src/Compilers/CSharp/Portable/Binder/Semantics/Conversions/ConversionsBase.cs - main - githubmirror/roslyn

src/Compilers/CSharp/Portable/Binder/Semantics/Conversions/ConversionsBase.cs
4 067 строк184 KB
AlekseyTs
Unions: Address/remove some PROTOTYPE comments (#82381)
14 фев 2026, 01:11
14 фев 2026, 01:11b450b26
// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.

#nullable disable

using System.Collections.Immutable;
using System.Diagnostics;
using System.Diagnostics.CodeAnalysis;
using System.Linq;
using System.Threading;
using Microsoft.CodeAnalysis.CSharp.Symbols;
using Microsoft.CodeAnalysis.CSharp.Syntax;
using Microsoft.CodeAnalysis.PooledObjects;

namespace Microsoft.CodeAnalysis.CSharp
{
    internal abstract partial class ConversionsBase
    {
        private const int MaximumRecursionDepth = 50;

        protected readonly AssemblySymbol corLibrary;
        protected readonly int currentRecursionDepth;

        internal readonly bool IncludeNullability;

        /// <summary>
        /// An optional clone of this instance with distinct IncludeNullability.
        /// Used to avoid unnecessary allocations when calling WithNullability() repeatedly.
        /// </summary>
        private ConversionsBase _lazyOtherNullability;

        protected ConversionsBase(AssemblySymbol corLibrary, int currentRecursionDepth, bool includeNullability, ConversionsBase otherNullabilityOpt)
        {
            Debug.Assert((object)corLibrary != null);
            Debug.Assert(otherNullabilityOpt == null || includeNullability != otherNullabilityOpt.IncludeNullability);
            Debug.Assert(otherNullabilityOpt == null || currentRecursionDepth == otherNullabilityOpt.currentRecursionDepth);
            Debug.Assert(corLibrary == corLibrary.CorLibrary);

            this.corLibrary = corLibrary;
            this.currentRecursionDepth = currentRecursionDepth;
            IncludeNullability = includeNullability;
            _lazyOtherNullability = otherNullabilityOpt;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Returns this instance if includeNullability is correct, and returns a
        /// cached clone of this instance with distinct IncludeNullability otherwise.
        /// </summary>
        internal ConversionsBase WithNullability(bool includeNullability)
        {
            if (IncludeNullability == includeNullability)
            {
                return this;
            }
            if (_lazyOtherNullability == null)
            {
                Interlocked.CompareExchange(ref _lazyOtherNullability, WithNullabilityCore(includeNullability), null);
            }
            Debug.Assert(_lazyOtherNullability.IncludeNullability == includeNullability);
            Debug.Assert(_lazyOtherNullability._lazyOtherNullability == this);
            return _lazyOtherNullability;
        }

        protected abstract ConversionsBase WithNullabilityCore(bool includeNullability);

        public abstract Conversion GetMethodGroupDelegateConversion(BoundMethodGroup source, TypeSymbol destination, ref CompoundUseSiteInfo<AssemblySymbol> useSiteInfo);

        public abstract Conversion GetMethodGroupFunctionPointerConversion(BoundMethodGroup source, FunctionPointerTypeSymbol destination, ref CompoundUseSiteInfo<AssemblySymbol> useSiteInfo);

        public abstract Conversion GetStackAllocConversion(BoundStackAllocArrayCreation sourceExpression, TypeSymbol destination, ref CompoundUseSiteInfo<AssemblySymbol> useSiteInfo);

        protected abstract ConversionsBase CreateInstance(int currentRecursionDepth);

        protected abstract Conversion GetInterpolatedStringConversion(BoundExpression source, TypeSymbol destination, ref CompoundUseSiteInfo<AssemblySymbol> useSiteInfo);

#nullable enable
        protected abstract Conversion GetCollectionExpressionConversion(BoundUnconvertedCollectionExpression source, TypeSymbol destination, ref CompoundUseSiteInfo<AssemblySymbol> useSiteInfo);
#nullable disable

        protected abstract bool IsAttributeArgumentBinding { get; }

        protected abstract bool IsParameterDefaultValueBinding { get; }

        internal AssemblySymbol CorLibrary { get { return corLibrary; } }

#nullable enable

        /// <summary>
        /// Derived types should provide non-null value for proper classification of conversions from expression.
        /// </summary>
        protected abstract CSharpCompilation? Compilation { get; }

        /// <summary>
        /// Determines if the source expression is convertible to the destination type via
        /// any built-in or user-defined implicit conversion.
        /// </summary>
        public Conversion ClassifyImplicitConversionFromExpression(BoundExpression sourceExpression, TypeSymbol destination, ref CompoundUseSiteInfo<AssemblySymbol> useSiteInfo)
        {
            Debug.Assert(sourceExpression != null);
            Debug.Assert(Compilation != null);
            Debug.Assert((object)destination != null);

            var sourceType = sourceExpression.Type;

            //PERF: identity conversion is by far the most common implicit conversion, check for that first
            if (sourceType is { } && HasIdentityConversionInternal(sourceType, destination))
            {
                return Conversion.Identity;
            }

            Conversion conversion = ClassifyImplicitBuiltInConversionFromExpression(sourceExpression, sourceType, destination, ref useSiteInfo);
            if (conversion.Exists)
            {
                return conversion;
            }

            if (sourceType is { })
            {
                // Try using the short-circuit "fast-conversion" path.
                Conversion fastConversion = FastClassifyConversion(sourceType, destination);
                if (fastConversion.Exists)
                {
                    if (fastConversion.IsImplicit)
                    {
                        return fastConversion;
                    }
                }
                else
                {
                    conversion = ClassifyImplicitBuiltInConversionSlow(sourceType, destination, ref useSiteInfo);
                    if (conversion.Exists)
                    {
                        return conversion;
                    }
                }
            }
            else if (sourceExpression.GetFunctionType() is { } sourceFunctionType)
            {
                if (HasImplicitFunctionTypeConversion(sourceFunctionType, destination, ref useSiteInfo))
                {
                    return Conversion.FunctionType;
                }
            }

            conversion = GetImplicitUserDefinedOrUnionConversion(sourceExpression, sourceType, destination, ref useSiteInfo);
            if (conversion.Exists)
            {
                return conversion;
            }

            // The switch expression conversion is "lowest priority", so that if there is a conversion from the expression's
            // type it will be preferred over the switch expression conversion.  Technically, we would want the language
            // specification to say that the switch expression conversion only "exists" if there is no implicit conversion
            // from the type, and we accomplish that by making it lowest priority.  The same is true for the conditional
            // expression conversion.
            conversion = GetSwitchExpressionConversion(sourceExpression, destination, ref useSiteInfo);
            if (conversion.Exists)
            {
                return conversion;
            }
            return GetConditionalExpressionConversion(sourceExpression, destination, ref useSiteInfo);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Determines if the source type is convertible to the destination type via
        /// any built-in or user-defined implicit conversion.
        /// </summary>
        public Conversion ClassifyImplicitConversionFromType(TypeSymbol source, TypeSymbol destination, ref CompoundUseSiteInfo<AssemblySymbol> useSiteInfo)
        {
            Debug.Assert((object)source != null);
            Debug.Assert((object)destination != null);

            //PERF: identity conversions are very common, check for that first.
            if (HasIdentityConversionInternal(source, destination))
            {
                return Conversion.Identity;
            }

            // Try using the short-circuit "fast-conversion" path.
            Conversion fastConversion = FastClassifyConversion(source, destination);
            if (fastConversion.Exists)
            {
                return fastConversion.IsImplicit ? fastConversion : Conversion.NoConversion;
            }
            else
            {
                Conversion conversion = ClassifyImplicitBuiltInConversionSlow(source, destination, ref useSiteInfo);
                if (conversion.Exists)
                {
                    return conversion;
                }
            }

            return GetImplicitUserDefinedOrUnionConversion(source, destination, ref useSiteInfo);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Helper method that calls <see cref="ClassifyImplicitConversionFromType"/> or
        /// <see cref="HasImplicitFunctionTypeToFunctionTypeConversion"/> depending on whether the
        /// types are <see cref="FunctionTypeSymbol"/> instances.
        /// Used by method type inference and best common type only.
        /// </summary>
        public Conversion ClassifyImplicitConversionFromTypeWhenNeitherOrBothFunctionTypes(TypeSymbol source, TypeSymbol destination, ref CompoundUseSiteInfo<AssemblySymbol> useSiteInfo)
        {
            var sourceFunctionType = source as FunctionTypeSymbol;
            var destinationFunctionType = destination as FunctionTypeSymbol;

            if (sourceFunctionType is null && destinationFunctionType is null)
            {
                return ClassifyImplicitConversionFromType(source, destination, ref useSiteInfo);
            }

            if (sourceFunctionType is { } && destinationFunctionType is { })
            {
                return HasImplicitFunctionTypeToFunctionTypeConversion(sourceFunctionType, destinationFunctionType, ref useSiteInfo) ?
                    Conversion.FunctionType :
                    Conversion.NoConversion;
            }

            Debug.Assert(false);
            return Conversion.NoConversion;
        }
#nullable disable

        /// <summary>
        /// Determines if the source expression of given type is convertible to the destination type via
        /// any built-in or user-defined conversion.
        /// 
        /// This helper is used in rare cases involving synthesized expressions where we know the type of an expression, but do not have the actual expression.
        /// The reason for this helper (as opposed to ClassifyConversionFromType) is that conversions from expressions could be different
        /// from conversions from type. For example expressions of dynamic type are implicitly convertable to any type, while dynamic type itself is not.
        /// </summary>
        public Conversion ClassifyConversionFromExpressionType(TypeSymbol source, TypeSymbol destination, bool isChecked, ref CompoundUseSiteInfo<AssemblySymbol> useSiteInfo)
        {
            Debug.Assert((object)source != null);
            Debug.Assert((object)destination != null);

            // since we are converting from expression, we may have implicit dynamic conversion
            if (HasImplicitDynamicConversionFromExpression(source, destination))
            {
                return Conversion.ImplicitDynamic;
            }

            return ClassifyConversionFromType(source, destination, isChecked: isChecked, ref useSiteInfo);
        }

        private static bool TryGetVoidConversion(TypeSymbol source, TypeSymbol destination, out Conversion conversion)
        {
            var sourceIsVoid = source?.SpecialType == SpecialType.System_Void;
            var destIsVoid = destination.SpecialType == SpecialType.System_Void;

            // 'void' is not supposed to be able to convert to or from anything, but in practice,
            // a lot of code depends on checking whether an expression of type 'void' is convertible to 'void'.
            // (e.g. for an expression lambda which returns void).
            // Therefore we allow an identity conversion between 'void' and 'void'.
            if (sourceIsVoid && destIsVoid)
            {
                conversion = Conversion.Identity;
                return true;
            }

            // If exactly one of source or destination is of type 'void' then no conversion may exist.
            if (sourceIsVoid || destIsVoid)
            {
                conversion = Conversion.NoConversion;
                return true;
            }

            conversion = default;
            return false;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Determines if the source expression is convertible to the destination type via
        /// any conversion: implicit, explicit, user-defined or built-in.
        /// </summary>
        /// <remarks>
        /// It is rare but possible for a source expression to be convertible to a destination type
        /// by both an implicit user-defined conversion and a built-in explicit conversion.
        /// In that circumstance, this method classifies the conversion as the implicit conversion or explicit depending on "forCast"
        /// </remarks>
        public Conversion ClassifyConversionFromExpression(BoundExpression sourceExpression, TypeSymbol destination, bool isChecked, ref CompoundUseSiteInfo<AssemblySymbol> useSiteInfo, bool forCast = false)
        {
            Debug.Assert(sourceExpression != null);
            Debug.Assert(Compilation != null);
            Debug.Assert((object)destination != null);

            if (TryGetVoidConversion(sourceExpression.Type, destination, out var conversion))
            {
                return conversion;
            }

            if (forCast)
            {
                return ClassifyConversionFromExpressionForCast(sourceExpression, destination, isChecked: isChecked, ref useSiteInfo);
            }

            var result = ClassifyImplicitConversionFromExpression(sourceExpression, destination, ref useSiteInfo);
            if (result.Exists)
            {
                return result;
            }

            return ClassifyExplicitOnlyConversionFromExpression(sourceExpression, destination, isChecked: isChecked, ref useSiteInfo, forCast: false);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Determines if the source type is convertible to the destination type via
        /// any conversion: implicit, explicit, user-defined or built-in.
        /// </summary>
        /// <remarks>
        /// It is rare but possible for a source type to be convertible to a destination type
        /// by both an implicit user-defined conversion and a built-in explicit conversion.
        /// In that circumstance, this method classifies the conversion as the implicit conversion or explicit depending on "forCast"
        /// </remarks>
        public Conversion ClassifyConversionFromType(TypeSymbol source, TypeSymbol destination, bool isChecked, ref CompoundUseSiteInfo<AssemblySymbol> useSiteInfo, bool forCast = false)
        {
            Debug.Assert((object)source != null);
            Debug.Assert((object)destination != null);

            if (TryGetVoidConversion(source, destination, out var voidConversion))
            {
                return voidConversion;
            }

            if (forCast)
            {
                return ClassifyConversionFromTypeForCast(source, destination, isChecked: isChecked, ref useSiteInfo);
            }

            // Try using the short-circuit "fast-conversion" path.
            Conversion fastConversion = FastClassifyConversion(source, destination);
            if (fastConversion.Exists)
            {
                return fastConversion;
            }
            else
            {
                Conversion conversion1 = ClassifyImplicitBuiltInConversionSlow(source, destination, ref useSiteInfo);
                if (conversion1.Exists)
                {
                    return conversion1;
                }
            }

            Conversion conversion = GetImplicitUserDefinedOrUnionConversion(source, destination, ref useSiteInfo);
            if (conversion.Exists)
            {
                return conversion;
            }

            conversion = ClassifyExplicitBuiltInOnlyConversion(source, destination, isChecked: isChecked, ref useSiteInfo, forCast: false);
            if (conversion.Exists)
            {
                return conversion;
            }

            return GetExplicitUserDefinedConversion(source, destination, isChecked: isChecked, ref useSiteInfo);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Determines if the source expression is convertible to the destination type via
        /// any conversion: implicit, explicit, user-defined or built-in.
        /// </summary>
        /// <remarks>
        /// It is rare but possible for a source expression to be convertible to a destination type
        /// by both an implicit user-defined conversion and a built-in explicit conversion.
        /// In that circumstance, this method classifies the conversion as the built-in conversion.
        /// 
        /// An implicit conversion exists from an expression of a dynamic type to any type.
        /// An explicit conversion exists from a dynamic type to any type. 
        /// When casting we prefer the explicit conversion.
        /// </remarks>
        private Conversion ClassifyConversionFromExpressionForCast(BoundExpression source, TypeSymbol destination, bool isChecked, ref CompoundUseSiteInfo<AssemblySymbol> useSiteInfo)
        {
            Debug.Assert(source != null);
            Debug.Assert(Compilation != null);
            Debug.Assert((object)destination != null);

            Conversion implicitConversion = ClassifyImplicitConversionFromExpression(source, destination, ref useSiteInfo);
            if (implicitConversion.Exists && !ExplicitConversionMayDifferFromImplicit(implicitConversion))
            {
                return implicitConversion;
            }

            Conversion explicitConversion = ClassifyExplicitOnlyConversionFromExpression(source, destination, isChecked: isChecked, ref useSiteInfo, forCast: true);
            if (explicitConversion.Exists)
            {
                return explicitConversion;
            }

            // It is possible for a user-defined conversion to be unambiguous when considered as
            // an implicit conversion and ambiguous when considered as an explicit conversion.
            // The native compiler does not check to see if a cast could be successfully bound as
            // an unambiguous user-defined implicit conversion; it goes right to the ambiguous
            // user-defined explicit conversion and produces an error. This means that in
            // C# 5 it is possible to have:
            //
            // Y y = new Y();
            // Z z1 = y;
            // 
            // succeed but
            //
            // Z z2 = (Z)y;
            //
            // fail.
            //
            // However, there is another interesting wrinkle. It is possible for both
            // an implicit user-defined conversion and an explicit user-defined conversion
            // to exist and be unambiguous. For example, if there is an implicit conversion
            // double-->C and an explicit conversion from int-->C, and the user casts a short
            // to C, then both the implicit and explicit conversions are applicable and
            // unambiguous. The native compiler in this case prefers the explicit conversion,
            // and for backwards compatibility, we match it.

            return implicitConversion;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Determines if the source type is convertible to the destination type via
        /// any conversion: implicit, explicit, user-defined or built-in.
        /// </summary>
        /// <remarks>
        /// It is rare but possible for a source type to be convertible to a destination type
        /// by both an implicit user-defined conversion and a built-in explicit conversion.
        /// In that circumstance, this method classifies the conversion as the built-in conversion.
        /// </remarks>
        private Conversion ClassifyConversionFromTypeForCast(TypeSymbol source, TypeSymbol destination, bool isChecked, ref CompoundUseSiteInfo<AssemblySymbol> useSiteInfo)
        {
            Debug.Assert((object)source != null);
            Debug.Assert((object)destination != null);

            // Try using the short-circuit "fast-conversion" path.
            Conversion fastConversion = FastClassifyConversion(source, destination);
            if (fastConversion.Exists)
            {
                return fastConversion;
            }

            Conversion implicitBuiltInConversion = ClassifyImplicitBuiltInConversionSlow(source, destination, ref useSiteInfo);
            if (implicitBuiltInConversion.Exists && !ExplicitConversionMayDifferFromImplicit(implicitBuiltInConversion))
            {
                return implicitBuiltInConversion;
            }

            Conversion explicitBuiltInConversion = ClassifyExplicitBuiltInOnlyConversion(source, destination, isChecked: isChecked, ref useSiteInfo, forCast: true);
            if (explicitBuiltInConversion.Exists)
            {
                return explicitBuiltInConversion;
            }

            if (implicitBuiltInConversion.Exists)
            {
                return implicitBuiltInConversion;
            }

            // It is possible for a user-defined conversion to be unambiguous when considered as
            // an implicit conversion and ambiguous when considered as an explicit conversion.
            // The native compiler does not check to see if a cast could be successfully bound as
            // an unambiguous user-defined implicit conversion; it goes right to the ambiguous
            // user-defined explicit conversion and produces an error. This means that in
            // C# 5 it is possible to have:
            //
            // Y y = new Y();
            // Z z1 = y;
            // 
            // succeed but
            //
            // Z z2 = (Z)y;
            //
            // fail.

            var conversion = GetExplicitUserDefinedConversion(source, destination, isChecked: isChecked, ref useSiteInfo);
            if (conversion.Exists)
            {
                return conversion;
            }

            return GetImplicitUserDefinedOrUnionConversion(source, destination, ref useSiteInfo);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Attempt a quick classification of builtin conversions.  As result of "no conversion"
        /// means that there is no built-in conversion, though there still may be a user-defined
        /// conversion if compiling against a custom mscorlib.
        /// </summary>
        public static Conversion FastClassifyConversion(TypeSymbol source, TypeSymbol target)
        {
            ConversionKind convKind = ConversionEasyOut.ClassifyConversion(source, target);
            if (convKind != ConversionKind.ImplicitNullable && convKind != ConversionKind.ExplicitNullable)
            {
                return Conversion.GetTrivialConversion(convKind);
            }

            return Conversion.MakeNullableConversion(convKind, FastClassifyConversion(source.StrippedType(), target.StrippedType()));
        }

        public Conversion ClassifyBuiltInConversion(TypeSymbol source, TypeSymbol destination, bool isChecked, ref CompoundUseSiteInfo<AssemblySymbol> useSiteInfo)
        {
            Debug.Assert((object)source != null);
            Debug.Assert((object)destination != null);

            // Try using the short-circuit "fast-conversion" path.
            Conversion fastConversion = FastClassifyConversion(source, destination);
            if (fastConversion.Exists)
            {
                return fastConversion;
            }
            else
            {
                Conversion conversion = ClassifyImplicitBuiltInConversionSlow(source, destination, ref useSiteInfo);
                if (conversion.Exists)
                {
                    return conversion;
                }
            }

            return ClassifyExplicitBuiltInOnlyConversion(source, destination, isChecked: isChecked, ref useSiteInfo, forCast: false);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Determines if the source type is convertible to the destination type via
        /// any standard implicit or standard explicit conversion.
        /// </summary>
        /// <remarks>
        /// Not all built-in explicit conversions are standard explicit conversions.
        /// </remarks>
        public Conversion ClassifyStandardConversion(TypeSymbol source, TypeSymbol destination, ref CompoundUseSiteInfo<AssemblySymbol> useSiteInfo)
        {
            return ClassifyStandardConversion(sourceExpression: null, source, destination, ref useSiteInfo);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Determines if the source type is convertible to the destination type via
        /// any standard implicit or standard explicit conversion.
        /// </summary>
        /// <remarks>
        /// Not all built-in explicit conversions are standard explicit conversions.
        /// </remarks>
        public Conversion ClassifyStandardConversion(BoundExpression sourceExpression, TypeSymbol source, TypeSymbol destination, ref CompoundUseSiteInfo<AssemblySymbol> useSiteInfo)
        {
            Debug.Assert(sourceExpression is null || Compilation is not null);
            Debug.Assert(sourceExpression != null || (object)source != null);
            Debug.Assert((object)destination != null);

            // Note that the definition of explicit standard conversion does not include all explicit
            // reference conversions! There is a standard implicit reference conversion from
            // Action<Object> to Action<Exception>, thanks to contravariance. There is a standard
            // implicit reference conversion from Action<Object> to Action<String> for the same reason.
            // Therefore there is an explicit reference conversion from Action<Exception> to
            // Action<String>; a given Action<Exception> might be an Action<Object>, and hence
            // convertible to Action<String>.  However, this is not a *standard* explicit conversion. The
            // standard explicit conversions are all the standard implicit conversions and their
            // opposites. Therefore Action<Object>-->Action<String> and Action<String>-->Action<Object>
            // are both standard conversions. But Action<String>-->Action<Exception> is not a standard
            // explicit conversion because neither it nor its opposite is a standard implicit
            // conversion.
            //
            // Similarly, there is no standard explicit conversion from double to decimal, because
            // there is no standard implicit conversion between the two types.

