utils/general.py - master - githubmirror/yolov5

utils/general.py
920 строк38 KB
Glenn Jocher
Use ultralytics' LOGGER everywhere (#13840)
29 июл 2026, 05:19
29 июл 2026, 05:19f9e040b
# Ultralytics 🚀 AGPL-3.0 License - https://ultralytics.com/license
"""General utils."""

from __future__ import annotations

import contextlib
import glob
import inspect
import os
import platform
import random
import re
import subprocess
import sys
import time
import urllib
from copy import deepcopy
from itertools import repeat
from multiprocessing.pool import ThreadPool
from pathlib import Path
from subprocess import check_output
from tarfile import is_tarfile
from zipfile import ZipFile, is_zipfile

import cv2
import numpy as np
import packaging
import pandas as pd
import torch
import torchvision
import yaml

# Import 'ultralytics' package or install if missing
try:
    import ultralytics

    assert hasattr(ultralytics, "__version__")  # verify package is not directory
except (ImportError, AssertionError):
    os.system("pip install -U ultralytics")
    import ultralytics

from ultralytics.data.converter import coco80_to_coco91_class  # noqa: F401
from ultralytics.utils import (  # noqa: F401
    LOGGER,
    TQDM,
    colorstr,
    get_default_args,
)
from ultralytics.utils.checks import check_requirements as check_requirements_ultralytics
from ultralytics.utils.checks import is_ascii
from ultralytics.utils.files import WorkingDirectory, file_date, file_size, get_latest_run  # noqa: F401
from ultralytics.utils.git import GitRepo
from ultralytics.utils.ops import (  # noqa: F401
    Profile,
    clip_boxes,
    make_divisible,
    segments2boxes,
    xywh2xyxy,
    xywhn2xyxy,
    xyxy2xywhn,
)
from ultralytics.utils.patches import torch_load
from ultralytics.utils.torch_utils import intersect_dicts, one_cycle  # noqa: F401

from utils import TryExcept, emojis
from utils.downloads import curl_download, gsutil_getsize
from utils.metrics import box_iou, fitness

FILE = Path(__file__).resolve()
ROOT = FILE.parents[1]  # YOLOv5 root directory
RANK = int(os.getenv("RANK", "-1"))

# Settings
NUM_THREADS = min(8, max(1, os.cpu_count() - 1))  # number of YOLOv5 multiprocessing threads
DATASETS_DIR = Path(os.getenv("YOLOv5_DATASETS_DIR", ROOT.parent / "datasets"))  # global datasets directory
AUTOINSTALL = str(os.getenv("YOLOv5_AUTOINSTALL", "true")).lower() == "true"  # global auto-install mode
FONT = "Arial.ttf"  # https://github.com/ultralytics/assets/releases/download/v0.0.0/Arial.ttf

torch.set_printoptions(linewidth=320, precision=5, profile="long")
np.set_printoptions(linewidth=320, formatter={"float_kind": "{:11.5g}".format})  # format short g, %precision=5
pd.options.display.max_columns = 10
cv2.setNumThreads(0)  # prevent OpenCV from multithreading (incompatible with PyTorch DataLoader)
os.environ["NUMEXPR_MAX_THREADS"] = str(NUM_THREADS)  # NumExpr max threads
os.environ["OMP_NUM_THREADS"] = "1" if platform.system() == "Darwin" else str(NUM_THREADS)  # OpenMP (PyTorch and SciPy)
os.environ["TF_CPP_MIN_LOG_LEVEL"] = "2"  # suppress verbose TF compiler warnings in Colab
os.environ["TORCH_CPP_LOG_LEVEL"] = "ERROR"  # suppress "NNPACK.cpp could not initialize NNPACK" warnings
os.environ["KINETO_LOG_LEVEL"] = "5"  # suppress verbose PyTorch profiler output when computing FLOPs


def check_requirements(requirements=ROOT / "requirements.txt", exclude=(), install=True, cmds="", **kwargs):
    """Check repository requirements with the installed Ultralytics checker."""
    if isinstance(requirements, Path) and sys.version_info < (3, 9):
        exclude = (*exclude, "urllib3")
    return check_requirements_ultralytics(requirements, exclude=exclude, install=install, cmds=cmds, **kwargs)


def is_colab():
    """Checks if the current environment is a Google Colab instance; returns `True` for Colab, otherwise `False`."""
    return "google.colab" in sys.modules


def is_jupyter():
    """Check if the current script is running inside a Jupyter Notebook. Verified on Colab, Jupyterlab, Kaggle,
    Paperspace.

