        string
}

// Prepend Git config instructions to disable Git LFS filter
func gitConfigNoLFS(args ...string) []string {
	// Before git 2.8, setting filters to blank causes lots of warnings, so use cat instead (slightly slower)
	// Also pre 2.2 it failed completely. We used to use it anyway in git 2.2-2.7 and
	// suppress the messages in stderr, but doing that with standard StderrPipe suppresses
	// the git clone output (git thinks it's not a terminal) and makes it look like it's
	// not working. You can get around that with https://github.com/kr/pty but that
	// causes difficult issues with passing through Stdin for login prompts
	// This way is simpler & more practical.
	filterOverride := ""
	if !IsGitVersionAtLeast("2.8.0") {
		filterOverride = "cat"
	}

	return append([]string{
		"-c", fmt.Sprintf("filter.lfs.smudge=%v", filterOverride),
		"-c", fmt.Sprintf("filter.lfs.clean=%v", filterOverride),
		"-c", "filter.lfs.process=",
		"-c", "filter.lfs.required=false",
	}, args...)
}

// Invoke Git with disabled LFS filters
func gitNoLFS(args ...string) (*subprocess.Cmd, error) {
	return subprocess.ExecCommand("git", gitConfigNoLFS(args...)...)
}

func gitNoLFSSimple(args ...string) (string, error) {
	return subprocess.SimpleExec("git", gitConfigNoLFS(args...)...)
}

func gitNoLFSBuffered(args ...string) (*subprocess.BufferedCmd, error) {
	return subprocess.BufferedExec("git", gitConfigNoLFS(args...)...)
}

func gitNoLFSBufferedStdout(args ...string) (*subprocess.BufferedCmd, error) {
	return subprocess.StdoutBufferedExec("git", gitConfigNoLFS(args...)...)
}

// Invoke Git with enabled LFS filters
func git(args ...string) (*subprocess.Cmd, error) {
	return subprocess.ExecCommand("git", args...)
}

func gitSimple(args ...string) (string, error) {
	return subprocess.SimpleExec("git", args...)
}

func gitBuffered(args ...string) (*subprocess.BufferedCmd, error) {
	return subprocess.BufferedExec("git", args...)
}

func gitBufferedStdout(args ...string) (*subprocess.BufferedCmd, error) {
	return subprocess.StdoutBufferedExec("git", args...)
}

func CatFile() (*subprocess.BufferedCmd, error) {
	return gitNoLFSBuffered("cat-file", "--batch-check")
}

func Var(name string) (*subprocess.Cmd, error) {
	return gitNoLFS("var", name)
}

func DiffIndex(ref string, cached bool, refresh bool, workingDir string) (*bufio.Scanner, error) {
	if refresh {
		_, err := gitSimple("update-index", "-q", "--refresh")
		if err != nil {
			return nil, lfserrors.Wrap(err, tr.Tr.Get("Failed to run `git update-index`"))
		}
	}

	args := []string{"diff-index", "-M"}
	if cached {
		args = append(args, "--cached")
	}
	args = append(args, ref)

	if workingDir != "" {
		args = append([]string{"-C", workingDir}, args...)
	}

	cmd, err := gitBufferedStdout(args...)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	if err = cmd.Stdin.Close(); err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	return bufio.NewScanner(cmd.Stdout), nil
}

func DiffIndexWithPaths(ref string, cached bool, paths []string) (string, error) {
	args := []string{"diff-index"}
	if cached {
		args = append(args, "--cached")
	}
	args = append(args, ref)
	args = append(args, "--")
	args = append(args, paths...)

	output, err := gitSimple(args...)
	if err != nil {
		return "", err
	}

	return output, nil
}

func HashObject(r io.Reader) (string, error) {
	cmd, err := gitNoLFS("hash-object", "--stdin")
	if err != nil {
		return "", errors.New(tr.Tr.Get("failed to find `git hash-object`: %v", err))
	}
	cmd.Stdin = r
	out, err := cmd.Output()
	if err != nil {
		return "", errors.New(tr.Tr.Get("error building Git blob OID: %s", err))
	}

	return string(bytes.TrimSpace(out)), nil
}

func Log(args ...string) (*subprocess.BufferedCmd, error) {
	logArgs := append([]string{"log"}, args...)
	return gitNoLFSBuffered(logArgs...)
}

func LsRemote(remote, remoteRef string) (string, error) {
	if remote == "" {
		return "", errors.New(tr.Tr.Get("remote required"))
	}
	if remoteRef == "" {
		return gitNoLFSSimple("ls-remote", remote)

	}
	return gitNoLFSSimple("ls-remote", remote, remoteRef)
}

func LsTree(ref string) (*subprocess.BufferedCmd, error) {
	return gitNoLFSBuffered(
		"ls-tree",
		"-r",          // recurse
		"-l",          // report object size (we'll need this)
		"-z",          // null line termination
		"--full-tree", // start at the root regardless of where we are in it
		ref,
	)
}

func LsFilesLFS() (*subprocess.BufferedCmd, error) {
	// This requires Git 2.42.0 for `--format` with `objecttype`.
	return gitNoLFSBuffered(
		"ls-files",
		"--cached",
		"--exclude-standard",
		"--full-name",
		"--sparse",
		"-z",
		"--format=%(objectmode) %(objecttype) %(objectname) %(objectsize)\t%(path)",
		":(top,attr:filter=lfs)",
	)
}

func ResolveRef(ref string) (*Ref, error) {
	outp, err := gitNoLFSSimple("rev-parse", ref, "--symbolic-full-name", ref)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, errors.New(tr.Tr.Get("Git can't resolve ref: %q", ref))
	}
	if outp == "" {
		return nil, errors.New(tr.Tr.Get("Git can't resolve ref: %q", ref))
	}

	lines := strings.Split(outp, "\n")
	fullref := &Ref{Sha: lines[0]}

	if len(lines) == 1 {
		// ref is a sha1 and has no symbolic-full-name
		fullref.Name = lines[0]
		fullref.Sha = lines[0]
		fullref.Type = RefTypeOther
		return fullref, nil
	}

	// parse the symbolic-full-name
	fullref.Type, fullref.Name = ParseRefToTypeAndName(lines[1])
	return fullref, nil
}

func ResolveRefs(refnames []string) ([]*Ref, error) {
	refs := make([]*Ref, len(refnames))
	for i, name := range refnames {
		ref, err := ResolveRef(name)
		if err != nil {
			return refs, err
		}

		refs[i] = ref
	}
	return refs, nil
}

func CurrentRef() (*Ref, error) {
	return ResolveRef("HEAD")
}

func (c *Configuration) CurrentRemoteRef() (*Ref, error) {
	remoteref, err := c.RemoteRefNameForCurrentBranch()
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	return ResolveRef(remoteref)
}