            // SPEC: The standard explicit conversions are all standard implicit conversions plus 
            // SPEC: the subset of the explicit conversions for which an opposite standard implicit 
            // SPEC: conversion exists. In other words, if a standard implicit conversion exists from
            // SPEC: a type A to a type B, then a standard explicit conversion exists from type A to 
            // SPEC: type B and from type B to type A.

            Conversion conversion = ClassifyStandardImplicitConversion(sourceExpression, source, destination, ref useSiteInfo);
            if (conversion.Exists)
            {
                return conversion;
            }

            if ((object)source != null)
            {
                return DeriveStandardExplicitFromOppositeStandardImplicitConversion(source, destination, ref useSiteInfo);
            }

            return Conversion.NoConversion;
        }

        // See https://github.com/dotnet/csharpstandard/blob/standard-v7/standard/conversions.md#1042-standard-implicit-conversions:
        // "The standard conversions are those pre-defined conversions that can occur as part of a user-defined conversion."
        private static bool IsStandardImplicitConversionFromType(ConversionKind kind)
        {
            switch (kind)
            {
                case ConversionKind.Identity:
                case ConversionKind.ImplicitNumeric:
                case ConversionKind.ImplicitNullable:
                case ConversionKind.ImplicitReference:
                case ConversionKind.Boxing:
                case ConversionKind.ImplicitConstant:
                case ConversionKind.ImplicitPointer:
                case ConversionKind.ImplicitPointerToVoid:
                case ConversionKind.ImplicitTuple:
                case ConversionKind.ImplicitSpan:
                    return true;
                default:
                    return false;
            }
        }

        private Conversion ClassifyStandardImplicitConversion(BoundExpression sourceExpression, TypeSymbol source, TypeSymbol destination, ref CompoundUseSiteInfo<AssemblySymbol> useSiteInfo)
        {
            Debug.Assert(sourceExpression is null || Compilation is not null);
            Debug.Assert(sourceExpression != null || (object)source != null);
            Debug.Assert(sourceExpression == null || (object)sourceExpression.Type == (object)source);
            Debug.Assert((object)destination != null);

            // SPEC: The following implicit conversions are classified as standard implicit conversions:
            // SPEC: Identity conversions
            // SPEC: Implicit numeric conversions
            // SPEC: Implicit nullable conversions
            // SPEC: Null literal conversions
            // SPEC: Implicit reference conversions
            // SPEC: Boxing conversions
            // SPEC: Implicit constant expression conversions
            // SPEC: Implicit conversions involving type parameters
            //
            // and in unsafe code:
            //
            // SPEC: From any pointer type to void*
            //
            // SPEC ERROR: 
            // The specification does not say to take into account the conversion from
            // the *expression*, only its *type*. But the expression may not have a type
            // (because it is null, a method group, or a lambda), or the expression might
            // be convertible to the destination type via a constant numeric conversion.
            // For example, the native compiler allows "C c = 1;" to work if C is a class which
            // has an implicit conversion from byte to C, despite the fact that there is
            // obviously no standard implicit conversion from *int* to *byte*. 
            // Similarly, if a struct S has an implicit conversion from string to S, then
            // "S s = null;" should be allowed. 
            // 
            // We extend the definition of standard implicit conversions to include
            // all of the implicit conversions that are allowed based on an expression,
            // with the exception of switch expression, interpolated string builder,
            // and collection expression conversions.

            Conversion conversion = ClassifyImplicitBuiltInConversionFromExpression(sourceExpression, source, destination, ref useSiteInfo);
            if (conversion.Exists &&
                !conversion.IsInterpolatedStringHandler &&
                !isImplicitCollectionExpressionConversion(conversion))
            {
                Debug.Assert(isStandardImplicitConversionFromExpression(conversion.Kind));
                return conversion;
            }

            if ((object)source != null)
            {
                return ClassifyStandardImplicitConversion(source, destination, ref useSiteInfo);
            }

            return Conversion.NoConversion;

            static bool isImplicitCollectionExpressionConversion(Conversion conversion)
            {
                return conversion switch
                {
                    { Kind: ConversionKind.CollectionExpression } => true,
                    { Kind: ConversionKind.ImplicitNullable, UnderlyingConversions: [{ Kind: ConversionKind.CollectionExpression }] } => true,
                    _ => false,
                };
            }

            static bool isStandardImplicitConversionFromExpression(ConversionKind kind)
            {
                if (IsStandardImplicitConversionFromType(kind))
                {
                    return true;
                }

                switch (kind)
                {
                    case ConversionKind.NullLiteral:
                    case ConversionKind.AnonymousFunction:
                    case ConversionKind.MethodGroup:
                    case ConversionKind.ImplicitEnumeration:
                    case ConversionKind.ImplicitDynamic:
                    case ConversionKind.ImplicitNullToPointer:
                    case ConversionKind.ImplicitTupleLiteral:
                    case ConversionKind.StackAllocToPointerType:
                    case ConversionKind.StackAllocToSpanType:
                    case ConversionKind.InlineArray:
                    case ConversionKind.InterpolatedString:
                        return true;
                    default:
                        return false;
                }
            }
        }

        private Conversion ClassifyStandardImplicitConversion(TypeSymbol source, TypeSymbol destination, ref CompoundUseSiteInfo<AssemblySymbol> useSiteInfo)
        {
            var conversion = classifyConversion(source, destination, ref useSiteInfo);
            Debug.Assert(conversion.Kind == ConversionKind.NoConversion || IsStandardImplicitConversionFromType(conversion.Kind));
            return conversion;

            Conversion classifyConversion(TypeSymbol source, TypeSymbol destination, ref CompoundUseSiteInfo<AssemblySymbol> useSiteInfo)
            {
                Debug.Assert((object)source != null);
                Debug.Assert((object)destination != null);

                if (HasIdentityConversionInternal(source, destination))
                {
                    return Conversion.Identity;
                }

                if (HasImplicitNumericConversion(source, destination))
                {
                    return Conversion.ImplicitNumeric;
                }

                var nullableConversion = ClassifyImplicitNullableConversion(source, destination, ref useSiteInfo);
                if (nullableConversion.Exists)
                {
                    return nullableConversion;
                }

                if (source is FunctionTypeSymbol)
                {
                    Debug.Assert(false);
                    return Conversion.NoConversion;
                }

                if (HasImplicitReferenceConversion(source, destination, ref useSiteInfo))
                {
                    return Conversion.ImplicitReference;
                }

                if (HasBoxingConversion(source, destination, ref useSiteInfo))
                {
                    return Conversion.Boxing;
                }

                if (HasImplicitPointerToVoidConversion(source, destination))
                {
                    return Conversion.PointerToVoid;
                }

                if (HasImplicitPointerConversion(source, destination, ref useSiteInfo))
                {
                    return Conversion.ImplicitPointer;
                }

                var tupleConversion = ClassifyImplicitTupleConversion(source, destination, ref useSiteInfo);
                if (tupleConversion.Exists)
                {
                    return tupleConversion;
                }

                if (HasImplicitSpanConversion(source, destination, ref useSiteInfo))
                {
                    return Conversion.ImplicitSpan;
                }

                return Conversion.NoConversion;
            }
        }

        private Conversion ClassifyImplicitBuiltInConversionSlow(TypeSymbol source, TypeSymbol destination, ref CompoundUseSiteInfo<AssemblySymbol> useSiteInfo)
        {
            Debug.Assert((object)source != null);
            Debug.Assert((object)destination != null);

            if (source.IsVoidType() || destination.IsVoidType())
            {
                return Conversion.NoConversion;
            }

            Conversion conversion = ClassifyStandardImplicitConversion(source, destination, ref useSiteInfo);
            if (conversion.Exists)
            {
                return conversion;
            }

            return Conversion.NoConversion;
        }

        private Conversion GetImplicitUserDefinedOrUnionConversion(BoundExpression sourceExpression, TypeSymbol source, TypeSymbol destination, ref CompoundUseSiteInfo<AssemblySymbol> useSiteInfo)
        {
            var conversionResult = AnalyzeImplicitUserDefinedConversions(sourceExpression, source, destination, ref useSiteInfo);
            var result = new Conversion(conversionResult, isImplicit: true);

            if (result.Exists)
            {
                return result;
            }

            Conversion unionConversion = AnalyzeImplicitUnionConversions(sourceExpression, source, destination, ref useSiteInfo);

            if (unionConversion.Exists)
            {
                return unionConversion;
            }

            return result;
        }

        private Conversion GetImplicitUserDefinedOrUnionConversion(TypeSymbol source, TypeSymbol destination, ref CompoundUseSiteInfo<AssemblySymbol> useSiteInfo)
        {
            return GetImplicitUserDefinedOrUnionConversion(sourceExpression: null, source, destination, ref useSiteInfo);
        }

        private Conversion ClassifyExplicitBuiltInOnlyConversion(TypeSymbol source, TypeSymbol destination, bool isChecked, ref CompoundUseSiteInfo<AssemblySymbol> useSiteInfo, bool forCast)
        {
            Debug.Assert((object)source != null);
            Debug.Assert((object)destination != null);

            if (source.IsVoidType() || destination.IsVoidType())
            {
                return Conversion.NoConversion;
            }

            // The call to HasExplicitNumericConversion isn't necessary, because it is always tested
            // already by the "FastConversion" code.
            Debug.Assert(!HasExplicitNumericConversion(source, destination));

            //if (HasExplicitNumericConversion(source, specialTypeSource, destination, specialTypeDest))
            //{
            //    return Conversion.ExplicitNumeric;
            //}

            if (HasSpecialIntPtrConversion(source, destination))
            {
                return Conversion.IntPtr;
            }

            if (HasExplicitEnumerationConversion(source, destination))
            {
                return Conversion.ExplicitEnumeration;
            }

            var nullableConversion = ClassifyExplicitNullableConversion(source, destination, isChecked: isChecked, ref useSiteInfo, forCast);
            if (nullableConversion.Exists)
            {
                return nullableConversion;
            }

            if (HasExplicitReferenceConversion(source, destination, ref useSiteInfo))
            {
                return (source.Kind == SymbolKind.DynamicType) ? Conversion.ExplicitDynamic : Conversion.ExplicitReference;
            }

            if (HasUnboxingConversion(source, destination, ref useSiteInfo))
            {
                return Conversion.Unboxing;
            }

            var tupleConversion = ClassifyExplicitTupleConversion(source, destination, isChecked: isChecked, ref useSiteInfo, forCast);
            if (tupleConversion.Exists)
            {
                return tupleConversion;
            }

            if (HasPointerToPointerConversion(source, destination))
            {
                return Conversion.PointerToPointer;
            }

            if (HasPointerToIntegerConversion(source, destination))
            {
                return Conversion.PointerToInteger;
            }

            if (HasIntegerToPointerConversion(source, destination))
            {
                return Conversion.IntegerToPointer;
            }

            if (HasExplicitDynamicConversion(source, destination))
            {
                return Conversion.ExplicitDynamic;
            }

            if (HasExplicitSpanConversion(source, destination, ref useSiteInfo))
            {
                return Conversion.ExplicitSpan;
            }

            return Conversion.NoConversion;
        }

        private Conversion GetExplicitUserDefinedConversion(BoundExpression sourceExpression, TypeSymbol source, TypeSymbol destination, bool isChecked, ref CompoundUseSiteInfo<AssemblySymbol> useSiteInfo)
        {
            UserDefinedConversionResult conversionResult = AnalyzeExplicitUserDefinedConversions(sourceExpression, source, destination, isChecked: isChecked, ref useSiteInfo);
            return new Conversion(conversionResult, isImplicit: false);
        }

        private Conversion GetExplicitUserDefinedConversion(TypeSymbol source, TypeSymbol destination, bool isChecked, ref CompoundUseSiteInfo<AssemblySymbol> useSiteInfo)
        {
            return GetExplicitUserDefinedConversion(sourceExpression: null, source, destination, isChecked, ref useSiteInfo);
        }

        private Conversion DeriveStandardExplicitFromOppositeStandardImplicitConversion(TypeSymbol source, TypeSymbol destination, ref CompoundUseSiteInfo<AssemblySymbol> useSiteInfo)
        {
            var oppositeConversion = ClassifyStandardImplicitConversion(destination, source, ref useSiteInfo);
            Conversion impliedExplicitConversion;

            switch (oppositeConversion.Kind)
            {
                case ConversionKind.Identity:
                    impliedExplicitConversion = Conversion.Identity;
                    break;
                case ConversionKind.ImplicitNumeric:
                    impliedExplicitConversion = Conversion.ExplicitNumeric;
                    break;
                case ConversionKind.ImplicitReference:
                    impliedExplicitConversion = Conversion.ExplicitReference;
                    break;
                case ConversionKind.Boxing:
                    impliedExplicitConversion = Conversion.Unboxing;
                    break;
                case ConversionKind.NoConversion:
                    impliedExplicitConversion = Conversion.NoConversion;
                    break;
                case ConversionKind.ImplicitPointerToVoid:
                    impliedExplicitConversion = Conversion.PointerToPointer;
                    break;

                case ConversionKind.ImplicitTuple:
                    // only implicit tuple conversions are standard conversions, 
                    // having implicit conversion in the other direction does not help here.
                    impliedExplicitConversion = Conversion.NoConversion;
                    break;

                case ConversionKind.ImplicitNullable:
                    var strippedSource = source.StrippedType();
                    var strippedDestination = destination.StrippedType();
                    var underlyingConversion = DeriveStandardExplicitFromOppositeStandardImplicitConversion(strippedSource, strippedDestination, ref useSiteInfo);

                    // the opposite underlying conversion may not exist 
                    // for example if underlying conversion is implicit tuple
                    impliedExplicitConversion = underlyingConversion.Exists ?
                        Conversion.MakeNullableConversion(ConversionKind.ExplicitNullable, underlyingConversion) :
                        Conversion.NoConversion;

                    break;

                case ConversionKind.ImplicitSpan:
                    impliedExplicitConversion = Conversion.NoConversion;
                    break;

                default:
                    throw ExceptionUtilities.UnexpectedValue(oppositeConversion.Kind);
            }

            return impliedExplicitConversion;
        }

#nullable enable
        /// <summary>
        /// IsBaseInterface returns true if baseType is on the base interface list of derivedType or
        /// any base class of derivedType. It may be on the base interface list either directly or
        /// indirectly.
        /// * baseType must be an interface.
        /// * type parameters do not have base interfaces. (They have an "effective interface list".)
        /// * an interface is not a base of itself.
        /// * this does not check for variance conversions; if a type inherits from
        ///   IEnumerable&lt;string> then IEnumerable&lt;object> is not a base interface.
        /// </summary>
        public bool IsBaseInterface(TypeSymbol baseType, TypeSymbol derivedType, ref CompoundUseSiteInfo<AssemblySymbol> useSiteInfo)
        {
            Debug.Assert((object)baseType != null);
            Debug.Assert((object)derivedType != null);

            if (!baseType.IsInterfaceType())
            {
                return false;
            }

            var d = derivedType as NamedTypeSymbol;
            if (d is null)
            {
                return false;
            }

            foreach (var iface in d.AllInterfacesWithDefinitionUseSiteDiagnostics(ref useSiteInfo))
            {
                if (HasIdentityConversionInternal(iface, baseType))
                {
                    return true;
                }
            }

            return false;
        }

        // IsBaseClass returns true if and only if baseType is a base class of derivedType, period.
        //
        // * interfaces do not have base classes. (Structs, enums and classes other than object do.)
        // * a class is not a base class of itself
        // * type parameters do not have base classes. (They have "effective base classes".)
        // * all base classes must be classes
        // * dynamics are removed; if we have class D : B<dynamic> then B<object> is a 
        //   base class of D. However, dynamic is never a base class of anything.
        public bool IsBaseClass(TypeSymbol derivedType, TypeSymbol baseType, ref CompoundUseSiteInfo<AssemblySymbol> useSiteInfo)
        {
            Debug.Assert((object)derivedType != null);
            Debug.Assert((object)baseType != null);

            // A base class has got to be a class. The derived type might be a struct, enum, or delegate.
            if (!baseType.IsClassType())
            {
                return false;
            }

            for (TypeSymbol b = derivedType.BaseTypeWithDefinitionUseSiteDiagnostics(ref useSiteInfo); (object)b != null; b = b.BaseTypeWithDefinitionUseSiteDiagnostics(ref useSiteInfo))
            {
                if (HasIdentityConversionInternal(b, baseType))
                {
                    return true;
                }
            }

            return false;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// returns true when implicit conversion is not necessarily the same as explicit conversion
        /// </summary>
        private static bool ExplicitConversionMayDifferFromImplicit(Conversion implicitConversion)
        {
            switch (implicitConversion.Kind)
            {
                case ConversionKind.ImplicitUserDefined:
                case ConversionKind.Union:
                case ConversionKind.ImplicitDynamic:
                case ConversionKind.ImplicitTuple:
                case ConversionKind.ImplicitTupleLiteral:
                case ConversionKind.ImplicitNullable:
                case ConversionKind.ConditionalExpression:
                case ConversionKind.ImplicitSpan:
                    return true;

                default:
                    return false;
            }
        }
#nullable disable

        private Conversion ClassifyImplicitBuiltInConversionFromExpression(BoundExpression sourceExpression, TypeSymbol source, TypeSymbol destination, ref CompoundUseSiteInfo<AssemblySymbol> useSiteInfo)
        {
            Debug.Assert(sourceExpression is null || Compilation is not null);
            Debug.Assert(sourceExpression != null || (object)source != null);
            Debug.Assert(sourceExpression == null || (object)sourceExpression.Type == (object)source);
            Debug.Assert((object)destination != null);

            if (HasImplicitDynamicConversionFromExpression(source, destination))
            {
                return Conversion.ImplicitDynamic;
            }

