src/test/regress/expected/strings.out - master - githubmirror/postgres

src/test/regress/expected/strings.out
3 301 строка82 KB
Daniel Gustafsson
Fix truncation rules for base64 encoding
17 июл 2026, 16:40
17 июл 2026, 16:401f41403
--
-- STRINGS
-- Test various data entry syntaxes.
--
-- SQL string continuation syntax
-- E021-03 character string literals
SELECT 'first line'
' - next line'
	' - third line'
	AS "Three lines to one";
         Three lines to one          
-------------------------------------
 first line - next line - third line
(1 row)

-- illegal string continuation syntax
SELECT 'first line'
' - next line' /* this comment is not allowed here */
' - third line'
	AS "Illegal comment within continuation";
ERROR:  syntax error at or near "' - third line'"
LINE 3: ' - third line'
        ^
-- Unicode escapes
SELECT U&'d\0061t\+000061' AS U&"d\0061t\+000061";
 data 
------
 data
(1 row)

SELECT U&'d!0061t\+000061' UESCAPE '!' AS U&"d*0061t\+000061" UESCAPE '*';
 dat\+000061 
-------------
 dat\+000061
(1 row)

SELECT U&'a\\b' AS "a\b";
 a\b 
-----
 a\b
(1 row)

SELECT U&' \' UESCAPE '!' AS "tricky";
 tricky 
--------
  \
(1 row)

SELECT 'tricky' AS U&"\" UESCAPE '!';
   \    
--------
 tricky
(1 row)

SELECT U&'wrong: \061';
ERROR:  invalid Unicode escape
LINE 1: SELECT U&'wrong: \061';
                         ^
HINT:  Unicode escapes must be \XXXX or \+XXXXXX.
SELECT U&'wrong: \+0061';
ERROR:  invalid Unicode escape
LINE 1: SELECT U&'wrong: \+0061';
                         ^
HINT:  Unicode escapes must be \XXXX or \+XXXXXX.
SELECT U&'wrong: +0061' UESCAPE +;
ERROR:  UESCAPE must be followed by a simple string literal at or near "+"
LINE 1: SELECT U&'wrong: +0061' UESCAPE +;
                                        ^
SELECT U&'wrong: +0061' UESCAPE '+';
ERROR:  invalid Unicode escape character at or near "'+'"
LINE 1: SELECT U&'wrong: +0061' UESCAPE '+';
                                        ^
SELECT U&'wrong: \db99';
ERROR:  invalid Unicode surrogate pair
LINE 1: SELECT U&'wrong: \db99';
                              ^
SELECT U&'wrong: \db99xy';
ERROR:  invalid Unicode surrogate pair
LINE 1: SELECT U&'wrong: \db99xy';
                              ^
SELECT U&'wrong: \db99\\';
ERROR:  invalid Unicode surrogate pair
LINE 1: SELECT U&'wrong: \db99\\';
                              ^
SELECT U&'wrong: \db99\0061';
ERROR:  invalid Unicode surrogate pair
LINE 1: SELECT U&'wrong: \db99\0061';
                              ^
SELECT U&'wrong: \+00db99\+000061';
ERROR:  invalid Unicode surrogate pair
LINE 1: SELECT U&'wrong: \+00db99\+000061';
                                 ^
SELECT U&'wrong: \+2FFFFF';
ERROR:  invalid Unicode escape value
LINE 1: SELECT U&'wrong: \+2FFFFF';
                         ^
-- while we're here, check the same cases in E-style literals
SELECT E'd\u0061t\U00000061' AS "data";
 data 
------
 data
(1 row)

SELECT E'a\\b' AS "a\b";
 a\b 
-----
 a\b
(1 row)

SELECT E'wrong: \u061';
ERROR:  invalid Unicode escape
LINE 1: SELECT E'wrong: \u061';
                        ^
HINT:  Unicode escapes must be \uXXXX or \UXXXXXXXX.
SELECT E'wrong: \U0061';
ERROR:  invalid Unicode escape
LINE 1: SELECT E'wrong: \U0061';
                        ^
HINT:  Unicode escapes must be \uXXXX or \UXXXXXXXX.
SELECT E'wrong: \udb99';
ERROR:  invalid Unicode surrogate pair at or near "'"
LINE 1: SELECT E'wrong: \udb99';
                              ^
SELECT E'wrong: \udb99xy';
ERROR:  invalid Unicode surrogate pair at or near "x"
LINE 1: SELECT E'wrong: \udb99xy';
                              ^
SELECT E'wrong: \udb99\\';
ERROR:  invalid Unicode surrogate pair at or near "\"
LINE 1: SELECT E'wrong: \udb99\\';
                              ^
SELECT E'wrong: \udb99\u0061';
ERROR:  invalid Unicode surrogate pair at or near "\u0061"
LINE 1: SELECT E'wrong: \udb99\u0061';
                              ^
SELECT E'wrong: \U0000db99\U00000061';
ERROR:  invalid Unicode surrogate pair at or near "\U00000061"
LINE 1: SELECT E'wrong: \U0000db99\U00000061';
                                  ^
SELECT E'wrong: \U002FFFFF';
ERROR:  invalid Unicode escape value at or near "\U002FFFFF"
LINE 1: SELECT E'wrong: \U002FFFFF';
                        ^
-- this is no longer allowed:
SET standard_conforming_strings TO off;
ERROR:  non-standard string literals are not supported
-- but this should be acceptable:
SET standard_conforming_strings TO on;
-- or this:
RESET standard_conforming_strings;
-- bytea
SET bytea_output TO hex;
SELECT E'\\xDeAdBeEf'::bytea;
   bytea    
------------
 \xdeadbeef
(1 row)

SELECT E'\\x De Ad Be Ef '::bytea;
   bytea    
------------
 \xdeadbeef
(1 row)

SELECT E'\\xDeAdBeE'::bytea;
ERROR:  invalid hexadecimal data: odd number of digits
LINE 1: SELECT E'\\xDeAdBeE'::bytea;
               ^
SELECT E'\\xDeAdBeEx'::bytea;
ERROR:  invalid hexadecimal digit: "x"
LINE 1: SELECT E'\\xDeAdBeEx'::bytea;
               ^
SELECT E'\\xDe00BeEf'::bytea;
   bytea    
------------
 \xde00beef
(1 row)

SELECT E'DeAdBeEf'::bytea;
       bytea        
--------------------
 \x4465416442654566
(1 row)

SELECT E'De\\000dBeEf'::bytea;
       bytea        
--------------------
 \x4465006442654566
(1 row)

SELECT E'De\123dBeEf'::bytea;
       bytea        
--------------------
 \x4465536442654566
(1 row)

SELECT E'De\\123dBeEf'::bytea;
       bytea        
--------------------
 \x4465536442654566
(1 row)

SELECT E'De\\678dBeEf'::bytea;
ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type bytea
LINE 1: SELECT E'De\\678dBeEf'::bytea;
               ^
SELECT E'DeAd\\\\BeEf'::bytea;
        bytea         
----------------------
 \x446541645c42654566
(1 row)

SELECT reverse(''::bytea);
 reverse 
---------
 \x
(1 row)

SELECT reverse('\xaa'::bytea);
 reverse 
---------
 \xaa
(1 row)

SELECT reverse('\xabcd'::bytea);
 reverse 
---------
 \xcdab
(1 row)

SELECT ('\x' || repeat(' ', 32))::bytea;
 bytea 
-------
 \x
(1 row)

SELECT ('\x' || repeat('!', 32))::bytea;
ERROR:  invalid hexadecimal digit: "!"
SELECT ('\x' || repeat('/', 34))::bytea;
ERROR:  invalid hexadecimal digit: "/"
SELECT ('\x' || repeat('0', 34))::bytea;
                bytea                 
--------------------------------------
 \x0000000000000000000000000000000000
(1 row)

SELECT ('\x' || repeat('9', 32))::bytea;
               bytea                
------------------------------------
 \x99999999999999999999999999999999
(1 row)

SELECT ('\x' || repeat(':', 32))::bytea;
ERROR:  invalid hexadecimal digit: ":"
SELECT ('\x' || repeat('@', 34))::bytea;
ERROR:  invalid hexadecimal digit: "@"
SELECT ('\x' || repeat('A', 34))::bytea;
                bytea                 
--------------------------------------
 \xaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa
(1 row)

SELECT ('\x' || repeat('F', 32))::bytea;
               bytea                
------------------------------------
 \xffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff
(1 row)

SELECT ('\x' || repeat('G', 32))::bytea;
ERROR:  invalid hexadecimal digit: "G"
SELECT ('\x' || repeat('`', 34))::bytea;
ERROR:  invalid hexadecimal digit: "`"
SELECT ('\x' || repeat('a', 34))::bytea;
                bytea                 
--------------------------------------
 \xaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa
(1 row)

SELECT ('\x' || repeat('f', 32))::bytea;
               bytea                
------------------------------------
 \xffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff
(1 row)

SELECT ('\x' || repeat('g', 32))::bytea;
ERROR:  invalid hexadecimal digit: "g"
SELECT ('\x' || repeat('~', 34))::bytea;
ERROR:  invalid hexadecimal digit: "~"
SET bytea_output TO escape;
SELECT E'\\xDeAdBeEf'::bytea;
      bytea       
------------------
 \336\255\276\357
(1 row)

SELECT E'\\x De Ad Be Ef '::bytea;
      bytea       
------------------
 \336\255\276\357
(1 row)

SELECT E'\\xDe00BeEf'::bytea;
      bytea       
------------------
 \336\000\276\357
(1 row)

SELECT E'DeAdBeEf'::bytea;
  bytea   
----------
 DeAdBeEf
(1 row)

SELECT E'De\\000dBeEf'::bytea;
    bytea    
-------------
 De\000dBeEf
(1 row)

SELECT E'De\\123dBeEf'::bytea;
  bytea   
----------
 DeSdBeEf
(1 row)

SELECT E'DeAd\\\\BeEf'::bytea;
   bytea    
------------
 DeAd\\BeEf
(1 row)

-- Test non-error-throwing API too
SELECT pg_input_is_valid(E'\\xDeAdBeE', 'bytea');
 pg_input_is_valid 
-------------------
 f
(1 row)

SELECT * FROM pg_input_error_info(E'\\xDeAdBeE', 'bytea');
                    message                     | detail | hint | sql_error_code 
------------------------------------------------+--------+------+----------------
 invalid hexadecimal data: odd number of digits |        |      | 22023
(1 row)

SELECT * FROM pg_input_error_info(E'\\xDeAdBeEx', 'bytea');
            message             | detail | hint | sql_error_code 
--------------------------------+--------+------+----------------
 invalid hexadecimal digit: "x" |        |      | 22023
(1 row)

SELECT * FROM pg_input_error_info(E'foo\\99bar', 'bytea');
               message               | detail | hint | sql_error_code 
-------------------------------------+--------+------+----------------
 invalid input syntax for type bytea |        |      | 22P02
(1 row)

--
-- test conversions between various string types
-- E021-10 implicit casting among the character data types
--
SELECT CAST(f1 AS text) AS "text(char)" FROM CHAR_TBL;
 text(char) 
------------
 a
 ab
 abcd
 abcd
(4 rows)