// RemoteRefForCurrentBranch returns the full remote ref (refs/remotes/{remote}/{remotebranch})
// that the current branch is tracking.
func (c *Configuration) RemoteRefNameForCurrentBranch() (string, error) {
	ref, err := CurrentRef()
	if err != nil {
		return "", err
	}

	if ref.Type == RefTypeHEAD || ref.Type == RefTypeOther {
		return "", errors.New(tr.Tr.Get("not on a branch"))
	}

	remote := c.RemoteForBranch(ref.Name)
	if remote == "" {
		return "", errors.New(tr.Tr.Get("remote not found for branch %q", ref.Name))
	}

	remotebranch := c.RemoteBranchForLocalBranch(ref.Name)

	return fmt.Sprintf("refs/remotes/%s/%s", remote, remotebranch), nil
}

// RemoteForBranch returns the remote name that a given local branch is tracking (blank if none)
func (c *Configuration) RemoteForBranch(localBranch string) string {
	return c.Find(fmt.Sprintf("branch.%s.remote", localBranch))
}

// RemoteBranchForLocalBranch returns the name (only) of the remote branch that the local branch is tracking
// If no specific branch is configured, returns local branch name
func (c *Configuration) RemoteBranchForLocalBranch(localBranch string) string {
	// get remote ref to track, may not be same name
	merge := c.Find(fmt.Sprintf("branch.%s.merge", localBranch))
	if strings.HasPrefix(merge, "refs/heads/") {
		return merge[11:]
	} else {
		return localBranch
	}
}

func RemoteList() ([]string, error) {
	cmd, err := gitNoLFS("remote")
	if err != nil {
		return nil, errors.New(tr.Tr.Get("failed to find `git remote`: %v", err))
	}

	outp, err := cmd.StdoutPipe()
	if err != nil {
		return nil, errors.New(tr.Tr.Get("failed to call `git remote`: %v", err))
	}
	cmd.Start()
	defer cmd.Wait()

	scanner := bufio.NewScanner(outp)

	var ret []string
	for scanner.Scan() {
		ret = append(ret, strings.TrimSpace(scanner.Text()))
	}

	return ret, nil
}

func RemoteURLs(push bool) (map[string][]string, error) {
	cmd, err := gitNoLFS("remote", "-v")
	if err != nil {
		return nil, errors.New(tr.Tr.Get("failed to find `git remote -v`: %v", err))
	}

	outp, err := cmd.StdoutPipe()
	if err != nil {
		return nil, errors.New(tr.Tr.Get("failed to call `git remote -v`: %v", err))
	}
	cmd.Start()
	defer cmd.Wait()

	scanner := bufio.NewScanner(outp)

	text := "(fetch)"
	if push {
		text = "(push)"
	}
	ret := make(map[string][]string)
	for scanner.Scan() {
		// [remote, urlpair-text]
		pair := strings.Split(strings.TrimSpace(scanner.Text()), "\t")
		if len(pair) != 2 {
			continue
		}
		// [url, "(fetch)" | "(push)"]
		urlpair := strings.Split(pair[1], " ")
		if len(urlpair) != 2 || urlpair[1] != text {
			continue
		}
		ret[pair[0]] = append(ret[pair[0]], urlpair[0])
	}

	return ret, nil
}

func MapRemoteURL(url string, push bool) (string, bool) {
	urls, err := RemoteURLs(push)
	if err != nil {
		return url, false
	}

	for name, remotes := range urls {
		if len(remotes) == 1 && url == remotes[0] {
			return name, true
		}
	}
	return url, false
}

// Refs returns all of the local and remote branches and tags for the current
// repository. Other refs (HEAD, refs/stash, git notes) are ignored.
func LocalRefs() ([]*Ref, error) {
	cmd, err := gitNoLFS("show-ref")
	if err != nil {
		return nil, errors.New(tr.Tr.Get("failed to find `git show-ref`: %v", err))
	}

	outp, err := cmd.StdoutPipe()
	if err != nil {
		return nil, errors.New(tr.Tr.Get("failed to call `git show-ref`: %v", err))
	}

	var refs []*Ref

	if err := cmd.Start(); err != nil {
		return refs, err
	}

	scanner := bufio.NewScanner(outp)
	for scanner.Scan() {
		line := strings.TrimSpace(scanner.Text())
		parts := strings.SplitN(line, " ", 2)
		if len(parts) != 2 || !HasValidObjectIDLength(parts[0]) || len(parts[1]) < 1 {
			tracerx.Printf("Invalid line from `git show-ref`: %q", line)
			continue
		}

		rtype, name := ParseRefToTypeAndName(parts[1])
		if rtype != RefTypeLocalBranch && rtype != RefTypeLocalTag {
			continue
		}

		refs = append(refs, &Ref{name, rtype, parts[0]})
	}

	return refs, cmd.Wait()
}

// UpdateRef moves the given ref to a new sha with a given reason (and creates a
// reflog entry, if a "reason" was provided). It returns an error if any were
// encountered.
func UpdateRef(ref *Ref, to []byte, reason string) error {
	args := []string{"update-ref", ref.Refspec(), hex.EncodeToString(to)}
	if len(reason) > 0 {
		args = append(args, "-m", reason)
	}

	_, err := gitNoLFSSimple(args...)
	return err
}

// UpdateRefsFromStdinInDir initializes a "git update-ref" command which will
// read a series of reference update instructions from standard input and
// execute them. The command will operate within the given working
// directory "wd". The instructions should follow the NUL-terminated format.
func UpdateRefsFromStdin(wd string) (*subprocess.Cmd, error) {
	cmd, err := gitNoLFS("update-ref", "--stdin", "-z")
	cmd.Dir = wd
	return cmd, err
}

// ValidateRemote checks that a named remote is valid for use
// Mainly to check user-supplied remotes & fail more nicely
func ValidateRemote(remote string) error {
	remotes, err := RemoteList()
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	return ValidateRemoteFromList(remotes, remote)
}