            // The following conversions only exist for certain form of expressions, 
            // if we have no expression none if them is applicable.
            if (sourceExpression == null)
            {
                return Conversion.NoConversion;
            }

            if (HasImplicitEnumerationConversion(sourceExpression, destination))
            {
                return Conversion.ImplicitEnumeration;
            }

            var constantConversion = ClassifyImplicitConstantExpressionConversion(sourceExpression, destination);
            if (constantConversion.Exists)
            {
                return constantConversion;
            }

            switch (sourceExpression.Kind)
            {
                case BoundKind.Literal:
                    var nullLiteralConversion = ClassifyNullLiteralConversion(sourceExpression, destination);
                    if (nullLiteralConversion.Exists)
                    {
                        return nullLiteralConversion;
                    }
                    break;

                case BoundKind.DefaultLiteral:
                    return Conversion.DefaultLiteral;

                case BoundKind.ExpressionWithNullability:
                    {
                        var innerExpression = ((BoundExpressionWithNullability)sourceExpression).Expression;
                        var innerConversion = ClassifyImplicitBuiltInConversionFromExpression(innerExpression, innerExpression.Type, destination, ref useSiteInfo);
                        if (innerConversion.Exists)
                        {
                            return innerConversion;
                        }
                        break;
                    }
                case BoundKind.TupleLiteral:
                    var tupleConversion = ClassifyImplicitTupleLiteralConversion((BoundTupleLiteral)sourceExpression, destination, ref useSiteInfo);
                    if (tupleConversion.Exists)
                    {
                        return tupleConversion;
                    }
                    break;

                case BoundKind.UnboundLambda:
                    if (HasAnonymousFunctionConversion(sourceExpression, destination, this.Compilation))
                    {
                        return Conversion.AnonymousFunction;
                    }
                    break;

                case BoundKind.MethodGroup:
                    Conversion methodGroupConversion = GetMethodGroupDelegateConversion((BoundMethodGroup)sourceExpression, destination, ref useSiteInfo);
                    if (methodGroupConversion.Exists)
                    {
                        return methodGroupConversion;
                    }
                    break;

                case BoundKind.UnconvertedInterpolatedString:
                case BoundKind.BinaryOperator when ((BoundBinaryOperator)sourceExpression).IsUnconvertedInterpolatedStringAddition:
                    Conversion interpolatedStringConversion = GetInterpolatedStringConversion(sourceExpression, destination, ref useSiteInfo);
                    if (interpolatedStringConversion.Exists)
                    {
                        return interpolatedStringConversion;
                    }
                    break;
                case BoundKind.StackAllocArrayCreation:
                    var stackAllocConversion = GetStackAllocConversion((BoundStackAllocArrayCreation)sourceExpression, destination, ref useSiteInfo);
                    if (stackAllocConversion.Exists)
                    {
                        return stackAllocConversion;
                    }
                    break;

                case BoundKind.UnconvertedAddressOfOperator when destination is FunctionPointerTypeSymbol funcPtrType:
                    var addressOfConversion = GetMethodGroupFunctionPointerConversion(((BoundUnconvertedAddressOfOperator)sourceExpression).Operand, funcPtrType, ref useSiteInfo);
                    if (addressOfConversion.Exists)
                    {
                        return addressOfConversion;
                    }
                    break;

                case BoundKind.ThrowExpression:
                    return Conversion.ImplicitThrow;

                case BoundKind.UnconvertedObjectCreationExpression:
                    return Conversion.ObjectCreation;

                case BoundKind.UnconvertedCollectionExpression:
                    var collectionExpressionConversion = GetImplicitCollectionExpressionConversion((BoundUnconvertedCollectionExpression)sourceExpression, destination, ref useSiteInfo);
                    if (collectionExpressionConversion.Exists)
                    {
                        return collectionExpressionConversion;
                    }
                    break;
            }

            // Neither Span<T>, nor ReadOnlySpan<T> can be wrapped into a Nullable<T>, therefore, there is no point to check for an attempt to convert to Nullable types here. 
            if (!IsAttributeArgumentBinding && !IsParameterDefaultValueBinding && // These checks prevent cycles caused by attribute binding when HasInlineArrayAttribute check triggers that.
                source?.HasInlineArrayAttribute(out _) == true &&
                source.TryGetInlineArrayElementField() is { TypeWithAnnotations: var elementType } &&
                (destination.OriginalDefinition.Equals(Compilation.GetWellKnownType(WellKnownType.System_Span_T), TypeCompareKind.AllIgnoreOptions) ||
                 destination.OriginalDefinition.Equals(Compilation.GetWellKnownType(WellKnownType.System_ReadOnlySpan_T), TypeCompareKind.AllIgnoreOptions)) &&
                HasIdentityConversionInternal(((NamedTypeSymbol)destination.OriginalDefinition).Construct(ImmutableArray.Create(elementType)), destination))
            {
                return Conversion.InlineArray;
            }

            return Conversion.NoConversion;
        }

#nullable enable
        private Conversion GetImplicitCollectionExpressionConversion(BoundUnconvertedCollectionExpression collectionExpression, TypeSymbol destination, ref CompoundUseSiteInfo<AssemblySymbol> useSiteInfo)
        {
            var collectionExpressionConversion = GetCollectionExpressionConversion(collectionExpression, destination, ref useSiteInfo);
            if (collectionExpressionConversion.Exists)
            {
                return collectionExpressionConversion;
            }

            // strip nullable from the destination
            //
            // the following should work and it is an ImplicitNullable conversion
            //    ImmutableArray<int>? x = [1, 2];
            if (destination.IsNullableType(out var underlyingDestination))
            {
                var underlyingConversion = GetCollectionExpressionConversion(collectionExpression, underlyingDestination, ref useSiteInfo);
                if (underlyingConversion.Exists)
                {
                    return new Conversion(ConversionKind.ImplicitNullable, ImmutableArray.Create(underlyingConversion));
                }
            }

            return Conversion.NoConversion;
        }
#nullable disable

        private Conversion GetSwitchExpressionConversion(BoundExpression source, TypeSymbol destination, ref CompoundUseSiteInfo<AssemblySymbol> useSiteInfo)
        {
            Debug.Assert(Compilation is not null);

            switch (source)
            {
                case BoundConvertedSwitchExpression _:
                    // It has already been subjected to a switch expression conversion.
                    return Conversion.NoConversion;
                case BoundUnconvertedSwitchExpression switchExpression:
                    var innerConversions = ArrayBuilder<Conversion>.GetInstance(switchExpression.SwitchArms.Length);
                    foreach (var arm in switchExpression.SwitchArms)
                    {
                        var nestedConversion = this.ClassifyImplicitConversionFromExpression(arm.Value, destination, ref useSiteInfo);
                        if (!nestedConversion.Exists)
                        {
                            innerConversions.Free();
                            return Conversion.NoConversion;
                        }

                        innerConversions.Add(nestedConversion);
                    }

                    return Conversion.MakeSwitchExpression(innerConversions.ToImmutableAndFree());
                default:
                    return Conversion.NoConversion;
            }
        }

        private Conversion GetConditionalExpressionConversion(BoundExpression source, TypeSymbol destination, ref CompoundUseSiteInfo<AssemblySymbol> useSiteInfo)
        {
            Debug.Assert(Compilation is not null);

            if (!(source is BoundUnconvertedConditionalOperator conditionalOperator))
                return Conversion.NoConversion;

            var trueConversion = this.ClassifyImplicitConversionFromExpression(conditionalOperator.Consequence, destination, ref useSiteInfo);
            if (!trueConversion.Exists)
                return Conversion.NoConversion;

            var falseConversion = this.ClassifyImplicitConversionFromExpression(conditionalOperator.Alternative, destination, ref useSiteInfo);
            if (!falseConversion.Exists)
                return Conversion.NoConversion;

            return Conversion.MakeConditionalExpression(ImmutableArray.Create(trueConversion, falseConversion));
        }

        private static Conversion ClassifyNullLiteralConversion(BoundExpression source, TypeSymbol destination)
        {
            Debug.Assert((object)source != null);
            Debug.Assert((object)destination != null);

            if (!source.IsLiteralNull())
            {
                return Conversion.NoConversion;
            }

            // SPEC: An implicit conversion exists from the null literal to any nullable type. 
            if (destination.IsNullableType())
            {
                // The spec defines a "null literal conversion" specifically as a conversion from
                // null to nullable type.
                return Conversion.NullLiteral;
            }

            // SPEC: An implicit conversion exists from the null literal to any reference type. 
            // SPEC: An implicit conversion exists from the null literal to type parameter T, 
            // SPEC: provided T is known to be a reference type. [...] The conversion [is] classified 
            // SPEC: as implicit reference conversion. 

            if (destination.IsReferenceType)
            {
                return Conversion.ImplicitReference;
            }

            // SPEC: The set of implicit conversions is extended to include...
            // SPEC: ... from the null literal to any pointer type.

            if (destination.IsPointerOrFunctionPointer())
            {
                return Conversion.NullToPointer;
            }

            return Conversion.NoConversion;
        }

        private static Conversion ClassifyImplicitConstantExpressionConversion(BoundExpression source, TypeSymbol destination)
        {
            if (HasImplicitConstantExpressionConversion(source, destination))
            {
                return Conversion.ImplicitConstant;
            }

            // strip nullable from the destination
            //
            // the following should work and it is an ImplicitNullable conversion
            //    int? x = 1;
            if (destination.Kind == SymbolKind.NamedType)
            {
                if (destination.IsNullableType(out var underlyingDestination) &&
                    HasImplicitConstantExpressionConversion(source, underlyingDestination))
                {
                    return Conversion.ImplicitNullableWithImplicitConstantUnderlying;
                }
            }

            return Conversion.NoConversion;
        }

        private Conversion ClassifyImplicitTupleLiteralConversion(BoundTupleLiteral source, TypeSymbol destination, ref CompoundUseSiteInfo<AssemblySymbol> useSiteInfo)
        {
            Debug.Assert(Compilation is not null);

            var tupleConversion = GetImplicitTupleLiteralConversion(source, destination, ref useSiteInfo);
            if (tupleConversion.Exists)
            {
                return tupleConversion;
            }

            // strip nullable from the destination
            //
            // the following should work and it is an ImplicitNullable conversion
            //    (int, double)? x = (1,2);
            if (destination.IsNullableType(out var underlyingDestination))
            {
                var underlyingTupleConversion = GetImplicitTupleLiteralConversion(source, underlyingDestination, ref useSiteInfo);
                if (underlyingTupleConversion.Exists)
                {
                    return new Conversion(ConversionKind.ImplicitNullable, ImmutableArray.Create(underlyingTupleConversion));
                }
            }

            return Conversion.NoConversion;
        }

        private Conversion ClassifyExplicitTupleLiteralConversion(BoundTupleLiteral source, TypeSymbol destination, bool isChecked, ref CompoundUseSiteInfo<AssemblySymbol> useSiteInfo, bool forCast)
        {
            Debug.Assert(Compilation is not null);

            var tupleConversion = GetExplicitTupleLiteralConversion(source, destination, isChecked: isChecked, ref useSiteInfo, forCast);
            if (tupleConversion.Exists)
            {
                return tupleConversion;
            }

            // strip nullable from the destination
            //
            // the following should work and it is an ExplicitNullable conversion
            //    var x = ((byte, string)?)(1,null);
            if (destination.Kind == SymbolKind.NamedType)
            {
                if (destination.IsNullableType(out var underlyingDestination))
                {
                    var underlyingTupleConversion = GetExplicitTupleLiteralConversion(source, underlyingDestination, isChecked: isChecked, ref useSiteInfo, forCast);

                    if (underlyingTupleConversion.Exists)
                    {
                        return new Conversion(ConversionKind.ExplicitNullable, ImmutableArray.Create(underlyingTupleConversion));
                    }
                }
            }

            return Conversion.NoConversion;
        }

        internal static bool HasImplicitConstantExpressionConversion(BoundExpression source, TypeSymbol destination)
        {
            var constantValue = source.ConstantValueOpt;

            if (constantValue == null || (object)source.Type == null)
            {
                return false;
            }

            // An implicit constant expression conversion permits the following conversions:

            // A constant-expression of type int can be converted to type sbyte, byte, short, 
            // ushort, uint, or ulong, provided the value of the constant-expression is within the
            // range of the destination type.
            var specialSource = source.Type.GetSpecialTypeSafe();

            if (specialSource == SpecialType.System_Int32)
            {
                //if the constant value could not be computed, be generous and assume the conversion will work
                int value = constantValue.IsBad ? 0 : constantValue.Int32Value;
                switch (destination.GetSpecialTypeSafe())
                {
                    case SpecialType.System_Byte:
                        return byte.MinValue <= value && value <= byte.MaxValue;
                    case SpecialType.System_SByte:
                        return sbyte.MinValue <= value && value <= sbyte.MaxValue;
                    case SpecialType.System_Int16:
                        return short.MinValue <= value && value <= short.MaxValue;
                    case SpecialType.System_IntPtr when destination.IsNativeIntegerType:
                        return true;
                    case SpecialType.System_UInt32:
                    case SpecialType.System_UIntPtr when destination.IsNativeIntegerType:
                        return uint.MinValue <= value;
                    case SpecialType.System_UInt64:
                        return (int)ulong.MinValue <= value;
                    case SpecialType.System_UInt16:
                        return ushort.MinValue <= value && value <= ushort.MaxValue;
                    default:
                        return false;
                }
            }
            else if (specialSource == SpecialType.System_Int64 && destination.GetSpecialTypeSafe() == SpecialType.System_UInt64 && (constantValue.IsBad || 0 <= constantValue.Int64Value))
            {
                // A constant-expression of type long can be converted to type ulong, provided the
                // value of the constant-expression is not negative.
                return true;
            }

            return false;
        }

#nullable enable
        private Conversion ClassifyExplicitOnlyConversionFromExpression(BoundExpression sourceExpression, TypeSymbol destination, bool isChecked, ref CompoundUseSiteInfo<AssemblySymbol> useSiteInfo, bool forCast)
        {
            Debug.Assert(sourceExpression != null);
            Debug.Assert(Compilation != null);
            Debug.Assert((object)destination != null);

            // NB: need to check for explicit tuple literal conversion before checking for explicit conversion from type
            //     The same literal may have both explicit tuple conversion and explicit tuple literal conversion to the target type.
            //     They are, however, observably different conversions via the order of argument evaluations and element-wise conversions
            if (sourceExpression.Kind == BoundKind.TupleLiteral)
            {
                Conversion tupleConversion = ClassifyExplicitTupleLiteralConversion((BoundTupleLiteral)sourceExpression, destination, isChecked: isChecked, ref useSiteInfo, forCast);
                if (tupleConversion.Exists)
                {
                    return tupleConversion;
                }
            }

            var sourceType = sourceExpression.Type;
            if (sourceType is { })
            {
                // Try using the short-circuit "fast-conversion" path.
                Conversion fastConversion = FastClassifyConversion(sourceType, destination);
                if (fastConversion.Exists)
                {
                    return fastConversion;
                }
                else
                {
                    var conversion = ClassifyExplicitBuiltInOnlyConversion(sourceType, destination, isChecked: isChecked, ref useSiteInfo, forCast);
                    if (conversion.Exists)
                    {
                        return conversion;
                    }
                }
            }

            return GetExplicitUserDefinedConversion(sourceExpression, sourceType, destination, isChecked: isChecked, ref useSiteInfo);
        }

        private static bool HasImplicitEnumerationConversion(BoundExpression source, TypeSymbol destination)
        {
            Debug.Assert((object)source != null);
            Debug.Assert((object)destination != null);

            // SPEC: An implicit enumeration conversion permits the decimal-integer-literal 0 to be converted to any enum-type 
            // SPEC: and to any nullable-type whose underlying type is an enum-type. 
            //
            // For historical reasons we actually allow a conversion from any *numeric constant
            // zero* to be converted to any enum type, not just the literal integer zero.

            bool validType = destination.IsEnumType() ||
                destination.IsNullableType() && destination.GetNullableUnderlyingType().IsEnumType();

            if (!validType)
            {
                return false;
            }

            var sourceConstantValue = source.ConstantValueOpt;
            return sourceConstantValue != null &&
                source.Type is object &&
                IsNumericType(source.Type) &&
                IsConstantNumericZero(sourceConstantValue);
        }

        private static LambdaConversionResult IsAnonymousFunctionCompatibleWithDelegate(UnboundLambda anonymousFunction, TypeSymbol type, CSharpCompilation compilation, bool isTargetExpressionTree)
        {
            Debug.Assert((object)anonymousFunction != null);
            Debug.Assert((object)type != null);

            // SPEC: An anonymous-method-expression or lambda-expression is classified as an anonymous function. 
            // SPEC: The expression does not have a type but can be implicitly converted to a compatible delegate 
            // SPEC: type or expression tree type. Specifically, a delegate type D is compatible with an 
            // SPEC: anonymous function F provided:

            var delegateType = (NamedTypeSymbol)type;
            var invokeMethod = delegateType.DelegateInvokeMethod;

            if (invokeMethod is null || invokeMethod.HasUseSiteError)
            {
                return LambdaConversionResult.BadTargetType;
            }

            if (anonymousFunction.HasExplicitReturnType(out var refKind, refCustomModifiers: out _, out var returnType))
            {
                if (invokeMethod.RefKind != refKind ||
                    !invokeMethod.ReturnType.Equals(returnType.Type, TypeCompareKind.AllIgnoreOptions))
                {
                    return LambdaConversionResult.MismatchedReturnType;
                }
            }

            var delegateParameters = invokeMethod.Parameters;

            // SPEC: If F contains an anonymous-function-signature, then D and F have the same number of parameters.
            // SPEC: If F does not contain an anonymous-function-signature, then D may have zero or more parameters 
            // SPEC: of any type, as long as no parameter of D has the out parameter modifier.

            if (anonymousFunction.HasSignature)
            {
                if (anonymousFunction.ParameterCount != invokeMethod.ParameterCount)
                {
                    return LambdaConversionResult.BadParameterCount;
                }

                // SPEC: If F has an implicitly or explicitly typed parameter list, each parameter in D has the same
                // SPEC: type and modifiers as the corresponding parameter in F.