SELECT CAST(f1 AS text) AS "text(varchar)" FROM VARCHAR_TBL;
 text(varchar) 
---------------
 a
 ab
 abcd
 abcd
(4 rows)

SELECT CAST(name 'namefield' AS text) AS "text(name)";
 text(name) 
------------
 namefield
(1 row)

-- since this is an explicit cast, it should truncate w/o error:
SELECT CAST(f1 AS char(10)) AS "char(text)" FROM TEXT_TBL;
 char(text) 
------------
 doh!      
 hi de ho n
(2 rows)

-- note: implicit-cast case is tested in char.sql
SELECT CAST(f1 AS char(20)) AS "char(text)" FROM TEXT_TBL;
      char(text)      
----------------------
 doh!                
 hi de ho neighbor   
(2 rows)

SELECT CAST(f1 AS char(10)) AS "char(varchar)" FROM VARCHAR_TBL;
 char(varchar) 
---------------
 a         
 ab        
 abcd      
 abcd      
(4 rows)

SELECT CAST(name 'namefield' AS char(10)) AS "char(name)";
 char(name) 
------------
 namefield 
(1 row)

SELECT CAST(f1 AS varchar) AS "varchar(text)" FROM TEXT_TBL;
   varchar(text)   
-------------------
 doh!
 hi de ho neighbor
(2 rows)

SELECT CAST(f1 AS varchar) AS "varchar(char)" FROM CHAR_TBL;
 varchar(char) 
---------------
 a
 ab
 abcd
 abcd
(4 rows)

SELECT CAST(name 'namefield' AS varchar) AS "varchar(name)";
 varchar(name) 
---------------
 namefield
(1 row)

--
-- test SQL string functions
-- E### and T### are feature reference numbers from SQL99
--
-- E021-09 trim function
SELECT TRIM(BOTH FROM '  bunch o blanks  ') = 'bunch o blanks' AS "bunch o blanks";
 bunch o blanks 
----------------
 t
(1 row)

SELECT TRIM(LEADING FROM '  bunch o blanks  ') = 'bunch o blanks  ' AS "bunch o blanks  ";
 bunch o blanks   
------------------
 t
(1 row)

SELECT TRIM(TRAILING FROM '  bunch o blanks  ') = '  bunch o blanks' AS "  bunch o blanks";
   bunch o blanks 
------------------
 t
(1 row)

SELECT TRIM(BOTH 'x' FROM 'xxxxxsome Xsxxxxx') = 'some Xs' AS "some Xs";
 some Xs 
---------
 t
(1 row)

-- E021-06 substring expression
SELECT SUBSTRING('1234567890' FROM 3) = '34567890' AS "34567890";
 34567890 
----------
 t
(1 row)

SELECT SUBSTRING('1234567890' FROM 4 FOR 3) = '456' AS "456";
 456 
-----
 t
(1 row)

-- test overflow cases
SELECT SUBSTRING('string' FROM 2 FOR 2147483646) AS "tring";
 tring 
-------
 tring
(1 row)

SELECT SUBSTRING('string' FROM -10 FOR 2147483646) AS "string";
 string 
--------
 string
(1 row)

SELECT SUBSTRING('string' FROM -10 FOR -2147483646) AS "error";
ERROR:  negative substring length not allowed
-- T581 regular expression substring (with SQL's bizarre regexp syntax)
SELECT SUBSTRING('abcdefg' SIMILAR 'a#"(b_d)#"%' ESCAPE '#') AS "bcd";
 bcd 
-----
 bcd
(1 row)

-- obsolete SQL99 syntax
SELECT SUBSTRING('abcdefg' FROM 'a#"(b_d)#"%' FOR '#') AS "bcd";
 bcd 
-----
 bcd
(1 row)

-- No match should return NULL
SELECT SUBSTRING('abcdefg' SIMILAR '#"(b_d)#"%' ESCAPE '#') IS NULL AS "True";
 True 
------
 t
(1 row)

-- Null inputs should return NULL
SELECT SUBSTRING('abcdefg' SIMILAR '%' ESCAPE NULL) IS NULL AS "True";
 True 
------
 t
(1 row)

SELECT SUBSTRING(NULL SIMILAR '%' ESCAPE '#') IS NULL AS "True";
 True 
------
 t
(1 row)

SELECT SUBSTRING('abcdefg' SIMILAR NULL ESCAPE '#') IS NULL AS "True";
 True 
------
 t
(1 row)

-- The first and last parts should act non-greedy
SELECT SUBSTRING('abcdefg' SIMILAR 'a#"%#"g' ESCAPE '#') AS "bcdef";
 bcdef 
-------
 bcdef
(1 row)

SELECT SUBSTRING('abcdefg' SIMILAR 'a*#"%#"g*' ESCAPE '#') AS "abcdefg";
 abcdefg 
---------
 abcdefg
(1 row)

-- Vertical bar in any part affects only that part
SELECT SUBSTRING('abcdefg' SIMILAR 'a|b#"%#"g' ESCAPE '#') AS "bcdef";
 bcdef 
-------
 bcdef
(1 row)

SELECT SUBSTRING('abcdefg' SIMILAR 'a#"%#"x|g' ESCAPE '#') AS "bcdef";
 bcdef 
-------
 bcdef
(1 row)

SELECT SUBSTRING('abcdefg' SIMILAR 'a#"%|ab#"g' ESCAPE '#') AS "bcdef";
 bcdef 
-------
 bcdef
(1 row)

-- Can't have more than two part separators
SELECT SUBSTRING('abcdefg' SIMILAR 'a*#"%#"g*#"x' ESCAPE '#') AS "error";
ERROR:  SQL regular expression may not contain more than two escape-double-quote separators
CONTEXT:  SQL function "substring" statement 1
-- Postgres extension: with 0 or 1 separator, assume parts 1 and 3 are empty
SELECT SUBSTRING('abcdefg' SIMILAR 'a#"%g' ESCAPE '#') AS "bcdefg";
 bcdefg 
--------
 bcdefg
(1 row)

SELECT SUBSTRING('abcdefg' SIMILAR 'a%g' ESCAPE '#') AS "abcdefg";
 abcdefg 
---------
 abcdefg
(1 row)

-- substring() with just two arguments is not allowed by SQL spec;
-- we accept it, but we interpret the pattern as a POSIX regexp not SQL
SELECT SUBSTRING('abcdefg' FROM 'c.e') AS "cde";
 cde 
-----
 cde
(1 row)

-- With a parenthesized subexpression, return only what matches the subexpr
SELECT SUBSTRING('abcdefg' FROM 'b(.*)f') AS "cde";
 cde 
-----
 cde
(1 row)

-- Check case where we have a match, but not a subexpression match
SELECT SUBSTRING('foo' FROM 'foo(bar)?') IS NULL AS t;
 t 
---
 t
(1 row)

-- Check behavior of SIMILAR TO, which uses largely the same regexp variant
SELECT 'abcdefg' SIMILAR TO '_bcd%' AS true;
 true 
------
 t
(1 row)

SELECT 'abcdefg' SIMILAR TO 'bcd%' AS false;
 false 
-------
 f
(1 row)

SELECT 'abcdefg' SIMILAR TO '_bcd#%' ESCAPE '#' AS false;
 false 
-------
 f
(1 row)

SELECT 'abcd%' SIMILAR TO '_bcd#%' ESCAPE '#' AS true;
 true 
------
 t
(1 row)

-- Postgres uses '\' as the default escape character, which is not per spec
SELECT 'abcdefg' SIMILAR TO '_bcd\%' AS false;
 false 
-------
 f
(1 row)

-- and an empty string to mean "no escape", which is also not per spec
SELECT 'abcd\efg' SIMILAR TO '_bcd\%' ESCAPE '' AS true;
 true 
------
 t
(1 row)

-- these behaviors are per spec, though:
SELECT 'abcdefg' SIMILAR TO '_bcd%' ESCAPE NULL AS null;
 null 
------
 
(1 row)

SELECT 'abcdefg' SIMILAR TO '_bcd#%' ESCAPE '##' AS error;
ERROR:  invalid escape string
HINT:  Escape string must be empty or one character.
-- Characters that should be left alone in character classes when a
-- SIMILAR TO regexp pattern is converted to POSIX style.
-- Underscore "_"
EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM TEXT_TBL WHERE f1 SIMILAR TO '_[_[:alpha:]_]_';
                   QUERY PLAN                   
------------------------------------------------
 Seq Scan on text_tbl
   Filter: (f1 ~ '^(?:.[_[:alpha:]_].)$'::text)
(2 rows)

-- Percentage "%"
EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM TEXT_TBL WHERE f1 SIMILAR TO '%[%[:alnum:]%]%';
                    QUERY PLAN                    
--------------------------------------------------
 Seq Scan on text_tbl
   Filter: (f1 ~ '^(?:.*[%[:alnum:]%].*)$'::text)
(2 rows)

-- Dot "."
EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM TEXT_TBL WHERE f1 SIMILAR TO '.[.[:alnum:].].';
                    QUERY PLAN                    
--------------------------------------------------
 Seq Scan on text_tbl
   Filter: (f1 ~ '^(?:\.[.[:alnum:].]\.)$'::text)
(2 rows)

-- Dollar "$"
EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM TEXT_TBL WHERE f1 SIMILAR TO '$[$[:alnum:]$]$';
                    QUERY PLAN                    
--------------------------------------------------
 Seq Scan on text_tbl
   Filter: (f1 ~ '^(?:\$[$[:alnum:]$]\$)$'::text)
(2 rows)

-- Opening parenthesis "("
EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM TEXT_TBL WHERE f1 SIMILAR TO '()[([:alnum:](]()';
                      QUERY PLAN                      
------------------------------------------------------
 Seq Scan on text_tbl
   Filter: (f1 ~ '^(?:(?:)[([:alnum:](](?:))$'::text)
(2 rows)

-- Caret "^"
EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM TEXT_TBL WHERE f1 SIMILAR TO '^[^[:alnum:]^[^^][[^^]][\^][[\^]]\^]^';
                               QUERY PLAN                               
------------------------------------------------------------------------
 Seq Scan on text_tbl
   Filter: (f1 ~ '^(?:\^[^[:alnum:]^[^^][[^^]][\^][[\^]]\^]\^)$'::text)
(2 rows)

-- Closing square bracket "]" at the beginning of character class
EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM TEXT_TBL WHERE f1 SIMILAR TO '[]%][^]%][^%]%';
                   QUERY PLAN                   
------------------------------------------------
 Seq Scan on text_tbl
   Filter: (f1 ~ '^(?:[]%][^]%][^%].*)$'::text)
(2 rows)

-- Closing square bracket effective after two carets at the beginning
-- of character class.
EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM TEXT_TBL WHERE f1 SIMILAR TO '[^^]^';
              QUERY PLAN               
---------------------------------------
 Seq Scan on text_tbl
   Filter: (f1 ~ '^(?:[^^]\^)$'::text)
(2 rows)

-- Closing square bracket after an escape sequence at the beginning of
-- a character closes the character class
EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM TEXT_TBL WHERE f1 SIMILAR TO '[|a]%' ESCAPE '|';
              QUERY PLAN               
---------------------------------------
 Seq Scan on text_tbl
   Filter: (f1 ~ '^(?:[\a].*)$'::text)
(2 rows)