    Returns:
        bool: True if running inside a Jupyter Notebook, False otherwise.
    """
    with contextlib.suppress(Exception):
        from IPython import get_ipython

        return get_ipython() is not None
    return False


def is_kaggle():
    """Checks if the current environment is a Kaggle Notebook by validating environment variables."""
    return os.environ.get("PWD") == "/kaggle/working" and os.environ.get("KAGGLE_URL_BASE") == "https://www.kaggle.com"


def is_docker() -> bool:
    """Check if the process runs inside a docker container."""
    if Path("/.dockerenv").exists():
        return True
    try:  # check if docker is in control groups
        with open("/proc/self/cgroup") as file:
            return any("docker" in line for line in file)
    except OSError:
        return False


def is_writeable(dir, test=False):
    """Checks if a directory is writable, optionally testing by creating a temporary file if `test=True`."""
    if not test:
        return os.access(dir, os.W_OK)  # possible issues on Windows
    file = Path(dir) / "tmp.txt"
    try:
        with open(file, "w"):  # open file with write permissions
            pass
        file.unlink()  # remove file
        return True
    except OSError:
        return False


def user_config_dir(dir="Ultralytics", env_var="YOLOV5_CONFIG_DIR"):
    """Returns user configuration directory path, preferring environment variable `YOLOV5_CONFIG_DIR` if set, else OS-
    specific.
    """
    if env := os.getenv(env_var):
        path = Path(env)  # use environment variable
    else:
        cfg = {"Windows": "AppData/Roaming", "Linux": ".config", "Darwin": "Library/Application Support"}  # 3 OS dirs
        path = Path.home() / cfg.get(platform.system(), "")  # OS-specific config dir
        path = (path if is_writeable(path) else Path("/tmp")) / dir  # GCP and AWS lambda fix, only /tmp is writeable
    path.mkdir(exist_ok=True)  # make if required
    return path


CONFIG_DIR = user_config_dir()  # Ultralytics settings dir


def methods(instance):
    """Returns list of method names for a class/instance excluding dunder methods."""
    return [f for f in dir(instance) if callable(getattr(instance, f)) and not f.startswith("__")]


def init_seeds(seed=0, deterministic=False):
    """Initializes RNG seeds and sets deterministic options if specified.

    See https://pytorch.org/docs/stable/notes/randomness.html
    """
    random.seed(seed)
    np.random.seed(seed)
    torch.manual_seed(seed)
    torch.cuda.manual_seed(seed)
    torch.cuda.manual_seed_all(seed)  # for Multi-GPU, exception safe
    # torch.backends.cudnn.benchmark = True  # AutoBatch problem https://github.com/ultralytics/yolov5/issues/9287
    if deterministic and check_version(torch.__version__, "1.12.0"):  # https://github.com/ultralytics/yolov5/pull/8213
        torch.use_deterministic_algorithms(True)
        torch.backends.cudnn.deterministic = True
        os.environ["CUBLAS_WORKSPACE_CONFIG"] = ":4096:8"
        os.environ["PYTHONHASHSEED"] = str(seed)


def check_online():
    """Checks internet connectivity by attempting to create a connection to "1.1.1.1" on port 443, retries once if the
    first attempt fails.
    """
    import socket

    def run_once():
        """Checks internet connectivity by attempting to create a connection to "1.1.1.1" on port 443."""
        try:
            socket.create_connection(("1.1.1.1", 443), 5)  # check host accessibility
            return True
        except OSError:
            return False

    return run_once() or run_once()  # check twice to increase robustness to intermittent connectivity issues


def git_describe(path=ROOT):
    """Returns a human-readable git description of the repository at `path`, or an empty string on failure.

    Example output is 'v5.0-5-g3e25f1e'. See https://git-scm.com/docs/git-describe.
    """
    try:
        assert (Path(path) / ".git").exists()  # dir in a clone, file in a worktree or submodule
        return check_output(f"git -C {path} describe --tags --long --always", shell=True).decode()[:-1]
    except Exception:
        return ""


@TryExcept()
@WorkingDirectory(ROOT)
def check_git_status(repo="ultralytics/yolov5", branch="master"):
    """Checks if YOLOv5 code is up-to-date with the repository, advising 'git pull' if behind; errors return informative
    messages.
    """
    url = f"https://github.com/{repo}"
    msg = f", for updates see {url}"
    s = colorstr("github: ")  # string
    assert Path(".git").exists(), s + "skipping check (not a git repository)" + msg
    assert check_online(), s + "skipping check (offline)" + msg

    splits = re.split(pattern=r"\s", string=check_output("git remote -v", shell=True).decode())
    matches = [repo in s for s in splits]
    if any(matches):
        remote = splits[matches.index(True) - 1]
    else:
        remote = "ultralytics"
        check_output(f"git remote add {remote} {url}", shell=True)
    check_output(f"git fetch {remote}", shell=True, timeout=5)  # git fetch
    local_branch = check_output("git rev-parse --abbrev-ref HEAD", shell=True).decode().strip()  # checked out
    n = int(check_output(f"git rev-list {local_branch}..{remote}/{branch} --count", shell=True))  # commits behind
    if n > 0:
        pull = "git pull" if remote == "origin" else f"git pull {remote} {branch}"
        s += f"⚠️ YOLOv5 is out of date by {n} commit{'s' * (n > 1)}. Use '{pull}' or 'git clone {url}' to update."
    else:
        s += f"up to date with {url} ✅"
    LOGGER.info(s)


