sklearn/utils/tests/test_validation.py - main - githubmirror/scikit-learn

sklearn/utils/tests/test_validation.py
2 569 строк86 KB
Christian Lorentzen
FIX indexable with dataframes (#34605)
31 июл 2026, 16:39
31 июл 2026, 16:394347a16
"""Tests for input validation functions"""

import numbers
import re
import warnings
from itertools import product
from operator import itemgetter
from tempfile import NamedTemporaryFile

import narwhals.stable.v2 as nw
import numpy as np
import pytest
import scipy.sparse as sp

import sklearn
from sklearn._config import config_context
from sklearn.base import BaseEstimator
from sklearn.datasets import make_blobs
from sklearn.ensemble import RandomForestRegressor
from sklearn.exceptions import NotFittedError, PositiveSpectrumWarning
from sklearn.linear_model import ARDRegression

# TODO: add this estimator into the _mocking module in a further refactoring
from sklearn.metrics.tests.test_score_objects import EstimatorWithFit
from sklearn.neighbors import KNeighborsClassifier
from sklearn.random_projection import _sparse_random_matrix
from sklearn.svm import SVR
from sklearn.utils import (
    _safe_indexing,
    as_float_array,
    check_array,
    check_symmetric,
    check_X_y,
    deprecated,
    indexable,
)
from sklearn.utils._array_api import (
    _is_numpy_namespace,
    move_to,
    yield_namespace_device_dtype_combinations,
)
from sklearn.utils._mocking import (
    MockDataFrame,
    _MockEstimatorOnOffPrediction,
)
from sklearn.utils._testing import (
    TempMemmap,
    _array_api_for_tests,
    _convert_container,
    assert_allclose,
    assert_allclose_dense_sparse,
    assert_array_equal,
    create_memmap_backed_data,
    skip_if_array_api_compat_not_configured,
)
from sklearn.utils.estimator_checks import _NotAnArray
from sklearn.utils.fixes import (
    COO_CONTAINERS,
    CSC_CONTAINERS,
    CSR_CONTAINERS,
    DIA_CONTAINERS,
    DOK_CONTAINERS,
    _sparse_random_array,
)
from sklearn.utils.validation import (
    FLOAT_DTYPES,
    _allclose_dense_sparse,
    _check_categorical_features,
    _check_feature_names_in,
    _check_method_params,
    _check_pos_label_consistency,
    _check_psd_eigenvalues,
    _check_response_method,
    _check_sample_weight,
    _check_y,
    _deprecate_positional_args,
    _estimator_has,
    _get_feature_names,
    _is_fitted,
    _num_features,
    _num_samples,
    _to_object_array,
    assert_all_finite,
    check_consistent_length,
    check_is_fitted,
    check_memory,
    check_non_negative,
    check_random_state,
    check_scalar,
    column_or_1d,
    has_fit_parameter,
    validate_data,
)


def test_make_rng():
    # Check the check_random_state utility function behavior
    assert check_random_state(None) is np.random.mtrand._rand
    assert check_random_state(np.random) is np.random.mtrand._rand

    rng_42 = np.random.RandomState(42)
    assert check_random_state(42).randint(100) == rng_42.randint(100)

    rng_42 = np.random.RandomState(42)
    assert check_random_state(rng_42) is rng_42

    rng_42 = np.random.RandomState(42)
    assert check_random_state(43).randint(100) != rng_42.randint(100)

    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
        check_random_state("some invalid seed")


def test_as_float_array():
    # Test function for as_float_array
    X = np.ones((3, 10), dtype=np.int32)
    X = X + np.arange(10, dtype=np.int32)
    X2 = as_float_array(X, copy=False)
    assert X2.dtype == np.float32
    # Another test
    X = X.astype(np.int64)
    X2 = as_float_array(X, copy=True)
    # Checking that the array wasn't overwritten
    assert as_float_array(X, copy=False) is not X
    assert X2.dtype == np.float64
    # Test int dtypes <= 32bit
    tested_dtypes = [bool, np.int8, np.int16, np.int32, np.uint8, np.uint16, np.uint32]
    for dtype in tested_dtypes:
        X = X.astype(dtype)
        X2 = as_float_array(X)
        assert X2.dtype == np.float32

    # Test object dtype
    X = X.astype(object)
    X2 = as_float_array(X, copy=True)
    assert X2.dtype == np.float64

    # Here, X is of the right type, it shouldn't be modified
    X = np.ones((3, 2), dtype=np.float32)
    assert as_float_array(X, copy=False) is X
    # Test that if X is fortran ordered it stays
    X = np.asfortranarray(X)
    assert np.isfortran(as_float_array(X, copy=True))

    # Test the copy parameter with some matrices
    matrices = [
        sp.csc_matrix(np.arange(5)).toarray(),
        sp.csc_array([np.arange(5)]).toarray(),
        _sparse_random_matrix(10, 10, density=0.10).toarray(),
    ]
    for M in matrices:
        N = as_float_array(M, copy=True)
        N[0, 0] = np.nan
        assert not np.isnan(M).any()


@pytest.mark.filterwarnings("ignore::scipy.sparse.SparseEfficiencyWarning")
@pytest.mark.parametrize(
    "X", [np.random.random((10, 2)), _sparse_random_array((10, 2), format="csr")]
)
def test_as_float_array_nan(X):
    X = X.copy()
    X[5, 0] = np.nan
    X[6, 1] = np.nan
    X_converted = as_float_array(X, ensure_all_finite="allow-nan")
    assert_allclose_dense_sparse(X_converted, X)


def test_np_matrix():
    # Confirm that input validation code does not return np.matrix
    X = np.arange(12).reshape(3, 4)

    assert not isinstance(as_float_array(X), np.matrix)
    assert not isinstance(as_float_array(sp.csc_matrix(X)), np.matrix)
    assert not isinstance(as_float_array(sp.csc_array(X)), np.matrix)


def test_memmap():
    # Confirm that input validation code doesn't copy memory mapped arrays

    asflt = lambda x: as_float_array(x, copy=False)

    with NamedTemporaryFile(prefix="sklearn-test") as tmp:
        M = np.memmap(tmp, shape=(10, 10), dtype=np.float32)
        M[:] = 0

        for f in (check_array, np.asarray, asflt):
            X = f(M)
            X[:] = 1
            assert_array_equal(X.ravel(), M.ravel())
            X[:] = 0


def test_ordering():
    # Check that ordering is enforced correctly by validation utilities.
    # We need to check each validation utility, because a 'copy' without
    # 'order=K' will kill the ordering.
    X = np.ones((10, 5))
    for A in X, X.T:
        for copy in (True, False):
            B = check_array(A, order="C", copy=copy)
            assert B.flags["C_CONTIGUOUS"]
            B = check_array(A, order="F", copy=copy)
            assert B.flags["F_CONTIGUOUS"]
            if copy:
                assert A is not B

    X = sp.csr_array(X)
    X.data = X.data[::-1]
    assert not X.data.flags["C_CONTIGUOUS"]


@pytest.mark.parametrize(
    "value, ensure_all_finite",
    [(np.inf, False), (np.nan, "allow-nan"), (np.nan, False)],
)
@pytest.mark.parametrize("retype", [np.asarray, sp.csr_array, sp.csr_matrix])
def test_check_array_ensure_all_finite_valid(value, ensure_all_finite, retype):
    X = np.array(np.arange(4).reshape(2, 2).astype(float))
    X[0, 0] = value
    X = retype(X)
    X_checked = check_array(X, ensure_all_finite=ensure_all_finite, accept_sparse=True)
    assert_allclose_dense_sparse(X, X_checked)


@pytest.mark.parametrize(
    "value, input_name, ensure_all_finite, match_msg",
    [
        (np.inf, "", True, "Input contains infinity"),
        (np.inf, "X", True, "Input X contains infinity"),
        (np.inf, "sample_weight", True, "Input sample_weight contains infinity"),
        (np.inf, "X", "allow-nan", "Input X contains infinity"),
        (np.nan, "", True, "Input contains NaN"),
        (np.nan, "X", True, "Input X contains NaN"),
        (np.nan, "y", True, "Input y contains NaN"),
        (
            np.nan,
            "",
            "allow-inf",
            "ensure_all_finite should be a bool or 'allow-nan'",
        ),
        (np.nan, "", 1, "Input contains NaN"),
    ],
)
@pytest.mark.parametrize("retype", [np.asarray, sp.csr_array, sp.csr_matrix])
def test_check_array_ensure_all_finite_invalid(
    value, input_name, ensure_all_finite, match_msg, retype
):
    X = np.array(np.arange(4).reshape(2, 2).astype(np.float64))
    X[0, 0] = value
    X = retype(X)
    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=match_msg):
        check_array(
            X,
            input_name=input_name,
            ensure_all_finite=ensure_all_finite,
            accept_sparse=True,
        )


@pytest.mark.parametrize("input_name", ["X", "y", "sample_weight"])
@pytest.mark.parametrize("retype", [np.asarray, sp.csr_array, sp.csr_matrix])
def test_check_array_links_to_imputer_doc_only_for_X(input_name, retype):
    data = np.array(np.arange(4).reshape(2, 2).astype(np.float64))
    data[0, 0] = np.nan
    data = retype(data)
    estimator = SVR()
    extended_msg = (
        f"\n{estimator.__class__.__name__} does not accept missing values"
        " encoded as NaN natively. For supervised learning, you might want"
        " to consider sklearn.ensemble.HistGradientBoostingClassifier and Regressor"
        " which accept missing values encoded as NaNs natively."
        " Alternatively, it is possible to preprocess the"
        " data, for instance by using an imputer transformer in a pipeline"
        " or drop samples with missing values. See"
        " https://scikit-learn.org/stable/modules/impute.html"
        " You can find a list of all estimators that handle NaN values"
        " at the following page:"
        " https://scikit-learn.org/stable/modules/impute.html"
        "#estimators-that-handle-nan-values"
    )

    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=f"Input {input_name} contains NaN") as ctx:
        check_array(
            data,
            estimator=estimator,
            input_name=input_name,
            accept_sparse=True,
        )

    if input_name == "X":
        assert extended_msg in ctx.value.args[0]
    else:
        assert extended_msg not in ctx.value.args[0]

    if input_name == "X":
        # Verify that _validate_data is automatically called with the right argument
        # to generate the same exception:
        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=f"Input {input_name} contains NaN") as ctx:
            SVR().fit(data, np.ones(data.shape[0]))
        assert extended_msg in ctx.value.args[0]


def test_check_array_ensure_all_finite_object():
    X = np.array([["a", "b", np.nan]], dtype=object).T

    X_checked = check_array(X, dtype=None, ensure_all_finite="allow-nan")
    assert X is X_checked

    X_checked = check_array(X, dtype=None, ensure_all_finite=False)
    assert X is X_checked

    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Input contains NaN"):
        check_array(X, dtype=None, ensure_all_finite=True)


@pytest.mark.parametrize(
    "X, err_msg",
    [
        (
            np.array([[1, np.nan]]),
            "Input contains NaN.",
        ),
        (
            np.array([[1, np.nan]]),
            "Input contains NaN.",
        ),
        (
            np.array([[1, np.inf]]),
            "Input contains infinity or a value too large for.*int",
        ),
        (np.array([[1, np.nan]], dtype=object), "cannot convert float NaN to integer"),
    ],
)
@pytest.mark.parametrize("ensure_all_finite", [True, False])
def test_check_array_ensure_all_finite_object_unsafe_casting(
    X, err_msg, ensure_all_finite
):
    # casting a float array containing NaN or inf to int dtype should
    # raise an error irrespective of the ensure_all_finite parameter.
    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=err_msg):
        check_array(X, dtype=int, ensure_all_finite=ensure_all_finite)


def test_check_array_series_err_msg():
    """
    Check that we raise a proper error message when passing a Series and we expect a
    2-dimensional container.