-- Test backslash escapes in regexp_replace's replacement string
SELECT regexp_replace('1112223333', E'(\\d{3})(\\d{3})(\\d{4})', E'(\\1) \\2-\\3');
 regexp_replace 
----------------
 (111) 222-3333
(1 row)

SELECT regexp_replace('foobarrbazz', E'(.)\\1', E'X\\&Y', 'g');
  regexp_replace   
-------------------
 fXooYbaXrrYbaXzzY
(1 row)

SELECT regexp_replace('foobarrbazz', E'(.)\\1', E'X\\\\Y', 'g');
 regexp_replace 
----------------
 fX\YbaX\YbaX\Y
(1 row)

-- not an error, though perhaps it should be:
SELECT regexp_replace('foobarrbazz', E'(.)\\1', E'X\\Y\\1Z\\');
 regexp_replace  
-----------------
 fX\YoZ\barrbazz
(1 row)

SELECT regexp_replace('AAA   BBB   CCC   ', E'\\s+', ' ', 'g');
 regexp_replace 
----------------
 AAA BBB CCC 
(1 row)

SELECT regexp_replace('AAA', '^|$', 'Z', 'g');
 regexp_replace 
----------------
 ZAAAZ
(1 row)

SELECT regexp_replace('AAA aaa', 'A+', 'Z', 'gi');
 regexp_replace 
----------------
 Z Z
(1 row)

-- invalid regexp option
SELECT regexp_replace('AAA aaa', 'A+', 'Z', 'z');
ERROR:  invalid regular expression option: "z"
-- extended regexp_replace tests
SELECT regexp_replace('A PostgreSQL function', 'A|e|i|o|u', 'X', 1);
    regexp_replace     
-----------------------
 X PostgreSQL function
(1 row)

SELECT regexp_replace('A PostgreSQL function', 'A|e|i|o|u', 'X', 1, 2);
    regexp_replace     
-----------------------
 A PXstgreSQL function
(1 row)

SELECT regexp_replace('A PostgreSQL function', 'a|e|i|o|u', 'X', 1, 0, 'i');
    regexp_replace     
-----------------------
 X PXstgrXSQL fXnctXXn
(1 row)

SELECT regexp_replace('A PostgreSQL function', 'a|e|i|o|u', 'X', 1, 1, 'i');
    regexp_replace     
-----------------------
 X PostgreSQL function
(1 row)

SELECT regexp_replace('A PostgreSQL function', 'a|e|i|o|u', 'X', 1, 2, 'i');
    regexp_replace     
-----------------------
 A PXstgreSQL function
(1 row)

SELECT regexp_replace('A PostgreSQL function', 'a|e|i|o|u', 'X', 1, 3, 'i');
    regexp_replace     
-----------------------
 A PostgrXSQL function
(1 row)

SELECT regexp_replace('A PostgreSQL function', 'a|e|i|o|u', 'X', 1, 9, 'i');
    regexp_replace     
-----------------------
 A PostgreSQL function
(1 row)

SELECT regexp_replace('A PostgreSQL function', 'A|e|i|o|u', 'X', 7, 0, 'i');
    regexp_replace     
-----------------------
 A PostgrXSQL fXnctXXn
(1 row)

-- 'g' flag should be ignored when N is specified
SELECT regexp_replace('A PostgreSQL function', 'a|e|i|o|u', 'X', 1, 1, 'g');
    regexp_replace     
-----------------------
 A PXstgreSQL function
(1 row)

-- errors
SELECT regexp_replace('A PostgreSQL function', 'a|e|i|o|u', 'X', -1, 0, 'i');
ERROR:  invalid value for parameter "start": -1
SELECT regexp_replace('A PostgreSQL function', 'a|e|i|o|u', 'X', 1, -1, 'i');
ERROR:  invalid value for parameter "n": -1
-- erroneous invocation of non-extended form
SELECT regexp_replace('A PostgreSQL function', 'a|e|i|o|u', 'X', '1');
ERROR:  invalid regular expression option: "1"
HINT:  If you meant to use regexp_replace() with a start parameter, cast the fourth argument to integer explicitly.
--  regexp_count tests
SELECT regexp_count('123123123123123', '(12)3');
 regexp_count 
--------------
            5
(1 row)

SELECT regexp_count('123123123123', '123', 1);
 regexp_count 
--------------
            4
(1 row)

SELECT regexp_count('123123123123', '123', 3);
 regexp_count 
--------------
            3
(1 row)

SELECT regexp_count('123123123123', '123', 33);
 regexp_count 
--------------
            0
(1 row)

SELECT regexp_count('ABCABCABCABC', 'Abc', 1, '');
 regexp_count 
--------------
            0
(1 row)

SELECT regexp_count('ABCABCABCABC', 'Abc', 1, 'i');
 regexp_count 
--------------
            4
(1 row)

-- errors
SELECT regexp_count('123123123123', '123', 0);
ERROR:  invalid value for parameter "start": 0
SELECT regexp_count('123123123123', '123', -3);
ERROR:  invalid value for parameter "start": -3
-- regexp_like tests
SELECT regexp_like('Steven', '^Ste(v|ph)en$');
 regexp_like 
-------------
 t
(1 row)

SELECT regexp_like('a'||CHR(10)||'d', 'a.d', 'n');
 regexp_like 
-------------
 f
(1 row)

SELECT regexp_like('a'||CHR(10)||'d', 'a.d', 's');
 regexp_like 
-------------
 t
(1 row)

SELECT regexp_like('abc', ' a . c ', 'x');
 regexp_like 
-------------
 t
(1 row)

SELECT regexp_like('abc', 'a.c', 'g');  -- error
ERROR:  regexp_like() does not support the "global" option
-- regexp_instr tests
SELECT regexp_instr('abcdefghi', 'd.f');
 regexp_instr 
--------------
            4
(1 row)

SELECT regexp_instr('abcdefghi', 'd.q');
 regexp_instr 
--------------
            0
(1 row)

SELECT regexp_instr('abcabcabc', 'a.c');
 regexp_instr 
--------------
            1
(1 row)

SELECT regexp_instr('abcabcabc', 'a.c', 2);
 regexp_instr 
--------------
            4
(1 row)

SELECT regexp_instr('abcabcabc', 'a.c', 1, 3);
 regexp_instr 
--------------
            7
(1 row)

SELECT regexp_instr('abcabcabc', 'a.c', 1, 4);
 regexp_instr 
--------------
            0
(1 row)

SELECT regexp_instr('abcabcabc', 'A.C', 1, 2, 0, 'i');
 regexp_instr 
--------------
            4
(1 row)

SELECT regexp_instr('1234567890', '(123)(4(56)(78))', 1, 1, 0, 'i', 0);
 regexp_instr 
--------------
            1
(1 row)

SELECT regexp_instr('1234567890', '(123)(4(56)(78))', 1, 1, 0, 'i', 1);
 regexp_instr 
--------------
            1
(1 row)

SELECT regexp_instr('1234567890', '(123)(4(56)(78))', 1, 1, 0, 'i', 2);
 regexp_instr 
--------------
            4
(1 row)

SELECT regexp_instr('1234567890', '(123)(4(56)(78))', 1, 1, 0, 'i', 3);
 regexp_instr 
--------------
            5
(1 row)

SELECT regexp_instr('1234567890', '(123)(4(56)(78))', 1, 1, 0, 'i', 4);
 regexp_instr 
--------------
            7
(1 row)

SELECT regexp_instr('1234567890', '(123)(4(56)(78))', 1, 1, 0, 'i', 5);
 regexp_instr 
--------------
            0
(1 row)

SELECT regexp_instr('1234567890', '(123)(4(56)(78))', 1, 1, 1, 'i', 0);
 regexp_instr 
--------------
            9
(1 row)

SELECT regexp_instr('1234567890', '(123)(4(56)(78))', 1, 1, 1, 'i', 1);
 regexp_instr 
--------------
            4
(1 row)

SELECT regexp_instr('1234567890', '(123)(4(56)(78))', 1, 1, 1, 'i', 2);
 regexp_instr 
--------------
            9
(1 row)

SELECT regexp_instr('1234567890', '(123)(4(56)(78))', 1, 1, 1, 'i', 3);
 regexp_instr 
--------------
            7
(1 row)

SELECT regexp_instr('1234567890', '(123)(4(56)(78))', 1, 1, 1, 'i', 4);
 regexp_instr 
--------------
            9
(1 row)

SELECT regexp_instr('1234567890', '(123)(4(56)(78))', 1, 1, 1, 'i', 5);
 regexp_instr 
--------------
            0
(1 row)

-- Check case where we have a match, but not a subexpression match
SELECT regexp_instr('foo', 'foo(bar)?', 1, 1, 0, '', 1);
 regexp_instr 
--------------
            0
(1 row)

-- errors
SELECT regexp_instr('abcabcabc', 'a.c', 0, 1);
ERROR:  invalid value for parameter "start": 0
SELECT regexp_instr('abcabcabc', 'a.c', 1, 0);
ERROR:  invalid value for parameter "n": 0
SELECT regexp_instr('abcabcabc', 'a.c', 1, 1, -1);
ERROR:  invalid value for parameter "endoption": -1
SELECT regexp_instr('abcabcabc', 'a.c', 1, 1, 2);
ERROR:  invalid value for parameter "endoption": 2
SELECT regexp_instr('abcabcabc', 'a.c', 1, 1, 0, 'g');
ERROR:  regexp_instr() does not support the "global" option
SELECT regexp_instr('abcabcabc', 'a.c', 1, 1, 0, '', -1);
ERROR:  invalid value for parameter "subexpr": -1
-- regexp_substr tests
SELECT regexp_substr('abcdefghi', 'd.f');
 regexp_substr 
---------------
 def
(1 row)

SELECT regexp_substr('abcdefghi', 'd.q') IS NULL AS t;
 t 
---
 t
(1 row)

SELECT regexp_substr('abcabcabc', 'a.c');
 regexp_substr 
---------------
 abc
(1 row)

SELECT regexp_substr('abcabcabc', 'a.c', 2);
 regexp_substr 
---------------
 abc
(1 row)

SELECT regexp_substr('abcabcabc', 'a.c', 1, 3);
 regexp_substr 
---------------
 abc
(1 row)

SELECT regexp_substr('abcabcabc', 'a.c', 1, 4) IS NULL AS t;
 t 
---
 t
(1 row)

SELECT regexp_substr('abcabcabc', 'A.C', 1, 2, 'i');
 regexp_substr 
---------------
 abc
(1 row)

SELECT regexp_substr('1234567890', '(123)(4(56)(78))', 1, 1, 'i', 0);
 regexp_substr 
---------------
 12345678
(1 row)

SELECT regexp_substr('1234567890', '(123)(4(56)(78))', 1, 1, 'i', 1);
 regexp_substr 
---------------
 123
(1 row)

SELECT regexp_substr('1234567890', '(123)(4(56)(78))', 1, 1, 'i', 2);
 regexp_substr 
---------------
 45678
(1 row)