def check_git_info(path=ROOT):
    """Checks YOLOv5 git info, returning a dict with remote URL, branch name, and commit hash."""
    repo = GitRepo(path)
    if repo.root != Path(path):  # GitRepo searches parents, ignore a repo that merely contains YOLOv5
        return {"remote": None, "branch": None, "commit": None}
    remote = repo.origin.replace(".git", "") if repo.origin else None  # i.e. 'https://github.com/ultralytics/yolov5'
    return {"remote": remote, "branch": repo.branch, "commit": repo.commit}  # branch is None on detached HEAD


def check_version(current="0.0.0", minimum="0.0.0", name="version ", pinned=False, hard=False, verbose=False):
    """Checks if the current version meets the minimum required version, exits or warns based on parameters."""
    current, minimum = (packaging.version.parse(x) for x in (current, minimum))
    result = (current == minimum) if pinned else (current >= minimum)  # bool
    s = f"{name}{minimum} is required by YOLOv5, but {name}{current} is currently installed"  # string
    if hard:
        assert result, emojis(f"WARNING ⚠️ {s}")  # assert min requirements met
    if verbose and not result:
        LOGGER.warning(s)
    return result


def check_img_size(imgsz, s=32, floor=0):
    """Adjusts image size to be divisible by stride `s`, supports int or list/tuple input, returns adjusted size."""
    if isinstance(imgsz, int):  # integer i.e. img_size=640
        new_size = max(make_divisible(imgsz, int(s)), floor)
    else:  # list i.e. img_size=[640, 480]
        imgsz = list(imgsz)  # convert to list if tuple
        new_size = [max(make_divisible(x, int(s)), floor) for x in imgsz]
    if new_size != imgsz:
        LOGGER.warning(f"--img-size {imgsz} must be multiple of max stride {s}, updating to {new_size}")
    return new_size


def check_imshow(warn=False):
    """Checks environment support for image display; warns on failure if `warn=True`."""
    try:
        assert not is_jupyter()
        assert not is_docker()
        cv2.imshow("test", np.zeros((1, 1, 3)))
        cv2.waitKey(1)
        cv2.destroyAllWindows()
        cv2.waitKey(1)
        return True
    except Exception as e:
        if warn:
            LOGGER.warning(f"Environment does not support cv2.imshow() or PIL Image.show()\n{e}")
        return False


def check_suffix(file="yolov5s.pt", suffix=(".pt",), msg=""):
    """Validates if a file or files have an acceptable suffix, raising an error if not."""
    if file and suffix:
        if isinstance(suffix, str):
            suffix = [suffix]
        for f in file if isinstance(file, (list, tuple)) else [file]:
            s = Path(f).suffix.lower()  # file suffix
            if len(s):
                assert s in suffix, f"{msg}{f} acceptable suffix is {suffix}"


def check_yaml(file, suffix=(".yaml", ".yml")):
    """Searches/downloads a YAML file, verifies its suffix (.yaml or .yml), and returns the file path."""
    return check_file(file, suffix)


def check_file(file, suffix=""):
    """Searches/downloads a file, checks its suffix (if provided), and returns the file path."""
    check_suffix(file, suffix)  # optional
    file = str(file)  # convert to str()
    if os.path.isfile(file) or not file:  # exists
        return file
    elif file.startswith(("http:/", "https:/")):  # download
        url = file  # warning: Pathlib turns :// -> :/
        file = Path(urllib.parse.unquote(file).split("?")[0]).name  # '%2F' to '/', split https://url.com/file.txt?auth
        if os.path.isfile(file):
            LOGGER.info(f"Found {url} locally at {file}")  # file already exists
        else:
            LOGGER.info(f"Downloading {url} to {file}...")
            torch.hub.download_url_to_file(url, file)
            assert Path(file).exists() and Path(file).stat().st_size > 0, f"File download failed: {url}"  # check
        return file
    elif file.startswith("clearml://"):  # ClearML Dataset ID
        assert "clearml" in sys.modules, (
            "ClearML is not installed, so cannot use ClearML dataset. Try running 'pip install clearml'."
        )
        return file
    else:  # search
        files = []
        for d in "data", "models", "utils":  # search directories
            files.extend(glob.glob(str(ROOT / d / "**" / file), recursive=True))  # find file
        assert len(files), f"File not found: {file}"  # assert file was found
        assert len(files) == 1, f"Multiple files match '{file}', specify exact path: {files}"  # assert unique
        return files[0]  # return file


def check_font(font=FONT, progress=False):
    """Ensures specified font exists or downloads it from Ultralytics assets, optionally displaying progress."""
    font = Path(font)
    file = CONFIG_DIR / font.name
    if not font.exists() and not file.exists():
        url = f"https://github.com/ultralytics/assets/releases/download/v0.0.0/{font.name}"
        LOGGER.info(f"Downloading {url} to {file}...")
        torch.hub.download_url_to_file(url, str(file), progress=progress)


def check_dataset(data, autodownload=True):
    """Validates and/or auto-downloads a dataset, returning its configuration as a dictionary."""
    # Download (optional)
    extract_dir = ""
    if isinstance(data, (str, Path)) and (is_zipfile(data) or is_tarfile(data)):
        download(data, dir=f"{DATASETS_DIR}/{Path(data).stem}", unzip=True, delete=False, curl=False, threads=1)
        data = next((DATASETS_DIR / Path(data).stem).rglob("*.yaml"))
        extract_dir, autodownload = data.parent, False