    Non-regression test for:
    https://github.com/scikit-learn/scikit-learn/issues/27498
    """
    pd = pytest.importorskip("pandas")
    ser = pd.Series([1, 2, 3])
    msg = f"Expected a 2-dimensional container but got {type(ser)} instead."
    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=msg):
        check_array(ser, ensure_2d=True)


@pytest.mark.filterwarnings("ignore:Can't check dok sparse matrix for nan or inf")
def test_check_array():
    # accept_sparse == False
    # raise error on sparse inputs
    X = [[1, 2], [3, 4]]
    X_csr = sp.csr_array(X)
    with pytest.raises(TypeError):
        check_array(X_csr)

    # ensure_2d=False
    X_array = check_array([0, 1, 2], ensure_2d=False)
    assert X_array.ndim == 1
    # ensure_2d=True with 1d array
    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Expected 2D array, got 1D array instead"):
        check_array([0, 1, 2], ensure_2d=True)

    # ensure_2d=True with scalar array
    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Expected 2D array, got scalar array instead"):
        check_array(10, ensure_2d=True)

    # ensure_2d=True with 1d sparse array
    if hasattr(sp, "csr_array"):
        sparse_row = next(iter(sp.csr_array(X)))
        if sparse_row.ndim == 1:
            # In scipy 1.14 and later, sparse row is 1D while it was 2D before.
            with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Expected 2D input, got"):
                check_array(sparse_row, accept_sparse=True, ensure_2d=True)

    # don't allow ndim > 3
    X_ndim = np.arange(8).reshape(2, 2, 2)
    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
        check_array(X_ndim)
    check_array(X_ndim, allow_nd=True)  # doesn't raise

    # dtype and order enforcement.
    X_C = np.arange(4).reshape(2, 2).copy("C")
    X_F = X_C.copy("F")
    X_int = X_C.astype(int)
    X_float = X_C.astype(float)
    Xs = [X_C, X_F, X_int, X_float]
    dtypes = [np.int32, int, float, np.float32, None, bool, object]
    orders = ["C", "F", None]
    copys = [True, False]

    for X, dtype, order, copy in product(Xs, dtypes, orders, copys):
        X_checked = check_array(X, dtype=dtype, order=order, copy=copy)
        if dtype is not None:
            assert X_checked.dtype == dtype
        else:
            assert X_checked.dtype == X.dtype
        if order == "C":
            assert X_checked.flags["C_CONTIGUOUS"]
            assert not X_checked.flags["F_CONTIGUOUS"]
        elif order == "F":
            assert X_checked.flags["F_CONTIGUOUS"]
            assert not X_checked.flags["C_CONTIGUOUS"]
        if copy:
            assert X is not X_checked
        else:
            # doesn't copy if it was already good
            if (
                X.dtype == X_checked.dtype
                and X_checked.flags["C_CONTIGUOUS"] == X.flags["C_CONTIGUOUS"]
                and X_checked.flags["F_CONTIGUOUS"] == X.flags["F_CONTIGUOUS"]
            ):
                assert X is X_checked

    # allowed sparse != None

    # try different type of sparse format
    Xs = []
    Xs.extend(
        [
            sparse_container(X_C)
            for sparse_container in CSR_CONTAINERS
            + CSC_CONTAINERS
            + COO_CONTAINERS
            + DOK_CONTAINERS
        ]
    )
    Xs.extend([Xs[0].astype(np.int64), Xs[0].astype(np.float64)])

    accept_sparses = [["csr", "coo"], ["coo", "dok"]]
    # scipy sparse matrices do not support the object dtype so
    # this dtype is skipped in this loop
    non_object_dtypes = [dt for dt in dtypes if dt is not object]
    for X, dtype, accept_sparse, copy in product(
        Xs, non_object_dtypes, accept_sparses, copys
    ):
        X_checked = check_array(X, dtype=dtype, accept_sparse=accept_sparse, copy=copy)
        if dtype is not None:
            assert X_checked.dtype == dtype
        else:
            assert X_checked.dtype == X.dtype
        if X.format in accept_sparse:
            # no change if allowed
            assert X.format == X_checked.format
        else:
            # got converted
            assert X_checked.format == accept_sparse[0]
        if copy:
            assert X is not X_checked
        else:
            # doesn't copy if it was already good
            if X.dtype == X_checked.dtype and X.format == X_checked.format:
                assert X is X_checked

    # other input formats
    # convert lists to arrays
    X_dense = check_array([[1, 2], [3, 4]])
    assert isinstance(X_dense, np.ndarray)
    # raise on too deep lists
    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
        check_array(X_ndim.tolist())
    check_array(X_ndim.tolist(), allow_nd=True)  # doesn't raise

    # convert weird stuff to arrays
    X_no_array = _NotAnArray(X_dense)
    result = check_array(X_no_array)
    assert isinstance(result, np.ndarray)

    # check negative values when ensure_non_negative=True
    X_neg = check_array([[1, 2], [-3, 4]])
    err_msg = "Negative values in data passed to X in RandomForestRegressor"
    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=err_msg):
        check_array(
            X_neg,
            ensure_non_negative=True,
            input_name="X",
            estimator=RandomForestRegressor(),
        )


@pytest.mark.parametrize(
    "X",
    [
        [["1", "2"], ["3", "4"]],
        np.array([["1", "2"], ["3", "4"]], dtype="U"),
        np.array([["1", "2"], ["3", "4"]], dtype="S"),
        [[b"1", b"2"], [b"3", b"4"]],
        np.array([[b"1", b"2"], [b"3", b"4"]], dtype="V1"),
    ],
)
def test_check_array_numeric_error(X):
    """Test that check_array errors when it receives an array of bytes/string
    while a numeric dtype is required."""
    expected_msg = r"dtype='numeric' is not compatible with arrays of bytes/strings"
    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=expected_msg):
        check_array(X, dtype="numeric")


def test_check_array_pandas_string_dtype_numeric_error():
    """check_array raises an error for pandas StringDtype with dtype='numeric'.

    Non-regression test for pandas 3 where string columns use StringDtype
    instead of object dtype. check_array should reject string data when
    dtype='numeric' is requested.
    """
    pd = pytest.importorskip("pandas")

    # DataFrame with all string columns
    df_str = pd.DataFrame({"a": ["x", "y", "z"], "b": ["1", "2", "3"]})
    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
        check_array(df_str, dtype="numeric")

    # DataFrame with mixed string/numeric columns
    df_mixed = pd.DataFrame({"a": [1.0, 2.0, 3.0], "b": ["x", "y", "z"]})
    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
        check_array(df_mixed, dtype="numeric")

    # Series with string dtype
    s_str = pd.Series(["a", "b", "c"])
    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
        check_array(s_str, dtype="numeric", ensure_2d=False)

    # String data with dtype=None should still work
    result = check_array(df_str, dtype=None)
    assert result.dtype == np.object_
    assert_array_equal(result, df_str.values)

    result = check_array(s_str, dtype=None, ensure_2d=False)
    assert result.dtype == np.object_
    assert_array_equal(result, s_str.values)


@pytest.mark.parametrize(
    "pd_dtype", ["Int8", "Int16", "UInt8", "UInt16", "Float32", "Float64"]
)
@pytest.mark.parametrize(
    "dtype, expected_dtype",
    [
        ([np.float32, np.float64], np.float32),
        (np.float64, np.float64),
        ("numeric", np.float64),
    ],
)
def test_check_array_pandas_na_support(pd_dtype, dtype, expected_dtype):
    # Test pandas numerical extension arrays with pd.NA
    pd = pytest.importorskip("pandas")

    if pd_dtype in {"Float32", "Float64"}:
        # Extension dtypes with Floats was added in 1.2
        pd = pytest.importorskip("pandas", minversion="1.2")

    X_np = np.array(
        [[1, 2, 3, np.nan, np.nan], [np.nan, np.nan, 8, 4, 6], [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]]
    ).T

    # Creates dataframe with numerical extension arrays with pd.NA
    X = pd.DataFrame(X_np, dtype=pd_dtype, columns=["a", "b", "c"])
    # column c has no nans
    X["c"] = X["c"].astype("float")
    X_checked = check_array(X, ensure_all_finite="allow-nan", dtype=dtype)
    assert_allclose(X_checked, X_np)
    assert X_checked.dtype == expected_dtype

    X_checked = check_array(X, ensure_all_finite=False, dtype=dtype)
    assert_allclose(X_checked, X_np)
    assert X_checked.dtype == expected_dtype

    msg = "Input contains NaN"
    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=msg):
        check_array(X, ensure_all_finite=True)


def test_check_array_panadas_na_support_series():
    """Check check_array is correct with pd.NA in a series."""
    pd = pytest.importorskip("pandas")

    X_int64 = pd.Series([1, 2, pd.NA], dtype="Int64")

    msg = "Input contains NaN"
    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=msg):
        check_array(X_int64, ensure_all_finite=True, ensure_2d=False)

    X_out = check_array(X_int64, ensure_all_finite=False, ensure_2d=False)
    assert_allclose(X_out, [1, 2, np.nan])
    assert X_out.dtype == np.float64

    X_out = check_array(
        X_int64, ensure_all_finite=False, ensure_2d=False, dtype=np.float32
    )
    assert_allclose(X_out, [1, 2, np.nan])
    assert X_out.dtype == np.float32


def test_check_array_pandas_dtype_casting():
    # test that data-frames with homogeneous dtype are not upcast
    pd = pytest.importorskip("pandas")
    X = np.array([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9]], dtype=np.float32)
    X_df = pd.DataFrame(X)
    assert check_array(X_df).dtype == np.float32
    assert check_array(X_df, dtype=FLOAT_DTYPES).dtype == np.float32

    X_df = X_df.astype({0: np.float16})
    assert_array_equal(X_df.dtypes, (np.float16, np.float32, np.float32))
    assert check_array(X_df).dtype == np.float32
    assert check_array(X_df, dtype=FLOAT_DTYPES).dtype == np.float32

    X_df = X_df.astype({0: np.int16})
    # float16, int16, float32 casts to float32
    assert check_array(X_df).dtype == np.float32
    assert check_array(X_df, dtype=FLOAT_DTYPES).dtype == np.float32

    X_df = X_df.astype({2: np.float16})
    # float16, int16, float16 casts to float32
    assert check_array(X_df).dtype == np.float32
    assert check_array(X_df, dtype=FLOAT_DTYPES).dtype == np.float32

