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www/docs/client/react/server-components.mdx
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---
id: server-components
title: Set up with React Server Components
sidebar_label: Server Components
slug: /client/react/server-components
---

import TabItem from '@theme/TabItem';
import Tabs from '@theme/Tabs';

:::tip
These are the docs for our 'Classic' React Query integration, which (while still supported) is not the recommended way to start new tRPC projects with TanStack React Query. We recommend using the new [TanStack React Query Integration](/docs/client/tanstack-react-query/server-components) instead.
:::

:::tip
**Using Next.js?** See the dedicated [Next.js App Router setup guide](/docs/client/nextjs/app-router-setup) for the recommended approach.
:::

This guide is an overview of how one may use tRPC with a React Server Components (RSC) framework such as Next.js App Router.
Be aware that RSC on its own solves a lot of the same problems tRPC was designed to solve, so you may not need tRPC at all.

There is also not a one-size-fits-all way to integrate tRPC with RSCs, so see this guide as a starting point and adjust it
to your needs and preferences.

:::info
If you're looking for how to use tRPC with Server Actions, see the [Server Actions guide](/docs/client/nextjs/server-actions).
:::

:::caution
Please read React Query's [Advanced Server Rendering](https://tanstack.com/query/latest/docs/framework/react/guides/advanced-ssr) docs before proceeding to understand the different types of server rendering
and what footguns to avoid.
:::

## Add tRPC to existing projects

### 1. Install deps

import { InstallSnippet } from '@site/src/components/InstallSnippet';

<InstallSnippet pkgs="@trpc/server @trpc/client @trpc/react-query @tanstack/react-query@latest zod client-only server-only" />

### 2. Create a tRPC router

Initialize your tRPC backend in `trpc/init.ts` using the `initTRPC` function, and create your first router. We're going to make a simple "hello world" router and procedure here - but for deeper information on creating your tRPC API you should refer to the [Quickstart guide](/docs/quickstart) and [Backend usage docs](/docs/server/overview) for tRPC information.

:::info
The file names used here are not enforced by tRPC. You may use any file structure you wish.
:::

<details>
<summary>View sample backend</summary>

```ts twoslash title='trpc/init.ts'
import { initTRPC } from '@trpc/server';
import { cache } from 'react';

export const createTRPCContext = cache(async () => {
  /**
   * @see: https://trpc.io/docs/server/context
   */
  return { userId: 'user_123' };
});

// Avoid exporting the entire t-object
// since it's not very descriptive.
// For instance, the use of a t variable
// is common in i18n libraries.
const t = initTRPC.create({
  /**
   * @see https://trpc.io/docs/server/data-transformers
   */
  // transformer: superjson,
});

// Base router and procedure helpers
export const createTRPCRouter = t.router;
export const createCallerFactory = t.createCallerFactory;
export const baseProcedure = t.procedure;
```

<br />

```ts twoslash title='trpc/routers/_app.ts'
// @filename: init.ts
import { initTRPC } from '@trpc/server';
const t = initTRPC.create();
export const createTRPCRouter = t.router;
export const baseProcedure = t.procedure;

// @filename: routers/_app.ts
// ---cut---
import { z } from 'zod';
import { baseProcedure, createTRPCRouter } from '../init';

export const appRouter = createTRPCRouter({
  hello: baseProcedure
    .input(
      z.object({
        text: z.string(),
      }),
    )
    .query((opts) => {
      return {
        greeting: `hello ${opts.input.text}`,
      };
    }),
});

// export type definition of API
export type AppRouter = typeof appRouter;
```

<br />

:::note
The backend adapter depends on your framework and how it sets up API routes. The following example sets up GET and POST routes at `/api/trpc/*` using the [fetch adapter](https://trpc.io/docs/server/adapters/fetch) in Next.js.
:::

```ts twoslash title='app/api/trpc/[trpc]/route.ts'
// @filename: trpc/init.ts
import { initTRPC } from '@trpc/server';
const t = initTRPC.create();
export const createTRPCRouter = t.router;
export const baseProcedure = t.procedure;
export const createTRPCContext = async () => {
  return { userId: 'user_123' };
};

// @filename: trpc/routers/_app.ts
import { z } from 'zod';
import { baseProcedure, createTRPCRouter } from '../init';
export const appRouter = createTRPCRouter({
  hello: baseProcedure
    .input(z.object({ text: z.string() }))
    .query((opts) => ({ greeting: `hello ${opts.input.text}` })),
});
export type AppRouter = typeof appRouter;

// @filename: app/api/trpc/[trpc]/route.ts
// ---cut---
import { fetchRequestHandler } from '@trpc/server/adapters/fetch';
import { createTRPCContext } from '../../../../trpc/init';
import { appRouter } from '../../../../trpc/routers/_app';

const handler = (req: Request) =>
  fetchRequestHandler({
    endpoint: '/api/trpc',
    req,
    router: appRouter,
    createContext: createTRPCContext,
  });

export { handler as GET, handler as POST };
```