// ValidateRemote checks that a named remote is valid for use given a list from
// RemoteList.  This is completely identical to ValidateRemote, except that it
// allows caching the remote list.
func ValidateRemoteFromList(remotes []string, remote string) error {
	if slices.Contains(remotes, remote) {
		return nil
	}

	if err := ValidateRemoteURL(remote); err == nil {
		return nil
	}

	return errors.New(tr.Tr.Get("invalid remote name: %q", remote))
}

// ValidateRemoteURL checks that a string is a valid Git remote URL
func ValidateRemoteURL(remote string) error {
	u, _ := url.Parse(remote)
	if u == nil || u.Scheme == "" {
		// This is either an invalid remote name (maybe the user made a typo
		// when selecting a named remote) or a bare SSH URL like
		// "x@y.com:path/to/resource.git". Guess that this is a URL in the latter
		// form if the string contains a colon ":", and an invalid remote if it
		// does not.
		if strings.Contains(remote, ":") {
			return nil
		} else {
			return errors.New(tr.Tr.Get("invalid remote name: %q", remote))
		}
	}

	switch u.Scheme {
	case "ssh", "http", "https", "git", "file":
		return nil
	default:
		return errors.New(tr.Tr.Get("invalid remote URL protocol %q in %q", u.Scheme, remote))
	}
}

func RewriteLocalPathAsURL(path string) string {
	var slash string
	if abs, err := filepath.Abs(path); err == nil {
		// Required for Windows paths to work.
		if !strings.HasPrefix(abs, "/") {
			slash = "/"
		}
		path = abs
	}

	var gitpath string
	if filepath.Base(path) == ".git" {
		gitpath = path
		path = filepath.Dir(path)
	} else {
		gitpath = filepath.Join(path, ".git")
	}

	if _, err := os.Stat(gitpath); err == nil {
		path = gitpath
	} else if _, err := os.Stat(path); err != nil {
		// Not a local path.  We check down here because we perform
		// canonicalization by stripping off the .git above.
		return path
	}
	return fmt.Sprintf("file://%s%s", slash, filepath.ToSlash(path))
}

func UpdateIndexFromStdin() (*subprocess.Cmd, error) {
	return git("update-index", "-q", "--refresh", "--stdin")
}

// RecentBranches returns branches with commit dates on or after the given date/time
// Return full Ref type for easier detection of duplicate SHAs etc
// since: refs with commits on or after this date will be included
// includeRemoteBranches: true to include refs on remote branches
// onlyRemote: set to non-blank to only include remote branches on a single remote
func RecentBranches(since time.Time, includeRemoteBranches bool, onlyRemote string) ([]*Ref, error) {
	cmd, err := gitNoLFS("for-each-ref",
		`--sort=-committerdate`,
		`--format=%(refname) %(objectname) %(committerdate:iso)`,
		"refs")
	if err != nil {
		return nil, errors.New(tr.Tr.Get("failed to find `git for-each-ref`: %v", err))
	}
	outp, err := cmd.StdoutPipe()
	if err != nil {
		return nil, errors.New(tr.Tr.Get("failed to call `git for-each-ref`: %v", err))
	}
	cmd.Start()
	defer cmd.Wait()

	scanner := bufio.NewScanner(outp)

	// Output is like this:
	// refs/heads/master f03686b324b29ff480591745dbfbbfa5e5ac1bd5 2015-08-19 16:50:37 +0100
	// refs/remotes/origin/master ad3b29b773e46ad6870fdf08796c33d97190fe93 2015-08-13 16:50:37 +0100

	// Output is ordered by latest commit date first, so we can stop at the threshold
	regex := regexp.MustCompile(fmt.Sprintf(`^(refs/[^/]+/\S+)\s+(%s)\s+(\d{4}-\d{2}-\d{2}\s+\d{2}\:\d{2}\:\d{2}\s+[\+\-]\d{4})`, ObjectIDRegex))
	tracerx.Printf("RECENT: Getting refs >= %v", since)
	var ret []*Ref
	for scanner.Scan() {
		line := scanner.Text()
		if match := regex.FindStringSubmatch(line); match != nil {
			fullref := match[1]
			sha := match[2]
			reftype, ref := ParseRefToTypeAndName(fullref)
			if reftype == RefTypeRemoteBranch {
				if !includeRemoteBranches {
					continue
				}
				if onlyRemote != "" && !strings.HasPrefix(ref, onlyRemote+"/") {
					continue
				}
			}
			// This is a ref we might use
			// Check the date
			commitDate, err := ParseGitDate(match[3])
			if err != nil {
				return ret, err
			}
			if commitDate.Before(since) {
				// the end
				break
			}
			tracerx.Printf("RECENT: %v (%v)", ref, commitDate)
			ret = append(ret, &Ref{ref, reftype, sha})
		}
	}

	return ret, nil

}

// Get the type & name of a git reference
func ParseRefToTypeAndName(fullref string) (t RefType, name string) {
	const localPrefix = "refs/heads/"
	const remotePrefix = "refs/remotes/"
	const localTagPrefix = "refs/tags/"

	if fullref == "HEAD" {
		name = fullref
		t = RefTypeHEAD
	} else if strings.HasPrefix(fullref, localPrefix) {
		name = fullref[len(localPrefix):]
		t = RefTypeLocalBranch
	} else if strings.HasPrefix(fullref, remotePrefix) {
		name = fullref[len(remotePrefix):]
		t = RefTypeRemoteBranch
	} else if strings.HasPrefix(fullref, localTagPrefix) {
		name = fullref[len(localTagPrefix):]
		t = RefTypeLocalTag
	} else {
		name = fullref
		t = RefTypeOther
	}
	return
}

// Parse a Git date formatted in ISO 8601 format (%ci/%ai)
func ParseGitDate(str string) (time.Time, error) {

	// Unfortunately Go and Git don't overlap in their builtin date formats
	// Go's time.RFC1123Z and Git's %cD are ALMOST the same, except that
	// when the day is < 10 Git outputs a single digit, but Go expects a leading
	// zero - this is enough to break the parsing. Sigh.