    X_df = X_df.astype(np.int16)
    assert check_array(X_df).dtype == np.int16
    # we're not using upcasting rules for determining
    # the target type yet, so we cast to the default of float64
    assert check_array(X_df, dtype=FLOAT_DTYPES).dtype == np.float64

    # check that we handle pandas dtypes in a semi-reasonable way
    # this is actually tricky because we can't really know that this
    # should be integer ahead of converting it.
    cat_df = pd.DataFrame({"cat_col": pd.Categorical([1, 2, 3])})
    assert check_array(cat_df).dtype == np.int64
    assert check_array(cat_df, dtype=FLOAT_DTYPES).dtype == np.float64


def test_check_array_on_mock_dataframe():
    arr = np.array([[0.2, 0.7], [0.6, 0.5], [0.4, 0.1], [0.7, 0.2]])
    mock_df = MockDataFrame(arr)
    checked_arr = check_array(mock_df)
    assert checked_arr.dtype == arr.dtype
    checked_arr = check_array(mock_df, dtype=np.float32)
    assert checked_arr.dtype == np.dtype(np.float32)


def test_check_array_dtype_stability():
    # test that lists with ints don't get converted to floats
    X = [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9]]
    assert check_array(X).dtype.kind == "i"
    assert check_array(X, ensure_2d=False).dtype.kind == "i"


def test_check_array_dtype_warning():
    X_int_list = [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9]]
    X_float32 = np.asarray(X_int_list, dtype=np.float32)
    X_int64 = np.asarray(X_int_list, dtype=np.int64)
    X_csr_float32 = sp.csr_array(X_float32)
    X_csc_float32 = sp.csc_array(X_float32)
    X_csc_int32 = sp.csc_array(X_int64, dtype=np.int32)
    integer_data = [X_int64, X_csc_int32]
    float32_data = [X_float32, X_csr_float32, X_csc_float32]
    with warnings.catch_warnings():
        warnings.simplefilter("error")

        for X in integer_data:
            X_checked = check_array(X, dtype=np.float64, accept_sparse=True)
            assert X_checked.dtype == np.float64

        for X in float32_data:
            X_checked = check_array(
                X, dtype=[np.float64, np.float32], accept_sparse=True
            )
            assert X_checked.dtype == np.float32
            assert X_checked is X

            X_checked = check_array(
                X,
                dtype=[np.float64, np.float32],
                accept_sparse=["csr", "dok"],
                copy=True,
            )
            assert X_checked.dtype == np.float32
            assert X_checked is not X

        X_checked = check_array(
            X_csc_float32,
            dtype=[np.float64, np.float32],
            accept_sparse=["csr", "dok"],
            copy=False,
        )
        assert X_checked.dtype == np.float32
        assert X_checked is not X_csc_float32
        assert X_checked.format == "csr"


def test_check_array_accept_sparse_type_exception():
    X = [[1, 2], [3, 4]]
    X_csr = sp.csr_array(X)
    invalid_type = SVR()

    msg = (
        "Sparse data was passed, but dense data is required. "
        r"Use '.toarray\(\)' to convert to a dense numpy array."
    )
    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match=msg):
        check_array(X_csr, accept_sparse=False)

    msg = (
        "Parameter 'accept_sparse' should be a string, "
        "boolean or list of strings. You provided 'accept_sparse=.*'."
    )
    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=msg):
        check_array(X_csr, accept_sparse=invalid_type)

    msg = (
        "When providing 'accept_sparse' as a tuple or list, "
        "it must contain at least one string value."
    )
    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=msg):
        check_array(X_csr, accept_sparse=[])
    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=msg):
        check_array(X_csr, accept_sparse=())
    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match="SVR"):
        check_array(X_csr, accept_sparse=[invalid_type])


def test_check_array_accept_sparse_no_exception():
    X = [[1, 2], [3, 4]]
    X_csr = sp.csr_array(X)

    check_array(X_csr, accept_sparse=True)
    check_array(X_csr, accept_sparse="csr")
    check_array(X_csr, accept_sparse=["csr"])
    check_array(X_csr, accept_sparse=("csr",))


@pytest.fixture(params=["csr", "csc", "coo", "bsr"])
def X_64bit(request):
    X = _sparse_random_array((20, 10), format=request.param)

    if request.param == "coo":
        if hasattr(X, "coords"):
            # for scipy >= 1.13 .coords is a new attribute and is a tuple. The
            # .col and .row attributes do not seem to be able to change the
            # dtype, for more details see https://github.com/scipy/scipy/pull/18530/
            # and https://github.com/scipy/scipy/pull/20003 where .indices was
            # renamed to .coords
            X.coords = tuple(v.astype("int64") for v in X.coords)
        else:
            # scipy < 1.13
            X.row = X.row.astype("int64")
            X.col = X.col.astype("int64")
    else:
        X.indices = X.indices.astype("int64")
        X.indptr = X.indptr.astype("int64")

    yield X


def test_check_array_accept_large_sparse_no_exception(X_64bit):
    # When large sparse are allowed
    check_array(X_64bit, accept_large_sparse=True, accept_sparse=True)


def test_check_array_accept_large_sparse_raise_exception(X_64bit):
    # When large sparse are not allowed
    msg = (
        "Only sparse matrices with 32-bit integer indices "
        "are accepted. Got int64 indices. Please do report"
    )
    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=msg):
        check_array(X_64bit, accept_sparse=True, accept_large_sparse=False)


def test_check_array_min_samples_and_features_messages():
    # empty list is considered 2D by default:
    msg = r"0 feature\(s\) \(shape=\(1, 0\)\) while a minimum of 1 is required."
    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=msg):
        check_array([[]])

    # If considered a 1D collection when ensure_2d=False, then the minimum
    # number of samples will break:
    msg = r"0 sample\(s\) \(shape=\(0,\)\) while a minimum of 1 is required."
    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=msg):
        check_array([], ensure_2d=False)

    # Invalid edge case when checking the default minimum sample of a scalar
    msg = re.escape(
        (
            "Input should have at least 1 dimension i.e. satisfy "
            "`len(x.shape) > 0`, got scalar `array(42)` instead."
        )
    )
    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match=msg):
        check_array(42, ensure_2d=False)

    # Simulate a model that would need at least 2 samples to be well defined
    X = np.ones((1, 10))
    y = np.ones(1)
    msg = r"1 sample\(s\) \(shape=\(1, 10\)\) while a minimum of 2 is required."
    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=msg):
        check_X_y(X, y, ensure_min_samples=2)

    # The same message is raised if the data has 2 dimensions even if this is
    # not mandatory
    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=msg):
        check_X_y(X, y, ensure_min_samples=2, ensure_2d=False)

    # Simulate a model that would require at least 3 features (e.g. SelectKBest
    # with k=3)
    X = np.ones((10, 2))
    y = np.ones(2)
    msg = r"2 feature\(s\) \(shape=\(10, 2\)\) while a minimum of 3 is required."
    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=msg):
        check_X_y(X, y, ensure_min_features=3)

    # Only the feature check is enabled whenever the number of dimensions is 2
    # even if allow_nd is enabled:
    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=msg):
        check_X_y(X, y, ensure_min_features=3, allow_nd=True)

    # Simulate a case where a pipeline stage as trimmed all the features of a
    # 2D dataset.
    X = np.empty(0).reshape(10, 0)
    y = np.ones(10)
    msg = r"0 feature\(s\) \(shape=\(10, 0\)\) while a minimum of 1 is required."
    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=msg):
        check_X_y(X, y)

    # nd-data is not checked for any minimum number of features by default:
    X = np.ones((10, 0, 28, 28))
    y = np.ones(10)
    X_checked, y_checked = check_X_y(X, y, allow_nd=True)
    assert_array_equal(X, X_checked)
    assert_array_equal(y, y_checked)


def test_check_array_complex_data_error():
    X = np.array([[1 + 2j, 3 + 4j, 5 + 7j], [2 + 3j, 4 + 5j, 6 + 7j]])
    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Complex data not supported"):
        check_array(X)

    # list of lists
    X = [[1 + 2j, 3 + 4j, 5 + 7j], [2 + 3j, 4 + 5j, 6 + 7j]]
    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Complex data not supported"):
        check_array(X)

    # tuple of tuples
    X = ((1 + 2j, 3 + 4j, 5 + 7j), (2 + 3j, 4 + 5j, 6 + 7j))
    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Complex data not supported"):
        check_array(X)

    # list of np arrays
    X = [np.array([1 + 2j, 3 + 4j, 5 + 7j]), np.array([2 + 3j, 4 + 5j, 6 + 7j])]
    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Complex data not supported"):
        check_array(X)

    # tuple of np arrays
    X = (np.array([1 + 2j, 3 + 4j, 5 + 7j]), np.array([2 + 3j, 4 + 5j, 6 + 7j]))
    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Complex data not supported"):
        check_array(X)

    # dataframe
    X = MockDataFrame(np.array([[1 + 2j, 3 + 4j, 5 + 7j], [2 + 3j, 4 + 5j, 6 + 7j]]))
    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Complex data not supported"):
        check_array(X)

    # sparse matrix
    X = sp.coo_array([[0, 1 + 2j], [0, 0]])
    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Complex data not supported"):
        check_array(X)

    # target variable does not always go through check_array but should
    # never accept complex data either.
    y = np.array([1 + 2j, 3 + 4j, 5 + 7j, 2 + 3j, 4 + 5j, 6 + 7j])
    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Complex data not supported"):
        _check_y(y)


def test_has_fit_parameter():
    assert not has_fit_parameter(KNeighborsClassifier, "sample_weight")
    assert has_fit_parameter(RandomForestRegressor, "sample_weight")
    assert has_fit_parameter(SVR, "sample_weight")
    assert has_fit_parameter(SVR(), "sample_weight")

    class TestClassWithDeprecatedFitMethod:
        @deprecated("Deprecated for the purpose of testing has_fit_parameter")
        def fit(self, X, y, sample_weight=None):
            pass

    assert has_fit_parameter(TestClassWithDeprecatedFitMethod, "sample_weight"), (
        "has_fit_parameter fails for class with deprecated fit method."
    )


def test_check_symmetric():
    arr_sym = np.array([[0, 1], [1, 2]])
    arr_bad = np.ones(2)
    arr_asym = np.array([[0, 2], [0, 2]])

    test_arrays = {
        "dense": arr_asym,
        "dok": sp.dok_array(arr_asym),
        "csr": sp.csr_array(arr_asym),
        "csc": sp.csc_array(arr_asym),
        "coo": sp.coo_array(arr_asym),
        "lil": sp.lil_array(arr_asym),
        "bsr": sp.bsr_array(arr_asym),
    }