                for (int p = 0; p < delegateParameters.Length; ++p)
                {
                    if (!OverloadResolution.AreRefsCompatibleForMethodConversion(
                            candidateMethodParameterRefKind: anonymousFunction.RefKind(p),
                            delegateParameterRefKind: delegateParameters[p].RefKind,
                            compilation))
                    {
                        return LambdaConversionResult.MismatchedParameterRefKind;
                    }
                }

                if (anonymousFunction.HasExplicitlyTypedParameterList)
                {
                    for (int p = 0; p < delegateParameters.Length; ++p)
                    {
                        if (!delegateParameters[p].Type.Equals(anonymousFunction.ParameterType(p), TypeCompareKind.AllIgnoreOptions))
                        {
                            return LambdaConversionResult.MismatchedParameterType;
                        }
                    }
                }
                else
                {
                    // In C# it is not possible to make a delegate type
                    // such that one of its parameter types is a static type. But static types are 
                    // in metadata just sealed abstract types; there is nothing stopping someone in
                    // another language from creating a delegate with a static type for a parameter,
                    // though the only argument you could pass for that parameter is null.
                    // 
                    // In the native compiler we forbid conversion of an anonymous function that has
                    // an implicitly-typed parameter list to a delegate type that has a static type
                    // for a formal parameter type. However, we do *not* forbid it for an explicitly-
                    // typed lambda (because we already require that the explicitly typed parameter not
                    // be static) and we do not forbid it for an anonymous method with the entire
                    // parameter list missing (because the body cannot possibly have a parameter that
                    // is of static type, even though this means that we will be generating a hidden
                    // method with a parameter of static type.)
                    //
                    // We also allow more exotic situations to work in the native compiler. For example,
                    // though it is not possible to convert x=>{} to Action<GC>, it is possible to convert
                    // it to Action<List<GC>> should there be a language that allows you to construct 
                    // a variable of that type.
                    //
                    // We might consider beefing up this rule to disallow a conversion of *any* anonymous
                    // function to *any* delegate that has a static type *anywhere* in the parameter list.

                    for (int p = 0; p < delegateParameters.Length; ++p)
                    {
                        if (delegateParameters[p].TypeWithAnnotations.IsStatic)
                        {
                            return LambdaConversionResult.StaticTypeInImplicitlyTypedLambda;
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
            else
            {
                for (int p = 0; p < delegateParameters.Length; ++p)
                {
                    if (delegateParameters[p].RefKind == RefKind.Out)
                    {
                        return LambdaConversionResult.MissingSignatureWithOutParameter;
                    }
                }
            }

            // Ensure the body can be converted to that delegate type
            var bound = anonymousFunction.Bind(delegateType, isTargetExpressionTree);
            if (ErrorFacts.PreventsSuccessfulDelegateConversion(bound.Diagnostics.Diagnostics))
            {
                return LambdaConversionResult.BindingFailed;
            }

            return LambdaConversionResult.Success;
        }

        private static LambdaConversionResult IsAnonymousFunctionCompatibleWithExpressionTree(UnboundLambda anonymousFunction, NamedTypeSymbol type, CSharpCompilation compilation)
        {
            Debug.Assert((object)anonymousFunction != null);
            Debug.Assert((object)type != null);
            Debug.Assert(type.IsExpressionTree());

            // SPEC OMISSION:
            // 
            // The C# 3 spec said that anonymous methods and statement lambdas are *convertible* to expression tree
            // types if the anonymous method/statement lambda is convertible to its delegate type; however, actually
            // *using* such a conversion is an error. However, that is not what we implemented. In C# 3 we implemented
            // that an anonymous method is *not convertible* to an expression tree type, period. (Statement lambdas
            // used the rule described in the spec.)  
            //
            // This appears to be a spec omission; the intention is to make old-style anonymous methods not 
            // convertible to expression trees.

            var delegateType = type.TypeArgumentsWithAnnotationsNoUseSiteDiagnostics[0].Type;
            if (!delegateType.IsDelegateType())
            {
                return LambdaConversionResult.ExpressionTreeMustHaveDelegateTypeArgument;
            }

            if (anonymousFunction.Syntax.Kind() == SyntaxKind.AnonymousMethodExpression)
            {
                return LambdaConversionResult.ExpressionTreeFromAnonymousMethod;
            }

            return IsAnonymousFunctionCompatibleWithDelegate(anonymousFunction, delegateType, compilation, isTargetExpressionTree: true);
        }

        internal bool IsAssignableFromMulticastDelegate(TypeSymbol type, ref CompoundUseSiteInfo<AssemblySymbol> useSiteInfo)
        {
            var multicastDelegateType = corLibrary.GetSpecialType(SpecialType.System_MulticastDelegate);
            multicastDelegateType.AddUseSiteInfo(ref useSiteInfo);
            return ClassifyImplicitConversionFromType(multicastDelegateType, type, ref useSiteInfo).Exists;
        }

        public static LambdaConversionResult IsAnonymousFunctionCompatibleWithType(UnboundLambda anonymousFunction, TypeSymbol type, CSharpCompilation compilation)
        {
            Debug.Assert((object)anonymousFunction != null);
            Debug.Assert((object)type != null);

            if (type.IsDelegateType())
            {
                return IsAnonymousFunctionCompatibleWithDelegate(anonymousFunction, type, compilation, isTargetExpressionTree: false);
            }
            else if (type.IsExpressionTree())
            {
                return IsAnonymousFunctionCompatibleWithExpressionTree(anonymousFunction, (NamedTypeSymbol)type, compilation);
            }

            return LambdaConversionResult.BadTargetType;
        }

        private static bool HasAnonymousFunctionConversion(BoundExpression source, TypeSymbol destination, CSharpCompilation compilation)
        {
            Debug.Assert(source != null);
            Debug.Assert((object)destination != null);

            if (source.Kind != BoundKind.UnboundLambda)
            {
                return false;
            }

            return IsAnonymousFunctionCompatibleWithType((UnboundLambda)source, destination, compilation) == LambdaConversionResult.Success;
        }

        internal static CollectionExpressionTypeKind GetCollectionExpressionTypeKind(CSharpCompilation compilation, TypeSymbol destination, out TypeWithAnnotations elementType)
        {
            Debug.Assert(compilation is { });

            if (destination is ArrayTypeSymbol arrayType)
            {
                if (arrayType.IsSZArray)
                {
                    elementType = arrayType.ElementTypeWithAnnotations;
                    return CollectionExpressionTypeKind.Array;
                }
            }
            else if (IsSpanOrListType(compilation, destination, WellKnownType.System_Span_T, out elementType))
            {
                return CollectionExpressionTypeKind.Span;
            }
            else if (IsSpanOrListType(compilation, destination, WellKnownType.System_ReadOnlySpan_T, out elementType))
            {
                return CollectionExpressionTypeKind.ReadOnlySpan;
            }
            else if ((destination as NamedTypeSymbol)?.HasCollectionBuilderAttribute(out _, out _) == true)
            {
                elementType = default;
                return CollectionExpressionTypeKind.CollectionBuilder;
            }
            else if (implementsSpecialInterface(compilation, destination, SpecialType.System_Collections_IEnumerable))
            {
                // ^ This implementation differs from Binder.CollectionInitializerTypeImplementsIEnumerable().
                // That method checks for an implicit conversion from IEnumerable to the collection type, to
                // match earlier implementation, even though it states that walking the implemented interfaces
                // would be better. If we use CollectionInitializerTypeImplementsIEnumerable() here, we'd need
                // to check for nullable to disallow: Nullable<StructCollection> s = [];
                // Instead, we just walk the implemented interfaces.
                elementType = default;
                return CollectionExpressionTypeKind.ImplementsIEnumerable;
            }
            else if (destination.IsArrayInterface(out elementType))
            {
                return CollectionExpressionTypeKind.ArrayInterface;
            }

            elementType = default;
            return CollectionExpressionTypeKind.None;

            static bool implementsSpecialInterface(CSharpCompilation compilation, TypeSymbol targetType, SpecialType specialInterface)
            {
                var allInterfaces = targetType.GetAllInterfacesOrEffectiveInterfaces();
                var specialType = compilation.GetSpecialType(specialInterface);
                return allInterfaces.Any(static (a, b) => ReferenceEquals(a.OriginalDefinition, b), specialType);
            }
        }

        internal static bool IsSpanOrListType(CSharpCompilation compilation, TypeSymbol targetType, WellKnownType spanType, [NotNullWhen(true)] out TypeWithAnnotations elementType)
        {
            if (targetType is NamedTypeSymbol { Arity: 1 } namedType
                && ReferenceEquals(namedType.OriginalDefinition, compilation.GetWellKnownType(spanType)))
            {
                elementType = namedType.TypeArgumentsWithAnnotationsNoUseSiteDiagnostics[0];
                return true;
            }
            elementType = default;
            return false;
        }
#nullable disable

        internal Conversion ClassifyImplicitUserDefinedConversionForV6SwitchGoverningType(TypeSymbol sourceType, out TypeSymbol switchGoverningType, ref CompoundUseSiteInfo<AssemblySymbol> useSiteInfo)
        {
            // SPEC:    The governing type of a switch statement is established by the switch expression.
            // SPEC:    1) If the type of the switch expression is sbyte, byte, short, ushort, int, uint,
            // SPEC:       long, ulong, bool, char, string, or an enum-type, or if it is the nullable type
            // SPEC:       corresponding to one of these types, then that is the governing type of the switch statement. 
            // SPEC:    2) Otherwise, exactly one user-defined implicit conversion (§6.4) must exist from the
            // SPEC:       type of the switch expression to one of the following possible governing types:
            // SPEC:       sbyte, byte, short, ushort, int, uint, long, ulong, char, string, or, a nullable type
            // SPEC:       corresponding to one of those types

            // NOTE:    We should be called only if (1) is false for source type.
            Debug.Assert((object)sourceType != null);
            Debug.Assert(!sourceType.IsValidV6SwitchGoverningType());

            UserDefinedConversionResult result = AnalyzeImplicitUserDefinedConversionForV6SwitchGoverningType(sourceType, ref useSiteInfo);

            if (result.Kind == UserDefinedConversionResultKind.Valid)
            {
                UserDefinedConversionAnalysis analysis = result.Results[result.Best];

                switchGoverningType = analysis.ToType;
                Debug.Assert(switchGoverningType.IsValidV6SwitchGoverningType(isTargetTypeOfUserDefinedOp: true));
            }
            else
            {
                switchGoverningType = null;
            }

            return new Conversion(result, isImplicit: true);
        }

        internal Conversion GetCallerLineNumberConversion(TypeSymbol destination, ref CompoundUseSiteInfo<AssemblySymbol> useSiteInfo)
        {
            var greenNode = new Syntax.InternalSyntax.LiteralExpressionSyntax(SyntaxKind.NumericLiteralExpression, new Syntax.InternalSyntax.SyntaxToken(SyntaxKind.NumericLiteralToken));
            var syntaxNode = new LiteralExpressionSyntax(greenNode, null, 0);

            TypeSymbol expectedAttributeType = corLibrary.GetSpecialType(SpecialType.System_Int32);
            BoundLiteral intMaxValueLiteral = new BoundLiteral(syntaxNode, ConstantValue.Create(int.MaxValue), expectedAttributeType);

            // Below is a duplication of relevant parts of ClassifyStandardImplicitConversion method.
            // It needs a compilation instance, but we don't have it and the relevant parts actually do not depend on
            // a compilation.
            if (HasImplicitEnumerationConversion(intMaxValueLiteral, destination))
            {
                return Conversion.ImplicitEnumeration;
            }

            var constantConversion = ClassifyImplicitConstantExpressionConversion(intMaxValueLiteral, destination);
            if (constantConversion.Exists)
            {
                return constantConversion;
            }

            return ClassifyStandardImplicitConversion(expectedAttributeType, destination, ref useSiteInfo);
        }

        internal bool HasCallerLineNumberConversion(TypeSymbol destination, ref CompoundUseSiteInfo<AssemblySymbol> useSiteInfo)
        {
            return GetCallerLineNumberConversion(destination, ref useSiteInfo).Exists;
        }

        internal bool HasCallerInfoStringConversion(TypeSymbol destination, ref CompoundUseSiteInfo<AssemblySymbol> useSiteInfo)
        {
            TypeSymbol expectedAttributeType = corLibrary.GetSpecialType(SpecialType.System_String);
            Conversion conversion = ClassifyStandardImplicitConversion(expectedAttributeType, destination, ref useSiteInfo);
            return conversion.Exists;
        }

        public static bool HasIdentityConversion(TypeSymbol type1, TypeSymbol type2)
        {
            return HasIdentityConversionInternal(type1, type2, includeNullability: false);
        }

        private static bool HasIdentityConversionInternal(TypeSymbol type1, TypeSymbol type2, bool includeNullability)
        {
            // Spec (6.1.1):
            // An identity conversion converts from any type to the same type. This conversion exists 
            // such that an entity that already has a required type can be said to be convertible to 
            // that type.
            //
            // Because object and dynamic are considered equivalent there is an identity conversion 
            // between object and dynamic, and between constructed types that are the same when replacing 
            // all occurrences of dynamic with object.

            Debug.Assert((object)type1 != null);
            Debug.Assert((object)type2 != null);

            // Note, when we are paying attention to nullability, we ignore oblivious mismatch.
            // See TypeCompareKind.ObliviousNullableModifierMatchesAny
            var compareKind = includeNullability ?
                TypeCompareKind.AllIgnoreOptions & ~TypeCompareKind.IgnoreNullableModifiersForReferenceTypes :
                TypeCompareKind.AllIgnoreOptions;
            return type1.Equals(type2, compareKind);
        }

        private bool HasIdentityConversionInternal(TypeSymbol type1, TypeSymbol type2)
        {
            return HasIdentityConversionInternal(type1, type2, IncludeNullability);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Returns true if:
        /// - Either type has no nullability information (oblivious).
        /// - Both types cannot have different nullability at the same time,
        ///   including the case of type parameters that by themselves can represent nullable and not nullable reference types.
        /// </summary>
        internal bool HasTopLevelNullabilityIdentityConversion(TypeWithAnnotations source, TypeWithAnnotations destination)
        {
            if (!IncludeNullability)
            {
                return true;
            }

            if (source.NullableAnnotation.IsOblivious() || destination.NullableAnnotation.IsOblivious())
            {
                return true;
            }

            var sourceIsPossiblyNullableTypeParameter = IsPossiblyNullableTypeTypeParameter(source);
            var destinationIsPossiblyNullableTypeParameter = IsPossiblyNullableTypeTypeParameter(destination);
            if (sourceIsPossiblyNullableTypeParameter && !destinationIsPossiblyNullableTypeParameter)
            {
                return destination.NullableAnnotation.IsAnnotated();
            }

            if (destinationIsPossiblyNullableTypeParameter && !sourceIsPossiblyNullableTypeParameter)
            {
                return source.NullableAnnotation.IsAnnotated();
            }

            return source.NullableAnnotation.IsAnnotated() == destination.NullableAnnotation.IsAnnotated();
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Returns false if source type can be nullable at the same time when destination type can be not nullable, 
        /// including the case of type parameters that by themselves can represent nullable and not nullable reference types.
        /// When either type has no nullability information (oblivious), this method returns true.
        /// </summary>
        internal bool HasTopLevelNullabilityImplicitConversion(TypeWithAnnotations source, TypeWithAnnotations destination)
        {
            if (!IncludeNullability)
            {
                return true;
            }

            if (source.NullableAnnotation.IsOblivious() || destination.NullableAnnotation.IsOblivious() || destination.NullableAnnotation.IsAnnotated())
            {
                return true;
            }

            if (IsPossiblyNullableTypeTypeParameter(source) && !IsPossiblyNullableTypeTypeParameter(destination))
            {
                return false;
            }

            return !source.NullableAnnotation.IsAnnotated();
        }

        private static bool IsPossiblyNullableTypeTypeParameter(in TypeWithAnnotations typeWithAnnotations)
        {
            var type = typeWithAnnotations.Type;
            return type is object &&
                (type.IsPossiblyNullableReferenceTypeTypeParameter() || type.IsNullableTypeOrTypeParameter());
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Returns false if the source does not have an implicit conversion to the destination
        /// because of either incompatible top level or nested nullability.
        /// </summary>
        public bool HasAnyNullabilityImplicitConversion(TypeWithAnnotations source, TypeWithAnnotations destination)
        {
            Debug.Assert(IncludeNullability);
            var discardedUseSiteInfo = CompoundUseSiteInfo<AssemblySymbol>.Discarded;
            Conversion conversion = ClassifyImplicitConversionFromType(source.Type, destination.Type, ref discardedUseSiteInfo);
            return conversion.Kind != ConversionKind.NoConversion &&
                   (conversion.IsUnion || conversion.IsUserDefined || HasTopLevelNullabilityImplicitConversion(source, destination));
        }

        private static bool HasIdentityConversionToAny(NamedTypeSymbol type, ArrayBuilder<(NamedTypeSymbol ParticipatingType, TypeParameterSymbol ConstrainedToTypeOpt)> targetTypes)
        {
            foreach (var targetType in targetTypes)
            {
                if (HasIdentityConversionInternal(type, targetType.ParticipatingType, includeNullability: false))
                {
                    return true;
                }
            }

            return false;
        }

        public Conversion ConvertExtensionMethodThisArg(TypeSymbol parameterType, TypeSymbol thisType, ref CompoundUseSiteInfo<AssemblySymbol> useSiteInfo, bool isMethodGroupConversion)
        {
            Debug.Assert((object)thisType != null);
            var conversion = this.ClassifyImplicitExtensionMethodThisArgConversion(sourceExpressionOpt: null, thisType, parameterType, ref useSiteInfo, isMethodGroupConversion);
            return IsValidExtensionMethodThisArgConversion(conversion) ? conversion : Conversion.NoConversion;
        }

        // Spec 7.6.5.2: "An extension method ... is eligible if ... [an] implicit identity, reference,
        // boxing, or span conversion exists from expr to the type of the first parameter.
        // Span conversion is not considered when overload resolution is performed for a method group conversion."
        public Conversion ClassifyImplicitExtensionMethodThisArgConversion(BoundExpression sourceExpressionOpt, TypeSymbol sourceType, TypeSymbol destination, ref CompoundUseSiteInfo<AssemblySymbol> useSiteInfo, bool isMethodGroupConversion)
        {
            Debug.Assert(sourceExpressionOpt is null || Compilation is not null);
            Debug.Assert(sourceExpressionOpt == null || (object)sourceExpressionOpt.Type == sourceType);
            Debug.Assert((object)destination != null);

            if ((object)sourceType != null)
            {
                if (HasIdentityConversionInternal(sourceType, destination))
                {
                    return Conversion.Identity;
                }

                if (HasBoxingConversion(sourceType, destination, ref useSiteInfo))
                {
                    return Conversion.Boxing;
                }

                if (HasImplicitReferenceConversion(sourceType, destination, ref useSiteInfo))
                {
                    return Conversion.ImplicitReference;
                }

                if (!isMethodGroupConversion && HasImplicitSpanConversion(sourceType, destination, ref useSiteInfo))
                {
                    return Conversion.ImplicitSpan;
                }
            }

            if (sourceExpressionOpt?.Kind == BoundKind.TupleLiteral)
            {
                // GetTupleLiteralConversion is not used with IncludeNullability currently.
                // If that changes, the delegate below will need to consider top-level nullability.
                Debug.Assert(!IncludeNullability);
                var tupleConversion = GetTupleLiteralConversion(
                    (BoundTupleLiteral)sourceExpressionOpt,
                    destination,
                    ref useSiteInfo,
                    ConversionKind.ImplicitTupleLiteral,
                    (ConversionsBase conversions, BoundExpression s, TypeWithAnnotations d, bool isChecked, ref CompoundUseSiteInfo<AssemblySymbol> u, bool forCast) =>
                        conversions.ClassifyImplicitExtensionMethodThisArgConversion(s, s.Type, d.Type, ref u, isMethodGroupConversion: false),
                    isChecked: false,
                    forCast: false);
                if (tupleConversion.Exists)
                {
                    return tupleConversion;
                }
            }

            if ((object)sourceType != null)
            {
                var tupleConversion = ClassifyTupleConversion(
                    sourceType,
                    destination,
                    ref useSiteInfo,
                    ConversionKind.ImplicitTuple,
                    (ConversionsBase conversions, TypeWithAnnotations s, TypeWithAnnotations d, bool _, ref CompoundUseSiteInfo<AssemblySymbol> u, bool _) =>
                    {
                        if (!conversions.HasTopLevelNullabilityImplicitConversion(s, d))
                        {
                            return Conversion.NoConversion;
                        }
                        return conversions.ClassifyImplicitExtensionMethodThisArgConversion(sourceExpressionOpt: null, s.Type, d.Type, ref u, isMethodGroupConversion: false);
                    },
                    isChecked: false,
                    forCast: false);
                if (tupleConversion.Exists)
                {
                    return tupleConversion;
                }
            }

            return Conversion.NoConversion;
        }

        // It should be possible to remove IsValidExtensionMethodThisArgConversion
        // since ClassifyImplicitExtensionMethodThisArgConversion should only
        // return valid conversions. https://github.com/dotnet/roslyn/issues/19622