	// Format is for 2 Jan 2006, 15:04:05 -7 UTC as per Go
	return time.Parse("2006-01-02 15:04:05 -0700", str)
}

// FormatGitDate converts a Go date into a git command line format date
func FormatGitDate(tm time.Time) string {
	// Git format is "Fri Jun 21 20:26:41 2013 +0900" but no zero-leading for day
	return tm.Format("Mon Jan 2 15:04:05 2006 -0700")
}

// Get summary information about a commit
func GetCommitSummary(commit string) (*CommitSummary, error) {
	cmd, err := gitNoLFS("show", "-s",
		`--format=%H|%h|%P|%ai|%ci|%ae|%an|%ce|%cn|%s`, commit)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, errors.New(tr.Tr.Get("failed to find `git show`: %v", err))
	}

	out, err := cmd.CombinedOutput()
	if err != nil {
		return nil, errors.New(tr.Tr.Get("failed to call `git show`: %v %v", err, string(out)))
	}

	// At most 10 substrings so subject line is not split on anything
	fields := strings.SplitN(string(out), "|", 10)
	// Cope with the case where subject is blank
	if len(fields) >= 9 {
		ret := &CommitSummary{}
		// Get SHAs from output, not commit input, so we can support symbolic refs
		ret.Sha = fields[0]
		ret.ShortSha = fields[1]
		ret.Parents = strings.Split(fields[2], " ")
		// %aD & %cD (RFC2822) matches Go's RFC1123Z format
		ret.AuthorDate, _ = ParseGitDate(fields[3])
		ret.CommitDate, _ = ParseGitDate(fields[4])
		ret.AuthorEmail = fields[5]
		ret.AuthorName = fields[6]
		ret.CommitterEmail = fields[7]
		ret.CommitterName = fields[8]
		if len(fields) > 9 {
			ret.Subject = strings.TrimRight(fields[9], "\n")
		}
		return ret, nil
	} else {
		msg := tr.Tr.Get("Unexpected output from `git show`: %v", string(out))
		return nil, errors.New(msg)
	}
}

func GitAndRootDirs() (string, string, error) {
	cmd, err := gitNoLFS("rev-parse", "--git-dir", "--show-toplevel")
	if err != nil {
		return "", "", errors.New(tr.Tr.Get("failed to find `git rev-parse --git-dir --show-toplevel`: %v", err))
	}
	buf := &bytes.Buffer{}
	cmd.Stderr = buf

	out, err := cmd.Output()
	output := string(out)
	if err != nil {
		// If we got a fatal error, it's possible we're on a newer
		// (2.24+) Git and we're not in a worktree, so fall back to just
		// looking up the repo directory.
		if lfserrors.ExitStatus(err) == 128 {
			absGitDir, err := GitDir()
			return absGitDir, "", err
		}
		return "", "", errors.New(tr.Tr.Get("failed to call `git rev-parse --git-dir --show-toplevel`: %q", buf.String()))
	}

	paths := strings.Split(output, "\n")
	pathLen := len(paths)

	if pathLen == 0 {
		return "", "", errors.New(tr.Tr.Get("bad `git rev-parse` output: %q", output))
	}

	absGitDir, err := tools.CanonicalizePath(paths[0], false)
	if err != nil {
		return "", "", errors.New(tr.Tr.Get("error converting %q to absolute: %s", paths[0], err))
	}

	if pathLen == 1 || len(paths[1]) == 0 {
		return absGitDir, "", nil
	}

	absRootDir, err := tools.CanonicalizePath(paths[1], false)
	return absGitDir, absRootDir, err
}

func RootDir() (string, error) {
	cmd, err := gitNoLFS("rev-parse", "--show-toplevel")
	if err != nil {
		return "", errors.New(tr.Tr.Get("failed to find `git rev-parse --show-toplevel`: %v", err))
	}
	out, err := cmd.Output()
	if err != nil {
		return "", errors.New(tr.Tr.Get("failed to call `git rev-parse --show-toplevel`: %v %v", err, string(out)))
	}

	path := strings.TrimSpace(string(out))
	path, err = tools.TranslateCygwinPath(path)
	if err != nil {
		return "", err
	}

	if len(path) == 0 {
		return "", errors.New(tr.Tr.Get("no output from `git rev-parse --show-toplevel`"))
	}

	return tools.CanonicalizePath(path, false)
}

func GitDir() (string, error) {
	cmd, err := gitNoLFS("rev-parse", "--git-dir")
	if err != nil {
		// The %w format specifier is unique to fmt.Errorf(), so we
		// do not pass it to tr.Tr.Get().
		return "", fmt.Errorf("%s: %w", tr.Tr.Get("failed to find `git rev-parse --git-dir`"), err)
	}
	buf := &bytes.Buffer{}
	cmd.Stderr = buf
	out, err := cmd.Output()

	if err != nil {
		// The %w format specifier is unique to fmt.Errorf(), so we
		// do not pass it to tr.Tr.Get().
		return "", fmt.Errorf("%s: %w %v: %v", tr.Tr.Get("failed to call `git rev-parse --git-dir`"), err, string(out), buf.String())
	}
	path := strings.TrimSpace(string(out))
	return tools.CanonicalizePath(path, false)
}

func GitCommonDir() (string, error) {
	// Versions before 2.5.0 don't have the --git-common-dir option, since
	// it came in with worktrees, so just fall back to the main Git
	// directory.
	if !IsGitVersionAtLeast("2.5.0") {
		return GitDir()
	}

	cmd, err := gitNoLFS("rev-parse", "--git-common-dir")
	if err != nil {
		return "", errors.New(tr.Tr.Get("failed to find `git rev-parse --git-common-dir`: %v", err))
	}
	out, err := cmd.Output()
	buf := &bytes.Buffer{}
	cmd.Stderr = buf
	if err != nil {
		return "", errors.New(tr.Tr.Get("failed to call `git rev-parse --git-common-dir`: %v %v: %v", err, string(out), buf.String()))
	}
	path := strings.TrimSpace(string(out))
	path, err = tools.TranslateCygwinPath(path)
	if err != nil {
		return "", err
	}
	return tools.CanonicalizePath(path, false)
}

// A git worktree (ref + path + flags)
type Worktree struct {
	Ref      Ref
	Dir      string
	Prunable bool
}