SELECT regexp_substr('1234567890', '(123)(4(56)(78))', 1, 1, 'i', 3);
 regexp_substr 
---------------
 56
(1 row)

SELECT regexp_substr('1234567890', '(123)(4(56)(78))', 1, 1, 'i', 4);
 regexp_substr 
---------------
 78
(1 row)

SELECT regexp_substr('1234567890', '(123)(4(56)(78))', 1, 1, 'i', 5) IS NULL AS t;
 t 
---
 t
(1 row)

-- Check case where we have a match, but not a subexpression match
SELECT regexp_substr('foo', 'foo(bar)?', 1, 1, '', 1) IS NULL AS t;
 t 
---
 t
(1 row)

-- errors
SELECT regexp_substr('abcabcabc', 'a.c', 0, 1);
ERROR:  invalid value for parameter "start": 0
SELECT regexp_substr('abcabcabc', 'a.c', 1, 0);
ERROR:  invalid value for parameter "n": 0
SELECT regexp_substr('abcabcabc', 'a.c', 1, 1, 'g');
ERROR:  regexp_substr() does not support the "global" option
SELECT regexp_substr('abcabcabc', 'a.c', 1, 1, '', -1);
ERROR:  invalid value for parameter "subexpr": -1
-- set so we can tell NULL from empty string
\pset null '\\N'
-- return all matches from regexp
SELECT regexp_matches('foobarbequebaz', $re$(bar)(beque)$re$);
 regexp_matches 
----------------
 {bar,beque}
(1 row)

-- test case insensitive
SELECT regexp_matches('foObARbEqUEbAz', $re$(bar)(beque)$re$, 'i');
 regexp_matches 
----------------
 {bAR,bEqUE}
(1 row)

-- global option - more than one match
SELECT regexp_matches('foobarbequebazilbarfbonk', $re$(b[^b]+)(b[^b]+)$re$, 'g');
 regexp_matches 
----------------
 {bar,beque}
 {bazil,barf}
(2 rows)

-- empty capture group (matched empty string)
SELECT regexp_matches('foobarbequebaz', $re$(bar)(.*)(beque)$re$);
 regexp_matches 
----------------
 {bar,"",beque}
(1 row)

-- no match
SELECT regexp_matches('foobarbequebaz', $re$(bar)(.+)(beque)$re$);
 regexp_matches 
----------------
(0 rows)

-- optional capture group did not match, null entry in array
SELECT regexp_matches('foobarbequebaz', $re$(bar)(.+)?(beque)$re$);
  regexp_matches  
------------------
 {bar,NULL,beque}
(1 row)

-- no capture groups
SELECT regexp_matches('foobarbequebaz', $re$barbeque$re$);
 regexp_matches 
----------------
 {barbeque}
(1 row)

-- start/end-of-line matches are of zero length
SELECT regexp_matches('foo' || chr(10) || 'bar' || chr(10) || 'bequq' || chr(10) || 'baz', '^', 'mg');
 regexp_matches 
----------------
 {""}
 {""}
 {""}
 {""}
(4 rows)

SELECT regexp_matches('foo' || chr(10) || 'bar' || chr(10) || 'bequq' || chr(10) || 'baz', '$', 'mg');
 regexp_matches 
----------------
 {""}
 {""}
 {""}
 {""}
(4 rows)

SELECT regexp_matches('1' || chr(10) || '2' || chr(10) || '3' || chr(10) || '4' || chr(10), '^.?', 'mg');
 regexp_matches 
----------------
 {1}
 {2}
 {3}
 {4}
 {""}
(5 rows)

SELECT regexp_matches(chr(10) || '1' || chr(10) || '2' || chr(10) || '3' || chr(10) || '4' || chr(10), '.?$', 'mg');
 regexp_matches 
----------------
 {""}
 {1}
 {""}
 {2}
 {""}
 {3}
 {""}
 {4}
 {""}
 {""}
(10 rows)

SELECT regexp_matches(chr(10) || '1' || chr(10) || '2' || chr(10) || '3' || chr(10) || '4', '.?$', 'mg');
 regexp_matches 
----------------
 {""}
 {1}
 {""}
 {2}
 {""}
 {3}
 {""}
 {4}
 {""}
(9 rows)

-- give me errors
SELECT regexp_matches('foobarbequebaz', $re$(bar)(beque)$re$, 'gz');
ERROR:  invalid regular expression option: "z"
SELECT regexp_matches('foobarbequebaz', $re$(barbeque$re$);
ERROR:  invalid regular expression: parentheses () not balanced
SELECT regexp_matches('foobarbequebaz', $re$(bar)(beque){2,1}$re$);
ERROR:  invalid regular expression: invalid repetition count(s)
-- split string on regexp
SELECT foo, length(foo) FROM regexp_split_to_table('the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog', $re$\s+$re$) AS foo;
  foo  | length 
-------+--------
 the   |      3
 quick |      5
 brown |      5
 fox   |      3
 jumps |      5
 over  |      4
 the   |      3
 lazy  |      4
 dog   |      3
(9 rows)

SELECT regexp_split_to_array('the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog', $re$\s+$re$);
             regexp_split_to_array             
-----------------------------------------------
 {the,quick,brown,fox,jumps,over,the,lazy,dog}
(1 row)

SELECT foo, length(foo) FROM regexp_split_to_table('the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog', $re$\s*$re$) AS foo;
 foo | length 
-----+--------
 t   |      1
 h   |      1
 e   |      1
 q   |      1
 u   |      1
 i   |      1
 c   |      1
 k   |      1
 b   |      1
 r   |      1
 o   |      1
 w   |      1
 n   |      1
 f   |      1
 o   |      1
 x   |      1
 j   |      1
 u   |      1
 m   |      1
 p   |      1
 s   |      1
 o   |      1
 v   |      1
 e   |      1
 r   |      1
 t   |      1
 h   |      1
 e   |      1
 l   |      1
 a   |      1
 z   |      1
 y   |      1
 d   |      1
 o   |      1
 g   |      1
(35 rows)

SELECT regexp_split_to_array('the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog', $re$\s*$re$);
                          regexp_split_to_array                          
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 {t,h,e,q,u,i,c,k,b,r,o,w,n,f,o,x,j,u,m,p,s,o,v,e,r,t,h,e,l,a,z,y,d,o,g}
(1 row)

SELECT foo, length(foo) FROM regexp_split_to_table('the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog', '') AS foo;
 foo | length 
-----+--------
 t   |      1
 h   |      1
 e   |      1
     |      1
 q   |      1
 u   |      1
 i   |      1
 c   |      1
 k   |      1
     |      1
 b   |      1
 r   |      1
 o   |      1
 w   |      1
 n   |      1
     |      1
 f   |      1
 o   |      1
 x   |      1
     |      1
 j   |      1
 u   |      1
 m   |      1
 p   |      1
 s   |      1
     |      1
 o   |      1
 v   |      1
 e   |      1
 r   |      1
     |      1
 t   |      1
 h   |      1
 e   |      1
     |      1
 l   |      1
 a   |      1
 z   |      1
 y   |      1
     |      1
 d   |      1
 o   |      1
 g   |      1
(43 rows)

SELECT regexp_split_to_array('the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog', '');
                                          regexp_split_to_array                                          
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 {t,h,e," ",q,u,i,c,k," ",b,r,o,w,n," ",f,o,x," ",j,u,m,p,s," ",o,v,e,r," ",t,h,e," ",l,a,z,y," ",d,o,g}
(1 row)

-- case insensitive
SELECT foo, length(foo) FROM regexp_split_to_table('thE QUick bROWn FOx jUMPs ovEr The lazy dOG', 'e', 'i') AS foo;
            foo            | length 
---------------------------+--------
 th                        |      2
  QUick bROWn FOx jUMPs ov |     25
 r Th                      |      4
  lazy dOG                 |      9
(4 rows)

SELECT regexp_split_to_array('thE QUick bROWn FOx jUMPs ovEr The lazy dOG', 'e', 'i');
                regexp_split_to_array                
-----------------------------------------------------
 {th," QUick bROWn FOx jUMPs ov","r Th"," lazy dOG"}
(1 row)

-- no match of pattern
SELECT foo, length(foo) FROM regexp_split_to_table('the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog', 'nomatch') AS foo;
                     foo                     | length 
---------------------------------------------+--------
 the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog |     43
(1 row)

SELECT regexp_split_to_array('the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog', 'nomatch');
              regexp_split_to_array              
-------------------------------------------------
 {"the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog"}
(1 row)

-- some corner cases
SELECT regexp_split_to_array('123456','1');
 regexp_split_to_array 
-----------------------
 {"",23456}
(1 row)

SELECT regexp_split_to_array('123456','6');
 regexp_split_to_array 
-----------------------
 {12345,""}
(1 row)

SELECT regexp_split_to_array('123456','.');
 regexp_split_to_array  
------------------------
 {"","","","","","",""}
(1 row)

SELECT regexp_split_to_array('123456','');
 regexp_split_to_array 
-----------------------
 {1,2,3,4,5,6}
(1 row)

SELECT regexp_split_to_array('123456','(?:)');
 regexp_split_to_array 
-----------------------
 {1,2,3,4,5,6}
(1 row)

SELECT regexp_split_to_array('1','');
 regexp_split_to_array 
-----------------------
 {1}
(1 row)

-- errors
SELECT foo, length(foo) FROM regexp_split_to_table('thE QUick bROWn FOx jUMPs ovEr The lazy dOG', 'e', 'zippy') AS foo;
ERROR:  invalid regular expression option: "z"
SELECT regexp_split_to_array('thE QUick bROWn FOx jUMPs ovEr The lazy dOG', 'e', 'iz');
ERROR:  invalid regular expression option: "z"
-- global option meaningless for regexp_split
SELECT foo, length(foo) FROM regexp_split_to_table('thE QUick bROWn FOx jUMPs ovEr The lazy dOG', 'e', 'g') AS foo;
ERROR:  regexp_split_to_table() does not support the "global" option
SELECT regexp_split_to_array('thE QUick bROWn FOx jUMPs ovEr The lazy dOG', 'e', 'g');
ERROR:  regexp_split_to_array() does not support the "global" option
-- change NULL-display back
\pset null ''
-- E021-11 position expression
SELECT POSITION('4' IN '1234567890') = '4' AS "4";
 4 
---
 t
(1 row)

SELECT POSITION('5' IN '1234567890') = '5' AS "5";
 5 
---
 t
(1 row)

SELECT POSITION('\x11'::bytea IN ''::bytea) = 0 AS "0";
 0 
---
 t
(1 row)

SELECT POSITION('\x33'::bytea IN '\x1122'::bytea) = 0 AS "0";
 0 
---
 t
(1 row)

SELECT POSITION(''::bytea IN '\x1122'::bytea) = 1 AS "1";
 1 
---
 t
(1 row)

SELECT POSITION('\x22'::bytea IN '\x1122'::bytea) = 2 AS "2";
 2 
---
 t
(1 row)

SELECT POSITION('\x5678'::bytea IN '\x1234567890'::bytea) = 3 AS "3";
 3 
---
 t
(1 row)

-- T312 character overlay function
SELECT OVERLAY('abcdef' PLACING '45' FROM 4) AS "abc45f";
 abc45f 
--------
 abc45f
(1 row)