    # Read yaml (optional)
    if isinstance(data, (str, Path)):
        data = yaml_load(data)  # dictionary

    # Checks
    for k in "train", "val", "names":
        assert k in data, emojis(f"data.yaml '{k}:' field missing ❌")
    if isinstance(data["names"], (list, tuple)):  # old array format
        data["names"] = dict(enumerate(data["names"]))  # convert to dict
    assert all(isinstance(k, int) for k in data["names"]), "data.yaml names keys must be integers, i.e. 2: car"
    data["nc"] = len(data["names"])

    # Resolve paths
    path = Path(extract_dir or data.get("path") or "")  # optional 'path' default to '.'
    if not path.is_absolute():
        path = (ROOT / path).resolve()
        data["path"] = path  # download scripts
    for k in "train", "val", "test":
        if data.get(k):  # prepend path
            if isinstance(data[k], str):
                x = (path / data[k]).resolve()
                if not x.exists() and data[k].startswith("../"):
                    x = (path / data[k][3:]).resolve()
                data[k] = str(x)
            else:
                data[k] = [str((path / x).resolve()) for x in data[k]]

    # Parse yaml
    _train, val, _test, s = (data.get(x) for x in ("train", "val", "test", "download"))
    if val:
        val = [Path(x).resolve() for x in (val if isinstance(val, list) else [val])]  # val path
        if not all(x.exists() for x in val):
            LOGGER.info("\nDataset not found ⚠️, missing paths %s" % [str(x) for x in val if not x.exists()])
            if not s or not autodownload:
                raise RuntimeError("Dataset not found ❌")
            t = time.time()
            if s.startswith("http") and s.endswith(".zip"):  # URL
                download(s, dir=DATASETS_DIR, curl=True)
                r = None  # success
            elif s.startswith("bash "):  # bash script
                LOGGER.info(f"Running {s} ...")
                r = subprocess.run(s, shell=True, check=False).returncode
            else:  # python script
                r = exec(s, {"yaml": data})  # noqa: S102  # return None
            dt = f"({round(time.time() - t, 1)}s)"
            s = f"success ✅ {dt}, saved to {colorstr('bold', DATASETS_DIR)}" if r in (0, None) else f"failure {dt} ❌"
            LOGGER.info(f"Dataset download {s}")
    check_font("Arial.ttf" if is_ascii(data["names"]) else "Arial.Unicode.ttf", progress=True)  # download fonts
    return data  # dictionary


def check_amp(model):
    """Checks PyTorch AMP functionality for a model, returns True if AMP operates correctly, otherwise False."""
    from models.common import AutoShape, DetectMultiBackend

    def amp_allclose(model, im):
        """Compares FP32 and AMP model inference outputs, ensuring they are close within a 10% absolute tolerance."""
        m = AutoShape(model, verbose=False)  # model
        a = m(im).xywhn[0]  # FP32 inference
        m.amp = True
        b = m(im).xywhn[0]  # AMP inference
        return a.shape == b.shape and torch.allclose(a, b, atol=0.1)  # close to 10% absolute tolerance

    prefix = colorstr("AMP: ")
    device = next(model.parameters()).device  # get model device
    if device.type in ("cpu", "mps"):
        return False  # AMP only used on CUDA devices
    f = ROOT / "data" / "images" / "bus.jpg"  # image to check
    im = f if f.exists() else "https://ultralytics.com/images/bus.jpg" if check_online() else np.ones((640, 640, 3))
    try:
        assert amp_allclose(deepcopy(model), im) or amp_allclose(DetectMultiBackend("yolov5n.pt", device), im)
        LOGGER.info(f"{prefix}checks passed ✅")
        return True
    except Exception:
        help_url = "https://github.com/ultralytics/yolov5/issues/7908"
        LOGGER.warning(f"{prefix}checks failed, disabling Automatic Mixed Precision. See {help_url}")
        return False


def yaml_load(file="data.yaml"):
    """Safely loads and returns the contents of a YAML file specified by `file` argument."""
    with open(file, errors="ignore") as f:
        return yaml.safe_load(f)


def yaml_save(file="data.yaml", data=None):
    """Safely saves `data` to a YAML file specified by `file`, converting `Path` objects to strings; `data` is a
    dictionary.
    """
    if data is None:
        data = {}
    with open(file, "w") as f:
        yaml.safe_dump({k: str(v) if isinstance(v, Path) else v for k, v in data.items()}, f, sort_keys=False)


def unzip_file(file, path=None, exclude=(".DS_Store", "__MACOSX")):
    """Unzips `file` to `path` (default: file's parent), excluding filenames containing any in `exclude` (`.DS_Store`,
    `__MACOSX`).
    """
    if path is None:
        path = Path(file).parent  # default path
    with ZipFile(file) as zipObj:
        for f in zipObj.namelist():  # list all archived filenames in the zip
            if all(x not in f for x in exclude):
                zipObj.extract(f, path=path)


def url2file(url):
    """Converts a URL string to a valid filename by stripping protocol, domain, and any query parameters.