    # check error for bad inputs
    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
        check_symmetric(arr_bad)

    # check that asymmetric arrays are properly symmetrized
    for arr_format, arr in test_arrays.items():
        # Check for warnings and errors
        with pytest.warns(UserWarning):
            check_symmetric(arr)
        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
            check_symmetric(arr, raise_exception=True)

        output = check_symmetric(arr, raise_warning=False)
        if sp.issparse(output):
            assert output.format == arr_format
            assert_array_equal(output.toarray(), arr_sym)
        else:
            assert_array_equal(output, arr_sym)


def test_check_is_fitted_with_is_fitted():
    class Estimator(BaseEstimator):
        def fit(self, **kwargs):
            self._is_fitted = True
            return self

        def __sklearn_is_fitted__(self):
            return hasattr(self, "_is_fitted") and self._is_fitted

    with pytest.raises(NotFittedError):
        check_is_fitted(Estimator())
    check_is_fitted(Estimator().fit())


def test_check_is_fitted_stateless():
    """Check that check_is_fitted passes for stateless estimators."""

    class StatelessEstimator(BaseEstimator):
        def fit(self, **kwargs):
            return self  # pragma: no cover

        def __sklearn_tags__(self):
            tags = super().__sklearn_tags__()
            tags.requires_fit = False
            return tags

    check_is_fitted(StatelessEstimator())


def test_check_is_fitted():
    # Check is TypeError raised when non estimator instance passed
    with pytest.raises(TypeError):
        check_is_fitted(ARDRegression)
    with pytest.raises(TypeError):
        check_is_fitted("SVR")

    ard = ARDRegression()
    svr = SVR()

    try:
        with pytest.raises(NotFittedError):
            check_is_fitted(ard)
        with pytest.raises(NotFittedError):
            check_is_fitted(svr)
    except ValueError:
        assert False, "check_is_fitted failed with ValueError"

    # NotFittedError is a subclass of both ValueError and AttributeError
    msg = "Random message %(name)s, %(name)s"
    match = "Random message ARDRegression, ARDRegression"
    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=match):
        check_is_fitted(ard, msg=msg)

    msg = "Another message %(name)s, %(name)s"
    match = "Another message SVR, SVR"
    with pytest.raises(AttributeError, match=match):
        check_is_fitted(svr, msg=msg)

    ard.fit(*make_blobs())
    svr.fit(*make_blobs())

    assert check_is_fitted(ard) is None
    assert check_is_fitted(svr) is None


def test_check_is_fitted_attributes():
    class MyEstimator(BaseEstimator):
        def fit(self, X, y):
            return self

    msg = "not fitted"
    est = MyEstimator()

    assert not _is_fitted(est, attributes=["a_", "b_"])
    with pytest.raises(NotFittedError, match=msg):
        check_is_fitted(est, attributes=["a_", "b_"])
    assert not _is_fitted(est, attributes=["a_", "b_"], all_or_any=all)
    with pytest.raises(NotFittedError, match=msg):
        check_is_fitted(est, attributes=["a_", "b_"], all_or_any=all)
    assert not _is_fitted(est, attributes=["a_", "b_"], all_or_any=any)
    with pytest.raises(NotFittedError, match=msg):
        check_is_fitted(est, attributes=["a_", "b_"], all_or_any=any)

    est.a_ = "a"
    assert not _is_fitted(est, attributes=["a_", "b_"])
    with pytest.raises(NotFittedError, match=msg):
        check_is_fitted(est, attributes=["a_", "b_"])
    assert not _is_fitted(est, attributes=["a_", "b_"], all_or_any=all)
    with pytest.raises(NotFittedError, match=msg):
        check_is_fitted(est, attributes=["a_", "b_"], all_or_any=all)
    assert _is_fitted(est, attributes=["a_", "b_"], all_or_any=any)
    check_is_fitted(est, attributes=["a_", "b_"], all_or_any=any)

    est.b_ = "b"
    assert _is_fitted(est, attributes=["a_", "b_"])
    check_is_fitted(est, attributes=["a_", "b_"])
    assert _is_fitted(est, attributes=["a_", "b_"], all_or_any=all)
    check_is_fitted(est, attributes=["a_", "b_"], all_or_any=all)
    assert _is_fitted(est, attributes=["a_", "b_"], all_or_any=any)
    check_is_fitted(est, attributes=["a_", "b_"], all_or_any=any)


@pytest.mark.parametrize(
    "wrap", [itemgetter(0), list, tuple], ids=["single", "list", "tuple"]
)
def test_check_is_fitted_with_attributes(wrap):
    ard = ARDRegression()
    with pytest.raises(NotFittedError, match="is not fitted yet"):
        check_is_fitted(ard, wrap(["coef_"]))

    ard.fit(*make_blobs())

    # Does not raise
    check_is_fitted(ard, wrap(["coef_"]))

    # Raises when using attribute that is not defined
    with pytest.raises(NotFittedError, match="is not fitted yet"):
        check_is_fitted(ard, wrap(["coef_bad_"]))


def test_check_consistent_length():
    """Test that `check_consistent_length` raises on inconsistent lengths and wrong
    input types trigger TypeErrors."""
    check_consistent_length([1], [2], [3], [4], [5])
    check_consistent_length([[1, 2], [[1, 2]]], [1, 2], ["a", "b"])
    check_consistent_length([1], (2,), np.array([3]), sp.csr_array((1, 2)))
    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="inconsistent numbers of samples"):
        check_consistent_length([1, 2], [1])
    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match=r"got <\w+ 'int'>"):
        check_consistent_length([1, 2], 1)
    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match=r"got <\w+ 'object'>"):
        check_consistent_length([1, 2], object())
    with pytest.raises(TypeError):
        check_consistent_length([1, 2], np.array(1))
    # Despite ensembles having __len__ they must raise TypeError
    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match="Expected sequence or array-like"):
        check_consistent_length([1, 2], RandomForestRegressor())
    # XXX: We should have a test with a string, but what is correct behaviour?


@pytest.mark.parametrize(
    "array_namespace, device_name, dtype_name",
    yield_namespace_device_dtype_combinations(),
)
def test_check_consistent_length_array_api(array_namespace, device_name, dtype_name):
    """Test that check_consistent_length works with different array types."""
    xp, device = _array_api_for_tests(array_namespace, device_name, dtype_name)

    with config_context(array_api_dispatch=True):
        check_consistent_length(
            xp.asarray([1, 2, 3], device=device),
            xp.asarray([[1, 1], [2, 2], [3, 3]], device=device),
            [1, 2, 3],
            ["a", "b", "c"],
            np.asarray(("a", "b", "c"), dtype=object),
            sp.csr_array([[0, 1], [1, 0], [0, 0]]),
        )

        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="inconsistent numbers of samples"):
            check_consistent_length(
                xp.asarray([1, 2], device=device),
                xp.asarray([1], device=device),
            )


def test_check_dataframe_fit_attribute():
    # check pandas.DataFrame with 'fit' column does not raise error
    # https://github.com/scikit-learn/scikit-learn/issues/8415
    # This essentially tests _num_samples.
    pd = pytest.importorskip("pandas")
    X = np.array([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9]])
    X_df = pd.DataFrame(X, columns=["a", "b", "fit"])
    check_consistent_length(X_df)


def test_suppress_validation():
    X = np.array([0, np.inf])
    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
        assert_all_finite(X)
    sklearn.set_config(assume_finite=True)
    assert_all_finite(X)
    sklearn.set_config(assume_finite=False)
    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
        assert_all_finite(X)


def test_check_array_series():
    # regression test that check_array works on pandas Series
    pd = pytest.importorskip("pandas")
    res = check_array(pd.Series([1, 2, 3]), ensure_2d=False)
    assert_array_equal(res, np.array([1, 2, 3]))

    # with categorical dtype (not a numpy dtype) (GH12699)
    s = pd.Series(["a", "b", "c"]).astype("category")
    res = check_array(s, dtype=None, ensure_2d=False)
    assert_array_equal(res, np.array(["a", "b", "c"], dtype=object))


@pytest.mark.parametrize(
    "dtype", ((np.float64, np.float32), np.float64, None, "numeric")
)
@pytest.mark.parametrize("bool_dtype", ("bool", "boolean"))
def test_check_dataframe_mixed_float_dtypes(dtype, bool_dtype):
    # pandas.DataFrame will coerce a boolean into a object, this is a mismatch
    # with np.result_type which will return a float
    # check_array needs to explicitly check for bool dtype in a dataframe for
    # this situation
    # https://github.com/scikit-learn/scikit-learn/issues/15787

    pd = pytest.importorskip("pandas")

    df = pd.DataFrame(
        {
            "int": [1, 2, 3],
            "float": [0, 0.1, 2.1],
            "bool": pd.Series([True, False, True], dtype=bool_dtype),
        },
        columns=["int", "float", "bool"],
    )

    array = check_array(df, dtype=dtype)
    assert array.dtype == np.float64
    expected_array = np.array(
        [[1.0, 0.0, 1.0], [2.0, 0.1, 0.0], [3.0, 2.1, 1.0]], dtype=float
    )
    assert_allclose_dense_sparse(array, expected_array)


def test_check_dataframe_with_only_bool():
    """Check that pandas.DataFrame with bool return a boolean arrays."""
    pd = pytest.importorskip("pandas")
    df = pd.DataFrame({"bool": [True, False, True]})

    array = check_array(df, dtype=None)
    assert array.dtype == np.bool_
    assert_array_equal(array, [[True], [False], [True]])

    # common dtype is int for bool + int
    df = pd.DataFrame(
        {"bool": [True, False, True], "int": [1, 2, 3]},
        columns=["bool", "int"],
    )
    array = check_array(df, dtype="numeric")
    assert array.dtype == np.int64
    assert_array_equal(array, [[1, 1], [0, 2], [1, 3]])


def test_check_dataframe_with_only_boolean():
    """Check that pandas.DataFrame with boolean return a float array with dtype=None"""
    pd = pytest.importorskip("pandas")
    df = pd.DataFrame({"bool": pd.Series([True, False, True], dtype="boolean")})

    array = check_array(df, dtype=None)
    assert array.dtype == np.float64
    assert_array_equal(array, [[True], [False], [True]])


class DummyMemory:
    def cache(self, func):
        return func


class WrongDummyMemory:
    pass


def test_check_memory(tmp_path):
    cache_directory = str(tmp_path / "cache_directory")
    memory = check_memory(cache_directory)
    assert memory.location == cache_directory

    memory = check_memory(None)
    assert memory.location is None

    dummy = DummyMemory()
    memory = check_memory(dummy)
    assert memory is dummy

    msg = (
        "'memory' should be None, a string or have the same interface as"
        " joblib.Memory. Got memory='1' instead."
    )
    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=msg):
        check_memory(1)
    dummy = WrongDummyMemory()
    msg = (
        "'memory' should be None, a string or have the same interface as"
        " joblib.Memory. Got memory='{}' instead.".format(dummy)
    )
    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=msg):
        check_memory(dummy)


@pytest.mark.parametrize("copy", [True, False])
def test_check_array_memmap(copy):
    X = np.ones((4, 4))
    with TempMemmap(X, mmap_mode="r") as X_memmap:
        X_checked = check_array(X_memmap, copy=copy)
        assert np.may_share_memory(X_memmap, X_checked) == (not copy)
        assert X_checked.flags["WRITEABLE"] == copy