// GetAllWorktrees returns the refs that all worktrees are using as HEADs plus the worktree's path.
// This returns all worktrees plus the main working copy, and works even if
// working dir is actually in a worktree right now
//
// Pass in the git storage dir (parent of 'objects') to work from, in case
// we need to fall back to reading the worktree files directly.
func GetAllWorktrees(storageDir string) ([]*Worktree, error) {
	// Versions before 2.7.0 don't support "git-worktree list", and
	// those before 2.36.0 don't support the "-z" option, so in these
	// cases we fall back to reading the .git/worktrees directory entries
	// and then reading the current worktree's HEAD ref.  This requires
	// the contents of .git/worktrees/*/gitdir files to be absolute paths,
	// which is only true for Git versions prior to 2.48.0.
	if !IsGitVersionAtLeast("2.36.0") {
		return getAllWorktreesFromGitDir(storageDir)
	}

	cmd, err := gitNoLFS(
		"worktree",
		"list",
		"--porcelain",
		"-z", // handle special chars in filenames
	)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, errors.New(tr.Tr.Get("failed to find `git worktree`: %v", err))
	}

	stdout, err := cmd.StdoutPipe()
	if err != nil {
		return nil, errors.New(tr.Tr.Get("failed to open output pipe to `git worktree`: %v", err))
	}
	stderr, err := cmd.StderrPipe()
	if err != nil {
		return nil, errors.New(tr.Tr.Get("failed to open error pipe to `git worktree`: %v", err))
	}

	if err := cmd.Start(); err != nil {
		return nil, errors.New(tr.Tr.Get("failed to start `git worktree`: %v", err))
	}

	scanner := bufio.NewScanner(stdout)
	scanner.Split(tools.SplitOnNul)
	var dir string
	var ref *Ref
	var prunable bool
	var worktrees []*Worktree
	for scanner.Scan() {
		line := scanner.Text()

		if len(line) == 0 {
			if len(dir) > 0 && ref != nil && len(ref.Sha) > 0 {
				worktrees = append(worktrees, &Worktree{
					Ref:      *ref,
					Dir:      dir,
					Prunable: prunable,
				})
			}
			dir = ""
			ref = nil
			continue
		}

		parts := strings.SplitN(scanner.Text(), " ", 2)

		// We ignore other attributes such as "locked" for now.
		switch parts[0] {
		case "worktree":
			if len(parts) == 2 && len(dir) == 0 {
				dir = filepath.Clean(parts[1])
				ref = &Ref{Type: RefTypeOther}
				prunable = false
			}
		case "HEAD":
			if len(parts) == 2 && ref != nil {
				ref.Sha = parts[1]
				ref.Name = parts[1]
			}
		case "branch":
			if len(parts) == 2 && ref != nil && len(ref.Sha) > 0 {
				ref = ParseRef(parts[1], ref.Sha)
			}
		case "bare":
			// We ignore bare worktrees.
			dir = ""
			ref = nil
		case "prunable":
			prunable = true
		}
	}

	// We assume any error output will be short and won't block
	// command completion if it isn't drained by a separate goroutine.
	msg, _ := io.ReadAll(stderr)
	if err := cmd.Wait(); err != nil {
		return nil, errors.New(tr.Tr.Get("error in `git worktree`: %v: %s", err, msg))
	}

	return worktrees, nil
}

func getAllWorktreesFromGitDir(storageDir string) ([]*Worktree, error) {
	worktreesdir := filepath.Join(storageDir, "worktrees")
	dirf, err := os.Open(worktreesdir)
	if err != nil && !os.IsNotExist(err) {
		return nil, err
	}

	var worktrees []*Worktree
	if err == nil {
		// There are some worktrees
		defer dirf.Close()
		direntries, err := dirf.Readdir(0)
		if err != nil {
			return nil, err
		}
		for _, dirfi := range direntries {
			if dirfi.IsDir() {
				// to avoid having to chdir and run git commands to identify the commit
				// just read the HEAD file & git rev-parse if necessary
				// Since the git repo is shared the same rev-parse will work from this location
				headfile := filepath.Join(worktreesdir, dirfi.Name(), "HEAD")
				ref, err := parseRefFile(headfile)
				if err != nil {
					tracerx.Printf("Error reading %v for worktree, skipping: %v", headfile, err)
					continue
				}

				// Read the gitdir file to get the location of the git repo
				dirfile := filepath.Join(worktreesdir, dirfi.Name(), "gitdir")
				dir, err := parseDirFile(dirfile)
				if err != nil {
					tracerx.Printf("Error reading %v for worktree, skipping: %v", dirfile, err)
					continue
				}

				// Check if the worktree exists.
				dir = filepath.Dir(dir)
				var prunable bool
				if _, err := os.Stat(dir); err != nil {
					if os.IsNotExist(err) {
						prunable = true
					} else {
						tracerx.Printf("Error checking worktree directory %s: %v", dir, err)
					}
				}

				worktrees = append(worktrees, &Worktree{
					Ref:      *ref,
					Dir:      dir,
					Prunable: prunable,
				})
			}
		}
	}

	// This has only established the separate worktrees, not the original checkout
	// If the storageDir contains a HEAD file and a RootDir then there is a main checkout
	// as well; this must be resolveable whether you're in the main checkout or
	// a worktree
	headfile := filepath.Join(storageDir, "HEAD")
	ref, err := parseRefFile(headfile)
	if err == nil {
		dir, err := RootDir()
		if err == nil {
			worktrees = append(worktrees, &Worktree{
				Ref:      *ref,
				Dir:      dir,
				Prunable: false,
			})
		} else { // ok if not exists, probably bare repo
			tracerx.Printf("Error getting toplevel for main checkout, skipping: %v", err)
		}
	} else if !os.IsNotExist(err) { // ok if not exists, probably bare repo
		tracerx.Printf("Error reading %v for main checkout, skipping: %v", headfile, err)
	}
	return worktrees, nil
}

// Manually parse a reference file like HEAD and return the Ref it resolves to
func parseRefFile(filename string) (*Ref, error) {
	bytes, err := os.ReadFile(filename)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	contents := strings.TrimSpace(string(bytes))
	if strings.HasPrefix(contents, "ref:") {
		contents = strings.TrimSpace(contents[4:])
	}
	return ResolveRef(contents)
}

func parseDirFile(filename string) (string, error) {
	bytes, err := os.ReadFile(filename)
	if err != nil {
		return "", err
	}
	contents := strings.TrimSpace(string(bytes))
	return contents, nil
}