    Example https://url.com/file.txt?auth -> file.txt
    """
    url = str(Path(url)).replace(":/", "://")  # Pathlib turns :// -> :/
    return Path(urllib.parse.unquote(url)).name.split("?")[0]  # '%2F' to '/', split https://url.com/file.txt?auth


def download(url, dir=".", unzip=True, delete=True, curl=False, threads=1, retry=3):
    """Downloads and optionally unzips files concurrently, supporting retries and curl fallback."""

    def download_one(url, dir):
        """Downloads a single file from `url` to `dir`, with retry support and optional curl fallback."""
        success = True
        if os.path.isfile(url):
            f = Path(url)  # filename
        else:  # does not exist
            f = dir / Path(url).name
            LOGGER.info(f"Downloading {url} to {f}...")
            for i in range(retry + 1):
                if curl:
                    success = curl_download(url, f, silent=(threads > 1))
                else:
                    torch.hub.download_url_to_file(url, f, progress=threads == 1)  # torch download
                    success = f.is_file()
                if success:
                    break
                elif i < retry:
                    LOGGER.warning(f"Download failure, retrying {i + 1}/{retry} {url}...")
                else:
                    LOGGER.warning(f"Failed to download {url}...")

        if unzip and success and (f.suffix == ".gz" or is_zipfile(f) or is_tarfile(f)):
            LOGGER.info(f"Unzipping {f}...")
            if is_zipfile(f):
                unzip_file(f, dir)  # unzip
            elif is_tarfile(f):
                subprocess.run(["tar", "xf", f, "--directory", f.parent], check=True)  # unzip
            elif f.suffix == ".gz":
                subprocess.run(["tar", "xfz", f, "--directory", f.parent], check=True)  # unzip
            if delete:
                f.unlink()  # remove zip

    dir = Path(dir)
    dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)  # make directory
    if threads > 1:
        pool = ThreadPool(threads)
        pool.imap(lambda x: download_one(*x), zip(url, repeat(dir)))  # multithreaded
        pool.close()
        pool.join()
    else:
        for u in [url] if isinstance(url, (str, Path)) else url:
            download_one(u, dir)


# Keep local (do not dedup): regex differs from ultralytics clean_str (strips acute accent, keeps backtick)
def clean_str(s):
    """Cleans a string by replacing special characters with underscore, e.g., `clean_str('#example!')` returns
    '_example_'.
    """
    return re.sub(pattern="[|@#!¡·$€%&()=?¿^*;:,¨´><+]", repl="_", string=s)


def labels_to_class_weights(labels, nc=80):
    """Calculates class weights from labels to handle class imbalance in training; input shape: (n, 5)."""
    if labels[0] is None:  # no labels loaded
        return torch.Tensor()

    labels = np.concatenate(labels, 0)  # labels.shape = (866643, 5) for COCO
    classes = labels[:, 0].astype(int)  # labels = [class xywh]
    weights = np.bincount(classes, minlength=nc)  # occurrences per class

    # Prepend gridpoint count (for uCE training)
    # gpi = ((320 / 32 * np.array([1, 2, 4])) ** 2 * 3).sum()  # gridpoints per image
    # weights = np.hstack([gpi * len(labels)  - weights.sum() * 9, weights * 9]) ** 0.5  # prepend gridpoints to start

    weights[weights == 0] = 1  # replace empty bins with 1
    weights = 1 / weights  # number of targets per class
    weights /= weights.sum()  # normalize
    return torch.from_numpy(weights).float()


def labels_to_image_weights(labels, nc=80, class_weights=np.ones(80)):  # noqa: B008
    """Calculates image weights from labels using class weights for weighted sampling."""
    # Usage: index = random.choices(range(n), weights=image_weights, k=1)  # weighted image sample
    class_counts = np.array([np.bincount(x[:, 0].astype(int), minlength=nc) for x in labels])
    return (class_weights.reshape(1, nc) * class_counts).sum(1)


# Keep local (do not dedup): ultralytics print_args resolves relative_to() its own package root, so it always
# falls back to Path(file).stem and "segment/train:" / "classify/train:" both collapse to "train:"
def print_args(args: dict | None = None, show_file=True, show_func=False):
    """Logs the arguments of the calling function, with options to include the filename and function name."""
    x = inspect.currentframe().f_back  # previous frame
    file, _, func, _, _ = inspect.getframeinfo(x)
    if args is None:  # get args automatically
        args, _, _, frm = inspect.getargvalues(x)
        args = {k: v for k, v in frm.items() if k in args}
    try:
        file = Path(file).resolve().relative_to(ROOT).with_suffix("")
    except ValueError:
        file = Path(file).stem
    s = (f"{file}: " if show_file else "") + (f"{func}: " if show_func else "")
    LOGGER.info(colorstr(s) + ", ".join(f"{k}={v}" for k, v in args.items()))