@pytest.mark.parametrize(
    "estimator_name, estimator_value, delegates, expected_result, expected_exception",
    [
        (
            "estimator_",
            type("SubEstimator", (), {"attribute_present": True}),
            None,  # default delegates - ["estimator_", "estimator"]
            True,  # expected_result is True b/c delegate and attribute are present
            None,  # expected_exception not relevant for this case
        ),
        (
            "estimator",
            type("SubEstimator", (), {"attribute_present": True}),
            None,  # default delegates - ["estimator_", "estimator"]
            True,  # expected_result is True b/c delegate and attribute are present
            None,  # expected_exception not relevant for this case
        ),
        (
            "estimators_",
            [
                type("SubEstimator", (), {"attribute_present": True})
            ],  # list of sub-estimators
            ["estimators_"],
            True,  # expected_result is True b/c delegate and attribute are present
            None,  # expected_exception not relevant for this case
        ),
        (
            "custom_estimator",  # custom estimator attribute name
            type("SubEstimator", (), {"attribute_present": True}),
            ["custom_estimator"],  # custom delegates
            True,  # expected_result is True b/c delegate and attribute are present
            None,  # expected_exception not relevant for this case
        ),
        (
            "no_estimator",  # no estimator attribute name
            type("SubEstimator", (), {"attribute_present": True}),
            None,  # default delegates - ["estimator_", "estimator"]
            None,  # expected_result is not relevant for this case
            ValueError,  # should raise ValueError b/c no estimator found from delegates
        ),
        (
            "estimator",
            type("SubEstimator", (), {"attribute_absent": True}),  # attribute_absent
            None,  # default delegates - ["estimator_", "estimator"]
            None,  # expected_result is not relevant for this case
            AttributeError,  # should raise AttributeError b/c attribute is absent
        ),
    ],
    ids=[
        "fitted_estimator_with_default_delegates",
        "estimator_with_default_delegates",
        "list_of_estimators_with_estimators_",
        "custom_estimator_with_custom_delegates",
        "no_estimator_with_default_delegates",
        "estimator_with_default_delegates_but_absent_attribute",
    ],
)
def test_estimator_has(
    estimator_name, estimator_value, delegates, expected_result, expected_exception
):
    """
    Tests the _estimator_has function by verifying:
    - Functionality with default and custom delegates.
    - Raises ValueError if delegates are missing.
    - Raises AttributeError if the specified attribute is missing.
    """

    # always checks for attribute - "attribute_present"
    # ["estimator_", "estimator"] is default value for delegates
    if delegates is None:
        check = _estimator_has("attribute_present")
    else:
        check = _estimator_has("attribute_present", delegates=delegates)

    class MockEstimator:
        pass

    a = MockEstimator()
    setattr(a, estimator_name, estimator_value)

    if expected_exception:
        with pytest.raises(expected_exception):
            check(a)
    else:
        assert check(a) == expected_result


@pytest.mark.parametrize(
    "retype",
    [
        np.asarray,
        sp.csr_matrix,
        sp.csc_matrix,
        sp.coo_matrix,
        sp.lil_matrix,
        sp.bsr_matrix,
        sp.dok_matrix,
        sp.dia_matrix,
        sp.csr_array,
        sp.csc_array,
        sp.coo_array,
        sp.lil_array,
        sp.bsr_array,
        sp.dok_array,
        sp.dia_array,
    ],
)
def test_check_non_negative(retype):
    A = np.array([[1, 1, 0, 0], [1, 1, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0, 0]])
    X = retype(A)
    check_non_negative(X, "")
    X = retype([[0, 0], [0, 0]])
    check_non_negative(X, "")

    A[0, 0] = -1
    X = retype(A)
    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Negative "):
        check_non_negative(X, "")


def test_check_X_y_informative_error():
    X = np.ones((2, 2))
    y = None
    msg = "estimator requires y to be passed, but the target y is None"
    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=msg):
        check_X_y(X, y)

    msg = "RandomForestRegressor requires y to be passed, but the target y is None"
    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=msg):
        check_X_y(X, y, estimator=RandomForestRegressor())


def test_num_samples_on_non_standard_shape():
    """Test _num_samples on different non standard input X."""

    class TestNonNumericShape:
        def __init__(self):
            self.shape = ("not numeric",)

        def __len__(self):
            return len([1, 2, 3])

    X = TestNonNumericShape()
    assert _num_samples(X) == len(X)

    # check that it gives a good error if there's no __len__
    class TestNoLenWeirdShape:
        def __init__(self):
            self.shape = ("not numeric",)

    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match="Expected sequence or array-like"):
        _num_samples(TestNoLenWeirdShape())

    class TestNoLenNoShapeButArrayProtocol:
        def __init__(self, x):
            self.x = x

        def __array__(self, dtype=None, copy=None):
            return np.asarray(self.x, dtype=dtype)  # copy needs numpy >= 2.0

    X = TestNoLenNoShapeButArrayProtocol(np.arange(3))
    assert _num_samples(X) == 3
    X = TestNoLenNoShapeButArrayProtocol(np.arange(6).reshape(3, 2))
    assert _num_samples(X) == 3


@pytest.mark.parametrize(
    "constructor_name", ["list", "tuple", "array", "series", "polars_series"]
)
def test_num_samples_on_1d(constructor_name):
    """Test _num_samples on different 1d input X."""
    X = _convert_container(list(range(3)), constructor_name)
    assert _num_samples(X) == 3


@pytest.mark.parametrize(
    "constructor_name",
    ["list", "tuple", "array", "sparse", "pandas", "pyarrow", "polars"],
)
def test_num_samples_on_dataframe_likes(constructor_name):
    """Test _num_samples on different dataframe-like input X."""
    X = _convert_container([[1, 11], [2, 22], [3, 33]], constructor_name)
    assert _num_samples(X) == 3


@pytest.mark.parametrize("x", [2, 3, 2.5, 5])
def test_check_scalar_valid(x):
    """Test that check_scalar returns no error/warning if valid inputs are
    provided"""
    with warnings.catch_warnings():
        warnings.simplefilter("error")
        scalar = check_scalar(
            x,
            "test_name",
            target_type=numbers.Real,
            min_val=2,
            max_val=5,
            include_boundaries="both",
        )
    assert scalar == x


@pytest.mark.parametrize(
    "x, target_name, target_type, min_val, max_val, include_boundaries, err_msg",
    [
        (
            1,
            "test_name1",
            float,
            2,
            4,
            "neither",
            TypeError("test_name1 must be an instance of float, not int."),
        ),
        (
            None,
            "test_name1",
            numbers.Real,
            2,
            4,
            "neither",
            TypeError("test_name1 must be an instance of float, not NoneType."),
        ),
        (
            None,
            "test_name1",
            numbers.Integral,
            2,
            4,
            "neither",
            TypeError("test_name1 must be an instance of int, not NoneType."),
        ),
        (
            1,
            "test_name1",
            (float, bool),
            2,
            4,
            "neither",
            TypeError("test_name1 must be an instance of {float, bool}, not int."),
        ),
        (
            1,
            "test_name2",
            int,
            2,
            4,
            "neither",
            ValueError("test_name2 == 1, must be > 2."),
        ),
        (
            5,
            "test_name3",
            int,
            2,
            4,
            "neither",
            ValueError("test_name3 == 5, must be < 4."),
        ),
        (
            2,
            "test_name4",
            int,
            2,
            4,
            "right",
            ValueError("test_name4 == 2, must be > 2."),
        ),
        (
            4,
            "test_name5",
            int,
            2,
            4,
            "left",
            ValueError("test_name5 == 4, must be < 4."),
        ),
        (
            4,
            "test_name6",
            int,
            2,
            4,
            "bad parameter value",
            ValueError(
                "Unknown value for `include_boundaries`: 'bad parameter value'. "
                "Possible values are: ('left', 'right', 'both', 'neither')."
            ),
        ),
        (
            4,
            "test_name7",
            int,
            None,
            4,
            "left",
            ValueError(
                "`include_boundaries`='left' without specifying explicitly `min_val` "
                "is inconsistent."
            ),
        ),
        (
            4,
            "test_name8",
            int,
            2,
            None,
            "right",
            ValueError(
                "`include_boundaries`='right' without specifying explicitly `max_val` "
                "is inconsistent."
            ),
        ),
    ],
)
def test_check_scalar_invalid(
    x, target_name, target_type, min_val, max_val, include_boundaries, err_msg
):
    """Test that check_scalar returns the right error if a wrong input is
    given"""
    with pytest.raises(Exception) as raised_error:
        check_scalar(
            x,
            target_name,
            target_type=target_type,
            min_val=min_val,
            max_val=max_val,
            include_boundaries=include_boundaries,
        )
    assert str(raised_error.value) == str(err_msg)
    assert isinstance(raised_error.value, type(err_msg))


_psd_cases_valid = {
    "nominal": ((1, 2), np.array([1, 2]), None, ""),
    "nominal_np_array": (np.array([1, 2]), np.array([1, 2]), None, ""),
    "insignificant_imag": (
        (5, 5e-5j),
        np.array([5, 0]),
        PositiveSpectrumWarning,
        "There are imaginary parts in eigenvalues \\(1e\\-05 of the maximum real part",
    ),
    "insignificant neg": ((5, -5e-5), np.array([5, 0]), PositiveSpectrumWarning, ""),
    "insignificant neg float32": (
        np.array([1, -1e-6], dtype=np.float32),
        np.array([1, 0], dtype=np.float32),
        PositiveSpectrumWarning,
        "There are negative eigenvalues \\(1e\\-06 of the maximum positive",
    ),
    "insignificant neg float64": (
        np.array([1, -1e-10], dtype=np.float64),
        np.array([1, 0], dtype=np.float64),
        PositiveSpectrumWarning,
        "There are negative eigenvalues \\(1e\\-10 of the maximum positive",
    ),
    "insignificant pos": (
        (5, 4e-12),
        np.array([5, 0]),
        PositiveSpectrumWarning,
        "the largest eigenvalue is more than 1e\\+12 times the smallest",
    ),
}


@pytest.mark.parametrize(
    "lambdas, expected_lambdas, w_type, w_msg",
    list(_psd_cases_valid.values()),
    ids=list(_psd_cases_valid.keys()),
)
@pytest.mark.parametrize("enable_warnings", [True, False])
def test_check_psd_eigenvalues_valid(
    lambdas, expected_lambdas, w_type, w_msg, enable_warnings
):
    # Test that ``_check_psd_eigenvalues`` returns the right output for valid
    # input, possibly raising the right warning

    if not enable_warnings:
        w_type = None

    if w_type is None:
        with warnings.catch_warnings():
            warnings.simplefilter("error", PositiveSpectrumWarning)
            lambdas_fixed = _check_psd_eigenvalues(
                lambdas, enable_warnings=enable_warnings
            )
    else:
        with pytest.warns(w_type, match=w_msg):
            lambdas_fixed = _check_psd_eigenvalues(
                lambdas, enable_warnings=enable_warnings
            )

    assert_allclose(expected_lambdas, lambdas_fixed)