        // Spec 7.6.5.2: "An extension method ... is eligible if ... [an] implicit identity, reference,
        // or boxing conversion exists from expr to the type of the first parameter"
        public static bool IsValidExtensionMethodThisArgConversion(Conversion conversion)
        {
            switch (conversion.Kind)
            {
                case ConversionKind.Identity:
                case ConversionKind.Boxing:
                case ConversionKind.ImplicitReference:
                case ConversionKind.ImplicitSpan:
                    return true;

                case ConversionKind.ImplicitTuple:
                case ConversionKind.ImplicitTupleLiteral:
                    // check if all element conversions satisfy the requirement
                    foreach (var elementConversion in conversion.UnderlyingConversions)
                    {
                        if (!IsValidExtensionMethodThisArgConversion(elementConversion))
                        {
                            return false;
                        }
                    }
                    return true;

                default:
                    // Caller should have not have calculated another conversion.
                    Debug.Assert(conversion.Kind == ConversionKind.NoConversion);
                    return false;
            }
        }

#nullable enable

        private static ConversionKind GetNumericConversion(TypeSymbol source, TypeSymbol destination)
        {
            Debug.Assert((object)source != null);
            Debug.Assert((object)destination != null);

            if (!IsNumericType(source) || !IsNumericType(destination))
            {
                return ConversionKind.UnsetConversionKind;
            }

            if (source.SpecialType == destination.SpecialType)
            {
                // Notice that there is no implicit numeric conversion from a type to itself. That's an
                // identity conversion.
                return ConversionKind.UnsetConversionKind;
            }

            var conversionKind = ConversionEasyOut.ClassifyConversion(source, destination);
            Debug.Assert(conversionKind is ConversionKind.ImplicitNumeric or ConversionKind.ExplicitNumeric);
            return conversionKind;
        }

        private static bool HasImplicitNumericConversion(TypeSymbol source, TypeSymbol destination)
        {
            return GetNumericConversion(source, destination) == ConversionKind.ImplicitNumeric;
        }

        private static bool HasExplicitNumericConversion(TypeSymbol source, TypeSymbol destination)
        {
            // SPEC: The explicit numeric conversions are the conversions from a numeric-type to another 
            // SPEC: numeric-type for which an implicit numeric conversion does not already exist.
            return GetNumericConversion(source, destination) == ConversionKind.ExplicitNumeric;
        }

        private static bool IsConstantNumericZero(ConstantValue value)
        {
            switch (value.Discriminator)
            {
                case ConstantValueTypeDiscriminator.SByte:
                    return value.SByteValue == 0;
                case ConstantValueTypeDiscriminator.Byte:
                    return value.ByteValue == 0;
                case ConstantValueTypeDiscriminator.Int16:
                    return value.Int16Value == 0;
                case ConstantValueTypeDiscriminator.Int32:
                case ConstantValueTypeDiscriminator.NInt:
                    return value.Int32Value == 0;
                case ConstantValueTypeDiscriminator.Int64:
                    return value.Int64Value == 0;
                case ConstantValueTypeDiscriminator.UInt16:
                    return value.UInt16Value == 0;
                case ConstantValueTypeDiscriminator.UInt32:
                case ConstantValueTypeDiscriminator.NUInt:
                    return value.UInt32Value == 0;
                case ConstantValueTypeDiscriminator.UInt64:
                    return value.UInt64Value == 0;
                case ConstantValueTypeDiscriminator.Single:
                case ConstantValueTypeDiscriminator.Double:
                    return value.DoubleValue == 0;
                case ConstantValueTypeDiscriminator.Decimal:
                    return value.DecimalValue == 0;
            }
            return false;
        }

        private static bool IsNumericType(TypeSymbol type)
        {
            switch (type.SpecialType)
            {
                case SpecialType.System_Char:
                case SpecialType.System_SByte:
                case SpecialType.System_Byte:
                case SpecialType.System_Int16:
                case SpecialType.System_UInt16:
                case SpecialType.System_Int32:
                case SpecialType.System_UInt32:
                case SpecialType.System_Int64:
                case SpecialType.System_UInt64:
                case SpecialType.System_Single:
                case SpecialType.System_Double:
                case SpecialType.System_Decimal:
                case SpecialType.System_IntPtr when type.IsNativeIntegerType:
                case SpecialType.System_UIntPtr when type.IsNativeIntegerType:
                    return true;
                default:
                    return false;
            }
        }

        private static bool HasSpecialIntPtrConversion(TypeSymbol source, TypeSymbol target)
        {
            Debug.Assert((object)source != null);
            Debug.Assert((object)target != null);

            // There are only a total of twelve user-defined explicit conversions on IntPtr and UIntPtr:
            //
            // IntPtr  <---> int
            // IntPtr  <---> long
            // IntPtr  <---> void*
            // UIntPtr <---> uint
            // UIntPtr <---> ulong
            // UIntPtr <---> void*
            //
            // The specification says that you can put any *standard* implicit or explicit conversion
            // on "either side" of a user-defined explicit conversion, so the specification allows, say,
            // UIntPtr --> byte because the conversion UIntPtr --> uint is user-defined and the 
            // conversion uint --> byte is "standard". It is "standard" because the conversion 
            // byte --> uint is an implicit numeric conversion.

            // This means that certain conversions should be illegal. For example, IntPtr --> ulong
            // should be illegal because none of int --> ulong, long --> ulong and void* --> ulong 
            // are "standard" conversions. 

            // Similarly, some conversions involving IntPtr should be illegal because they are 
            // ambiguous. byte --> IntPtr?, for example, is ambiguous. (There are four possible
            // UD operators: int --> IntPtr and long --> IntPtr, and their lifted versions. The
            // best possible source type is int, the best possible target type is IntPtr?, and
            // there is an ambiguity between the unlifted int --> IntPtr, and the lifted 
            // int? --> IntPtr? conversions.)

            // In practice, the native compiler, and hence, the Roslyn compiler, allows all 
            // these conversions. Any conversion from a numeric type to IntPtr, or from an IntPtr
            // to a numeric type, is allowed. Also, any conversion from a pointer type to IntPtr
            // or vice versa is allowed.

            var s0 = source.StrippedType();
            var t0 = target.StrippedType();

            TypeSymbol otherType;
            if (isIntPtrOrUIntPtr(s0))
            {
                otherType = t0;
            }
            else if (isIntPtrOrUIntPtr(t0))
            {
                otherType = s0;
            }
            else
            {
                return false;
            }

            if (otherType.IsPointerOrFunctionPointer())
            {
                return true;
            }

            if (otherType.TypeKind == TypeKind.Enum)
            {
                return true;
            }

            switch (otherType.SpecialType)
            {
                case SpecialType.System_SByte:
                case SpecialType.System_Byte:
                case SpecialType.System_Int16:
                case SpecialType.System_UInt16:
                case SpecialType.System_Char:
                case SpecialType.System_Int32:
                case SpecialType.System_UInt32:
                case SpecialType.System_Int64:
                case SpecialType.System_UInt64:
                case SpecialType.System_Double:
                case SpecialType.System_Single:
                case SpecialType.System_Decimal:
                    return true;
            }

            return false;

            static bool isIntPtrOrUIntPtr(TypeSymbol type) =>
                (type.SpecialType == SpecialType.System_IntPtr || type.SpecialType == SpecialType.System_UIntPtr) && !type.IsNativeIntegerType;
        }

        private static bool HasExplicitEnumerationConversion(TypeSymbol source, TypeSymbol destination)
        {
            Debug.Assert((object)source != null);
            Debug.Assert((object)destination != null);

            // SPEC: The explicit enumeration conversions are:
            // SPEC: From sbyte, byte, short, ushort, int, uint, long, ulong, nint, nuint, char, float, double, or decimal to any enum-type.
            // SPEC: From any enum-type to sbyte, byte, short, ushort, int, uint, long, ulong, nint, nuint, char, float, double, or decimal.
            // SPEC: From any enum-type to any other enum-type.

            if (IsNumericType(source) && destination.IsEnumType())
            {
                return true;
            }

            if (IsNumericType(destination) && source.IsEnumType())
            {
                return true;
            }

            if (source.IsEnumType() && destination.IsEnumType())
            {
                return true;
            }

            return false;
        }
#nullable disable

        private Conversion ClassifyImplicitNullableConversion(TypeSymbol source, TypeSymbol destination, ref CompoundUseSiteInfo<AssemblySymbol> useSiteInfo)
        {
            Debug.Assert((object)source != null);
            Debug.Assert((object)destination != null);

            // SPEC: Predefined implicit conversions that operate on non-nullable value types can also be used with 
            // SPEC: nullable forms of those types. For each of the predefined implicit identity, numeric and tuple conversions
            // SPEC: that convert from a non-nullable value type S to a non-nullable value type T, the following implicit 
            // SPEC: nullable conversions exist:
            // SPEC: * An implicit conversion from S? to T?.
            // SPEC: * An implicit conversion from S to T?.
            if (!destination.IsNullableType())
            {
                return Conversion.NoConversion;
            }

            TypeSymbol unwrappedDestination = destination.GetNullableUnderlyingType();
            TypeSymbol unwrappedSource = source.StrippedType();

            if (!unwrappedSource.IsValueType)
            {
                return Conversion.NoConversion;
            }

            if (HasIdentityConversionInternal(unwrappedSource, unwrappedDestination))
            {
                return Conversion.ImplicitNullableWithIdentityUnderlying;
            }

            if (HasImplicitNumericConversion(unwrappedSource, unwrappedDestination))
            {
                return Conversion.ImplicitNullableWithImplicitNumericUnderlying;
            }

            var tupleConversion = ClassifyImplicitTupleConversion(unwrappedSource, unwrappedDestination, ref useSiteInfo);
            if (tupleConversion.Exists)
            {
                return new Conversion(ConversionKind.ImplicitNullable, ImmutableArray.Create(tupleConversion));
            }

            return Conversion.NoConversion;
        }

        private delegate Conversion ClassifyConversionFromExpressionDelegate(ConversionsBase conversions, BoundExpression sourceExpression, TypeWithAnnotations destination, bool isChecked, ref CompoundUseSiteInfo<AssemblySymbol> useSiteInfo, bool forCast);
        private delegate Conversion ClassifyConversionFromTypeDelegate(ConversionsBase conversions, TypeWithAnnotations source, TypeWithAnnotations destination, bool isChecked, ref CompoundUseSiteInfo<AssemblySymbol> useSiteInfo, bool forCast);

        private Conversion GetImplicitTupleLiteralConversion(BoundTupleLiteral source, TypeSymbol destination, ref CompoundUseSiteInfo<AssemblySymbol> useSiteInfo)
        {
            Debug.Assert(Compilation is not null);

            // GetTupleLiteralConversion is not used with IncludeNullability currently.
            // If that changes, the delegate below will need to consider top-level nullability.
            Debug.Assert(!IncludeNullability);
            return GetTupleLiteralConversion(
                source,
                destination,
                ref useSiteInfo,
                ConversionKind.ImplicitTupleLiteral,
                (ConversionsBase conversions, BoundExpression s, TypeWithAnnotations d, bool isChecked, ref CompoundUseSiteInfo<AssemblySymbol> u, bool forCast)
                    => conversions.ClassifyImplicitConversionFromExpression(s, d.Type, ref u),
                isChecked: false,
                forCast: false);
        }

        private Conversion GetExplicitTupleLiteralConversion(BoundTupleLiteral source, TypeSymbol destination, bool isChecked, ref CompoundUseSiteInfo<AssemblySymbol> useSiteInfo, bool forCast)
        {
            Debug.Assert(Compilation is not null);

            // GetTupleLiteralConversion is not used with IncludeNullability currently.
            // If that changes, the delegate below will need to consider top-level nullability.
            Debug.Assert(!IncludeNullability);
            return GetTupleLiteralConversion(
                source,
                destination,
                ref useSiteInfo,
                ConversionKind.ExplicitTupleLiteral,
                (ConversionsBase conversions, BoundExpression s, TypeWithAnnotations d, bool isChecked, ref CompoundUseSiteInfo<AssemblySymbol> u, bool forCast) =>
                    conversions.ClassifyConversionFromExpression(s, d.Type, isChecked: isChecked, ref u, forCast: forCast),
                isChecked: isChecked,
                forCast: forCast);
        }

        private Conversion GetTupleLiteralConversion(
            BoundTupleLiteral source,
            TypeSymbol destination,
            ref CompoundUseSiteInfo<AssemblySymbol> useSiteInfo,
            ConversionKind kind,
            ClassifyConversionFromExpressionDelegate classifyConversion,
            bool isChecked,
            bool forCast)
        {
            Debug.Assert(Compilation is not null);

            var arguments = source.Arguments;

            // check if the type is actually compatible type for a tuple of given cardinality
            if (!destination.IsTupleTypeOfCardinality(arguments.Length))
            {
                return Conversion.NoConversion;
            }

            var targetElementTypes = destination.TupleElementTypesWithAnnotations;
            Debug.Assert(arguments.Length == targetElementTypes.Length);

            // check arguments against flattened list of target element types 
            var argumentConversions = ArrayBuilder<Conversion>.GetInstance(arguments.Length);
            for (int i = 0; i < arguments.Length; i++)
            {
                var argument = arguments[i];
                var result = classifyConversion(this, argument, targetElementTypes[i], isChecked: isChecked, ref useSiteInfo, forCast: forCast);
                if (!result.Exists)
                {
                    argumentConversions.Free();
                    return Conversion.NoConversion;
                }

                argumentConversions.Add(result);
            }

            return new Conversion(kind, argumentConversions.ToImmutableAndFree());
        }

        private Conversion ClassifyImplicitTupleConversion(TypeSymbol source, TypeSymbol destination, ref CompoundUseSiteInfo<AssemblySymbol> useSiteInfo)
        {
            return ClassifyTupleConversion(
                source,
                destination,
                ref useSiteInfo,
                ConversionKind.ImplicitTuple,
                (ConversionsBase conversions, TypeWithAnnotations s, TypeWithAnnotations d, bool _, ref CompoundUseSiteInfo<AssemblySymbol> u, bool _) =>
                {
                    Conversion conversion = conversions.ClassifyImplicitConversionFromType(s.Type, d.Type, ref u);

                    if (!conversion.IsUserDefined && !conversion.IsUnion && !conversions.HasTopLevelNullabilityImplicitConversion(s, d))
                    {
                        return Conversion.NoConversion;
                    }

                    return conversion;
                },
                isChecked: false,
                forCast: false);
        }

        private Conversion ClassifyExplicitTupleConversion(TypeSymbol source, TypeSymbol destination, bool isChecked, ref CompoundUseSiteInfo<AssemblySymbol> useSiteInfo, bool forCast)
        {
            return ClassifyTupleConversion(
                source,
                destination,
                ref useSiteInfo,
                ConversionKind.ExplicitTuple,
                (ConversionsBase conversions, TypeWithAnnotations s, TypeWithAnnotations d, bool isChecked, ref CompoundUseSiteInfo<AssemblySymbol> u, bool forCast) =>
                {
                    Conversion conversion = conversions.ClassifyConversionFromType(s.Type, d.Type, isChecked: isChecked, ref u, forCast);

                    if (!conversion.IsUserDefined && !conversion.IsUnion && !conversions.HasTopLevelNullabilityImplicitConversion(s, d))
                    {
                        return Conversion.NoConversion;
                    }

                    return conversion;
                },
                isChecked: isChecked,
                forCast);
        }

        private Conversion ClassifyTupleConversion(
            TypeSymbol source,
            TypeSymbol destination,
            ref CompoundUseSiteInfo<AssemblySymbol> useSiteInfo,
            ConversionKind kind,
            ClassifyConversionFromTypeDelegate classifyConversion,
            bool isChecked,
            bool forCast)
        {
            ImmutableArray<TypeWithAnnotations> sourceTypes;
            ImmutableArray<TypeWithAnnotations> destTypes;

            if (!source.TryGetElementTypesWithAnnotationsIfTupleType(out sourceTypes) ||
                !destination.TryGetElementTypesWithAnnotationsIfTupleType(out destTypes) ||
                sourceTypes.Length != destTypes.Length)
            {
                return Conversion.NoConversion;
            }

            var nestedConversions = ArrayBuilder<Conversion>.GetInstance(sourceTypes.Length);
            for (int i = 0; i < sourceTypes.Length; i++)
            {
                var conversion = classifyConversion(this, sourceTypes[i], destTypes[i], isChecked: isChecked, ref useSiteInfo, forCast);
                if (!conversion.Exists)
                {
                    nestedConversions.Free();
                    return Conversion.NoConversion;
                }

                nestedConversions.Add(conversion);
            }

            return new Conversion(kind, nestedConversions.ToImmutableAndFree());
        }

        private Conversion ClassifyExplicitNullableConversion(TypeSymbol source, TypeSymbol destination, bool isChecked, ref CompoundUseSiteInfo<AssemblySymbol> useSiteInfo, bool forCast)
        {
            Debug.Assert((object)source != null);
            Debug.Assert((object)destination != null);

            // SPEC: Explicit nullable conversions permit predefined explicit conversions that operate on 
            // SPEC: non-nullable value types to also be used with nullable forms of those types. For 
            // SPEC: each of the predefined explicit conversions that convert from a non-nullable value type 
            // SPEC: S to a non-nullable value type T, the following nullable conversions exist:
            // SPEC: An explicit conversion from S? to T?.
            // SPEC: An explicit conversion from S to T?.
            // SPEC: An explicit conversion from S? to T.

            if (!source.IsNullableType() && !destination.IsNullableType())
            {
                return Conversion.NoConversion;
            }

            TypeSymbol unwrappedSource = source.StrippedType();
            TypeSymbol unwrappedDestination = destination.StrippedType();

            if (HasIdentityConversionInternal(unwrappedSource, unwrappedDestination))
            {
                return Conversion.ExplicitNullableWithIdentityUnderlying;
            }

            if (HasImplicitNumericConversion(unwrappedSource, unwrappedDestination))
            {
                return Conversion.ExplicitNullableWithImplicitNumericUnderlying;
            }

            if (HasExplicitNumericConversion(unwrappedSource, unwrappedDestination))
            {
                return Conversion.ExplicitNullableWithExplicitNumericUnderlying;
            }

            var tupleConversion = ClassifyExplicitTupleConversion(unwrappedSource, unwrappedDestination, isChecked: isChecked, ref useSiteInfo, forCast);
            if (tupleConversion.Exists)
            {
                return new Conversion(ConversionKind.ExplicitNullable, ImmutableArray.Create(tupleConversion));
            }

            if (HasExplicitEnumerationConversion(unwrappedSource, unwrappedDestination))
            {
                return Conversion.ExplicitNullableWithExplicitEnumerationUnderlying;
            }

            if (HasPointerToIntegerConversion(unwrappedSource, unwrappedDestination))
            {
                return Conversion.ExplicitNullableWithPointerToIntegerUnderlying;
            }

            return Conversion.NoConversion;
        }

        private bool HasCovariantArrayConversion(TypeSymbol source, TypeSymbol destination, ref CompoundUseSiteInfo<AssemblySymbol> useSiteInfo)
        {
            Debug.Assert((object)source != null);
            Debug.Assert((object)destination != null);
            var s = source as ArrayTypeSymbol;
            var d = destination as ArrayTypeSymbol;
            if ((object)s == null || (object)d == null)
            {
                return false;
            }

            // * S and T differ only in element type. In other words, S and T have the same number of dimensions.
            if (!s.HasSameShapeAs(d))
            {
                return false;
            }

            // * Both SE and TE are reference types.
            // * An implicit reference conversion exists from SE to TE.
            return HasImplicitReferenceConversion(s.ElementTypeWithAnnotations, d.ElementTypeWithAnnotations, ref useSiteInfo);
        }

        public bool HasIdentityOrImplicitReferenceConversion(TypeSymbol source, TypeSymbol destination, ref CompoundUseSiteInfo<AssemblySymbol> useSiteInfo)
        {
            Debug.Assert((object)source != null);
            Debug.Assert((object)destination != null);

            if (HasIdentityConversionInternal(source, destination))
            {
                return true;
            }

            return HasImplicitReferenceConversion(source, destination, ref useSiteInfo);
        }

        private static bool HasImplicitDynamicConversionFromExpression(TypeSymbol expressionType, TypeSymbol destination)
        {
            // Spec (§6.1.8)
            // An implicit dynamic conversion exists from an expression of type dynamic to any type T.