</details>

### 3. Create a Query Client factory

Create a shared file `trpc/query-client.ts` that exports a function that creates a `QueryClient` instance.

```ts twoslash title='trpc/query-client.ts'
import {
  defaultShouldDehydrateQuery,
  QueryClient,
} from '@tanstack/react-query';
import superjson from 'superjson';

export function makeQueryClient() {
  return new QueryClient({
    defaultOptions: {
      queries: {
        staleTime: 30 * 1000,
      },
      dehydrate: {
        // serializeData: superjson.serialize,
        shouldDehydrateQuery: (query) =>
          defaultShouldDehydrateQuery(query) ||
          query.state.status === 'pending',
      },
      hydrate: {
        // deserializeData: superjson.deserialize,
      },
    },
  });
}
```

We're setting a few default options here:

- `staleTime`: With SSR, we usually want to set some default staleTime above 0 to avoid refetching immediately on the client.
- `shouldDehydrateQuery`: This is a function that determines whether a query should be dehydrated or not. Since the RSC transport protocol
  supports hydrating promises over the network, we extend the `defaultShouldDehydrateQuery` function to also include queries that are
  still pending. This will allow us to start prefetching in a server component high up the tree, then consuming that promise in a client component further down.
- `serializeData` and `deserializeData` (optional): If you set up a [data transformer](https://trpc.io/docs/server/data-transformers) in the previous step, set this option
  to make sure the data is serialized correctly when hydrating the query client over the server-client boundary.

### 4. Create a tRPC client for Client Components

The `trpc/client.tsx` is the entrypoint when consuming your tRPC API from client components. In here, import the **type definition** of
your tRPC router and create typesafe hooks using `createTRPCReact`. We'll also export our context provider from this file.

```tsx twoslash title='trpc/client.tsx'
// @filename: trpc/query-client.ts
import { QueryClient } from '@tanstack/react-query';
export function makeQueryClient() {
  return new QueryClient({ defaultOptions: { queries: { staleTime: 30 * 1000 } } });
}

// @filename: trpc/routers/_app.ts
import { initTRPC } from '@trpc/server';
import { z } from 'zod';
const t = initTRPC.create();
export const appRouter = t.router({
  hello: t.procedure
    .input(z.object({ text: z.string() }))
    .query((opts) => ({ greeting: `hello ${opts.input.text}` })),
});
export type AppRouter = typeof appRouter;

// @filename: trpc/client.tsx
// ---cut---
'use client';

// ^-- to make sure we can mount the Provider from a server component
import type { QueryClient } from '@tanstack/react-query';
import { QueryClientProvider } from '@tanstack/react-query';
import { httpBatchLink } from '@trpc/client';
import { createTRPCReact } from '@trpc/react-query';
import React, { useState } from 'react';
import { makeQueryClient } from './query-client';
import type { AppRouter } from './routers/_app';

export const trpc = createTRPCReact<AppRouter>();

let clientQueryClientSingleton: QueryClient;
function getQueryClient() {
  if (typeof window === 'undefined') {
    // Server: always make a new query client
    return makeQueryClient();
  }
  // Browser: use singleton pattern to keep the same query client
  return (clientQueryClientSingleton ??= makeQueryClient());
}

function getUrl() {
  const base = (() => {
    if (typeof window !== 'undefined') return '';
    if (process.env.VERCEL_URL) return `https://${process.env.VERCEL_URL}`;
    return 'http://localhost:3000';
  })();
  return `${base}/api/trpc`;
}

export function TRPCProvider(
  props: Readonly<{
    children: React.ReactNode;
  }>,
) {
  // NOTE: Avoid useState when initializing the query client if you don't
  //       have a suspense boundary between this and the code that may
  //       suspend because React will throw away the client on the initial
  //       render if it suspends and there is no boundary
  const queryClient = getQueryClient();

  const [trpcClient] = useState(() =>
    trpc.createClient({
      links: [
        httpBatchLink({
          // transformer: superjson, <-- if you use a data transformer
          url: getUrl(),
        }),
      ],
    }),
  );

  return (
    <trpc.Provider client={trpcClient} queryClient={queryClient}>
      <QueryClientProvider client={queryClient}>
        {props.children}
      </QueryClientProvider>
    </trpc.Provider>
  );
}
```

Mount the provider in the root of your application (e.g. `app/layout.tsx` when using Next.js).