SELECT OVERLAY('yabadoo' PLACING 'daba' FROM 5) AS "yabadaba";
 yabadaba 
----------
 yabadaba
(1 row)

SELECT OVERLAY('yabadoo' PLACING 'daba' FROM 5 FOR 0) AS "yabadabadoo";
 yabadabadoo 
-------------
 yabadabadoo
(1 row)

SELECT OVERLAY('babosa' PLACING 'ubb' FROM 2 FOR 4) AS "bubba";
 bubba 
-------
 bubba
(1 row)

--
-- test LIKE
-- Be sure to form every test as a LIKE/NOT LIKE pair.
--
-- simplest examples
-- E061-04 like predicate
SELECT 'hawkeye' LIKE 'h%' AS "true";
 true 
------
 t
(1 row)

SELECT 'hawkeye' NOT LIKE 'h%' AS "false";
 false 
-------
 f
(1 row)

SELECT 'hawkeye' LIKE 'H%' AS "false";
 false 
-------
 f
(1 row)

SELECT 'hawkeye' NOT LIKE 'H%' AS "true";
 true 
------
 t
(1 row)

SELECT 'hawkeye' LIKE 'indio%' AS "false";
 false 
-------
 f
(1 row)

SELECT 'hawkeye' NOT LIKE 'indio%' AS "true";
 true 
------
 t
(1 row)

SELECT 'hawkeye' LIKE 'h%eye' AS "true";
 true 
------
 t
(1 row)

SELECT 'hawkeye' NOT LIKE 'h%eye' AS "false";
 false 
-------
 f
(1 row)

SELECT 'indio' LIKE '_ndio' AS "true";
 true 
------
 t
(1 row)

SELECT 'indio' NOT LIKE '_ndio' AS "false";
 false 
-------
 f
(1 row)

SELECT 'indio' LIKE 'in__o' AS "true";
 true 
------
 t
(1 row)

SELECT 'indio' NOT LIKE 'in__o' AS "false";
 false 
-------
 f
(1 row)

SELECT 'indio' LIKE 'in_o' AS "false";
 false 
-------
 f
(1 row)

SELECT 'indio' NOT LIKE 'in_o' AS "true";
 true 
------
 t
(1 row)

SELECT 'abc'::name LIKE '_b_' AS "true";
 true 
------
 t
(1 row)

SELECT 'abc'::name NOT LIKE '_b_' AS "false";
 false 
-------
 f
(1 row)

SELECT 'abc'::bytea LIKE '_b_'::bytea AS "true";
 true 
------
 t
(1 row)

SELECT 'abc'::bytea NOT LIKE '_b_'::bytea AS "false";
 false 
-------
 f
(1 row)

-- unused escape character
SELECT 'hawkeye' LIKE 'h%' ESCAPE '#' AS "true";
 true 
------
 t
(1 row)

SELECT 'hawkeye' NOT LIKE 'h%' ESCAPE '#' AS "false";
 false 
-------
 f
(1 row)

SELECT 'indio' LIKE 'ind_o' ESCAPE '$' AS "true";
 true 
------
 t
(1 row)

SELECT 'indio' NOT LIKE 'ind_o' ESCAPE '$' AS "false";
 false 
-------
 f
(1 row)

-- escape character
-- E061-05 like predicate with escape clause
SELECT 'h%' LIKE 'h#%' ESCAPE '#' AS "true";
 true 
------
 t
(1 row)

SELECT 'h%' NOT LIKE 'h#%' ESCAPE '#' AS "false";
 false 
-------
 f
(1 row)

SELECT 'h%wkeye' LIKE 'h#%' ESCAPE '#' AS "false";
 false 
-------
 f
(1 row)

SELECT 'h%wkeye' NOT LIKE 'h#%' ESCAPE '#' AS "true";
 true 
------
 t
(1 row)

SELECT 'h%wkeye' LIKE 'h#%%' ESCAPE '#' AS "true";
 true 
------
 t
(1 row)

SELECT 'h%wkeye' NOT LIKE 'h#%%' ESCAPE '#' AS "false";
 false 
-------
 f
(1 row)

SELECT 'h%awkeye' LIKE 'h#%a%k%e' ESCAPE '#' AS "true";
 true 
------
 t
(1 row)

SELECT 'h%awkeye' NOT LIKE 'h#%a%k%e' ESCAPE '#' AS "false";
 false 
-------
 f
(1 row)

SELECT 'indio' LIKE '_ndio' ESCAPE '$' AS "true";
 true 
------
 t
(1 row)

SELECT 'indio' NOT LIKE '_ndio' ESCAPE '$' AS "false";
 false 
-------
 f
(1 row)

SELECT 'i_dio' LIKE 'i$_d_o' ESCAPE '$' AS "true";
 true 
------
 t
(1 row)

SELECT 'i_dio' NOT LIKE 'i$_d_o' ESCAPE '$' AS "false";
 false 
-------
 f
(1 row)

SELECT 'i_dio' LIKE 'i$_nd_o' ESCAPE '$' AS "false";
 false 
-------
 f
(1 row)

SELECT 'i_dio' NOT LIKE 'i$_nd_o' ESCAPE '$' AS "true";
 true 
------
 t
(1 row)

SELECT 'i_dio' LIKE 'i$_d%o' ESCAPE '$' AS "true";
 true 
------
 t
(1 row)

SELECT 'i_dio' NOT LIKE 'i$_d%o' ESCAPE '$' AS "false";
 false 
-------
 f
(1 row)

SELECT 'a_c'::bytea LIKE 'a$__'::bytea ESCAPE '$'::bytea AS "true";
 true 
------
 t
(1 row)

SELECT 'a_c'::bytea NOT LIKE 'a$__'::bytea ESCAPE '$'::bytea AS "false";
 false 
-------
 f
(1 row)

-- escape character same as pattern character
SELECT 'maca' LIKE 'm%aca' ESCAPE '%' AS "true";
 true 
------
 t
(1 row)

SELECT 'maca' NOT LIKE 'm%aca' ESCAPE '%' AS "false";
 false 
-------
 f
(1 row)

SELECT 'ma%a' LIKE 'm%a%%a' ESCAPE '%' AS "true";
 true 
------
 t
(1 row)

SELECT 'ma%a' NOT LIKE 'm%a%%a' ESCAPE '%' AS "false";
 false 
-------
 f
(1 row)

SELECT 'bear' LIKE 'b_ear' ESCAPE '_' AS "true";
 true 
------
 t
(1 row)

SELECT 'bear' NOT LIKE 'b_ear' ESCAPE '_' AS "false";
 false 
-------
 f
(1 row)

SELECT 'be_r' LIKE 'b_e__r' ESCAPE '_' AS "true";
 true 
------
 t
(1 row)

SELECT 'be_r' NOT LIKE 'b_e__r' ESCAPE '_' AS "false";
 false 
-------
 f
(1 row)

SELECT 'be_r' LIKE '__e__r' ESCAPE '_' AS "false";
 false 
-------
 f
(1 row)

SELECT 'be_r' NOT LIKE '__e__r' ESCAPE '_' AS "true";
 true 
------
 t
(1 row)

--
-- test ILIKE (case-insensitive LIKE)
-- Be sure to form every test as an ILIKE/NOT ILIKE pair.
--
SELECT 'hawkeye' ILIKE 'h%' AS "true";
 true 
------
 t
(1 row)

SELECT 'hawkeye' NOT ILIKE 'h%' AS "false";
 false 
-------
 f
(1 row)

SELECT 'hawkeye' ILIKE 'H%' AS "true";
 true 
------
 t
(1 row)

SELECT 'hawkeye' NOT ILIKE 'H%' AS "false";
 false 
-------
 f
(1 row)

SELECT 'hawkeye' ILIKE 'H%Eye' AS "true";
 true 
------
 t
(1 row)

SELECT 'hawkeye' NOT ILIKE 'H%Eye' AS "false";
 false 
-------
 f
(1 row)

SELECT 'Hawkeye' ILIKE 'h%' AS "true";
 true 
------
 t
(1 row)

SELECT 'Hawkeye' NOT ILIKE 'h%' AS "false";
 false 
-------
 f
(1 row)

SELECT 'ABC'::name ILIKE '_b_' AS "true";
 true 
------
 t
(1 row)

SELECT 'ABC'::name NOT ILIKE '_b_' AS "false";
 false 
-------
 f
(1 row)

--
-- test %/_ combination cases, cf bugs #4821 and #5478
--
SELECT 'foo' LIKE '_%' as t, 'f' LIKE '_%' as t, '' LIKE '_%' as f;
 t | t | f 
---+---+---
 t | t | f
(1 row)

SELECT 'foo' LIKE '%_' as t, 'f' LIKE '%_' as t, '' LIKE '%_' as f;
 t | t | f 
---+---+---
 t | t | f
(1 row)

SELECT 'foo' LIKE '__%' as t, 'foo' LIKE '___%' as t, 'foo' LIKE '____%' as f;
 t | t | f 
---+---+---
 t | t | f
(1 row)

SELECT 'foo' LIKE '%__' as t, 'foo' LIKE '%___' as t, 'foo' LIKE '%____' as f;
 t | t | f 
---+---+---
 t | t | f
(1 row)

SELECT 'jack' LIKE '%____%' AS t;
 t 
---
 t
(1 row)

--
-- basic tests of LIKE with indexes
--
CREATE TABLE texttest (a text PRIMARY KEY, b int);
SELECT * FROM texttest WHERE a LIKE '%1%';
 a | b 
---+---
(0 rows)

CREATE TABLE byteatest (a bytea PRIMARY KEY, b int);
SELECT * FROM byteatest WHERE a LIKE '%1%';
 a | b 
---+---
(0 rows)

DROP TABLE texttest, byteatest;
--
-- test implicit type conversion
--
-- E021-07 character concatenation
SELECT 'unknown' || ' and unknown' AS "Concat unknown types";
 Concat unknown types 
----------------------
 unknown and unknown
(1 row)

SELECT text 'text' || ' and unknown' AS "Concat text to unknown type";
 Concat text to unknown type 
-----------------------------
 text and unknown
(1 row)

SELECT char(20) 'characters' || ' and text' AS "Concat char to unknown type";
 Concat char to unknown type 
-----------------------------
 characters and text
(1 row)

SELECT text 'text' || char(20) ' and characters' AS "Concat text to char";
 Concat text to char 
---------------------
 text and characters
(1 row)

SELECT text 'text' || varchar ' and varchar' AS "Concat text to varchar";
 Concat text to varchar 
------------------------
 text and varchar
(1 row)

--
-- test substr with toasted text values
--
CREATE TABLE toasttest(f1 text);
insert into toasttest values(repeat('1234567890',10000));
insert into toasttest values(repeat('1234567890',10000));
--
-- Ensure that some values are uncompressed, to test the faster substring
-- operation used in that case
--
alter table toasttest alter column f1 set storage external;
insert into toasttest values(repeat('1234567890',10000));
insert into toasttest values(repeat('1234567890',10000));
-- If the starting position is zero or less, then return from the start of the string
-- adjusting the length to be consistent with the "negative start" per SQL.
SELECT substr(f1, -1, 5) from toasttest;
 substr 
--------
 123
 123
 123
 123
(4 rows)