            Debug.Assert((object)destination != null);
            return expressionType?.Kind == SymbolKind.DynamicType && !destination.IsPointerOrFunctionPointer();
        }

        private static bool HasExplicitDynamicConversion(TypeSymbol source, TypeSymbol destination)
        {
            // SPEC: An explicit dynamic conversion exists from an expression of [sic] type dynamic to any type T.
            // ISSUE: The "an expression of" part of the spec is probably an error; see https://github.com/dotnet/csharplang/issues/132

            Debug.Assert((object)source != null);
            Debug.Assert((object)destination != null);
            return source.Kind == SymbolKind.DynamicType && !destination.IsPointerOrFunctionPointer();
        }

        private bool HasArrayConversionToInterface(ArrayTypeSymbol source, TypeSymbol destination, ref CompoundUseSiteInfo<AssemblySymbol> useSiteInfo)
        {
            Debug.Assert((object)source != null);
            Debug.Assert((object)destination != null);

            if (!source.IsSZArray)
            {
                return false;
            }

            if (!destination.IsInterfaceType())
            {
                return false;
            }

            // The specification says that there is a conversion:

            // * From a single-dimensional array type S[] to IList<T> and its base
            //   interfaces, provided that there is an implicit identity or reference
            //   conversion from S to T.
            //
            // Newer versions of the framework also have arrays be convertible to
            // IReadOnlyList<T> and IReadOnlyCollection<T>; we honor that as well.
            //
            // Therefore we must check for:
            //
            // IList<T>
            // ICollection<T>
            // IEnumerable<T>
            // IEnumerable
            // IReadOnlyList<T>
            // IReadOnlyCollection<T>

            if (destination.SpecialType == SpecialType.System_Collections_IEnumerable)
            {
                return true;
            }

            NamedTypeSymbol destinationAgg = (NamedTypeSymbol)destination;

            if (destinationAgg.AllTypeArgumentCount() != 1)
            {
                return false;
            }

            if (!destinationAgg.IsPossibleArrayGenericInterface())
            {
                return false;
            }

            TypeWithAnnotations elementType = source.ElementTypeWithAnnotations;
            TypeWithAnnotations argument0 = destinationAgg.TypeArgumentWithDefinitionUseSiteDiagnostics(0, ref useSiteInfo);

            if (IncludeNullability && !HasTopLevelNullabilityImplicitConversion(elementType, argument0))
            {
                return false;
            }

            return HasIdentityOrImplicitReferenceConversion(elementType.Type, argument0.Type, ref useSiteInfo);
        }

        private bool HasImplicitReferenceConversion(TypeWithAnnotations source, TypeWithAnnotations destination, ref CompoundUseSiteInfo<AssemblySymbol> useSiteInfo)
        {
            if (IncludeNullability)
            {
                if (!HasTopLevelNullabilityImplicitConversion(source, destination))
                {
                    return false;
                }
                // Check for identity conversion of underlying types if the top-level nullability is distinct.
                // (An identity conversion where nullability matches is not considered an implicit reference conversion.)
                if (source.NullableAnnotation != destination.NullableAnnotation &&
                    HasIdentityConversionInternal(source.Type, destination.Type, includeNullability: true))
                {
                    return true;
                }
            }
            return HasImplicitReferenceConversion(source.Type, destination.Type, ref useSiteInfo);
        }

#nullable enable
        internal bool HasImplicitReferenceConversion(TypeSymbol source, TypeSymbol destination, ref CompoundUseSiteInfo<AssemblySymbol> useSiteInfo)
        {
            Debug.Assert((object)source != null);
            Debug.Assert((object)destination != null);

            if (source.IsErrorType())
            {
                return false;
            }

            if (!source.IsReferenceType)
            {
                return false;
            }

            // SPEC: The implicit reference conversions are:

            // SPEC: UNDONE: From any reference-type to a reference-type T if it has an implicit identity 
            // SPEC: UNDONE: or reference conversion to a reference-type T0 and T0 has an identity conversion to T.
            // UNDONE: Is the right thing to do here to strip dynamic off and check for convertibility?

            // SPEC: From any reference type to object and dynamic.
            if (destination.SpecialType == SpecialType.System_Object || destination.Kind == SymbolKind.DynamicType)
            {
                return true;
            }

            switch (source.TypeKind)
            {
                case TypeKind.Class:
                    // SPEC:  From any class type S to any class type T provided S is derived from T.
                    if (destination.IsClassType() && IsBaseClass(source, destination, ref useSiteInfo))
                    {
                        return true;
                    }

                    return HasImplicitConversionToInterface(source, destination, ref useSiteInfo);

                case TypeKind.Interface:
                    // SPEC: From any interface-type S to any interface-type T, provided S is derived from T.
                    // NOTE: This handles variance conversions
                    return HasImplicitConversionToInterface(source, destination, ref useSiteInfo);

                case TypeKind.Delegate:
                    // SPEC: From any delegate-type to System.Delegate and the interfaces it implements.
                    // NOTE: This handles variance conversions.
                    return HasImplicitConversionFromDelegate(source, destination, ref useSiteInfo);

                case TypeKind.TypeParameter:
                    return HasImplicitReferenceTypeParameterConversion((TypeParameterSymbol)source, destination, ref useSiteInfo);

                case TypeKind.Array:
                    // SPEC: From an array-type S ... to an array-type T, provided ...
                    // SPEC: From any array-type to System.Array and the interfaces it implements.
                    // SPEC: From a single-dimensional array type S[] to IList<T>, provided ...
                    return HasImplicitConversionFromArray(source, destination, ref useSiteInfo);
            }

            // UNDONE: Implicit conversions involving type parameters that are known to be reference types.

            return false;
        }

        private bool HasImplicitConversionToInterface(TypeSymbol source, TypeSymbol destination, ref CompoundUseSiteInfo<AssemblySymbol> useSiteInfo)
        {
            if (!destination.IsInterfaceType())
            {
                return false;
            }

            // * From any class type S to any interface type T provided S implements an interface
            //   convertible to T.
            if (source.IsClassType())
            {
                return HasAnyBaseInterfaceConversion(source, destination, ref useSiteInfo);
            }

            // * From any interface type S to any interface type T provided S implements an interface
            //   convertible to T.
            // * From any interface type S to any interface type T provided S is not T and S is 
            //   an interface convertible to T.
            if (source.IsInterfaceType())
            {
                if (HasAnyBaseInterfaceConversion(source, destination, ref useSiteInfo))
                {
                    return true;
                }

                if (!HasIdentityConversionInternal(source, destination) && HasInterfaceVarianceConversion(source, destination, ref useSiteInfo))
                {
                    return true;
                }
            }

            return false;
        }

        private bool HasImplicitConversionFromArray(TypeSymbol source, TypeSymbol destination, ref CompoundUseSiteInfo<AssemblySymbol> useSiteInfo)
        {
            var s = source as ArrayTypeSymbol;
            if (s is null)
            {
                return false;
            }

            // * From an array type S with an element type SE to an array type T with element type TE
            //   provided that all of the following are true:
            //   * S and T differ only in element type. In other words, S and T have the same number of dimensions.
            //   * Both SE and TE are reference types.
            //   * An implicit reference conversion exists from SE to TE.
            if (HasCovariantArrayConversion(source, destination, ref useSiteInfo))
            {
                return true;
            }

            // * From any array type to System.Array or any interface implemented by System.Array.
            if (destination.GetSpecialTypeSafe() == SpecialType.System_Array)
            {
                return true;
            }

            if (IsBaseInterface(destination, this.corLibrary.GetDeclaredSpecialType(SpecialType.System_Array), ref useSiteInfo))
            {
                return true;
            }

            // * From a single-dimensional array type S[] to IList<T> and its base
            //   interfaces, provided that there is an implicit identity or reference
            //   conversion from S to T.

            if (HasArrayConversionToInterface(s, destination, ref useSiteInfo))
            {
                return true;
            }

            return false;
        }

        private bool HasImplicitConversionFromDelegate(TypeSymbol source, TypeSymbol destination, ref CompoundUseSiteInfo<AssemblySymbol> useSiteInfo)
        {
            if (!source.IsDelegateType())
            {
                return false;
            }

            // * From any delegate type to System.Delegate
            // 
            // SPEC OMISSION:
            // 
            // The spec should actually say
            //
            // * From any delegate type to System.Delegate 
            // * From any delegate type to System.MulticastDelegate
            // * From any delegate type to any interface implemented by System.MulticastDelegate
            var specialDestination = destination.GetSpecialTypeSafe();

            if (specialDestination == SpecialType.System_MulticastDelegate ||
                specialDestination == SpecialType.System_Delegate ||
                IsBaseInterface(destination, this.corLibrary.GetDeclaredSpecialType(SpecialType.System_MulticastDelegate), ref useSiteInfo))
            {
                return true;
            }

            // * From any delegate type S to a delegate type T provided S is not T and
            //   S is a delegate convertible to T

            if (HasDelegateVarianceConversion(source, destination, ref useSiteInfo))
            {
                return true;
            }

            return false;
        }

        private bool HasImplicitFunctionTypeConversion(FunctionTypeSymbol source, TypeSymbol destination, ref CompoundUseSiteInfo<AssemblySymbol> useSiteInfo)
        {
            if (destination is FunctionTypeSymbol destinationFunctionType)
            {
                return HasImplicitFunctionTypeToFunctionTypeConversion(source, destinationFunctionType, ref useSiteInfo);
            }

            return IsValidFunctionTypeConversionTarget(destination, ref useSiteInfo) &&
                source.GetInternalDelegateType() is { };
        }

        internal bool IsValidFunctionTypeConversionTarget(TypeSymbol destination, ref CompoundUseSiteInfo<AssemblySymbol> useSiteInfo)
        {
            if (destination.SpecialType == SpecialType.System_MulticastDelegate)
            {
                return true;
            }

            if (destination.IsNonGenericExpressionType())
            {
                return true;
            }

            var derivedType = this.corLibrary.GetDeclaredSpecialType(SpecialType.System_MulticastDelegate);
            if (IsBaseClass(derivedType, destination, ref useSiteInfo) ||
                IsBaseInterface(destination, derivedType, ref useSiteInfo))
            {
                return true;
            }

            return false;
        }

        private bool HasImplicitFunctionTypeToFunctionTypeConversion(FunctionTypeSymbol sourceType, FunctionTypeSymbol destinationType, ref CompoundUseSiteInfo<AssemblySymbol> useSiteInfo)
        {
            var sourceDelegate = sourceType.GetInternalDelegateType();
            if (sourceDelegate is null)
            {
                return false;
            }

            var destinationDelegate = destinationType.GetInternalDelegateType();
            if (destinationDelegate is null)
            {
                return false;
            }

            // https://github.com/dotnet/roslyn/issues/55909: We're relying on the variance of
            // FunctionTypeSymbol.GetInternalDelegateType() which fails for synthesized
            // delegate types where the type parameters are invariant.
            return HasDelegateVarianceConversion(sourceDelegate, destinationDelegate, ref useSiteInfo);
        }
#nullable disable

        public bool HasImplicitTypeParameterConversion(TypeParameterSymbol source, TypeSymbol destination, ref CompoundUseSiteInfo<AssemblySymbol> useSiteInfo)
        {
            if (HasImplicitReferenceTypeParameterConversion(source, destination, ref useSiteInfo))
            {
                return true;
            }

            if (HasImplicitBoxingTypeParameterConversion(source, destination, ref useSiteInfo))
            {
                return true;
            }

            if (destination is TypeParameterSymbol { AllowsRefLikeType: false } &&
                !source.AllowsRefLikeType &&
                source.DependsOn((TypeParameterSymbol)destination))
            {
                return true;
            }

            return false;
        }

        private bool HasImplicitReferenceTypeParameterConversion(TypeParameterSymbol source, TypeSymbol destination, ref CompoundUseSiteInfo<AssemblySymbol> useSiteInfo)
        {
            Debug.Assert((object)source != null);
            Debug.Assert((object)destination != null);

            if (source.IsValueType)
            {
                return false; // Not a reference conversion.
            }

            if (source.AllowsRefLikeType)
            {
                return false;
            }

            // The following implicit conversions exist for a given type parameter T:
            //
            // * From T to its effective base class C.
            // * From T to any base class of C.
            // * From T to any interface implemented by C (or any interface variance-compatible with such)
            if (HasImplicitEffectiveBaseConversion(source, destination, ref useSiteInfo))
            {
                return true;
            }

            // * From T to any interface type I in T's effective interface set, and
            //   from T to any base interface of I (or any interface variance-compatible with such)
            if (HasImplicitEffectiveInterfaceSetConversion(source, destination, ref useSiteInfo))
            {
                return true;
            }

            // * From T to a type parameter U, provided T depends on U.
            if (destination is TypeParameterSymbol { AllowsRefLikeType: false } &&
                source.DependsOn((TypeParameterSymbol)destination))
            {
                return true;
            }

            return false;
        }

        // Spec 6.1.10: Implicit conversions involving type parameters
        private bool HasImplicitEffectiveBaseConversion(TypeParameterSymbol source, TypeSymbol destination, ref CompoundUseSiteInfo<AssemblySymbol> useSiteInfo)
        {
            // * From T to its effective base class C.
            var effectiveBaseClass = source.EffectiveBaseClass(ref useSiteInfo);
            if (HasIdentityConversionInternal(effectiveBaseClass, destination))
            {
                return true;
            }

            // * From T to any base class of C.
            if (IsBaseClass(effectiveBaseClass, destination, ref useSiteInfo))
            {
                return true;
            }

            // * From T to any interface implemented by C (or any interface variance-compatible with such)
            if (HasAnyBaseInterfaceConversion(effectiveBaseClass, destination, ref useSiteInfo))
            {
                return true;
            }

            return false;
        }

        private bool HasImplicitEffectiveInterfaceSetConversion(TypeParameterSymbol source, TypeSymbol destination, ref CompoundUseSiteInfo<AssemblySymbol> useSiteInfo)
        {
            return HasVarianceCompatibleInterfaceInEffectiveInterfaceSet(source, destination, ref useSiteInfo);
        }

        private bool HasVarianceCompatibleInterfaceInEffectiveInterfaceSet(TypeParameterSymbol source, TypeSymbol destination, ref CompoundUseSiteInfo<AssemblySymbol> useSiteInfo)
        {
            if (!destination.IsInterfaceType())
            {
                return false;
            }

            // * From T to any interface type I in T's effective interface set, and
            //   from T to any base interface of I (or any interface variance-compatible with such)
            foreach (var i in source.AllEffectiveInterfacesWithDefinitionUseSiteDiagnostics(ref useSiteInfo))
            {
                if (HasInterfaceVarianceConversion(i, destination, ref useSiteInfo))
                {
                    return true;
                }
            }

            return false;
        }

        private bool HasAnyBaseInterfaceConversion(TypeSymbol derivedType, TypeSymbol baseType, ref CompoundUseSiteInfo<AssemblySymbol> useSiteInfo)
        {
            return ImplementsVarianceCompatibleInterface(derivedType, baseType, ref useSiteInfo);
        }

        private bool ImplementsVarianceCompatibleInterface(TypeSymbol derivedType, TypeSymbol baseType, ref CompoundUseSiteInfo<AssemblySymbol> useSiteInfo)
        {
            Debug.Assert((object)derivedType != null);
            Debug.Assert((object)baseType != null);
            if (!baseType.IsInterfaceType())
            {
                return false;
            }

            var d = derivedType as NamedTypeSymbol;
            if ((object)d == null)
            {
                return false;
            }

            foreach (var i in d.AllInterfacesWithDefinitionUseSiteDiagnostics(ref useSiteInfo))
            {
                if (HasInterfaceVarianceConversion(i, baseType, ref useSiteInfo))
                {
                    return true;
                }
            }

            return false;
        }

        internal bool ImplementsVarianceCompatibleInterface(NamedTypeSymbol derivedType, TypeSymbol baseType, ref CompoundUseSiteInfo<AssemblySymbol> useSiteInfo)
        {
            return ImplementsVarianceCompatibleInterface((TypeSymbol)derivedType, baseType, ref useSiteInfo);
        }

        internal bool HasImplicitConversionToOrImplementsVarianceCompatibleInterface(TypeSymbol typeToCheck, NamedTypeSymbol targetInterfaceType, ref CompoundUseSiteInfo<AssemblySymbol> useSiteInfo, out bool needSupportForRefStructInterfaces)
        {
            Debug.Assert(targetInterfaceType.IsErrorType() || targetInterfaceType.IsInterface);

            if (ClassifyImplicitConversionFromType(typeToCheck, targetInterfaceType, ref useSiteInfo).IsImplicit)
            {
                needSupportForRefStructInterfaces = false;
                return true;
            }

            if (IsRefLikeOrAllowsRefLikeTypeImplementingVarianceCompatibleInterface(typeToCheck, targetInterfaceType, ref useSiteInfo))
            {
                needSupportForRefStructInterfaces = true;
                return true;
            }

            needSupportForRefStructInterfaces = false;
            return false;
        }

        private bool IsRefLikeOrAllowsRefLikeTypeImplementingVarianceCompatibleInterface(TypeSymbol typeToCheck, NamedTypeSymbol targetInterfaceType, ref CompoundUseSiteInfo<AssemblySymbol> useSiteInfo)
        {
            if (typeToCheck is TypeParameterSymbol typeParameter)
            {
                return typeParameter.AllowsRefLikeType && HasVarianceCompatibleInterfaceInEffectiveInterfaceSet(typeParameter, targetInterfaceType, ref useSiteInfo);
            }
            else if (typeToCheck.IsRefLikeType)
            {
                return ImplementsVarianceCompatibleInterface(typeToCheck, targetInterfaceType, ref useSiteInfo);
            }

            return false;
        }

        internal bool HasImplicitConversionToOrImplementsVarianceCompatibleInterface(BoundExpression expressionToCheck, NamedTypeSymbol targetInterfaceType, ref CompoundUseSiteInfo<AssemblySymbol> useSiteInfo, out bool needSupportForRefStructInterfaces)
        {
            Debug.Assert(targetInterfaceType.IsErrorType() || targetInterfaceType.IsInterface);

            if (ClassifyImplicitConversionFromExpression(expressionToCheck, targetInterfaceType, ref useSiteInfo).IsImplicit)
            {
                needSupportForRefStructInterfaces = false;
                return true;
            }

            if (expressionToCheck.Type is TypeSymbol typeToCheck && IsRefLikeOrAllowsRefLikeTypeImplementingVarianceCompatibleInterface(typeToCheck, targetInterfaceType, ref useSiteInfo))
            {
                needSupportForRefStructInterfaces = true;
                return true;
            }

            needSupportForRefStructInterfaces = false;
            return false;
        }

        ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
        // The rules for variant interface and delegate conversions are the same:
        //
        // An interface/delegate type S is convertible to an interface/delegate type T 
        // if and only if S is U<S1, ... Sn> and T is U<T1, ... Tn> such that for all
        // parameters of U:
        //
        // * if the ith parameter of U is invariant then Si is exactly equal to Ti.
        // * if the ith parameter of U is covariant then either Si is exactly equal
        //   to Ti, or there is an implicit reference conversion from Si to Ti.
        // * if the ith parameter of U is contravariant then either Si is exactly
        //   equal to Ti, or there is an implicit reference conversion from Ti to Si.