// IsBare returns whether or not a repository is bare. It requires that the
// current working directory is a repository.
//
// If there was an error determining whether or not the repository is bare, it
// will be returned.
func IsBare() (bool, error) {
	s, err := subprocess.SimpleExec(
		"git", "rev-parse", "--is-bare-repository")

	if err != nil {
		return false, err
	}

	return strconv.ParseBool(s)
}

// For compatibility with git clone we must mirror all flags in CloneWithoutFilters
type CloneFlags struct {
	// --template <template_directory>
	TemplateDirectory string
	// -l --local
	Local bool
	// -s --shared
	Shared bool
	// --no-hardlinks
	NoHardlinks bool
	// -q --quiet
	Quiet bool
	// -n --no-checkout
	NoCheckout bool
	// --progress
	Progress bool
	// --bare
	Bare bool
	// --mirror
	Mirror bool
	// -o <name> --origin <name>
	Origin string
	// -b <name> --branch <name>
	Branch string
	// -u <upload-pack> --upload-pack <pack>
	Upload string
	// --reference <repository>
	Reference string
	// --reference-if-able <repository>
	ReferenceIfAble string
	// --dissociate
	Dissociate bool
	// --separate-git-dir <git dir>
	SeparateGit string
	// --depth <depth>
	Depth string
	// --recursive
	Recursive bool
	// --recurse-submodules
	RecurseSubmodules bool
	// -c <value> --config <value>
	Config string
	// --single-branch
	SingleBranch bool
	// --no-single-branch
	NoSingleBranch bool
	// --verbose
	Verbose bool
	// --ipv4
	Ipv4 bool
	// --ipv6
	Ipv6 bool
	// --shallow-since <date>
	ShallowSince string
	// --shallow-since <date>
	ShallowExclude string
	// --shallow-submodules
	ShallowSubmodules bool
	// --no-shallow-submodules
	NoShallowSubmodules bool
	// jobs <n>
	Jobs int64
}

// CloneWithoutFilters clones a git repo but without the smudge filter enabled
// so that files in the working copy will be pointers and not real LFS data
func CloneWithoutFilters(flags CloneFlags, args []string) error {

	cmdargs := []string{"clone"}

	// flags
	if flags.Bare {
		cmdargs = append(cmdargs, "--bare")
	}
	if len(flags.Branch) > 0 {
		cmdargs = append(cmdargs, "--branch", flags.Branch)
	}
	if len(flags.Config) > 0 {
		cmdargs = append(cmdargs, "--config", flags.Config)
	}
	if len(flags.Depth) > 0 {
		cmdargs = append(cmdargs, "--depth", flags.Depth)
	}
	if flags.Dissociate {
		cmdargs = append(cmdargs, "--dissociate")
	}
	if flags.Ipv4 {
		cmdargs = append(cmdargs, "--ipv4")
	}
	if flags.Ipv6 {
		cmdargs = append(cmdargs, "--ipv6")
	}
	if flags.Local {
		cmdargs = append(cmdargs, "--local")
	}
	if flags.Mirror {
		cmdargs = append(cmdargs, "--mirror")
	}
	if flags.NoCheckout {
		cmdargs = append(cmdargs, "--no-checkout")
	}
	if flags.NoHardlinks {
		cmdargs = append(cmdargs, "--no-hardlinks")
	}
	if flags.NoSingleBranch {
		cmdargs = append(cmdargs, "--no-single-branch")
	}
	if len(flags.Origin) > 0 {
		cmdargs = append(cmdargs, "--origin", flags.Origin)
	}
	if flags.Progress {
		cmdargs = append(cmdargs, "--progress")
	}
	if flags.Quiet {
		cmdargs = append(cmdargs, "--quiet")
	}
	if flags.Recursive {
		cmdargs = append(cmdargs, "--recursive")
	}
	if flags.RecurseSubmodules {
		cmdargs = append(cmdargs, "--recurse-submodules")
	}
	if len(flags.Reference) > 0 {
		cmdargs = append(cmdargs, "--reference", flags.Reference)
	}
	if len(flags.ReferenceIfAble) > 0 {
		cmdargs = append(cmdargs, "--reference-if-able", flags.ReferenceIfAble)
	}
	if len(flags.SeparateGit) > 0 {
		cmdargs = append(cmdargs, "--separate-git-dir", flags.SeparateGit)
	}
	if flags.Shared {
		cmdargs = append(cmdargs, "--shared")
	}
	if flags.SingleBranch {
		cmdargs = append(cmdargs, "--single-branch")
	}
	if len(flags.TemplateDirectory) > 0 {
		cmdargs = append(cmdargs, "--template", flags.TemplateDirectory)
	}
	if len(flags.Upload) > 0 {
		cmdargs = append(cmdargs, "--upload-pack", flags.Upload)
	}
	if flags.Verbose {
		cmdargs = append(cmdargs, "--verbose")
	}
	if len(flags.ShallowSince) > 0 {
		cmdargs = append(cmdargs, "--shallow-since", flags.ShallowSince)
	}
	if len(flags.ShallowExclude) > 0 {
		cmdargs = append(cmdargs, "--shallow-exclude", flags.ShallowExclude)
	}
	if flags.ShallowSubmodules {
		cmdargs = append(cmdargs, "--shallow-submodules")
	}
	if flags.NoShallowSubmodules {
		cmdargs = append(cmdargs, "--no-shallow-submodules")
	}
	if flags.Jobs > -1 {
		cmdargs = append(cmdargs, "--jobs", strconv.FormatInt(flags.Jobs, 10))
	}

	// Now args
	cmdargs = append(cmdargs, args...)
	cmd, err := gitNoLFS(cmdargs...)
	if err != nil {
		return errors.New(tr.Tr.Get("failed to find `git clone`: %v", err))
	}

	// Assign all streams direct
	cmd.Stdout = os.Stdout
	cmd.Stderr = os.Stderr
	cmd.Stdin = os.Stdin

	err = cmd.Start()
	if err != nil {
		return errors.New(tr.Tr.Get("failed to start `git clone`: %v", err))
	}

	err = cmd.Wait()
	if err != nil {
		return errors.New(tr.Tr.Get("`git clone` failed: %v", err))
	}

	return nil
}

// Checkout performs an invocation of `git-checkout(1)` applying the given
// treeish, paths, and force option, if given.
//
// If any error was encountered, it will be returned immediately. Otherwise, the
// checkout has occurred successfully.
func Checkout(treeish string, paths []string, force bool) error {
	args := []string{"checkout"}
	if force {
		args = append(args, "--force")
	}

	if len(treeish) > 0 {
		args = append(args, treeish)
	}

	if len(paths) > 0 {
		args = append(args, append([]string{"--"}, paths...)...)
	}