# Keep local (do not dedup): ultralytics xyxy2xywh asserts a 4-wide input; models/common.py passes (n, 6)
def xyxy2xywh(x):
    """Convert nx4 boxes from [x1, y1, x2, y2] to [x, y, w, h] where xy1=top-left, xy2=bottom-right."""
    y = x.clone() if isinstance(x, torch.Tensor) else np.copy(x)
    y[..., 0] = (x[..., 0] + x[..., 2]) / 2  # x center
    y[..., 1] = (x[..., 1] + x[..., 3]) / 2  # y center
    y[..., 2] = x[..., 2] - x[..., 0]  # width
    y[..., 3] = x[..., 3] - x[..., 1]  # height
    return y


def xyn2xy(x, w=640, h=640, padw=0, padh=0):
    """Convert normalized segments into pixel segments, shape (n,2)."""
    y = x.clone() if isinstance(x, torch.Tensor) else np.copy(x)
    y[..., 0] = w * x[..., 0] + padw  # top left x
    y[..., 1] = h * x[..., 1] + padh  # top left y
    return y


def segment2box(segment, width=640, height=640):
    """Convert 1 segment label to 1 box label, applying inside-image constraint, i.e. (xy1, xy2, ...) to (xyxy)."""
    x, y = segment.T  # segment xy
    inside = (x >= 0) & (y >= 0) & (x <= width) & (y <= height)
    (
        x,
        y,
    ) = x[inside], y[inside]
    return np.array([x.min(), y.min(), x.max(), y.max()]) if len(x) else np.zeros((1, 4))  # xyxy


def resample_segments(segments, n=1000):
    """Resamples an (n,2) segment to a fixed number of points for consistent representation."""
    for i, s in enumerate(segments):
        s = np.concatenate((s, s[0:1, :]), axis=0)
        x = np.linspace(0, len(s) - 1, n)
        xp = np.arange(len(s))
        segments[i] = np.concatenate([np.interp(x, xp, s[:, i]) for i in range(2)]).reshape(2, -1).T  # segment xy
    return segments


def scale_boxes(img1_shape, boxes, img0_shape, ratio_pad=None):
    """Rescales (xyxy) bounding boxes from img1_shape to img0_shape, optionally using provided `ratio_pad`."""
    if ratio_pad is None:  # calculate from img0_shape
        gain = min(img1_shape[0] / img0_shape[0], img1_shape[1] / img0_shape[1])  # gain  = old / new
        pad = (img1_shape[1] - img0_shape[1] * gain) / 2, (img1_shape[0] - img0_shape[0] * gain) / 2  # wh padding
    else:
        gain = ratio_pad[0][0]
        pad = ratio_pad[1]

    boxes[..., [0, 2]] -= pad[0]  # x padding
    boxes[..., [1, 3]] -= pad[1]  # y padding
    boxes[..., :4] /= gain
    clip_boxes(boxes, img0_shape)
    return boxes


def scale_segments(img1_shape, segments, img0_shape, ratio_pad=None, normalize=False):
    """Rescales segment coordinates from img1_shape to img0_shape, optionally normalizing them with custom padding."""
    if ratio_pad is None:  # calculate from img0_shape
        gain = min(img1_shape[0] / img0_shape[0], img1_shape[1] / img0_shape[1])  # gain  = old / new
        pad = (img1_shape[1] - img0_shape[1] * gain) / 2, (img1_shape[0] - img0_shape[0] * gain) / 2  # wh padding
    else:
        gain = ratio_pad[0][0]
        pad = ratio_pad[1]

    segments[:, 0] -= pad[0]  # x padding
    segments[:, 1] -= pad[1]  # y padding
    segments /= gain
    clip_segments(segments, img0_shape)
    if normalize:
        segments[:, 0] /= img0_shape[1]  # width
        segments[:, 1] /= img0_shape[0]  # height
    return segments


def clip_segments(segments, shape):
    """Clips segment coordinates (xy1, xy2, ...) to an image's boundaries given its shape (height, width)."""
    if isinstance(segments, torch.Tensor):  # faster individually
        segments[:, 0].clamp_(0, shape[1])  # x
        segments[:, 1].clamp_(0, shape[0])  # y
    else:  # np.array (faster grouped)
        segments[:, 0] = segments[:, 0].clip(0, shape[1])  # x
        segments[:, 1] = segments[:, 1].clip(0, shape[0])  # y


def non_max_suppression(
    prediction,
    conf_thres=0.25,
    iou_thres=0.45,
    classes=None,
    agnostic=False,
    multi_label=False,
    labels=(),
    max_det=300,
    nm=0,  # number of masks
):
    """Non-Maximum Suppression (NMS) on inference results to reject overlapping detections.

    Returns:
        list of detections, on (n,6) tensor per image [xyxy, conf, cls]
    """
    # Checks
    assert 0 <= conf_thres <= 1, f"Invalid Confidence threshold {conf_thres}, valid values are between 0.0 and 1.0"
    assert 0 <= iou_thres <= 1, f"Invalid IoU {iou_thres}, valid values are between 0.0 and 1.0"
    if isinstance(prediction, (list, tuple)):  # YOLOv5 model in validation mode, output = (inference_out, loss_out)
        prediction = prediction[0]  # select only inference output

    device = prediction.device
    mps = "mps" in device.type  # Apple MPS
    if mps:  # MPS not fully supported yet, convert tensors to CPU before NMS
        prediction = prediction.cpu()
    bs = prediction.shape[0]  # batch size
    nc = prediction.shape[2] - nm - 5  # number of classes
    xc = prediction[..., 4] > conf_thres  # candidates