-- If the length is less than zero, an ERROR is thrown.
SELECT substr(f1, 5, -1) from toasttest;
ERROR:  negative substring length not allowed
-- If no third argument (length) is provided, the length to the end of the
-- string is assumed.
SELECT substr(f1, 99995) from toasttest;
 substr 
--------
 567890
 567890
 567890
 567890
(4 rows)

-- If start plus length is > string length, the result is truncated to
-- string length
SELECT substr(f1, 99995, 10) from toasttest;
 substr 
--------
 567890
 567890
 567890
 567890
(4 rows)

TRUNCATE TABLE toasttest;
INSERT INTO toasttest values (repeat('1234567890',300));
INSERT INTO toasttest values (repeat('1234567890',300));
INSERT INTO toasttest values (repeat('1234567890',300));
INSERT INTO toasttest values (repeat('1234567890',300));
-- expect >0 blocks
SELECT pg_relation_size(reltoastrelid) = 0 AS is_empty
  FROM pg_class where relname = 'toasttest';
 is_empty 
----------
 f
(1 row)

TRUNCATE TABLE toasttest;
ALTER TABLE toasttest set (toast_tuple_target = 4080);
INSERT INTO toasttest values (repeat('1234567890',300));
INSERT INTO toasttest values (repeat('1234567890',300));
INSERT INTO toasttest values (repeat('1234567890',300));
INSERT INTO toasttest values (repeat('1234567890',300));
-- expect 0 blocks
SELECT pg_relation_size(reltoastrelid) = 0 AS is_empty
  FROM pg_class where relname = 'toasttest';
 is_empty 
----------
 t
(1 row)

DROP TABLE toasttest;
--
-- test substr with toasted bytea values
--
CREATE TABLE toasttest(f1 bytea);
insert into toasttest values(decode(repeat('1234567890',10000),'escape'));
insert into toasttest values(decode(repeat('1234567890',10000),'escape'));
--
-- Ensure that some values are uncompressed, to test the faster substring
-- operation used in that case
--
alter table toasttest alter column f1 set storage external;
insert into toasttest values(decode(repeat('1234567890',10000),'escape'));
insert into toasttest values(decode(repeat('1234567890',10000),'escape'));
-- If the starting position is zero or less, then return from the start of the string
-- adjusting the length to be consistent with the "negative start" per SQL.
SELECT substr(f1, -1, 5) from toasttest;
 substr 
--------
 123
 123
 123
 123
(4 rows)

-- If the length is less than zero, an ERROR is thrown.
SELECT substr(f1, 5, -1) from toasttest;
ERROR:  negative substring length not allowed
-- If no third argument (length) is provided, the length to the end of the
-- string is assumed.
SELECT substr(f1, 99995) from toasttest;
 substr 
--------
 567890
 567890
 567890
 567890
(4 rows)

-- If start plus length is > string length, the result is truncated to
-- string length
SELECT substr(f1, 99995, 10) from toasttest;
 substr 
--------
 567890
 567890
 567890
 567890
(4 rows)

DROP TABLE toasttest;
-- test internally compressing datums
-- this tests compressing a datum to a very small size which exercises a
-- corner case in packed-varlena handling: even though small, the compressed
-- datum must be given a 4-byte header because there are no bits to indicate
-- compression in a 1-byte header
CREATE TABLE toasttest (c char(4096));
INSERT INTO toasttest VALUES('x');
SELECT length(c), c::text FROM toasttest;
 length | c 
--------+---
      1 | x
(1 row)

SELECT c FROM toasttest;
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                c                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 x                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
(1 row)

DROP TABLE toasttest;
-- test with short varlenas (up to 126 data bytes reduced to a 1-byte header)
-- being toasted.
CREATE TABLE toasttest (f1 text, f2 text);
ALTER TABLE toasttest SET (toast_tuple_target = 128);
ALTER TABLE toasttest ALTER COLUMN f1 SET STORAGE EXTERNAL;
ALTER TABLE toasttest ALTER COLUMN f2 SET STORAGE EXTERNAL;
-- Here, the first value is a varlena large enough to make it toasted and
-- stored uncompressed.  The second value is a short varlena, toasted
-- and stored uncompressed.
INSERT INTO toasttest values(repeat('1234', 1000), repeat('5678', 30));
SELECT reltoastrelid::regclass AS reltoastname FROM pg_class
  WHERE oid = 'toasttest'::regclass \gset
-- There should be two values inserted in the toast relation.
SELECT count(*) FROM :reltoastname WHERE chunk_seq = 0;
 count 
-------
     2
(1 row)

SELECT substr(f1, 5, 10) AS f1_data, substr(f2, 5, 10) AS f2_data
  FROM toasttest;
  f1_data   |  f2_data   
------------+------------
 1234123412 | 5678567856
(1 row)

SELECT pg_column_compression(f1) AS f1_comp, pg_column_compression(f2) AS f2_comp
  FROM toasttest;
 f1_comp | f2_comp 
---------+---------
         | 
(1 row)

TRUNCATE toasttest;
-- test with inline compressible varlenas.
SET default_toast_compression = 'pglz';
ALTER TABLE toasttest ALTER COLUMN f1 SET STORAGE MAIN;
ALTER TABLE toasttest ALTER COLUMN f2 SET STORAGE MAIN;
INSERT INTO toasttest values(repeat('1234', 1024), repeat('5678', 1024));
-- There should be no values in the toast relation.
SELECT substr(f1, 5, 10) AS f1_data, substr(f2, 5, 10) AS f2_data
  FROM toasttest;
  f1_data   |  f2_data   
------------+------------
 1234123412 | 5678567856
(1 row)

SELECT pg_column_compression(f1) AS f1_comp, pg_column_compression(f2) AS f2_comp
  FROM toasttest;
 f1_comp | f2_comp 
---------+---------
 pglz    | pglz
(1 row)

SELECT count(*) FROM :reltoastname;
 count 
-------
     0
(1 row)

TRUNCATE toasttest;
-- test with external compressed data (default).
ALTER TABLE toasttest ALTER COLUMN f1 SET STORAGE EXTENDED;
ALTER TABLE toasttest ALTER COLUMN f2 SET STORAGE EXTENDED;
INSERT INTO toasttest values(repeat('1234', 10240), NULL);
-- There should be one value in the toast relation.
SELECT substr(f1, 5, 10) AS f1_data, substr(f2, 5, 10) AS f2_data
  FROM toasttest;
  f1_data   | f2_data 
------------+---------
 1234123412 | 
(1 row)

SELECT pg_column_compression(f1) AS f1_comp, pg_column_compression(f2) AS f2_comp
  FROM toasttest;
 f1_comp | f2_comp 
---------+---------
 pglz    | 
(1 row)

SELECT count(*) FROM :reltoastname WHERE chunk_seq = 0;
 count 
-------
     1
(1 row)

RESET default_toast_compression;
DROP TABLE toasttest;
--
-- test length
--
SELECT length('abcdef') AS "length_6";
 length_6 
----------
        6
(1 row)

--
-- test strpos
--
SELECT strpos('abcdef', 'cd') AS "pos_3";
 pos_3 
-------
     3
(1 row)

SELECT strpos('abcdef', 'xy') AS "pos_0";
 pos_0 
-------
     0
(1 row)

SELECT strpos('abcdef', '') AS "pos_1";
 pos_1 
-------
     1
(1 row)

SELECT strpos('', 'xy') AS "pos_0";
 pos_0 
-------
     0
(1 row)

SELECT strpos('', '') AS "pos_1";
 pos_1 
-------
     1
(1 row)

--
-- test replace
--
SELECT replace('abcdef', 'de', '45') AS "abc45f";
 abc45f 
--------
 abc45f
(1 row)

SELECT replace('yabadabadoo', 'ba', '123') AS "ya123da123doo";
 ya123da123doo 
---------------
 ya123da123doo
(1 row)

SELECT replace('yabadoo', 'bad', '') AS "yaoo";
 yaoo 
------
 yaoo
(1 row)

--
-- test split_part
--
select split_part('','@',1) AS "empty string";
 empty string 
--------------
 
(1 row)

select split_part('','@',-1) AS "empty string";
 empty string 
--------------
 
(1 row)

select split_part('joeuser@mydatabase','',1) AS "joeuser@mydatabase";
 joeuser@mydatabase 
--------------------
 joeuser@mydatabase
(1 row)

select split_part('joeuser@mydatabase','',2) AS "empty string";
 empty string 
--------------
 
(1 row)

select split_part('joeuser@mydatabase','',-1) AS "joeuser@mydatabase";
 joeuser@mydatabase 
--------------------
 joeuser@mydatabase
(1 row)

select split_part('joeuser@mydatabase','',-2) AS "empty string";
 empty string 
--------------
 
(1 row)

select split_part('joeuser@mydatabase','@',0) AS "an error";
ERROR:  field position must not be zero
select split_part('joeuser@mydatabase','@@',1) AS "joeuser@mydatabase";
 joeuser@mydatabase 
--------------------
 joeuser@mydatabase
(1 row)

select split_part('joeuser@mydatabase','@@',2) AS "empty string";
 empty string 
--------------
 
(1 row)

select split_part('joeuser@mydatabase','@',1) AS "joeuser";
 joeuser 
---------
 joeuser
(1 row)

select split_part('joeuser@mydatabase','@',2) AS "mydatabase";
 mydatabase 
------------
 mydatabase
(1 row)

select split_part('joeuser@mydatabase','@',3) AS "empty string";
 empty string 
--------------
 
(1 row)

select split_part('@joeuser@mydatabase@','@',2) AS "joeuser";
 joeuser 
---------
 joeuser
(1 row)

select split_part('joeuser@mydatabase','@',-1) AS "mydatabase";
 mydatabase 
------------
 mydatabase
(1 row)

select split_part('joeuser@mydatabase','@',-2) AS "joeuser";
 joeuser 
---------
 joeuser
(1 row)

select split_part('joeuser@mydatabase','@',-3) AS "empty string";
 empty string 
--------------
 
(1 row)

select split_part('@joeuser@mydatabase@','@',-2) AS "mydatabase";
 mydatabase 
------------
 mydatabase
(1 row)

--
-- test to_bin, to_oct, and to_hex
--
select to_bin(-1234) AS "11111111111111111111101100101110";
 11111111111111111111101100101110 
----------------------------------
 11111111111111111111101100101110
(1 row)

select to_bin(-1234::bigint);
                              to_bin                              
------------------------------------------------------------------
 1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111101100101110
(1 row)

select to_bin(256*256*256 - 1) AS "111111111111111111111111";
 111111111111111111111111 
--------------------------
 111111111111111111111111
(1 row)

select to_bin(256::bigint*256::bigint*256::bigint*256::bigint - 1) AS "11111111111111111111111111111111";
 11111111111111111111111111111111 
----------------------------------
 11111111111111111111111111111111
(1 row)

select to_oct(-1234) AS "37777775456";
 37777775456 
-------------
 37777775456
(1 row)

select to_oct(-1234::bigint) AS "1777777777777777775456";
 1777777777777777775456 
------------------------
 1777777777777777775456
(1 row)

select to_oct(256*256*256 - 1) AS "77777777";
 77777777 
----------
 77777777
(1 row)

select to_oct(256::bigint*256::bigint*256::bigint*256::bigint - 1) AS "37777777777";
 37777777777 
-------------
 37777777777
(1 row)

select to_hex(-1234) AS "fffffb2e";
 fffffb2e 
----------
 fffffb2e
(1 row)

select to_hex(-1234::bigint) AS "fffffffffffffb2e";
 fffffffffffffb2e 
------------------
 fffffffffffffb2e
(1 row)

select to_hex(256*256*256 - 1) AS "ffffff";
 ffffff 
--------
 ffffff
(1 row)

select to_hex(256::bigint*256::bigint*256::bigint*256::bigint - 1) AS "ffffffff";
 ffffffff 
----------
 ffffffff
(1 row)