	_, err := gitNoLFSSimple(args...)
	return err
}

// CachedRemoteRefs returns the list of branches & tags for a remote which are
// currently cached locally. No remote request is made to verify them.
func CachedRemoteRefs(remoteName string) ([]*Ref, error) {
	var ret []*Ref
	cmd, err := gitNoLFS("show-ref")
	if err != nil {
		return nil, errors.New(tr.Tr.Get("failed to find `git show-ref`: %v", err))
	}

	outp, err := cmd.StdoutPipe()
	if err != nil {
		return nil, errors.New(tr.Tr.Get("failed to call `git show-ref`: %v", err))
	}
	cmd.Start()
	scanner := bufio.NewScanner(outp)

	refPrefix := fmt.Sprintf("refs/remotes/%v/", remoteName)
	for scanner.Scan() {
		if sha, name, ok := parseShowRefLine(refPrefix, scanner.Text()); ok {
			// Don't match head
			if name == "HEAD" {
				continue
			}
			ret = append(ret, &Ref{name, RefTypeRemoteBranch, sha})
		}
	}
	return ret, cmd.Wait()
}

func parseShowRefLine(refPrefix, line string) (sha, name string, ok bool) {
	// line format: <sha> <space> <ref>
	sha, ref, found := strings.Cut(line, " ")
	if !found {
		return "", "", false
	}
	if !strings.HasPrefix(ref, refPrefix) {
		return "", "", false
	}
	return sha, strings.TrimSpace(ref[len(refPrefix):]), true
}

// Fetch performs a fetch with no arguments against the given remotes.
func Fetch(remotes ...string) error {
	if len(remotes) == 0 {
		return nil
	}

	var args []string
	if len(remotes) > 1 {
		args = []string{"--multiple", "--"}
	}
	args = append(args, remotes...)

	_, err := gitNoLFSSimple(append([]string{"fetch"}, args...)...)
	return err
}

// RemoteRefs returns a list of branches and, optionally, tags for a remote
// by actually accessing the remote via git ls-remote.
func RemoteRefs(remoteName string, withTags bool) ([]*Ref, error) {
	var ret []*Ref
	args := []string{"ls-remote", "--heads", "-q"}
	if withTags {
		args = append(args, "--tags")
	}
	args = append(args, remoteName)

	cmd, err := gitNoLFS(args...)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, errors.New(tr.Tr.Get("failed to find `git ls-remote`: %v", err))
	}

	outp, err := cmd.StdoutPipe()
	if err != nil {
		return nil, errors.New(tr.Tr.Get("failed to call `git ls-remote`: %v", err))
	}
	cmd.Start()
	scanner := bufio.NewScanner(outp)

	for scanner.Scan() {
		if sha, ns, name, ok := parseLsRemoteLine(scanner.Text()); ok {
			// Don't match head
			if name == "HEAD" {
				continue
			}

			typ := RefTypeRemoteBranch
			if ns == "tags" {
				if !withTags {
					return nil, errors.New(tr.Tr.Get("unexpected tag returned by `git ls-remote --heads`: %s %s", name, sha))
				}
				typ = RefTypeRemoteTag
			}
			ret = append(ret, &Ref{name, typ, sha})
		}
	}
	return ret, cmd.Wait()
}

func parseLsRemoteLine(line string) (sha, ns, name string, ok bool) {
	const headPrefix = "refs/heads/"
	const tagPrefix = "refs/tags/"

	// line format: <sha> <tab> <ref>
	sha, ref, found := strings.Cut(line, "\t")
	if !found {
		return "", "", "", false
	}
	switch {
	case strings.HasPrefix(ref, headPrefix):
		ns = "heads"
		name = ref[len(headPrefix):]
	case strings.HasPrefix(ref, tagPrefix):
		ns = "tags"
		name = ref[len(tagPrefix):]
	default:
		return "", "", "", false
	}
	return sha, ns, strings.TrimSpace(name), true
}

// AllRefs returns a slice of all references in a Git repository in the current
// working directory, or an error if those references could not be loaded.
func AllRefs() ([]*Ref, error) {
	return AllRefsIn("")
}

// AllRefs returns a slice of all references in a Git repository located in a
// the given working directory "wd", or an error if those references could not
// be loaded.
func AllRefsIn(wd string) ([]*Ref, error) {
	cmd, err := gitNoLFS(
		"for-each-ref", "--format=%(objectname)%00%(refname)")
	if err != nil {
		return nil, lfserrors.Wrap(err, tr.Tr.Get("failed to find `git for-each-ref`: %v", err))
	}
	cmd.Dir = wd

	outp, err := cmd.StdoutPipe()
	if err != nil {
		return nil, lfserrors.Wrap(err, tr.Tr.Get("cannot open pipe"))
	}
	cmd.Start()

	refs := make([]*Ref, 0)

	scanner := bufio.NewScanner(outp)
	for scanner.Scan() {
		parts := strings.SplitN(scanner.Text(), "\x00", 2)
		if len(parts) != 2 {
			return nil, lfserrors.New(tr.Tr.Get(
				"invalid `git for-each-ref` line: %q", scanner.Text()))
		}

		sha := parts[0]
		typ, name := ParseRefToTypeAndName(parts[1])

		refs = append(refs, &Ref{
			Name: name,
			Type: typ,
			Sha:  sha,
		})
	}

	if err := scanner.Err(); err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	return refs, nil
}

// GetTrackedFiles returns a list of files which are tracked in Git which match
// the pattern specified (standard wildcard form)
// Both pattern and the results are relative to the current working directory, not
// the root of the repository
func GetTrackedFiles(pattern string) ([]string, error) {
	safePattern := sanitizePattern(pattern)
	rootWildcard := len(safePattern) < len(pattern) && strings.ContainsRune(safePattern, '*')

	var ret []string
	cmd, err := gitNoLFS(
		"ls-files",
		"--ignored",
		"--cached", // include things which are staged but not committed right now
		"-z",       // handle special chars in filenames
		"-x",
		safePattern)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, errors.New(tr.Tr.Get("failed to find `git ls-files`: %v", err))
	}

	outp, err := cmd.StdoutPipe()
	if err != nil {
		return nil, errors.New(tr.Tr.Get("failed to call `git ls-files`: %v", err))
	}
	cmd.Start()
	scanner := bufio.NewScanner(outp)
	scanner.Split(tools.SplitOnNul)
	for scanner.Scan() {
		line := scanner.Text()