#nullable enable
        private bool HasInterfaceVarianceConversion(TypeSymbol source, TypeSymbol destination, ref CompoundUseSiteInfo<AssemblySymbol> useSiteInfo)
        {
            Debug.Assert((object)source != null);
            Debug.Assert((object)destination != null);
            NamedTypeSymbol? s = source as NamedTypeSymbol;
            NamedTypeSymbol? d = destination as NamedTypeSymbol;
            if (s is null || d is null)
            {
                return false;
            }

            if (!s.IsInterfaceType() || !d.IsInterfaceType())
            {
                return false;
            }

            return HasVariantConversion(s, d, ref useSiteInfo);
        }

        private bool HasDelegateVarianceConversion(TypeSymbol source, TypeSymbol destination, ref CompoundUseSiteInfo<AssemblySymbol> useSiteInfo)
        {
            Debug.Assert((object)source != null);
            Debug.Assert((object)destination != null);
            NamedTypeSymbol? s = source as NamedTypeSymbol;
            NamedTypeSymbol? d = destination as NamedTypeSymbol;
            if (s is null || d is null)
            {
                return false;
            }

            if (!s.IsDelegateType() || !d.IsDelegateType())
            {
                return false;
            }

            return HasVariantConversion(s, d, ref useSiteInfo);
        }

        private bool HasVariantConversion(NamedTypeSymbol source, NamedTypeSymbol destination, ref CompoundUseSiteInfo<AssemblySymbol> useSiteInfo)
        {
            // We check for overflows in HasVariantConversion, because they are only an issue
            // in the presence of contravariant type parameters, which are not involved in 
            // most conversions.
            // See VarianceTests for examples (e.g. TestVarianceConversionCycle, 
            // TestVarianceConversionInfiniteExpansion).
            //
            // CONSIDER: A more rigorous solution would mimic the CLI approach, which uses
            // a combination of requiring finite instantiation closures (see section 9.2 of
            // the CLI spec) and records previous conversion steps to check for cycles.
            if (currentRecursionDepth >= MaximumRecursionDepth)
            {
                // NOTE: The spec doesn't really address what happens if there's an overflow
                // in our conversion check.  It's sort of implied that the conversion "proof"
                // should be finite, so we'll just say that no conversion is possible.
                return false;
            }

            // Do a quick check up front to avoid instantiating a new Conversions object,
            // if possible.
            var quickResult = HasVariantConversionQuick(source, destination);
            if (quickResult.HasValue())
            {
                return quickResult.Value();
            }

            return this.CreateInstance(currentRecursionDepth + 1).
                HasVariantConversionNoCycleCheck(source, destination, ref useSiteInfo);
        }

        private ThreeState HasVariantConversionQuick(NamedTypeSymbol source, NamedTypeSymbol destination)
        {
            Debug.Assert((object)source != null);
            Debug.Assert((object)destination != null);

            if (HasIdentityConversionInternal(source, destination))
            {
                return ThreeState.True;
            }

            NamedTypeSymbol typeSymbol = source.OriginalDefinition;
            if (!TypeSymbol.Equals(typeSymbol, destination.OriginalDefinition, TypeCompareKind.ConsiderEverything2))
            {
                return ThreeState.False;
            }

            return ThreeState.Unknown;
        }

        private bool HasVariantConversionNoCycleCheck(NamedTypeSymbol source, NamedTypeSymbol destination, ref CompoundUseSiteInfo<AssemblySymbol> useSiteInfo)
        {
            Debug.Assert((object)source != null);
            Debug.Assert((object)destination != null);

            var typeParameters = ArrayBuilder<TypeWithAnnotations>.GetInstance();
            var sourceTypeArguments = ArrayBuilder<TypeWithAnnotations>.GetInstance();
            var destinationTypeArguments = ArrayBuilder<TypeWithAnnotations>.GetInstance();

            try
            {
                source.OriginalDefinition.GetAllTypeArguments(typeParameters, ref useSiteInfo);
                source.GetAllTypeArguments(sourceTypeArguments, ref useSiteInfo);
                destination.GetAllTypeArguments(destinationTypeArguments, ref useSiteInfo);

                Debug.Assert(TypeSymbol.Equals(source.OriginalDefinition, destination.OriginalDefinition, TypeCompareKind.AllIgnoreOptions));
                Debug.Assert(typeParameters.Count == sourceTypeArguments.Count);
                Debug.Assert(typeParameters.Count == destinationTypeArguments.Count);

                for (int paramIndex = 0; paramIndex < typeParameters.Count; ++paramIndex)
                {
                    var sourceTypeArgument = sourceTypeArguments[paramIndex];
                    var destinationTypeArgument = destinationTypeArguments[paramIndex];

                    // If they're identical then this one is automatically good, so skip it.
                    if (HasIdentityConversionInternal(sourceTypeArgument.Type, destinationTypeArgument.Type) &&
                        HasTopLevelNullabilityIdentityConversion(sourceTypeArgument, destinationTypeArgument))
                    {
                        continue;
                    }

                    TypeParameterSymbol typeParameterSymbol = (TypeParameterSymbol)typeParameters[paramIndex].Type;

                    switch (typeParameterSymbol.Variance)
                    {
                        case VarianceKind.None:
                            // System.IEquatable<T> is invariant for back compat reasons (dynamic type checks could start
                            // to succeed where they previously failed, creating different runtime behavior), but the uses
                            // require treatment specifically of nullability as contravariant, so we special case the
                            // behavior here. Normally we use GetWellKnownType for these kinds of checks, but in this
                            // case we don't want just the canonical IEquatable to be special-cased, we want all definitions
                            // to be treated as contravariant, in case there are other definitions in metadata that were
                            // compiled with that expectation.
                            if (isTypeIEquatable(destination.OriginalDefinition) &&
                                TypeSymbol.Equals(destinationTypeArgument.Type, sourceTypeArgument.Type, TypeCompareKind.AllNullableIgnoreOptions) &&
                                HasAnyNullabilityImplicitConversion(destinationTypeArgument, sourceTypeArgument))
                            {
                                return true;
                            }
                            return false;

                        case VarianceKind.Out:
                            if (!HasImplicitReferenceConversion(sourceTypeArgument, destinationTypeArgument, ref useSiteInfo))
                            {
                                return false;
                            }
                            break;

                        case VarianceKind.In:
                            if (!HasImplicitReferenceConversion(destinationTypeArgument, sourceTypeArgument, ref useSiteInfo))
                            {
                                return false;
                            }
                            break;

                        default:
                            throw ExceptionUtilities.UnexpectedValue(typeParameterSymbol.Variance);
                    }
                }
            }
            finally
            {
                typeParameters.Free();
                sourceTypeArguments.Free();
                destinationTypeArguments.Free();
            }

            return true;

            static bool isTypeIEquatable(NamedTypeSymbol type)
            {
                return type is
                {
                    IsInterface: true,
                    Name: "IEquatable",
                    ContainingNamespace: { Name: "System", ContainingNamespace: { IsGlobalNamespace: true } },
                    ContainingSymbol: { Kind: SymbolKind.Namespace },
                    TypeParameters: { Length: 1 }
                };
            }
        }

        // Spec 6.1.10
        private bool HasImplicitBoxingTypeParameterConversion(TypeParameterSymbol source, TypeSymbol destination, ref CompoundUseSiteInfo<AssemblySymbol> useSiteInfo)
        {
            Debug.Assert((object)source != null);
            Debug.Assert((object)destination != null);

            if (source.IsReferenceType)
            {
                return false; // Not a boxing conversion; both source and destination are references.
            }

            if (source.AllowsRefLikeType)
            {
                return false;
            }

            // The following implicit conversions exist for a given type parameter T:
            //
            // * From T to its effective base class C.
            // * From T to any base class of C.
            // * From T to any interface implemented by C (or any interface variance-compatible with such)
            if (HasImplicitEffectiveBaseConversion(source, destination, ref useSiteInfo))
            {
                return true;
            }

            // * From T to any interface type I in T's effective interface set, and
            //   from T to any base interface of I (or any interface variance-compatible with such)
            if (HasImplicitEffectiveInterfaceSetConversion(source, destination, ref useSiteInfo))
            {
                return true;
            }

            // SPEC: From T to a type parameter U, provided T depends on U
            if (destination is TypeParameterSymbol { AllowsRefLikeType: false } d &&
                source.DependsOn(d))
            {
                return true;
            }

            // SPEC: From T to a reference type I if it has an implicit conversion to a reference 
            // SPEC: type S0 and S0 has an identity conversion to S. At run-time the conversion 
            // SPEC: is executed the same way as the conversion to S0.

            // REVIEW: If T is not known to be a reference type then the only way this clause can
            // REVIEW: come into effect is if the target type is dynamic. Is that correct?

            if (destination.Kind == SymbolKind.DynamicType)
            {
                return true;
            }

            return false;
        }

        public bool HasBoxingConversion(TypeSymbol source, TypeSymbol destination, ref CompoundUseSiteInfo<AssemblySymbol> useSiteInfo)
        {
            Debug.Assert((object)source != null);
            Debug.Assert((object)destination != null);

            // Certain type parameter conversions are classified as boxing conversions.
            if ((source.TypeKind == TypeKind.TypeParameter) &&
                HasImplicitBoxingTypeParameterConversion((TypeParameterSymbol)source, destination, ref useSiteInfo))
            {
                return true;
            }

            // The rest of the boxing conversions only operate when going from a value type to a
            // reference type.
            if (!source.IsValueType || !destination.IsReferenceType)
            {
                return false;
            }

            // A boxing conversion exists from a nullable type to a reference type if and only if a
            // boxing conversion exists from the underlying type.
            if (source.IsNullableType())
            {
                return HasBoxingConversion(source.GetNullableUnderlyingType(), destination, ref useSiteInfo);
            }

            // A boxing conversion exists from any non-nullable value type to object and dynamic, to
            // System.ValueType, and to any interface type variance-compatible with one implemented
            // by the non-nullable value type.  

            // Furthermore, an enum type can be converted to the type System.Enum.

            // We set the base class of the structs to System.ValueType, System.Enum, etc, so we can
            // just check here.

            // There are a couple of exceptions. The very special types ArgIterator, ArgumentHandle and 
            // TypedReference are not boxable: 

            if (source.IsRestrictedType())
            {
                return false;
            }

            if (destination.Kind == SymbolKind.DynamicType)
            {
                return !source.IsPointerOrFunctionPointer();
            }

            if (IsBaseClass(source, destination, ref useSiteInfo))
            {
                return true;
            }

            if (HasAnyBaseInterfaceConversion(source, destination, ref useSiteInfo))
            {
                return true;
            }

            return false;
        }

        internal static bool HasImplicitPointerToVoidConversion(TypeSymbol source, TypeSymbol destination)
        {
            Debug.Assert((object)source != null);
            Debug.Assert((object)destination != null);

            // SPEC: The set of implicit conversions is extended to include...
            // SPEC: ... from any pointer type to the type void*.

            return source.IsPointerOrFunctionPointer() && destination is PointerTypeSymbol { PointedAtType: { SpecialType: SpecialType.System_Void } };
        }

        internal bool HasImplicitPointerConversion(TypeSymbol? source, TypeSymbol? destination, ref CompoundUseSiteInfo<AssemblySymbol> useSiteInfo)
        {
            if (!(source is FunctionPointerTypeSymbol { Signature: { } sourceSig })
                || !(destination is FunctionPointerTypeSymbol { Signature: { } destinationSig }))
            {
                return false;
            }

            if (sourceSig.ParameterCount != destinationSig.ParameterCount ||
                sourceSig.CallingConvention != destinationSig.CallingConvention)
            {
                return false;
            }

            if (sourceSig.CallingConvention == Cci.CallingConvention.Unmanaged &&
                !sourceSig.GetCallingConventionModifiers().SetEqualsWithoutIntermediateHashSet(destinationSig.GetCallingConventionModifiers()))
            {
                return false;
            }

            for (int i = 0; i < sourceSig.ParameterCount; i++)
            {
                var sourceParam = sourceSig.Parameters[i];
                var destinationParam = destinationSig.Parameters[i];

                if (sourceParam.RefKind != destinationParam.RefKind)
                {
                    return false;
                }

                if (!hasConversion(sourceParam.RefKind, destinationSig.Parameters[i].TypeWithAnnotations, sourceSig.Parameters[i].TypeWithAnnotations, ref useSiteInfo))
                {
                    return false;
                }
            }

            return sourceSig.RefKind == destinationSig.RefKind
                   && hasConversion(sourceSig.RefKind, sourceSig.ReturnTypeWithAnnotations, destinationSig.ReturnTypeWithAnnotations, ref useSiteInfo);

            bool hasConversion(RefKind refKind, TypeWithAnnotations sourceType, TypeWithAnnotations destinationType, ref CompoundUseSiteInfo<AssemblySymbol> useSiteInfo)
            {
                switch (refKind)
                {
                    case RefKind.None:
                        return (!IncludeNullability || HasTopLevelNullabilityImplicitConversion(sourceType, destinationType))
                               && (HasIdentityOrImplicitReferenceConversion(sourceType.Type, destinationType.Type, ref useSiteInfo)
                                   || HasImplicitPointerToVoidConversion(sourceType.Type, destinationType.Type)
                                   || HasImplicitPointerConversion(sourceType.Type, destinationType.Type, ref useSiteInfo));

                    default:
                        return (!IncludeNullability || HasTopLevelNullabilityIdentityConversion(sourceType, destinationType))
                               && HasIdentityConversion(sourceType.Type, destinationType.Type);
                }
            }
        }
#nullable disable

        private bool HasIdentityOrReferenceConversion(TypeSymbol source, TypeSymbol destination, ref CompoundUseSiteInfo<AssemblySymbol> useSiteInfo)
        {
            Debug.Assert((object)source != null);
            Debug.Assert((object)destination != null);

            if (HasIdentityConversionInternal(source, destination))
            {
                return true;
            }

            if (HasImplicitReferenceConversion(source, destination, ref useSiteInfo))
            {
                return true;
            }

            if (HasExplicitReferenceConversion(source, destination, ref useSiteInfo))
            {
                return true;
            }

            return false;
        }

        private bool HasExplicitReferenceConversion(TypeSymbol source, TypeSymbol destination, ref CompoundUseSiteInfo<AssemblySymbol> useSiteInfo)
        {
            Debug.Assert((object)source != null);
            Debug.Assert((object)destination != null);

            // SPEC: The explicit reference conversions are:
            // SPEC: From object and dynamic to any other reference type.

            if (source.SpecialType == SpecialType.System_Object)
            {
                if (destination.IsReferenceType)
                {
                    return true;
                }
            }
            else if (source.Kind == SymbolKind.DynamicType && destination.IsReferenceType)
            {
                return true;
            }

            // SPEC: From any class-type S to any class-type T, provided S is a base class of T.
            if (destination.IsClassType() && IsBaseClass(destination, source, ref useSiteInfo))
            {
                return true;
            }

            // SPEC: From any class-type S to any interface-type T, provided S is not sealed and provided S does not implement T.
            // ISSUE: class C : IEnumerable<Mammal> { } converting this to IEnumerable<Animal> is not an explicit conversion,
            // ISSUE: it is an implicit conversion.
            if (source.IsClassType() && destination.IsInterfaceType() && !source.IsSealed && !HasAnyBaseInterfaceConversion(source, destination, ref useSiteInfo))
            {
                return true;
            }

            // SPEC: From any interface-type S to any class-type T, provided T is not sealed or provided T implements S.
            // ISSUE: What if T is sealed and implements an interface variance-convertible to S?
            // ISSUE: eg, sealed class C : IEnum<Mammal> { ... } you should be able to cast an IEnum<Animal> to C.
            if (source.IsInterfaceType() && destination.IsClassType() && (!destination.IsSealed || HasAnyBaseInterfaceConversion(destination, source, ref useSiteInfo)))
            {
                return true;
            }

            // SPEC: From any interface-type S to any interface-type T, provided S is not derived from T.
            // ISSUE: This does not rule out identity conversions, which ought not to be classified as 
            // ISSUE: explicit reference conversions.
            // ISSUE: IEnumerable<Mammal> and IEnumerable<Animal> do not derive from each other but this is
            // ISSUE: not an explicit reference conversion, this is an implicit reference conversion.
            if (source.IsInterfaceType() && destination.IsInterfaceType() && !HasImplicitConversionToInterface(source, destination, ref useSiteInfo))
            {
                return true;
            }

            // SPEC: UNDONE: From a reference type to a reference type T if it has an explicit reference conversion to a reference type T0 and T0 has an identity conversion T.
            // SPEC: UNDONE: From a reference type to an interface or delegate type T if it has an explicit reference conversion to an interface or delegate type T0 and either T0 is variance-convertible to T or T is variance-convertible to T0 (Â§13.1.3.2).

            if (HasExplicitArrayConversion(source, destination, ref useSiteInfo))
            {
                return true;
            }

            if (HasExplicitDelegateConversion(source, destination, ref useSiteInfo))
            {
                return true;
            }

            if (HasExplicitReferenceTypeParameterConversion(source, destination, ref useSiteInfo))
            {
                return true;
            }

            return false;
        }

        // Spec 6.2.7 Explicit conversions involving type parameters
        private bool HasExplicitReferenceTypeParameterConversion(TypeSymbol source, TypeSymbol destination, ref CompoundUseSiteInfo<AssemblySymbol> useSiteInfo)
        {
            Debug.Assert((object)source != null);
            Debug.Assert((object)destination != null);

            TypeParameterSymbol s = source as TypeParameterSymbol;
            TypeParameterSymbol t = destination as TypeParameterSymbol;

            if (s?.AllowsRefLikeType == true || t?.AllowsRefLikeType == true)
            {
                return false;
            }

            // SPEC: The following explicit conversions exist for a given type parameter T:

            // SPEC: If T is known to be a reference type, the conversions are all classified as explicit reference conversions.
            // SPEC: If T is not known to be a reference type, the conversions are classified as unboxing conversions.