--
-- SHA-2
--
SET bytea_output TO hex;
SELECT sha224('');
                           sha224                           
------------------------------------------------------------
 \xd14a028c2a3a2bc9476102bb288234c415a2b01f828ea62ac5b3e42f
(1 row)

SELECT sha224('The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.');
                           sha224                           
------------------------------------------------------------
 \x619cba8e8e05826e9b8c519c0a5c68f4fb653e8a3d8aa04bb2c8cd4c
(1 row)

SELECT sha256('');
                               sha256                               
--------------------------------------------------------------------
 \xe3b0c44298fc1c149afbf4c8996fb92427ae41e4649b934ca495991b7852b855
(1 row)

SELECT sha256('The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.');
                               sha256                               
--------------------------------------------------------------------
 \xef537f25c895bfa782526529a9b63d97aa631564d5d789c2b765448c8635fb6c
(1 row)

SELECT sha384('');
                                               sha384                                               
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 \x38b060a751ac96384cd9327eb1b1e36a21fdb71114be07434c0cc7bf63f6e1da274edebfe76f65fbd51ad2f14898b95b
(1 row)

SELECT sha384('The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.');
                                               sha384                                               
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 \xed892481d8272ca6df370bf706e4d7bc1b5739fa2177aae6c50e946678718fc67a7af2819a021c2fc34e91bdb63409d7
(1 row)

SELECT sha512('');
                                                               sha512                                                               
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 \xcf83e1357eefb8bdf1542850d66d8007d620e4050b5715dc83f4a921d36ce9ce47d0d13c5d85f2b0ff8318d2877eec2f63b931bd47417a81a538327af927da3e
(1 row)

SELECT sha512('The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.');
                                                               sha512                                                               
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 \x91ea1245f20d46ae9a037a989f54f1f790f0a47607eeb8a14d12890cea77a1bbc6c7ed9cf205e67b7f2b8fd4c7dfd3a7a8617e45f3c463d481c7e586c39ac1ed
(1 row)

--
-- CRC
--
SELECT crc32('');
 crc32 
-------
     0
(1 row)

SELECT crc32('The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.');
   crc32    
------------
 1368401385
(1 row)

SELECT crc32c('');
 crc32c 
--------
      0
(1 row)

SELECT crc32c('The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.');
  crc32c   
-----------
 419469235
(1 row)

SELECT crc32c(repeat('A', 127)::bytea);
  crc32c   
-----------
 291820082
(1 row)

SELECT crc32c(repeat('A', 128)::bytea);
  crc32c   
-----------
 816091258
(1 row)

SELECT crc32c(repeat('A', 129)::bytea);
   crc32c   
------------
 4213642571
(1 row)

SELECT crc32c(repeat('A', 800)::bytea);
   crc32c   
------------
 3134039419
(1 row)

--
-- encode/decode
--
SELECT encode('\x1234567890abcdef00', 'hex');
       encode       
--------------------
 1234567890abcdef00
(1 row)

SELECT decode('1234567890abcdef00', 'hex');
        decode        
----------------------
 \x1234567890abcdef00
(1 row)

SELECT encode(('\x' || repeat('1234567890abcdef0001', 7))::bytea, 'base64');
                                    encode                                    
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 EjRWeJCrze8AARI0VniQq83vAAESNFZ4kKvN7wABEjRWeJCrze8AARI0VniQq83vAAESNFZ4kKvN+
 7wABEjRWeJCrze8AAQ==
(1 row)

SELECT decode(encode(('\x' || repeat('1234567890abcdef0001', 7))::bytea,
                     'base64'), 'base64');
                                                                     decode                                                                     
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 \x1234567890abcdef00011234567890abcdef00011234567890abcdef00011234567890abcdef00011234567890abcdef00011234567890abcdef00011234567890abcdef0001
(1 row)

SELECT encode('\x1234567890abcdef00', 'escape');
           encode            
-----------------------------
 \x124Vx\220\253\315\357\000
(1 row)

SELECT decode(encode('\x1234567890abcdef00', 'escape'), 'escape');
        decode        
----------------------
 \x1234567890abcdef00
(1 row)

-- report an error with a hint listing valid encodings when an invalid encoding is specified
SELECT encode('\x01'::bytea, 'invalid');  -- error
ERROR:  unrecognized encoding: "invalid"
HINT:  Valid encodings are "base32hex", "base64", "base64url", "escape", and "hex".
SELECT decode('00', 'invalid');           -- error
ERROR:  unrecognized encoding: "invalid"
HINT:  Valid encodings are "base32hex", "base64", "base64url", "escape", and "hex".
--
-- base32hex encoding/decoding
--
SET bytea_output TO hex;
SELECT encode('', 'base32hex');  -- ''
 encode 
--------
 
(1 row)

SELECT encode('\x11', 'base32hex');  -- '24======'
  encode  
----------
 24======
(1 row)

SELECT encode('\x1122', 'base32hex');  -- '24H0===='
  encode  
----------
 24H0====
(1 row)

SELECT encode('\x112233', 'base32hex');  -- '24H36==='
  encode  
----------
 24H36===
(1 row)

SELECT encode('\x11223344', 'base32hex');  -- '24H36H0='
  encode  
----------
 24H36H0=
(1 row)

SELECT encode('\x1122334455', 'base32hex');  -- '24H36H2L'
  encode  
----------
 24H36H2L
(1 row)

SELECT encode('\x112233445566', 'base32hex');  -- '24H36H2LCO======'
      encode      
------------------
 24H36H2LCO======
(1 row)

SELECT decode('', 'base32hex');  -- ''
 decode 
--------
 \x
(1 row)

SELECT decode('24======', 'base32hex');  -- \x11
 decode 
--------
 \x11
(1 row)

SELECT decode('24H0====', 'base32hex');  -- \x1122
 decode 
--------
 \x1122
(1 row)

SELECT decode('24H36===', 'base32hex');  -- \x112233
  decode  
----------
 \x112233
(1 row)

SELECT decode('24H36H0=', 'base32hex');  -- \x11223344
   decode   
------------
 \x11223344
(1 row)

SELECT decode('24H36H2L', 'base32hex');  -- \x1122334455
    decode    
--------------
 \x1122334455
(1 row)

SELECT decode('24H36H2LCO======', 'base32hex');  -- \x112233445566
     decode     
----------------
 \x112233445566
(1 row)

SELECT decode('24h36h2lco', 'base32hex');  -- OK, the encoding is case-insensitive
     decode     
----------------
 \x112233445566
(1 row)

-- Tests for decoding unpadded base32hex strings. Padding '=' are optional.
SELECT decode('24', 'base32hex');
 decode 
--------
 \x11
(1 row)

SELECT decode('24H', 'base32hex');
 decode 
--------
 \x11
(1 row)

SELECT decode('24H36', 'base32hex');
  decode  
----------
 \x112233
(1 row)

SELECT decode('24H36H0', 'base32hex');
   decode   
------------
 \x11223344
(1 row)

SELECT decode('2', 'base32hex'); -- \x, 5 bits isn't enough for a byte, so nothing is emitted
 decode 
--------
 \x
(1 row)

SELECT decode('11=', 'base32hex');  -- OK, non-zero padding bits are accepted (consistent with base64)
 decode 
--------
 \x08
(1 row)

SELECT decode('2=', 'base32hex'); -- error
ERROR:  unexpected "=" while decoding base32hex sequence
SELECT decode('=', 'base32hex');  -- error
ERROR:  unexpected "=" while decoding base32hex sequence
SELECT decode('W', 'base32hex');  -- error
ERROR:  invalid symbol "W" found while decoding base32hex sequence
SELECT decode('24H36H0=24', 'base32hex'); -- error
ERROR:  invalid symbol "2" found while decoding base32hex sequence
-- Check round-trip capability of base32hex encoding for multiple random UUIDs.
DO $$
DECLARE
  v1 uuid;
  v2 uuid;
BEGIN
  FOR i IN 1..10 LOOP
    v1 := gen_random_uuid();
    v2 := decode(encode(v1::bytea, 'base32hex'), 'base32hex')::uuid;

    IF v1 != v2 THEN
      RAISE EXCEPTION 'base32hex encoding round-trip failed, expected % got %', v1, v2;
    END IF;
  END LOOP;
  RAISE NOTICE 'OK';
END;
$$;
NOTICE:  OK
--
-- base64url encoding/decoding
--
-- Simple encoding/decoding
SELECT encode('\x69b73eff', 'base64url');  -- abc-_w
 encode 
--------
 abc-_w
(1 row)

SELECT decode('abc-_w', 'base64url');      -- \x69b73eff
   decode   
------------
 \x69b73eff
(1 row)

-- Round-trip: decode(encode(x)) = x
SELECT decode(encode('\x1234567890abcdef00', 'base64url'), 'base64url');  -- \x1234567890abcdef00
        decode        
----------------------
 \x1234567890abcdef00
(1 row)

-- Empty input
SELECT encode('', 'base64url');  -- ''
 encode 
--------
 
(1 row)

SELECT decode('', 'base64url');  -- ''
 decode 
--------
 \x
(1 row)

-- 1 byte input
SELECT encode('\x01', 'base64url');  -- AQ
 encode 
--------
 AQ
(1 row)

SELECT decode('AQ', 'base64url');    -- \x01
 decode 
--------
 \x01
(1 row)

-- Make sure the same 1 byte input isn't accepted as base64
SELECT decode('AQ', 'base64');    -- \x01
ERROR:  invalid base64 end sequence
HINT:  Input data is missing padding, is truncated, or is otherwise corrupted.
-- 2 byte input
SELECT encode('\x0102'::bytea, 'base64url');  -- AQI
 encode 
--------
 AQI
(1 row)

SELECT decode('AQI', 'base64url');            -- \x0102
 decode 
--------
 \x0102
(1 row)

-- 3 byte input (no padding needed)
SELECT encode('\x010203'::bytea, 'base64url');  -- AQID
 encode 
--------
 AQID
(1 row)

SELECT decode('AQID', 'base64url');             -- \x010203
  decode  
----------
 \x010203
(1 row)

-- 4 byte input (results in 6 base64 chars)
SELECT encode('\xdeadbeef'::bytea, 'base64url');  -- 3q2-7w
 encode 
--------
 3q2-7w
(1 row)