_psd_cases_invalid = {
    "significant_imag": (
        (5, 5j),
        ValueError,
        "There are significant imaginary parts in eigenv",
    ),
    "all negative": (
        (-5, -1),
        ValueError,
        "All eigenvalues are negative \\(maximum is -1",
    ),
    "significant neg": (
        (5, -1),
        ValueError,
        "There are significant negative eigenvalues",
    ),
    "significant neg float32": (
        np.array([3e-4, -2e-6], dtype=np.float32),
        ValueError,
        "There are significant negative eigenvalues",
    ),
    "significant neg float64": (
        np.array([1e-5, -2e-10], dtype=np.float64),
        ValueError,
        "There are significant negative eigenvalues",
    ),
}


@pytest.mark.parametrize(
    "lambdas, err_type, err_msg",
    list(_psd_cases_invalid.values()),
    ids=list(_psd_cases_invalid.keys()),
)
def test_check_psd_eigenvalues_invalid(lambdas, err_type, err_msg):
    # Test that ``_check_psd_eigenvalues`` raises the right error for invalid
    # input

    with pytest.raises(err_type, match=err_msg):
        _check_psd_eigenvalues(lambdas)


def _check_sample_weight_common(xp):
    # Common checks between numpy/array api tests
    # for check_sample_weight
    # check None input
    sample_weight = _check_sample_weight(None, X=xp.ones((5, 2)))
    assert_allclose(move_to(sample_weight, xp=np, device="cpu"), np.ones(5))

    # check numbers input
    sample_weight = _check_sample_weight(2.0, X=xp.ones((5, 2)))
    assert_allclose(move_to(sample_weight, xp=np, device="cpu"), 2 * np.ones(5))

    # check wrong number of dimensions
    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=r"Sample weights must be 1D array or scalar"):
        _check_sample_weight(xp.ones((2, 4)), X=xp.ones((2, 2)))

    # check incorrect n_samples
    msg = re.escape(f"sample_weight.shape == {xp.ones(4).shape}, expected (2,)!")
    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=msg):
        _check_sample_weight(xp.ones(4), X=xp.ones((2, 2)))

    # float32 dtype is preserved
    X = xp.ones((5, 2))
    sample_weight = xp.ones(5, dtype=xp.float32)
    sample_weight = _check_sample_weight(sample_weight, X)
    assert sample_weight.dtype == xp.float32

    # check negative weight when ensure_non_negative=True
    X = xp.ones((5, 2))
    sample_weight = xp.ones(_num_samples(X))
    sample_weight[-1] = -10
    err_msg = "Negative values in data passed to `sample_weight`"
    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=err_msg):
        _check_sample_weight(sample_weight, X, ensure_non_negative=True)

    # check error raised when allow_all_zero_weights=False
    X = xp.ones((5, 2))
    sample_weight = xp.zeros(_num_samples(X))
    err_msg = "Sample weights must contain at least one non-zero number."
    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=err_msg):
        _check_sample_weight(sample_weight, X, allow_all_zero_weights=False)


def test_check_sample_weight():
    # check array order
    sample_weight = np.ones(10)[::2]
    assert not sample_weight.flags["C_CONTIGUOUS"]
    sample_weight = _check_sample_weight(sample_weight, X=np.ones((5, 1)))
    assert sample_weight.flags["C_CONTIGUOUS"]

    _check_sample_weight_common(np)

    # int dtype will be converted to float64 instead
    X = np.ones((5, 2), dtype=int)
    sample_weight = _check_sample_weight(None, X, dtype=X.dtype)
    assert sample_weight.dtype == np.float64


@pytest.mark.parametrize(
    "array_namespace, device_name, dtype_name",
    yield_namespace_device_dtype_combinations(),
)
def test_check_sample_weight_array_api(array_namespace, device_name, dtype_name):
    xp, device = _array_api_for_tests(array_namespace, device_name, dtype_name)
    with config_context(array_api_dispatch=True):
        # check array order
        sample_weight = xp.ones(10)[::2]
        if _is_numpy_namespace(xp):
            assert not sample_weight.flags["C_CONTIGUOUS"]
        sample_weight = _check_sample_weight(sample_weight, X=xp.ones((5, 1)))
        if _is_numpy_namespace(xp):
            assert sample_weight.flags["C_CONTIGUOUS"]

        _check_sample_weight_common(xp)


@pytest.mark.parametrize("y_true", [[0], [0, 1], [-1, 1], [1, 1, 1], [-1, -1, -1]])
def test_check_pos_label_consistency(y_true):
    assert _check_pos_label_consistency(None, y_true) == 1


@pytest.mark.parametrize(
    "array_namespace, device_name, dtype_name",
    yield_namespace_device_dtype_combinations(),
)
@pytest.mark.parametrize("y_true", [[0], [0, 1], [-1, 1], [1, 1, 1], [-1, -1, -1]])
def test_check_pos_label_consistency_array_api(
    array_namespace, device_name, dtype_name, y_true
):
    xp, device = _array_api_for_tests(array_namespace, device_name, dtype_name)
    with config_context(array_api_dispatch=True):
        arr = xp.asarray(y_true, device=device)
        assert _check_pos_label_consistency(None, arr) == 1


@pytest.mark.parametrize("y_true", [[2, 3, 4], [-10], [0, -1]])
def test_check_pos_label_consistency_invalid(y_true):
    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="y_true takes value in"):
        _check_pos_label_consistency(None, y_true)
    # Make sure we only raise if pos_label is None
    assert _check_pos_label_consistency("a", y_true) == "a"


@pytest.mark.parametrize(
    "array_namespace, device_name, dtype_name",
    yield_namespace_device_dtype_combinations(),
)
@pytest.mark.parametrize("y_true", [[2, 3, 4], [-10], [0, -1]])
def test_check_pos_label_consistency_invalid_array_api(
    array_namespace, device_name, dtype_name, y_true
):
    xp, device = _array_api_for_tests(array_namespace, device_name, dtype_name)
    with config_context(array_api_dispatch=True):
        arr = xp.asarray(y_true, device=device)
        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="y_true takes value in"):
            _check_pos_label_consistency(None, arr)
        # Make sure we only raise if pos_label is None
        assert _check_pos_label_consistency("a", arr) == "a"


CS_SPARSE = [sp.csr_array, sp.csr_matrix, sp.csc_array, sp.csc_matrix]


@pytest.mark.parametrize("toarray", [np.array] + CS_SPARSE)
def test_allclose_dense_sparse_equals(toarray):
    base = np.arange(9).reshape(3, 3)
    x, y = toarray(base), toarray(base)
    assert _allclose_dense_sparse(x, y)


@pytest.mark.parametrize("toarray", [np.array] + CS_SPARSE)
def test_allclose_dense_sparse_not_equals(toarray):
    base = np.arange(9).reshape(3, 3)
    x, y = toarray(base), toarray(base + 1)
    assert not _allclose_dense_sparse(x, y)


@pytest.mark.parametrize("toarray", CS_SPARSE)
def test_allclose_dense_sparse_raise(toarray):
    x = np.arange(9).reshape(3, 3)
    y = toarray(x + 1)

    msg = "Can only compare two sparse matrices, not a sparse matrix and an array"
    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=msg):
        _allclose_dense_sparse(x, y)


def test_deprecate_positional_args_warns_for_function():
    @_deprecate_positional_args
    def f1(a, b, *, c=1, d=1):
        pass

    with pytest.warns(FutureWarning, match=r"Pass c=3 as keyword args"):
        f1(1, 2, 3)

    with pytest.warns(FutureWarning, match=r"Pass c=3, d=4 as keyword args"):
        f1(1, 2, 3, 4)

    @_deprecate_positional_args
    def f2(a=1, *, b=1, c=1, d=1):
        pass

    with pytest.warns(FutureWarning, match=r"Pass b=2 as keyword args"):
        f2(1, 2)

    # The * is place before a keyword only argument without a default value
    @_deprecate_positional_args
    def f3(a, *, b, c=1, d=1):
        pass

    with pytest.warns(FutureWarning, match=r"Pass b=2 as keyword args"):
        f3(1, 2)


def test_deprecate_positional_args_warns_for_function_version():
    @_deprecate_positional_args(version="1.1")
    def f1(a, *, b):
        pass

    with pytest.warns(
        FutureWarning, match=r"From version 1.1 passing these as positional"
    ):
        f1(1, 2)


def test_deprecate_positional_args_warns_for_class():
    class A1:
        @_deprecate_positional_args
        def __init__(self, a, b, *, c=1, d=1):
            pass

    with pytest.warns(FutureWarning, match=r"Pass c=3 as keyword args"):
        A1(1, 2, 3)

    with pytest.warns(FutureWarning, match=r"Pass c=3, d=4 as keyword args"):
        A1(1, 2, 3, 4)

    class A2:
        @_deprecate_positional_args
        def __init__(self, a=1, b=1, *, c=1, d=1):
            pass

    with pytest.warns(FutureWarning, match=r"Pass c=3 as keyword args"):
        A2(1, 2, 3)

    with pytest.warns(FutureWarning, match=r"Pass c=3, d=4 as keyword args"):
        A2(1, 2, 3, 4)


@pytest.mark.parametrize("indices", [None, [1, 3]])
def test_check_method_params(indices):
    X = np.random.randn(4, 2)
    _params = {
        "list": [1, 2, 3, 4],
        "array": np.array([1, 2, 3, 4]),
        "sparse-col2": sp.csc_matrix([[1, 2, 3, 4]]).T,
        "sparse-row2": sp.csc_matrix([[1, 2, 3, 4]]),
        "sparse-col": sp.csc_array([[1, 2, 3, 4]]).T,
        "sparse-row": sp.csc_array([[1, 2, 3, 4]]),
        "scalar-int": 1,
        "scalar-str": "xxx",
        "None": None,
    }
    result = _check_method_params(X, params=_params, indices=indices)
    indices_ = indices if indices is not None else list(range(X.shape[0]))

    for key in ["sparse-row", "sparse-row2", "scalar-int", "scalar-str", "None"]:
        assert result[key] is _params[key]

    assert result["list"] == _safe_indexing(_params["list"], indices_)
    assert_array_equal(result["array"], _safe_indexing(_params["array"], indices_))
    assert_allclose_dense_sparse(
        result["sparse-col"], _safe_indexing(_params["sparse-col"], indices_)
    )
    assert_allclose_dense_sparse(
        result["sparse-col2"], _safe_indexing(_params["sparse-col2"], indices_)
    )


@pytest.mark.parametrize("convert_to_narwhals", [False, True])
@pytest.mark.parametrize("sp_format", [True, "csr", "csc", "coo", "bsr"])
def test_check_sparse_pandas_sp_format(convert_to_narwhals, sp_format):
    # check_array converts pandas.DataFrame with only sparse arrays into sparse matrix
    pd = pytest.importorskip("pandas")
    sp_mat = _sparse_random_matrix(10, 3)

    sdf = pd.DataFrame.sparse.from_spmatrix(sp_mat)
    if convert_to_narwhals:
        sdf = nw.from_native(sdf)
    result = check_array(sdf, accept_sparse=sp_format)

    if sp_format is True:
        # by default pandas converts to coo when accept_sparse is True
        sp_format = "coo"

    assert sp.issparse(result)
    assert result.format == sp_format
    assert_allclose_dense_sparse(sp_mat, result)


def test_check_array_pd_sparse_dataframe_warning():
    """Test that check_array warns on pandas dataframe with sparse columns."""
    pd = pytest.importorskip("pandas")