    # Settings
    # min_wh = 2  # (pixels) minimum box width and height
    max_wh = 7680  # (pixels) maximum box width and height
    max_nms = 30000  # maximum number of boxes into torchvision.ops.nms()
    time_limit = 0.5 + 0.05 * bs  # seconds to quit after
    redundant = True  # require redundant detections
    multi_label &= nc > 1  # multiple labels per box (adds 0.5ms/img)
    merge = False  # use merge-NMS

    t = time.time()
    mi = 5 + nc  # mask start index
    output = [torch.zeros((0, 6 + nm), device=prediction.device)] * bs
    for xi, x in enumerate(prediction):  # image index, image inference
        # Apply constraints
        # x[((x[..., 2:4] < min_wh) | (x[..., 2:4] > max_wh)).any(1), 4] = 0  # width-height
        x = x[xc[xi]]  # confidence

        # Cat apriori labels if autolabelling
        if labels and len(labels[xi]):
            lb = labels[xi]
            v = torch.zeros((len(lb), nc + nm + 5), device=x.device)
            v[:, :4] = lb[:, 1:5]  # box
            v[:, 4] = 1.0  # conf
            v[range(len(lb)), lb[:, 0].long() + 5] = 1.0  # cls
            x = torch.cat((x, v), 0)

        # If none remain process next image
        if not x.shape[0]:
            continue

        # Compute conf
        x[:, 5:] *= x[:, 4:5]  # conf = obj_conf * cls_conf

        # Box/Mask
        box = xywh2xyxy(x[:, :4])  # center_x, center_y, width, height) to (x1, y1, x2, y2)
        mask = x[:, mi:]  # zero columns if no masks

        # Detections matrix nx6 (xyxy, conf, cls)
        if multi_label:
            i, j = (x[:, 5:mi] > conf_thres).nonzero(as_tuple=False).T
            x = torch.cat((box[i], x[i, 5 + j, None], j[:, None].float(), mask[i]), 1)
        else:  # best class only
            conf, j = x[:, 5:mi].max(1, keepdim=True)
            x = torch.cat((box, conf, j.float(), mask), 1)[conf.view(-1) > conf_thres]

        # Filter by class
        if classes is not None:
            x = x[(x[:, 5:6] == torch.tensor(classes, device=x.device)).any(1)]

        # Apply finite constraint
        # if not torch.isfinite(x).all():
        #     x = x[torch.isfinite(x).all(1)]

        # Check shape
        n = x.shape[0]  # number of boxes
        if not n:  # no boxes
            continue
        x = x[x[:, 4].argsort(descending=True)[:max_nms]]  # sort by confidence and remove excess boxes

        # Batched NMS
        c = x[:, 5:6] * (0 if agnostic else max_wh)  # classes
        boxes, scores = x[:, :4] + c, x[:, 4]  # boxes (offset by class), scores
        i = torchvision.ops.nms(boxes, scores, iou_thres)  # NMS
        i = i[:max_det]  # limit detections
        if merge and (1 < n < 3e3):  # Merge NMS (boxes merged using weighted mean)
            # update boxes as boxes(i,4) = weights(i,n) * boxes(n,4)
            iou = box_iou(boxes[i], boxes) > iou_thres  # iou matrix
            weights = iou * scores[None]  # box weights
            x[i, :4] = torch.mm(weights, x[:, :4]).float() / weights.sum(1, keepdim=True)  # merged boxes
            if redundant:
                i = i[iou.sum(1) > 1]  # require redundancy

        output[xi] = x[i]
        if mps:
            output[xi] = output[xi].to(device)
        if (time.time() - t) > time_limit:
            LOGGER.warning(f"NMS time limit {time_limit:.3f}s exceeded")
            break  # time limit exceeded

    return output


def strip_optimizer(f="best.pt", s=""):
    """Strips optimizer and optionally saves checkpoint to finalize training; arguments are file path 'f' and save path
    's'.

    Example: from utils.general import *; strip_optimizer()
    """
    x = torch_load(f, map_location=torch.device("cpu"))
    if x.get("ema"):
        x["model"] = x["ema"]  # replace model with ema
    for k in "optimizer", "best_fitness", "ema", "updates":  # keys
        x[k] = None
    x["epoch"] = -1
    x["model"].half()  # to FP16
    for p in x["model"].parameters():
        p.requires_grad = False
    torch.save(x, s or f)
    mb = os.path.getsize(s or f) / 1e6  # filesize
    LOGGER.info(f"Optimizer stripped from {f},{f' saved as {s},' if s else ''} {mb:.1f}MB")


def save_one_txt(predn, save_conf, shape, file):
    """Save one detection result to a txt file in normalized xywh format, optionally including confidence.