### 5. Create a tRPC caller for Server Components

To prefetch queries from server components, we use a tRPC caller. The `@trpc/react-query/rsc` module exports a thin wrapper around
[`createCaller`](https://trpc.io/docs/server/server-side-calls) that integrates with your React Query client.

```tsx twoslash title='trpc/server.tsx'
// @filename: server-only.d.ts
export {};

// @filename: trpc/init.ts
import { initTRPC } from '@trpc/server';
const t = initTRPC.create();
export const createTRPCRouter = t.router;
export const createCallerFactory = t.createCallerFactory;
export const baseProcedure = t.procedure;
export const createTRPCContext = async () => ({ userId: 'user_123' });

// @filename: trpc/query-client.ts
import { QueryClient } from '@tanstack/react-query';
export function makeQueryClient() {
  return new QueryClient();
}

// @filename: trpc/routers/_app.ts
import { z } from 'zod';
import { baseProcedure, createTRPCRouter } from '../init';
export const appRouter = createTRPCRouter({
  hello: baseProcedure
    .input(z.object({ text: z.string() }))
    .query((opts) => ({ greeting: `hello ${opts.input.text}` })),
});
export type AppRouter = typeof appRouter;

// @filename: trpc/server.tsx
// ---cut---
import 'server-only'; // <-- ensure this file cannot be imported from the client

import { createHydrationHelpers } from '@trpc/react-query/rsc';
import { cache } from 'react';
import { createCallerFactory, createTRPCContext } from './init';
import { makeQueryClient } from './query-client';
import { appRouter } from './routers/_app';

// IMPORTANT: Create a stable getter for the query client that
//            will return the same client during the same request.
export const getQueryClient = cache(makeQueryClient);
const caller = createCallerFactory(appRouter)(createTRPCContext);

export const { trpc, HydrateClient } = createHydrationHelpers<typeof appRouter>(
  caller,
  getQueryClient,
);
```

## Using your API

Now you can use your tRPC API in your app. While you can use the React Query hooks in client components just like you would in any other React app,
we can take advantage of the RSC capabilities by prefetching queries in a server component high up the tree. You may be familiar with this
concept as "render as you fetch" commonly implemented as loaders. This means the request fires as soon as possible but without suspending until
the data is needed by using the `useQuery` or `useSuspenseQuery` hooks.

```tsx twoslash title='app/page.tsx'
// @filename: trpc/init.ts
import { initTRPC } from '@trpc/server';
import { z } from 'zod';
const t = initTRPC.create();
export const appRouter = t.router({
  hello: t.procedure
    .input(z.object({ text: z.string() }).optional())
    .query((opts) => ({ greeting: `hello ${opts.input?.text ?? 'world'}` })),
});
export type AppRouter = typeof appRouter;
export const createCallerFactory = t.createCallerFactory;

// @filename: trpc/server.tsx
import { createHydrationHelpers } from '@trpc/react-query/rsc';
import { QueryClient } from '@tanstack/react-query';
import { cache } from 'react';
import { createCallerFactory, appRouter } from './init';
const getQueryClient = cache(() => new QueryClient());
const caller = createCallerFactory(appRouter)(async () => ({}));
export const { trpc, HydrateClient } = createHydrationHelpers<typeof appRouter>(caller, getQueryClient);

// @filename: app/client-greeting.tsx
export function ClientGreeting() { return null as any; }

// @filename: app/page.tsx
import React from 'react';
// ---cut---
import { trpc, HydrateClient } from '../trpc/server';
import { ClientGreeting } from './client-greeting';

export default async function Home() {
  void trpc.hello.prefetch();

  return (
    <HydrateClient>
      <div>...</div>
      {/** ... */}
      <ClientGreeting />
    </HydrateClient>
  );
}
```

```tsx twoslash title='app/client-greeting.tsx'
// @filename: server.ts
import { initTRPC } from '@trpc/server';
import { z } from 'zod';
const t = initTRPC.create();
const appRouter = t.router({
  hello: t.procedure
    .input(z.object({ text: z.string() }).optional())
    .query((opts) => ({ greeting: `hello ${opts.input?.text ?? 'world'}` })),
});
export type AppRouter = typeof appRouter;

// @filename: trpc/client.tsx
import { createTRPCReact } from '@trpc/react-query';
import type { AppRouter } from '../server';
export const trpc = createTRPCReact<AppRouter>();

// @filename: app/client-greeting.tsx
import React from 'react';
// ---cut---
'use client';

// <-- hooks can only be used in client components
import { trpc } from '../trpc/client';

export function ClientGreeting() {
  const greeting = trpc.hello.useQuery();
  if (!greeting.data) return <div>Loading...</div>;
  return <div>{greeting.data.greeting}</div>;
}
```