    # Warning is raised only when some of the columns are sparse, not all of them.
    # Construct a pandas.DataFrame with first column dense, all others sparse.
    df = pd.DataFrame({"col_0": np.linspace(0, 1, 10)})
    for i in range(1, 4):
        arr = np.zeros(10)
        arr[:4] = np.arange(4)
        arr = pd.arrays.SparseArray(arr, fill_value=0)
        df[f"col_{i}"] = arr

    msg = "pandas.DataFrame with sparse columns found."
    with pytest.warns(UserWarning, match=msg):
        check_array(df, accept_sparse=True)

    # No warning when the whole dataframe is sparse
    df = df.drop(columns="col_0")
    assert hasattr(df, "sparse")

    with warnings.catch_warnings():
        warnings.simplefilter("error", UserWarning)
        check_array(df, accept_sparse=True)


@pytest.mark.parametrize(
    "ntype1, ntype2",
    [
        ("longdouble", "float16"),
        ("float16", "float32"),
        ("float32", "double"),
        ("int16", "int32"),
        ("int32", "long"),
        ("byte", "uint16"),
        ("ushort", "uint32"),
        ("uint32", "uint64"),
        ("uint8", "int8"),
    ],
)
def test_check_pandas_sparse_mixed_dtypes(ntype1, ntype2):
    """Check that pandas.DataFrame having sparse extension arrays with mixed dtypes
    works."""
    pd = pytest.importorskip("pandas")
    df = pd.DataFrame(
        {
            "col1": pd.arrays.SparseArray([0, 1, 0], dtype=ntype1, fill_value=0),
            "col2": pd.arrays.SparseArray([1, 0, 1], dtype=ntype2, fill_value=0),
        }
    )
    check_array(df, accept_sparse=["csr", "csc"])


@pytest.mark.parametrize(
    "ntype1, ntype2, expected_subtype",
    [
        ("double", "longdouble", np.floating),
        ("single", "float32", np.floating),
        ("double", "float64", np.floating),
        ("int8", "byte", np.integer),
        ("short", "int16", np.integer),
        ("intc", "int32", np.integer),
        ("intp", "long", np.integer),
        ("int", "long", np.integer),
        ("int64", "longlong", np.integer),
        ("int_", "intp", np.integer),
        ("ubyte", "uint8", np.unsignedinteger),
        ("uint16", "ushort", np.unsignedinteger),
        ("uintc", "uint32", np.unsignedinteger),
        ("uint", "uint64", np.unsignedinteger),
        ("uintp", "ulonglong", np.unsignedinteger),
    ],
)
def test_check_pandas_sparse_valid(ntype1, ntype2, expected_subtype):
    # check that we support the conversion of sparse dataframe with mixed
    # type which can be converted safely.
    pd = pytest.importorskip("pandas")
    df = pd.DataFrame(
        {
            "col1": pd.arrays.SparseArray([0, 1, 0], dtype=ntype1, fill_value=0),
            "col2": pd.arrays.SparseArray([1, 0, 1], dtype=ntype2, fill_value=0),
        }
    )
    arr = check_array(df, accept_sparse=["csr", "csc"])
    assert np.issubdtype(arr.dtype, expected_subtype)


@pytest.mark.parametrize(
    "constructor_name",
    ["list", "tuple", "array", "pandas", "sparse_csr", "sparse_csc"],
)
def test_num_features(constructor_name):
    """Check _num_features for array-likes."""
    X = [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]]
    X = _convert_container(X, constructor_name)
    assert _num_features(X) == 3


@pytest.mark.parametrize(
    "X",
    [
        [1, 2, 3],
        ["a", "b", "c"],
        [False, True, False],
        [1.0, 3.4, 4.0],
        [{"a": 1}, {"b": 2}, {"c": 3}],
    ],
    ids=["int", "str", "bool", "float", "dict"],
)
@pytest.mark.parametrize("constructor_name", ["list", "tuple", "array", "series"])
def test_num_features_errors_1d_containers(X, constructor_name):
    X = _convert_container(X, constructor_name)
    if constructor_name == "array":
        expected_type_name = "numpy.ndarray"
    elif constructor_name == "series":
        expected_type_name = "pandas.*Series"
    else:
        expected_type_name = constructor_name
    message = (
        f"Unable to find the number of features from X of type {expected_type_name}"
    )
    if hasattr(X, "shape"):
        message += re.escape(" with shape (3,)")
    elif isinstance(X[0], str):
        message += " where the samples are of type str"
    elif isinstance(X[0], dict):
        message += " where the samples are of type dict"
    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match=message):
        _num_features(X)


@pytest.mark.parametrize("X", [1, "b", False, 3.0], ids=["int", "str", "bool", "float"])
def test_num_features_errors_scalars(X):
    msg = f"Unable to find the number of features from X of type {type(X).__qualname__}"
    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match=msg):
        _num_features(X)


@pytest.mark.parametrize(
    "names",
    [list(range(2)), range(2), None, [["a", "b"], ["c", "d"]]],
    ids=["list-int", "range", "default", "MultiIndex"],
)
def test_get_feature_names_pandas_with_ints_no_warning(names):
    """Get feature names with pandas.DataFrames without warning.

    Column names with consistent dtypes will not warn, such as int or MultiIndex.
    """
    pd = pytest.importorskip("pandas")
    X = pd.DataFrame([[1, 2], [4, 5], [5, 6]], columns=names)

    with warnings.catch_warnings():
        warnings.simplefilter("error", FutureWarning)
        names = _get_feature_names(X)
    assert names is None


@pytest.mark.parametrize(
    "constructor_name, minversion",
    [("pyarrow", "13.0.0"), ("pandas", "1.5.0"), ("polars", "0.18.2")],
)
def test_get_feature_names_4_dataframes(constructor_name, minversion):
    """Test _get_features_names on dataframes."""
    data = [[1, 4, 2], [3, 3, 6]]
    columns = ["col_0", "col_1", "col_2"]
    df = _convert_container(
        data, constructor_name, column_names=columns, minversion=minversion
    )
    feature_names = _get_feature_names(df)

    assert_array_equal(feature_names, columns)


def test_get_feature_names_numpy():
    """Get feature names return None for numpy arrays."""
    X = np.array([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]])
    names = _get_feature_names(X)
    assert names is None


@pytest.mark.parametrize(
    "names, dtypes",
    [
        (["a", 1], "['int', 'str']"),
        (["pizza", ("a", "b")], "['str', 'tuple']"),
    ],
    ids=["str-int", "str-tuple"],
)
def test_get_feature_names_invalid_dtypes(names, dtypes):
    """Get feature names errors when the feature names have mixed dtypes"""
    pd = pytest.importorskip("pandas")
    X = pd.DataFrame([[1, 2], [4, 5], [5, 6]], columns=names)

    msg = re.escape(
        "Feature names are only supported if all input features have string names, "
        f"but your input has {dtypes} as feature name / column name types. "
        "If you want feature names to be stored and validated, you must convert "
        "them all to strings, by using X.columns = X.columns.astype(str) for "
        "example. Otherwise you can remove feature / column names from your input "
        "data, or convert them all to a non-string data type."
    )
    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match=msg):
        names = _get_feature_names(X)


class PassthroughTransformer(BaseEstimator):
    def fit(self, X, y=None):
        validate_data(self, X, reset=True)
        return self

    def transform(self, X):
        return X

    def get_feature_names_out(self, input_features=None):
        return _check_feature_names_in(self, input_features)


@pytest.mark.parametrize(
    ["constructor_name", "feature_names", "msg"],
    [
        ("array", ["x0", "x1", "x2"], "input_features should have length equal to"),
        ("pandas", ["a", "b", "c"], "input_features is not equal to"),
        ("polars", ["a", "b", "c"], "input_features is not equal to"),
    ],
)
def test_check_feature_names_in(constructor_name, feature_names, msg):
    """Check behavior of check_feature_names_in for arrays."""
    X = np.array([[0.0, 1.0, 2.0]])
    X = _convert_container(X, constructor_name, column_names=["a", "b", "c"])
    est = PassthroughTransformer().fit(X)

    names = est.get_feature_names_out()
    assert_array_equal(names, feature_names)

    incorrect_len_names = feature_names[:2]
    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=msg):
        est.get_feature_names_out(incorrect_len_names)

    # remove n_feature_in_
    del est.n_features_in_
    if constructor_name == "array":
        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Unable to generate feature names"):
            est.get_feature_names_out()
    else:
        assert_array_equal(est.get_feature_names_out(), feature_names)


def test_check_response_method_unknown_method():
    """Check the error message when passing an unknown response method."""
    err_msg = (
        "RandomForestRegressor has none of the following attributes: unknown_method."
    )
    with pytest.raises(AttributeError, match=err_msg):
        _check_response_method(RandomForestRegressor(), "unknown_method")


@pytest.mark.parametrize(
    "response_method", ["decision_function", "predict_proba", "predict"]
)
def test_check_response_method_not_supported_response_method(response_method):
    """Check the error message when a response method is not supported by the
    estimator."""
    err_msg = (
        f"EstimatorWithFit has none of the following attributes: {response_method}."
    )
    with pytest.raises(AttributeError, match=err_msg):
        _check_response_method(EstimatorWithFit(), response_method)


def test_check_response_method_list_str():
    """Check that we can pass a list of ordered method."""
    method_implemented = ["predict_proba"]
    my_estimator = _MockEstimatorOnOffPrediction(method_implemented)

    X = "mocking_data"

    # raise an error when no methods are defined
    response_method = ["decision_function", "predict"]
    err_msg = (
        "_MockEstimatorOnOffPrediction has none of the following attributes: "
        f"{', '.join(response_method)}."
    )
    with pytest.raises(AttributeError, match=err_msg):
        _check_response_method(my_estimator, response_method)(X)

    # check that we don't get issue when one of the method is defined
    response_method = ["decision_function", "predict_proba"]
    method_name_predicting = _check_response_method(my_estimator, response_method)(X)
    assert method_name_predicting == "predict_proba"

    # check the order of the methods returned
    method_implemented = ["predict_proba", "predict"]
    my_estimator = _MockEstimatorOnOffPrediction(method_implemented)
    response_method = ["decision_function", "predict", "predict_proba"]
    method_name_predicting = _check_response_method(my_estimator, response_method)(X)
    assert method_name_predicting == "predict"


def test_boolean_series_remains_boolean():
    """Regression test for gh-25145"""
    pd = pytest.importorskip("pandas")
    res = check_array(pd.Series([True, False]), ensure_2d=False)
    expected = np.array([True, False])

    assert res.dtype == expected.dtype
    assert_array_equal(res, expected)


@pytest.mark.parametrize("input_values", [[0, 1, 0, 1, 0, np.nan], [0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1]])
def test_pandas_array_returns_ndarray(input_values):
    """Check pandas array with extensions dtypes returns a numeric ndarray.