    Args:
        predn (torch.Tensor): Predicted boxes in xyxy format with confidence and class, tensor of shape (N, 6).
        save_conf (bool): If True, saves the confidence scores along with the bounding box coordinates.
        shape (tuple): Shape of the original image as (height, width).
        file (str | Path): File path where the result will be saved.
    """
    gn = torch.tensor(shape)[[1, 0, 1, 0]]  # normalization gain whwh
    for *xyxy, conf, cls in predn.tolist():
        xywh = (xyxy2xywh(torch.tensor(xyxy).view(1, 4)) / gn).view(-1).tolist()  # normalized xywh
        line = (cls, *xywh, conf) if save_conf else (cls, *xywh)  # label format
        with open(file, "a") as f:
            f.write(("%g " * len(line)).rstrip() % line + "\n")


def print_mutation(keys, results, hyp, save_dir, bucket, prefix=colorstr("evolve: ")):  # noqa: B008
    """Logs evolution results and saves to CSV and YAML in `save_dir`, optionally syncs with `bucket`."""
    evolve_csv = save_dir / "evolve.csv"
    evolve_yaml = save_dir / "hyp_evolve.yaml"
    keys = tuple(keys) + tuple(hyp.keys())  # [results + hyps]
    keys = tuple(x.strip() for x in keys)
    vals = results + tuple(hyp.values())
    n = len(keys)

    # Download (optional)
    if bucket:
        url = f"gs://{bucket}/evolve.csv"
        if gsutil_getsize(url) > (evolve_csv.stat().st_size if evolve_csv.exists() else 0):
            subprocess.run(
                ["gsutil", "cp", f"{url}", f"{save_dir}"], check=False
            )  # download evolve.csv if larger than local

    # Log to evolve.csv
    s = "" if evolve_csv.exists() else (("%20s," * n % keys).rstrip(",") + "\n")  # add header
    with open(evolve_csv, "a") as f:
        f.write(s + ("%20.5g," * n % vals).rstrip(",") + "\n")

    # Save yaml
    with open(evolve_yaml, "w") as f:
        data = pd.read_csv(evolve_csv, skipinitialspace=True)
        data = data.rename(columns=lambda x: x.strip())  # strip keys
        i = np.argmax(fitness(data.values[:, :4]))
        generations = len(data)
        f.write(
            "# YOLOv5 Hyperparameter Evolution Results\n"
            + f"# Best generation: {i}\n"
            + f"# Last generation: {generations - 1}\n"
            + "# "
            + ", ".join(f"{x.strip():>20s}" for x in keys[:7])
            + "\n"
            + "# "
            + ", ".join(f"{x:>20.5g}" for x in data.values[i, :7])
            + "\n\n"
        )
        yaml.safe_dump(data.loc[i][7:].to_dict(), f, sort_keys=False)

    # Print to screen
    LOGGER.info(
        prefix
        + f"{generations} generations finished, current result:\n"
        + prefix
        + ", ".join(f"{x.strip():>20s}" for x in keys)
        + "\n"
        + prefix
        + ", ".join(f"{x:20.5g}" for x in vals)
        + "\n\n"
    )

    if bucket:
        subprocess.run(["gsutil", "cp", f"{evolve_csv}", f"{evolve_yaml}", f"gs://{bucket}"], check=False)  # upload


def increment_path(path, exist_ok=False, sep="", mkdir=False):
    """Generates an incremented file or directory path if it exists, with optional mkdir; args: path, exist_ok=False,
    sep="", mkdir=False.

    Example: runs/exp --> runs/exp{sep}2, runs/exp{sep}3, ... etc
    """
    path = Path(path)  # os-agnostic
    if path.exists() and not exist_ok:
        path, suffix = (path.with_suffix(""), path.suffix) if path.is_file() else (path, "")

        # Method 1
        for n in range(2, 9999):
            p = f"{path}{sep}{n}{suffix}"  # increment path
            if not os.path.exists(p):
                break
        path = Path(p)

        # Method 2 (deprecated)
        # dirs = glob.glob(f"{path}{sep}*")  # similar paths
        # matches = [re.search(rf"{path.stem}{sep}(\d+)", d) for d in dirs]
        # i = [int(m.groups()[0]) for m in matches if m]  # indices
        # n = max(i) + 1 if i else 2  # increment number
        # path = Path(f"{path}{sep}{n}{suffix}")  # increment path

    if mkdir:
        path.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)  # make directory

    return path


# OpenCV Multilanguage-friendly functions ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
imshow_ = cv2.imshow  # copy to avoid recursion errors


def imread(filename, flags=cv2.IMREAD_COLOR):
    """Reads an image from a file and returns it as a numpy array, using OpenCV's imdecode to support multilanguage
    paths.
    """
    return cv2.imdecode(np.fromfile(filename, np.uint8), flags)


def imwrite(filename, img):
    """Writes an image to a file, returns True on success and False on failure, supports multilanguage paths."""
    try:
        cv2.imencode(Path(filename).suffix, img)[1].tofile(filename)
        return True
    except Exception:
        return False


def imshow(path, im):
    """Displays an image using Unicode path, requires encoded path and image matrix as input."""
    imshow_(path.encode("unicode_escape").decode(), im)


if Path(inspect.stack()[0].filename).parent.parent.as_posix() in inspect.stack()[-1].filename:
    cv2.imread, cv2.imwrite, cv2.imshow = imread, imwrite, imshow  # redefine