            // SPEC: From the effective base class C of T to T and from any base class of C to T. 
            if ((object)t != null && t.IsReferenceType)
            {
                for (var type = t.EffectiveBaseClass(ref useSiteInfo); (object)type != null; type = type.BaseTypeWithDefinitionUseSiteDiagnostics(ref useSiteInfo))
                {
                    if (HasIdentityConversionInternal(type, source))
                    {
                        return true;
                    }
                }
            }

            // SPEC: From any interface type to T. 
            if ((object)t != null && source.IsInterfaceType() && t.IsReferenceType)
            {
                return true;
            }

            // SPEC: From T to any interface-type I provided there is not already an implicit conversion from T to I.
            if ((object)s != null && s.IsReferenceType && destination.IsInterfaceType() && !HasImplicitReferenceTypeParameterConversion(s, destination, ref useSiteInfo))
            {
                return true;
            }

            // SPEC: From a type parameter U to T, provided T depends on U (Â§10.1.5)
            if ((object)s != null && (object)t != null && t.IsReferenceType && t.DependsOn(s))
            {
                return true;
            }

            return false;
        }

        // Spec 6.2.7 Explicit conversions involving type parameters
        private bool HasUnboxingTypeParameterConversion(TypeSymbol source, TypeSymbol destination, ref CompoundUseSiteInfo<AssemblySymbol> useSiteInfo)
        {
            Debug.Assert((object)source != null);
            Debug.Assert((object)destination != null);

            TypeParameterSymbol s = source as TypeParameterSymbol;
            TypeParameterSymbol t = destination as TypeParameterSymbol;

            if (s?.AllowsRefLikeType == true || t?.AllowsRefLikeType == true)
            {
                return false;
            }

            // SPEC: The following explicit conversions exist for a given type parameter T:

            // SPEC: If T is known to be a reference type, the conversions are all classified as explicit reference conversions.
            // SPEC: If T is not known to be a reference type, the conversions are classified as unboxing conversions.

            // SPEC: From the effective base class C of T to T and from any base class of C to T. 
            if ((object)t != null && !t.IsReferenceType)
            {
                for (var type = t.EffectiveBaseClass(ref useSiteInfo); (object)type != null; type = type.BaseTypeWithDefinitionUseSiteDiagnostics(ref useSiteInfo))
                {
                    if (TypeSymbol.Equals(type, source, TypeCompareKind.ConsiderEverything2))
                    {
                        return true;
                    }
                }
            }

            // SPEC: From any interface type to T. 
            if (source.IsInterfaceType() && (object)t != null && !t.IsReferenceType)
            {
                return true;
            }

            // SPEC: From T to any interface-type I provided there is not already an implicit conversion from T to I.
            if ((object)s != null && !s.IsReferenceType && destination.IsInterfaceType() && !HasImplicitReferenceTypeParameterConversion(s, destination, ref useSiteInfo))
            {
                return true;
            }

            // SPEC: From a type parameter U to T, provided T depends on U (Â§10.1.5)
            if ((object)s != null && (object)t != null && !t.IsReferenceType && t.DependsOn(s))
            {
                return true;
            }

            return false;
        }

        private bool HasExplicitDelegateConversion(TypeSymbol source, TypeSymbol destination, ref CompoundUseSiteInfo<AssemblySymbol> useSiteInfo)
        {
            Debug.Assert((object)source != null);
            Debug.Assert((object)destination != null);

            // SPEC: From System.Delegate and the interfaces it implements to any delegate-type.
            // We also support System.MulticastDelegate in the implementation, in spite of it not being mentioned in the spec.
            if (destination.IsDelegateType())
            {
                if (source.SpecialType == SpecialType.System_Delegate || source.SpecialType == SpecialType.System_MulticastDelegate)
                {
                    return true;
                }

                if (HasImplicitConversionToInterface(this.corLibrary.GetDeclaredSpecialType(SpecialType.System_Delegate), source, ref useSiteInfo))
                {
                    return true;
                }
            }

            // SPEC: From D<S1...Sn> to a D<T1...Tn> where D<X1...Xn> is a generic delegate type, D<S1...Sn> is not compatible with or identical to D<T1...Tn>, 
            // SPEC: and for each type parameter Xi of D the following holds:
            // SPEC: If Xi is invariant, then Si is identical to Ti.
            // SPEC: If Xi is covariant, then there is an implicit or explicit identity or reference conversion from Si to Ti.
            // SPECL If Xi is contravariant, then Si and Ti are either identical or both reference types.

            if (!source.IsDelegateType() || !destination.IsDelegateType())
            {
                return false;
            }

            if (!TypeSymbol.Equals(source.OriginalDefinition, destination.OriginalDefinition, TypeCompareKind.ConsiderEverything2))
            {
                return false;
            }

            var sourceType = (NamedTypeSymbol)source;
            var destinationType = (NamedTypeSymbol)destination;
            var original = sourceType.OriginalDefinition;

            if (HasIdentityConversionInternal(source, destination))
            {
                return false;
            }

            if (HasDelegateVarianceConversion(source, destination, ref useSiteInfo))
            {
                return false;
            }

            var sourceTypeArguments = sourceType.TypeArgumentsWithDefinitionUseSiteDiagnostics(ref useSiteInfo);
            var destinationTypeArguments = destinationType.TypeArgumentsWithDefinitionUseSiteDiagnostics(ref useSiteInfo);

            for (int i = 0; i < sourceTypeArguments.Length; ++i)
            {
                var sourceArg = sourceTypeArguments[i].Type;
                var destinationArg = destinationTypeArguments[i].Type;

                switch (original.TypeParameters[i].Variance)
                {
                    case VarianceKind.None:
                        if (!HasIdentityConversionInternal(sourceArg, destinationArg))
                        {
                            return false;
                        }

                        break;
                    case VarianceKind.Out:
                        if (!HasIdentityOrReferenceConversion(sourceArg, destinationArg, ref useSiteInfo))
                        {
                            return false;
                        }

                        break;
                    case VarianceKind.In:
                        bool hasIdentityConversion = HasIdentityConversionInternal(sourceArg, destinationArg);
                        bool bothAreReferenceTypes = sourceArg.IsReferenceType && destinationArg.IsReferenceType;
                        if (!(hasIdentityConversion || bothAreReferenceTypes))
                        {
                            return false;
                        }

                        break;
                }
            }

            return true;
        }

        private bool HasExplicitArrayConversion(TypeSymbol source, TypeSymbol destination, ref CompoundUseSiteInfo<AssemblySymbol> useSiteInfo)
        {
            Debug.Assert((object)source != null);
            Debug.Assert((object)destination != null);

            var sourceArray = source as ArrayTypeSymbol;
            var destinationArray = destination as ArrayTypeSymbol;

            // SPEC: From an array-type S with an element type SE to an array-type T with an element type TE, provided all of the following are true:
            // SPEC: S and T differ only in element type. (In other words, S and T have the same number of dimensions.)
            // SPEC: Both SE and TE are reference-types.
            // SPEC: An explicit reference conversion exists from SE to TE.
            if ((object)sourceArray != null && (object)destinationArray != null)
            {
                // HasExplicitReferenceConversion checks that SE and TE are reference types so
                // there's no need for that check here. Moreover, it's not as simple as checking
                // IsReferenceType, at least not in the case of type parameters, since SE will be
                // considered a reference type implicitly in the case of "where TE : class, SE" even
                // though SE.IsReferenceType may be false. Again, HasExplicitReferenceConversion
                // already handles these cases.
                return sourceArray.HasSameShapeAs(destinationArray) &&
                    HasExplicitReferenceConversion(sourceArray.ElementType, destinationArray.ElementType, ref useSiteInfo);
            }

            // SPEC: From System.Array and the interfaces it implements to any array-type.
            if ((object)destinationArray != null)
            {
                if (source.SpecialType == SpecialType.System_Array)
                {
                    return true;
                }

                foreach (var iface in this.corLibrary.GetDeclaredSpecialType(SpecialType.System_Array).AllInterfacesWithDefinitionUseSiteDiagnostics(ref useSiteInfo))
                {
                    if (HasIdentityConversionInternal(iface, source))
                    {
                        return true;
                    }
                }
            }

            // SPEC: From a single-dimensional array type S[] to System.Collections.Generic.IList<T> and its base interfaces
            // SPEC: provided that there is an explicit reference conversion from S to T.

            // The framework now also allows arrays to be converted to IReadOnlyList<T> and IReadOnlyCollection<T>; we 
            // honor that as well.

            if ((object)sourceArray != null && sourceArray.IsSZArray && destination.IsPossibleArrayGenericInterface())
            {
                if (HasExplicitReferenceConversion(sourceArray.ElementType, ((NamedTypeSymbol)destination).TypeArgumentWithDefinitionUseSiteDiagnostics(0, ref useSiteInfo).Type, ref useSiteInfo))
                {
                    return true;
                }
            }

            // SPEC: From System.Collections.Generic.IList<S> and its base interfaces to a single-dimensional array type T[], 
            // provided that there is an explicit identity or reference conversion from S to T.

            // Similarly, we honor IReadOnlyList<S> and IReadOnlyCollection<S> in the same way.
            if ((object)destinationArray != null && destinationArray.IsSZArray)
            {
                var specialDefinition = ((TypeSymbol)source.OriginalDefinition).SpecialType;

                if (specialDefinition == SpecialType.System_Collections_Generic_IList_T ||
                    specialDefinition == SpecialType.System_Collections_Generic_ICollection_T ||
                    specialDefinition == SpecialType.System_Collections_Generic_IEnumerable_T ||
                    specialDefinition == SpecialType.System_Collections_Generic_IReadOnlyList_T ||
                    specialDefinition == SpecialType.System_Collections_Generic_IReadOnlyCollection_T)
                {
                    var sourceElement = ((NamedTypeSymbol)source).TypeArgumentWithDefinitionUseSiteDiagnostics(0, ref useSiteInfo).Type;
                    var destinationElement = destinationArray.ElementType;

                    if (HasIdentityConversionInternal(sourceElement, destinationElement))
                    {
                        return true;
                    }

                    if (HasImplicitReferenceConversion(sourceElement, destinationElement, ref useSiteInfo))
                    {
                        return true;
                    }

                    if (HasExplicitReferenceConversion(sourceElement, destinationElement, ref useSiteInfo))
                    {
                        return true;
                    }
                }
            }

            return false;
        }

        private bool HasUnboxingConversion(TypeSymbol source, TypeSymbol destination, ref CompoundUseSiteInfo<AssemblySymbol> useSiteInfo)
        {
            Debug.Assert((object)source != null);
            Debug.Assert((object)destination != null);

            if (destination.IsPointerOrFunctionPointer())
            {
                return false;
            }

            // Ref-like types cannot be boxed or unboxed
            if (destination.IsRestrictedType())
            {
                return false;
            }

            // SPEC: An unboxing conversion permits a reference type to be explicitly converted to a value-type. 
            // SPEC: An unboxing conversion exists from the types object and System.ValueType to any non-nullable-value-type, 
            var specialTypeSource = source.SpecialType;

            if (specialTypeSource == SpecialType.System_Object || specialTypeSource == SpecialType.System_ValueType)
            {
                if (destination.IsValueType && !destination.IsNullableType())
                {
                    return true;
                }
            }

            // SPEC: and from any interface-type to any non-nullable-value-type that implements the interface-type. 

            if (source.IsInterfaceType() &&
                destination.IsValueType &&
                !destination.IsNullableType() &&
                HasBoxingConversion(destination, source, ref useSiteInfo))
            {
                return true;
            }

            // SPEC: Furthermore type System.Enum can be unboxed to any enum-type.
            if (source.SpecialType == SpecialType.System_Enum && destination.IsEnumType())
            {
                return true;
            }

            // SPEC: An unboxing conversion exists from a reference type to a nullable-type if an unboxing 
            // SPEC: conversion exists from the reference type to the underlying non-nullable-value-type 
            // SPEC: of the nullable-type.
            if (source.IsReferenceType &&
                destination.IsNullableType() &&
                HasUnboxingConversion(source, destination.GetNullableUnderlyingType(), ref useSiteInfo))
            {
                return true;
            }

            // SPEC: UNDONE A value type S has an unboxing conversion from an interface type I if it has an unboxing 
            // SPEC: UNDONE conversion from an interface type I0 and I0 has an identity conversion to I.

            // SPEC: UNDONE A value type S has an unboxing conversion from an interface type I if it has an unboxing conversion 
            // SPEC: UNDONE from an interface or delegate type I0 and either I0 is variance-convertible to I or I is variance-convertible to I0.

            if (HasUnboxingTypeParameterConversion(source, destination, ref useSiteInfo))
            {
                return true;
            }

            return false;
        }

        private static bool HasPointerToPointerConversion(TypeSymbol source, TypeSymbol destination)
        {
            Debug.Assert((object)source != null);
            Debug.Assert((object)destination != null);

            return source.IsPointerOrFunctionPointer() && destination.IsPointerOrFunctionPointer();
        }

        private static bool HasPointerToIntegerConversion(TypeSymbol source, TypeSymbol destination)
        {
            Debug.Assert((object)source != null);
            Debug.Assert((object)destination != null);

            if (!source.IsPointerOrFunctionPointer())
            {
                return false;
            }

            // SPEC OMISSION: 
            // 
            // The spec should state that any pointer type is convertible to
            // sbyte, byte, ... etc, or any corresponding nullable type.

            return IsIntegerTypeSupportingPointerConversions(destination.StrippedType());
        }

        private static bool HasIntegerToPointerConversion(TypeSymbol source, TypeSymbol destination)
        {
            Debug.Assert((object)source != null);
            Debug.Assert((object)destination != null);

            if (!destination.IsPointerOrFunctionPointer())
            {
                return false;
            }

            // Note that void* is convertible to int?, but int? is not convertible to void*.
            return IsIntegerTypeSupportingPointerConversions(source);
        }

        private static bool IsIntegerTypeSupportingPointerConversions(TypeSymbol type)
        {
            switch (type.SpecialType)
            {
                case SpecialType.System_SByte:
                case SpecialType.System_Byte:
                case SpecialType.System_Int16:
                case SpecialType.System_UInt16:
                case SpecialType.System_Int32:
                case SpecialType.System_UInt32:
                case SpecialType.System_Int64:
                case SpecialType.System_UInt64:
                    return true;
                case SpecialType.System_IntPtr:
                case SpecialType.System_UIntPtr:
                    return type.IsNativeIntegerType;
            }

            return false;
        }

#nullable enable
        private bool IsFeatureFirstClassSpanEnabled
        {
            get
            {
                // Note: when Compilation is null, we assume latest LangVersion.
                return Compilation?.IsFeatureEnabled(MessageID.IDS_FeatureFirstClassSpan) != false;
            }
        }

        private bool HasImplicitSpanConversion(TypeSymbol? source, TypeSymbol destination, ref CompoundUseSiteInfo<AssemblySymbol> useSiteInfo)
        {
            if (source is null || !IsFeatureFirstClassSpanEnabled)
            {
                return false;
            }

            // SPEC: From any single-dimensional `array_type` with element type `Ei`...
            if (source is ArrayTypeSymbol { IsSZArray: true, ElementTypeWithAnnotations: { } elementType })
            {
                // SPEC: ...to `System.Span<Ei>`.
                if (destination.IsSpan())
                {
                    var spanElementType = ((NamedTypeSymbol)destination).TypeArgumentsWithDefinitionUseSiteDiagnostics(ref useSiteInfo)[0];
                    return hasIdentityConversion(elementType, spanElementType);
                }

                // SPEC: ...to `System.ReadOnlySpan<Ui>`, provided that `Ei` is covariance-convertible to `Ui`.
                if (destination.IsReadOnlySpan())
                {
                    var spanElementType = ((NamedTypeSymbol)destination).TypeArgumentsWithDefinitionUseSiteDiagnostics(ref useSiteInfo)[0];
                    return hasCovariantConversion(elementType, spanElementType, ref useSiteInfo);
                }
            }
            // SPEC: From `System.Span<Ti>` to `System.ReadOnlySpan<Ui>`, provided that `Ti` is covariance-convertible to `Ui`.
            // SPEC: From `System.ReadOnlySpan<Ti>` to `System.ReadOnlySpan<Ui>`, provided that `Ti` is covariance-convertible to `Ui`.
            else if (source.IsSpan() || source.IsReadOnlySpan())
            {
                if (destination.IsReadOnlySpan())
                {
                    var sourceElementType = ((NamedTypeSymbol)source).TypeArgumentsWithDefinitionUseSiteDiagnostics(ref useSiteInfo)[0];
                    var destinationElementType = ((NamedTypeSymbol)destination).TypeArgumentsWithDefinitionUseSiteDiagnostics(ref useSiteInfo)[0];
                    return hasCovariantConversion(sourceElementType, destinationElementType, ref useSiteInfo);
                }
            }
            // SPEC: From `string` to `System.ReadOnlySpan<char>`.
            else if (source.IsStringType())
            {
                if (destination.IsReadOnlySpan())
                {
                    var spanElementType = ((NamedTypeSymbol)destination).TypeArgumentsWithDefinitionUseSiteDiagnostics(ref useSiteInfo)[0];
                    return spanElementType.SpecialType is SpecialType.System_Char;
                }
            }

            return false;

            bool hasCovariantConversion(TypeWithAnnotations source, TypeWithAnnotations destination, ref CompoundUseSiteInfo<AssemblySymbol> useSiteInfo)
            {
                return hasIdentityConversion(source, destination) ||
                    HasImplicitReferenceConversion(source, destination, ref useSiteInfo);
            }

            bool hasIdentityConversion(TypeWithAnnotations source, TypeWithAnnotations destination)
            {
                return HasIdentityConversionInternal(source.Type, destination.Type) &&
                    HasTopLevelNullabilityIdentityConversion(source, destination);
            }
        }

        /// <remarks>
        /// This does not check implicit span conversions, that should be done by the caller.
        /// </remarks>
        private bool HasExplicitSpanConversion(TypeSymbol? source, TypeSymbol destination, ref CompoundUseSiteInfo<AssemblySymbol> useSiteInfo)
        {
            if (!IsFeatureFirstClassSpanEnabled)
            {
                return false;
            }

            // SPEC: From any single-dimensional `array_type` with element type `Ti`
            // to `System.Span<Ui>` or `System.ReadOnlySpan<Ui>`
            // provided an explicit reference conversion exists from `Ti` to `Ui`.
            if (source is ArrayTypeSymbol { IsSZArray: true, ElementTypeWithAnnotations: { } elementType } &&
                (destination.IsSpan() || destination.IsReadOnlySpan()))
            {
                var spanElementType = ((NamedTypeSymbol)destination).TypeArgumentsWithDefinitionUseSiteDiagnostics(ref useSiteInfo)[0];
                return HasIdentityOrReferenceConversion(elementType.Type, spanElementType.Type, ref useSiteInfo) &&
                    HasTopLevelNullabilityIdentityConversion(elementType, spanElementType);
            }

            return false;
        }

        private bool IgnoreUserDefinedSpanConversions(TypeSymbol? source, TypeSymbol? target)
        {
            // SPEC: User-defined conversions are not considered when converting between types
            //       for which an implicit or an explicit span conversion exists.
            var discarded = CompoundUseSiteInfo<AssemblySymbol>.Discarded;
            return source is not null && target is not null &&
                (HasImplicitSpanConversion(source, target, ref discarded) ||
                HasExplicitSpanConversion(source, target, ref discarded));
        }
    }
}