    Non-regression test for gh-25637.
    """
    pd = pytest.importorskip("pandas")
    input_series = pd.array(input_values, dtype="Int32")
    result = check_array(
        input_series,
        dtype=None,
        ensure_2d=False,
        allow_nd=False,
        ensure_all_finite=False,
    )
    assert np.issubdtype(result.dtype.kind, np.floating)
    assert_allclose(result, input_values)


@skip_if_array_api_compat_not_configured
def test_check_array_array_api_has_non_finite():
    """Checks that Array API arrays checks non-finite correctly."""
    xp = pytest.importorskip("array_api_strict")

    X_nan = xp.asarray([[xp.nan, 1, 0], [0, xp.nan, 3]], dtype=xp.float32)
    with config_context(array_api_dispatch=True):
        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Input contains NaN."):
            check_array(X_nan)

    X_inf = xp.asarray([[xp.inf, 1, 0], [0, xp.inf, 3]], dtype=xp.float32)
    with config_context(array_api_dispatch=True):
        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="infinity or a value too large"):
            check_array(X_inf)


@pytest.mark.parametrize(
    "extension_dtype, regular_dtype",
    [
        ("boolean", "bool"),
        ("Int64", "int64"),
        ("Float64", "float64"),
        ("category", "object"),
    ],
)
@pytest.mark.parametrize("include_object", [True, False])
def test_check_array_multiple_extensions(
    extension_dtype, regular_dtype, include_object
):
    """Check pandas extension arrays give the same result as non-extension arrays."""
    pd = pytest.importorskip("pandas")
    X_regular = pd.DataFrame(
        {
            "a": pd.Series([1, 0, 1, 0], dtype=regular_dtype),
            "c": pd.Series([9, 8, 7, 6], dtype="int64"),
        }
    )
    if include_object:
        X_regular["b"] = pd.Series(["a", "b", "c", "d"], dtype="object")

    X_extension = X_regular.assign(a=X_regular["a"].astype(extension_dtype))

    X_regular_checked = check_array(X_regular, dtype=None)
    X_extension_checked = check_array(X_extension, dtype=None)
    assert_array_equal(X_regular_checked, X_extension_checked)


@pytest.mark.parametrize(
    "sparse_container",
    CSR_CONTAINERS + CSC_CONTAINERS + COO_CONTAINERS + DIA_CONTAINERS,
)
@pytest.mark.parametrize("output_format", ["csr", "csc", "coo"])
def test_check_array_dia_to_int32_indexed_csr_csc_coo(sparse_container, output_format):
    """Check the consistency of the indices dtype with sparse matrices/arrays."""
    X = sparse_container([[0, 1], [1, 0]], dtype=np.float64)

    # Explicitly set the dtype of the indexing arrays
    if hasattr(X, "offsets"):  # DIA matrix
        X.offsets = X.offsets.astype(np.int32)
    elif hasattr(X, "row") and hasattr(X, "col"):  # COO matrix
        X.row = X.row.astype(np.int32)
    elif hasattr(X, "indices") and hasattr(X, "indptr"):  # CSR or CSC matrix
        X.indices = X.indices.astype(np.int32)
        X.indptr = X.indptr.astype(np.int32)

    X_checked = check_array(X, accept_sparse=output_format)
    if output_format == "coo":
        assert X_checked.row.dtype == np.int32
        assert X_checked.col.dtype == np.int32
    else:  # output_format in ["csr", "csc"]
        assert X_checked.indices.dtype == np.int32
        assert X_checked.indptr.dtype == np.int32


@pytest.mark.parametrize("sequence", [[np.array(1), np.array(2)], [[1, 2], [3, 4]]])
def test_to_object_array(sequence):
    out = _to_object_array(sequence)
    assert isinstance(out, np.ndarray)
    assert out.dtype.kind == "O"
    assert out.ndim == 1


def test_column_or_1d():
    EXAMPLES = [
        ("binary", ["spam", "egg", "spam"]),
        ("binary", [0, 1, 0, 1]),
        ("continuous", np.arange(10) / 20.0),
        ("multiclass", [1, 2, 3]),
        ("multiclass", [0, 1, 2, 2, 0]),
        ("multiclass", [[1], [2], [3]]),
        ("multilabel-indicator", [[0, 1, 0], [0, 0, 1]]),
        ("multiclass-multioutput", [[1, 2, 3]]),
        ("multiclass-multioutput", [[1, 1], [2, 2], [3, 1]]),
        ("multiclass-multioutput", [[5, 1], [4, 2], [3, 1]]),
        ("multiclass-multioutput", [[1, 2, 3]]),
        ("continuous-multioutput", np.arange(30).reshape((-1, 3))),
    ]

    for y_type, y in EXAMPLES:
        if y_type in ["binary", "multiclass", "continuous"]:
            assert_array_equal(column_or_1d(y), np.ravel(y))
        else:
            with pytest.raises(ValueError):
                column_or_1d(y)


def test_check_array_writeable_np():
    """Check the behavior of check_array when a writeable array is requested
    without copy if possible, on numpy arrays.
    """
    X = np.random.uniform(size=(10, 10))

    out = check_array(X, copy=False, force_writeable=True)
    # X is already writeable, no copy is needed
    assert np.may_share_memory(out, X)
    assert out.flags.writeable

    X.flags.writeable = False

    out = check_array(X, copy=False, force_writeable=True)
    # X is not writeable, a copy is made
    assert not np.may_share_memory(out, X)
    assert out.flags.writeable


def test_check_array_writeable_mmap():
    """Check the behavior of check_array when a writeable array is requested
    without copy if possible, on a memory-map.

    A common situation is when a meta-estimators run in parallel using multiprocessing
    with joblib, which creates read-only memory-maps of large arrays.
    """
    X = np.random.uniform(size=(10, 10))

    mmap = create_memmap_backed_data(X, mmap_mode="w+")
    out = check_array(mmap, copy=False, force_writeable=True)
    # mmap is already writeable, no copy is needed
    assert np.may_share_memory(out, mmap)
    assert out.flags.writeable

    mmap = create_memmap_backed_data(X, mmap_mode="r")
    out = check_array(mmap, copy=False, force_writeable=True)
    # mmap is read-only, a copy is made
    assert not np.may_share_memory(out, mmap)
    assert out.flags.writeable


def test_check_array_writeable_df():
    """Check the behavior of check_array when a writeable array is requested
    without copy if possible, on a dataframe.
    """
    pd = pytest.importorskip("pandas")

    X = np.random.uniform(size=(10, 10))
    df = pd.DataFrame(X, copy=False)

    out = check_array(df, copy=False, force_writeable=True)
    # df is backed by a writeable array, no copy is needed
    assert np.may_share_memory(out, df)
    assert out.flags.writeable

    X.flags.writeable = False
    df = pd.DataFrame(X, copy=False)

    out = check_array(df, copy=False, force_writeable=True)
    # df is backed by a read-only array, a copy is made
    assert not np.may_share_memory(out, df)
    assert out.flags.writeable


@skip_if_array_api_compat_not_configured
def test_check_array_on_sparse_inputs_with_array_api_enabled():
    X_sp = sp.csr_array([[0, 1, 0], [1, 0, 1]])
    with config_context(array_api_dispatch=True):
        assert sp.issparse(check_array(X_sp, accept_sparse=True))

        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
            check_array(X_sp)


@pytest.mark.parametrize(
    ["X", "estimator", "expected_error_message"],
    [
        (
            np.array([[[1, 2], [3, 4]], [[1, 2], [3, 4]]]),
            RandomForestRegressor(),
            "Found array with dim 3, while dim <= 2 is required by "
            "RandomForestRegressor.",
        ),
        (
            np.array([[[1, 2], [3, 4]], [[1, 2], [3, 4]]]),
            None,
            "Found array with dim 3, while dim <= 2 is required.",
        ),
    ],
)
def test_check_array_allow_nd_errors(X, estimator, expected_error_message):
    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=expected_error_message):
        check_array(X, estimator=estimator)


@pytest.mark.parametrize(
    ["categorical_features", "expected_msg"],
    [
        (
            [b"hello", b"world"],
            re.escape(
                "categorical_features must be an array-like of bool, int or str, "
                "got: bytes40."
            ),
        ),
        (
            np.array([b"hello", 1.3], dtype=object),
            re.escape(
                "categorical_features must be an array-like of bool, int or str, "
                "got: bytes, float."
            ),
        ),
        (
            [0, -1],
            re.escape(
                "categorical_features set as integer indices must be in "
                "[0, n_features - 1]"
            ),
        ),
        (
            [True, True, False, False, True],
            re.escape(
                "categorical_features set as a boolean mask must have shape "
                "(n_features,)"
            ),
        ),
    ],
)
def test_check_categorical_features_raises(categorical_features, expected_msg):
    """Test that check_categorical_features raises expected errors."""
    rng = np.random.RandomState(0)
    n_samples, n_features = 10, 10
    X = rng.randint(0, 3, size=(n_samples, n_features))

    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=expected_msg):
        _check_categorical_features(X, categorical_features)


@pytest.mark.parametrize(
    ["categorical_features", "on_array"],
    [
        ([False, True, True, False], True),
        ([1, 2], True),
        (["b", "c"], False),
        ("from_dtype", False),
    ],
)
@pytest.mark.parametrize("constructor_name", ["array", "pandas", "polars"])
def test_check_categorical_features(categorical_features, on_array, constructor_name):
    """Test that check_categorical_features returns as expected on simple data."""
    rng = np.random.RandomState(0)
    n_samples, n_features = 30, 4
    X = rng.randint(0, 3, size=(n_samples, n_features))
    if constructor_name == "array" and not on_array:
        return
    elif constructor_name == "polars":
        X = X.astype(str)
    X = _convert_container(
        X,
        constructor_name,
        column_names=["a", "b", "c", "d"],
        categorical_feature_names=["b", "c"],
    )

    result = _check_categorical_features(X, categorical_features)
    assert_allclose(result, [False, True, True, False])


def test_num_samples_pa_chunked_array():
    # https://github.com/scikit-learn/scikit-learn/issues/33993
    pytest.importorskip("pyarrow")
    from pyarrow import chunked_array

    result = _num_samples(chunked_array([[0.1, 0.2, 0.3]]))
    assert result == 3


@pytest.mark.parametrize(
    "constructor_name",
    [
        "list",
        "tuple",
        "array",
        "series",
        "polars_series",
        "pyarrow_array",
        "sparse_csr",
        "sparse_csc_array",
        "pandas",
        "polars",
        "pyarrow",
        "index",
    ],
)
def test_indexable_return_type(constructor_name):
    """Test that indexable returns objects of expected type."""
    X = _convert_container(list(range(3)), constructor_name)
    if constructor_name == "sparse_csc_array":
        expected_type = sp.csr_array
    else:
        expected_type = type(X)
    X = indexable(X)[0]
    assert isinstance(X, expected_type)