SELECT decode('3q2-7w', 'base64url');             -- \xdeadbeef
   decode   
------------
 \xdeadbeef
(1 row)

-- Round-trip test for all lengths from 0–4
SELECT encode(decode(encode(E'\\x', 'base64url'), 'base64url'), 'base64url');
 encode 
--------
 
(1 row)

SELECT encode(decode(encode(E'\\x00', 'base64url'), 'base64url'), 'base64url');
 encode 
--------
 AA
(1 row)

SELECT encode(decode(encode(E'\\x0001', 'base64url'), 'base64url'), 'base64url');
 encode 
--------
 AAE
(1 row)

SELECT encode(decode(encode(E'\\x000102', 'base64url'), 'base64url'), 'base64url');
 encode 
--------
 AAEC
(1 row)

SELECT encode(decode(encode(E'\\x00010203', 'base64url'), 'base64url'), 'base64url');
 encode 
--------
 AAECAw
(1 row)

-- Invalid inputs (should ERROR)
-- invalid character '@'
SELECT decode('QQ@=', 'base64url');
ERROR:  invalid symbol "@" found while decoding base64url sequence
-- missing characters (incomplete group)
SELECT decode('QQ', 'base64url');  -- ok (1 byte)
 decode 
--------
 \x41
(1 row)

SELECT decode('QQI', 'base64url'); -- ok (2 bytes)
 decode 
--------
 \x4102
(1 row)

SELECT decode('QQIDQ', 'base64url'); -- ERROR: invalid base64url end sequence
ERROR:  invalid base64url end sequence
HINT:  Input data is missing padding, is truncated, or is otherwise corrupted.
-- unexpected '=' at start
SELECT decode('=QQQ', 'base64url');
ERROR:  unexpected "=" while decoding base64url sequence
-- valid base64 padding in base64url (optional, but accepted)
SELECT decode('abc-_w==', 'base64url');  -- should decode to \x69b73eff
   decode   
------------
 \x69b73eff
(1 row)

--
-- get_bit/set_bit etc
--
SELECT get_bit('\x1234567890abcdef00'::bytea, 43);
 get_bit 
---------
       1
(1 row)

SELECT get_bit('\x1234567890abcdef00'::bytea, 99);  -- error
ERROR:  index 99 out of valid range, 0..71
SELECT set_bit('\x1234567890abcdef00'::bytea, 43, 0);
       set_bit        
----------------------
 \x1234567890a3cdef00
(1 row)

SELECT set_bit('\x1234567890abcdef00'::bytea, 99, 0);  -- error
ERROR:  index 99 out of valid range, 0..71
SELECT get_byte('\x1234567890abcdef00'::bytea, 3);
 get_byte 
----------
      120
(1 row)

SELECT get_byte('\x1234567890abcdef00'::bytea, 99);  -- error
ERROR:  index 99 out of valid range, 0..8
SELECT set_byte('\x1234567890abcdef00'::bytea, 7, 11);
       set_byte       
----------------------
 \x1234567890abcd0b00
(1 row)

SELECT set_byte('\x1234567890abcdef00'::bytea, 99, 11);  -- error
ERROR:  index 99 out of valid range, 0..8
--
-- conversions between bytea and integer types
--
SELECT 0x1234::int2::bytea AS "\x1234", (-0x1234)::int2::bytea AS "\xedcc";
 \x1234 | \xedcc 
--------+--------
 \x1234 | \xedcc
(1 row)

SELECT 0x12345678::int4::bytea AS "\x12345678", (-0x12345678)::int4::bytea AS "\xedcba988";
 \x12345678 | \xedcba988 
------------+------------
 \x12345678 | \xedcba988
(1 row)

SELECT 0x1122334455667788::int8::bytea AS "\x1122334455667788",
       (-0x1122334455667788)::int8::bytea AS "\xeeddccbbaa998878";
 \x1122334455667788 | \xeeddccbbaa998878 
--------------------+--------------------
 \x1122334455667788 | \xeeddccbbaa998878
(1 row)

SELECT ''::bytea::int2 AS "0";
 0 
---
 0
(1 row)

SELECT '\x12'::bytea::int2 AS "18";
 18 
----
 18
(1 row)

SELECT '\x1234'::bytea::int2 AS "4460";
 4460 
------
 4660
(1 row)

SELECT '\x123456'::bytea::int2; -- error
ERROR:  smallint out of range
SELECT ''::bytea::int4 AS "0";
 0 
---
 0
(1 row)

SELECT '\x12'::bytea::int4 AS "18";
 18 
----
 18
(1 row)

SELECT '\x12345678'::bytea::int4 AS "305419896";
 305419896 
-----------
 305419896
(1 row)

SELECT '\x123456789A'::bytea::int4; -- error
ERROR:  integer out of range
SELECT ''::bytea::int8 AS "0";
 0 
---
 0
(1 row)

SELECT '\x12'::bytea::int8 AS "18";
 18 
----
 18
(1 row)

SELECT '\x1122334455667788'::bytea::int8 AS "1234605616436508552";
 1234605616436508552 
---------------------
 1234605616436508552
(1 row)

SELECT '\x112233445566778899'::bytea::int8; -- error
ERROR:  bigint out of range
-- min/max integer values
SELECT '\x8000'::bytea::int2 AS "-32768", '\x7FFF'::bytea::int2 AS "32767";
 -32768 | 32767 
--------+-------
 -32768 | 32767
(1 row)

SELECT '\x80000000'::bytea::int4 AS "-2147483648", '\x7FFFFFFF'::bytea::int4 AS "2147483647";
 -2147483648 | 2147483647 
-------------+------------
 -2147483648 | 2147483647
(1 row)

SELECT '\x8000000000000000'::bytea::int8 AS "-9223372036854775808",
       '\x7FFFFFFFFFFFFFFF'::bytea::int8 AS "9223372036854775807";
 -9223372036854775808 | 9223372036854775807 
----------------------+---------------------
 -9223372036854775808 | 9223372036854775807
(1 row)

--
-- Additional string functions
--
SET bytea_output TO escape;
SELECT initcap('hi THOMAS');
  initcap  
-----------
 Hi Thomas
(1 row)

SELECT lpad('hi', 5, 'xy');
 lpad  
-------
 xyxhi
(1 row)

SELECT lpad('hi', 5);
 lpad  
-------
    hi
(1 row)

SELECT lpad('hi', -5, 'xy');
 lpad 
------
 
(1 row)

SELECT lpad('hello', 2);
 lpad 
------
 he
(1 row)

SELECT lpad('hi', 5, '');
 lpad 
------
 hi
(1 row)

SELECT rpad('hi', 5, 'xy');
 rpad  
-------
 hixyx
(1 row)

SELECT rpad('hi', 5);
 rpad  
-------
 hi   
(1 row)

SELECT rpad('hi', -5, 'xy');
 rpad 
------
 
(1 row)

SELECT rpad('hello', 2);
 rpad 
------
 he
(1 row)

SELECT rpad('hi', 5, '');
 rpad 
------
 hi
(1 row)

SELECT ltrim('zzzytrim', 'xyz');
 ltrim 
-------
 trim
(1 row)

SELECT translate('', '14', 'ax');
 translate 
-----------
 
(1 row)

SELECT translate('12345', '14', 'ax');
 translate 
-----------
 a23x5
(1 row)

SELECT translate('12345', '134', 'a');
 translate 
-----------
 a25
(1 row)

SELECT ascii('x');
 ascii 
-------
   120
(1 row)

SELECT ascii('');
 ascii 
-------
     0
(1 row)

SELECT chr(65);
 chr 
-----
 A
(1 row)

SELECT chr(0);
ERROR:  null character not permitted
SELECT repeat('Pg', 4);
  repeat  
----------
 PgPgPgPg
(1 row)

SELECT repeat('Pg', -4);
 repeat 
--------
 
(1 row)

SELECT SUBSTRING('1234567890'::bytea FROM 3) "34567890";
 34567890 
----------
 34567890
(1 row)

SELECT SUBSTRING('1234567890'::bytea FROM 4 FOR 3) AS "456";
 456 
-----
 456
(1 row)

SELECT SUBSTRING('string'::bytea FROM 2 FOR 2147483646) AS "tring";
 tring 
-------
 tring
(1 row)

SELECT SUBSTRING('string'::bytea FROM -10 FOR 2147483646) AS "string";
 string 
--------
 string
(1 row)

SELECT SUBSTRING('string'::bytea FROM -10 FOR -2147483646) AS "error";
ERROR:  negative substring length not allowed
SELECT trim(E'\\000'::bytea from E'\\000Tom\\000'::bytea);
 btrim 
-------
 Tom
(1 row)

SELECT trim(leading E'\\000'::bytea from E'\\000Tom\\000'::bytea);
  ltrim  
---------
 Tom\000
(1 row)

SELECT trim(trailing E'\\000'::bytea from E'\\000Tom\\000'::bytea);
  rtrim  
---------
 \000Tom
(1 row)

SELECT btrim(E'\\000trim\\000'::bytea, E'\\000'::bytea);
 btrim 
-------
 trim
(1 row)

SELECT btrim(''::bytea, E'\\000'::bytea);
 btrim 
-------
 
(1 row)

SELECT btrim(E'\\000trim\\000'::bytea, ''::bytea);
    btrim     
--------------
 \000trim\000
(1 row)

SELECT encode(overlay(E'Th\\000omas'::bytea placing E'Th\\001omas'::bytea from 2),'escape');
   encode    
-------------
 TTh\x01omas
(1 row)

SELECT encode(overlay(E'Th\\000omas'::bytea placing E'\\002\\003'::bytea from 8),'escape');
       encode       
--------------------
 Th\000omas\x02\x03
(1 row)

SELECT encode(overlay(E'Th\\000omas'::bytea placing E'\\002\\003'::bytea from 5 for 3),'escape');
     encode      
-----------------
 Th\000o\x02\x03
(1 row)

SELECT bit_count('\x1234567890'::bytea);
 bit_count 
-----------
        15
(1 row)

SELECT unistr('\0064at\+0000610');
 unistr 
--------
 data0
(1 row)

SELECT unistr('d\u0061t\U000000610');
 unistr 
--------
 data0
(1 row)

SELECT unistr('a\\b');
 unistr 
--------
 a\b
(1 row)

-- errors:
SELECT unistr('wrong: \db99');
ERROR:  invalid Unicode surrogate pair
SELECT unistr('wrong: \db99\0061');
ERROR:  invalid Unicode surrogate pair
SELECT unistr('wrong: \+00db99\+000061');
ERROR:  invalid Unicode surrogate pair
SELECT unistr('wrong: \+2FFFFF');
ERROR:  invalid Unicode code point: 2FFFFF
SELECT unistr('wrong: \udb99\u0061');
ERROR:  invalid Unicode surrogate pair
SELECT unistr('wrong: \U0000db99\U00000061');
ERROR:  invalid Unicode surrogate pair
SELECT unistr('wrong: \U002FFFFF');
ERROR:  invalid Unicode code point: 2FFFFF
SELECT unistr('wrong: \xyz');
ERROR:  invalid Unicode escape
HINT:  Unicode escapes must be \XXXX, \+XXXXXX, \uXXXX, or \UXXXXXXXX.