### Leveraging Suspense

You may prefer handling loading and error states using Suspense and Error Boundaries. You can do this by using the `useSuspenseQuery` hook.

```tsx twoslash title='app/page.tsx'
// @filename: trpc/init.ts
import { initTRPC } from '@trpc/server';
import { z } from 'zod';
const t = initTRPC.create();
export const appRouter = t.router({
  hello: t.procedure
    .input(z.object({ text: z.string() }).optional())
    .query((opts) => ({ greeting: `hello ${opts.input?.text ?? 'world'}` })),
});
export type AppRouter = typeof appRouter;
export const createCallerFactory = t.createCallerFactory;

// @filename: trpc/server.tsx
import { createHydrationHelpers } from '@trpc/react-query/rsc';
import { QueryClient } from '@tanstack/react-query';
import { cache } from 'react';
import { createCallerFactory, appRouter } from './init';
const getQueryClient = cache(() => new QueryClient());
const caller = createCallerFactory(appRouter)(async () => ({}));
export const { trpc, HydrateClient } = createHydrationHelpers<typeof appRouter>(caller, getQueryClient);

// @filename: react-error-boundary.d.ts
import React from 'react';
export declare function ErrorBoundary(props: { fallback: React.ReactNode; children: React.ReactNode }): React.JSX.Element;

// @filename: app/client-greeting.tsx
export function ClientGreeting() { return null as any; }

// @filename: app/page.tsx
import React from 'react';
// ---cut---
import { trpc, HydrateClient } from '../trpc/server';
import { Suspense } from 'react';
import { ErrorBoundary } from 'react-error-boundary';
import { ClientGreeting } from './client-greeting';

export default async function Home() {
  void trpc.hello.prefetch();

  return (
    <HydrateClient>
      <div>...</div>
      {/** ... */}
      <ErrorBoundary fallback={<div>Something went wrong</div>}>
        <Suspense fallback={<div>Loading...</div>}>
          <ClientGreeting />
        </Suspense>
      </ErrorBoundary>
    </HydrateClient>
  );
}
```

```tsx twoslash title='app/client-greeting.tsx'
// @filename: server.ts
import { initTRPC } from '@trpc/server';
import { z } from 'zod';
const t = initTRPC.create();
const appRouter = t.router({
  hello: t.procedure
    .input(z.object({ text: z.string() }).optional())
    .query((opts) => ({ greeting: `hello ${opts.input?.text ?? 'world'}` })),
});
export type AppRouter = typeof appRouter;

// @filename: trpc/client.tsx
import { createTRPCReact } from '@trpc/react-query';
import type { AppRouter } from '../server';
export const trpc = createTRPCReact<AppRouter>();

// @filename: app/client-greeting.tsx
import React from 'react';
// ---cut---
'use client';

import { trpc } from '../trpc/client';

export function ClientGreeting() {
  const [data] = trpc.hello.useSuspenseQuery();
  return <div>{data.greeting}</div>;
}
```

### Getting data in a server component

If you need access to the data in a server component, you can invoke the procedure directly instead of using `.prefetch()`, just like you use
[the normal server caller](/docs/server/server-side-calls). Please note that this method is detached from your query client and does not
store the data in the cache. This means that you cannot use the data in a server component and expect it to be available in the client. This is
intentional and explained in more detail in the [Advanced Server Rendering](https://tanstack.com/query/latest/docs/framework/react/guides/advanced-ssr#data-ownership-and-revalidation)
guide.

```tsx twoslash title='app/page.tsx'
// @filename: trpc/init.ts
import { initTRPC } from '@trpc/server';
import { z } from 'zod';
const t = initTRPC.create();
export const appRouter = t.router({
  hello: t.procedure
    .input(z.object({ text: z.string() }).optional())
    .query((opts) => ({ greeting: `hello ${opts.input?.text ?? 'world'}` })),
});
export type AppRouter = typeof appRouter;
export const createCallerFactory = t.createCallerFactory;

// @filename: trpc/server.tsx
import { createHydrationHelpers } from '@trpc/react-query/rsc';
import { QueryClient } from '@tanstack/react-query';
import { cache } from 'react';
import { createCallerFactory, appRouter } from './init';
const getQueryClient = cache(() => new QueryClient());
const caller = createCallerFactory(appRouter)(async () => ({}));
export const { trpc } = createHydrationHelpers<typeof appRouter>(caller, getQueryClient);

// @filename: app/page.tsx
import React from 'react';
// ---cut---
import { trpc } from '../trpc/server';

export default async function Home() {
  // Use the caller directly without using `.prefetch()`
  const greeting = await trpc.hello();
  //    ^? { greeting: string }

  return <div>{greeting.greeting}</div>;
}
```