		// If the given pattern is a root wildcard, skip all files which
		// are not direct descendants of the repository's root.
		//
		// This matches the behavior of how .gitattributes performs
		// filename matches.
		if rootWildcard && filepath.Dir(line) != "." {
			continue
		}

		ret = append(ret, strings.TrimSpace(line))
	}
	return ret, cmd.Wait()
}

func sanitizePattern(pattern string) string {
	if strings.HasPrefix(pattern, "/") {
		return pattern[1:]
	}

	return pattern
}

// GetFilesChanged returns a list of files which were changed, either between 2
// commits, or at a single commit if you only supply one argument and a blank
// string for the other
func GetFilesChanged(from, to string) ([]string, error) {
	var files []string
	args := []string{
		"-c", "core.quotepath=false", // handle special chars in filenames
		"diff-tree",
		"--no-commit-id",
		"--name-only",
		"-r",
	}

	if len(from) > 0 {
		args = append(args, from)
	}
	if len(to) > 0 {
		args = append(args, to)
	}
	args = append(args, "--") // no ambiguous patterns

	cmd, err := gitNoLFS(args...)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, errors.New(tr.Tr.Get("failed to find `git diff-tree`: %v", err))
	}
	outp, err := cmd.StdoutPipe()
	if err != nil {
		return nil, errors.New(tr.Tr.Get("failed to call `git diff-tree`: %v", err))
	}
	if err := cmd.Start(); err != nil {
		return nil, errors.New(tr.Tr.Get("failed to start `git diff-tree`: %v", err))
	}
	scanner := bufio.NewScanner(outp)
	for scanner.Scan() {
		files = append(files, strings.TrimSpace(scanner.Text()))
	}
	if err := cmd.Wait(); err != nil {
		return nil, errors.New(tr.Tr.Get("`git diff-tree` failed: %v", err))
	}

	return files, err
}

// IsFileModified returns whether the filepath specified is modified according
// to `git status`. A file is modified if it has uncommitted changes in the
// working copy or the index. This includes being untracked.
func IsFileModified(filepath string) (bool, error) {

	args := []string{
		"-c", "core.quotepath=false", // handle special chars in filenames
		"status",
		"--porcelain",
		"--", // separator in case filename ambiguous
		filepath,
	}
	cmd, err := git(args...)
	if err != nil {
		return false, lfserrors.Wrap(err, tr.Tr.Get("failed to find `git status`"))
	}
	outp, err := cmd.StdoutPipe()
	if err != nil {
		return false, lfserrors.Wrap(err, tr.Tr.Get("Failed to call `git status`"))
	}
	if err := cmd.Start(); err != nil {
		return false, lfserrors.Wrap(err, tr.Tr.Get("Failed to start `git status`"))
	}
	matched := false
	for scanner := bufio.NewScanner(outp); scanner.Scan(); {
		line := scanner.Text()
		// Porcelain format is "<I><W> <filename>"
		// Where <I> = index status, <W> = working copy status
		if len(line) > 3 {
			// Double-check even though should be only match
			if strings.TrimSpace(line[3:]) == filepath {
				matched = true
				// keep consuming output to exit cleanly
				// will typically fall straight through anyway due to 1 line output
			}
		}
	}
	if err := cmd.Wait(); err != nil {
		return false, lfserrors.Wrap(err, tr.Tr.Get("`git status` failed"))
	}

	return matched, nil
}

// IsWorkingCopyDirty returns true if and only if the working copy in which the
// command was executed is dirty as compared to the index.
//
// If the status of the working copy could not be determined, an error will be
// returned instead.
func IsWorkingCopyDirty() (bool, error) {
	bare, err := IsBare()
	if bare || err != nil {
		return false, err
	}

	out, err := gitSimple("status", "--porcelain")
	if err != nil {
		return false, err
	}
	return len(out) != 0, nil
}

func ObjectDatabase(osEnv, gitEnv Environment, gitdir, tempdir string) (*gitobj.ObjectDatabase, error) {
	var options []gitobj.Option
	objdir, ok := osEnv.Get("GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY")
	if !ok {
		objdir = filepath.Join(gitdir, "objects")
	}
	alternates, _ := osEnv.Get("GIT_ALTERNATE_OBJECT_DIRECTORIES")
	if alternates != "" {
		options = append(options, gitobj.Alternates(alternates))
	}
	hashAlgo, _ := gitEnv.Get("extensions.objectformat")
	if hashAlgo != "" {
		options = append(options, gitobj.ObjectFormat(gitobj.ObjectFormatAlgorithm(hashAlgo)))
	}
	odb, err := gitobj.FromFilesystem(objdir, tempdir, options...)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	if odb.Hasher() == nil {
		return nil, errors.New(tr.Tr.Get("unsupported repository hash algorithm %q", hashAlgo))
	}
	return odb, nil
}

func remotesForTreeish(treeish string) []string {
	var outp string
	var err error
	if treeish == "" {
		//Treeish is empty for sparse checkout
		tracerx.Printf("git: treeish: not provided")
		outp, err = gitNoLFSSimple("branch", "-r", "--contains", "HEAD")
	} else {
		tracerx.Printf("git: treeish: %q", treeish)
		outp, err = gitNoLFSSimple("branch", "-r", "--contains", treeish)
	}
	if err != nil || outp == "" {
		tracerx.Printf("git: symbolic name: can't resolve symbolic name for ref: %q", treeish)
		return []string{}
	}
	return strings.Split(outp, "\n")
}

// remoteForRef will try to determine the remote from the ref name.
// This will return an empty string if any of the remote names have a slash
// because slashes introduce ambiguity. Consider two refs:
//
// 1. upstream/main
// 2. upstream/test/main
//
// Is the remote "upstream" or "upstream/test"? It could be either, or both.
// We could use git for-each-ref with %(upstream:remotename) if there were a tracking branch,
// but this is not guaranteed to exist either.
func remoteForRef(refname string) string {
	tracerx.Printf("git: working ref: %s", refname)
	remotes, err := RemoteList()
	if err != nil {
		return ""
	}
	parts := strings.Split(refname, "/")
	if len(parts) < 2 {
		return ""
	}
	for _, name := range remotes {
		if strings.Contains(name, "/") {
			tracerx.Printf("git: ref remote: cannot determine remote for ref %s since remote %s contains a slash", refname, name)
			return ""
		}
	}
	remote := parts[0]
	tracerx.Printf("git: working remote %s", remote)
	return remote
}

func getValidRemote(refs []string) string {
	for _, ref := range refs {
		if ref != "" {
			return ref
		}
	}
	return ""
}

// FirstRemoteForTreeish returns the first remote found which contains the treeish.
func FirstRemoteForTreeish(treeish string) string {
	name := getValidRemote(remotesForTreeish(treeish))
	if name == "" {
		tracerx.Printf("git: remote treeish: no valid remote refs parsed for %q", treeish)
		return ""
	}
	return remoteForRef(name)
}