doc/src/sgml/tableam.sgml - master - githubmirror/postgres

doc/src/sgml/tableam.sgml
155 строк6 KB
Michael Paquier
doc: Add minimal C and SQL example to add a custom table AM handler
07 окт 2024, 09:47
07 окт 2024, 09:47e09fff7
<!-- doc/src/sgml/tableam.sgml -->

<chapter id="tableam">
 <title>Table Access Method Interface Definition</title>

 <indexterm>
  <primary>Table Access Method</primary>
 </indexterm>
 <indexterm>
  <primary>tableam</primary>
  <secondary>Table Access Method</secondary>
 </indexterm>

 <para>
  This chapter explains the interface between the core
  <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> system and <firstterm>table access
  methods</firstterm>, which manage the storage for tables. The core system
  knows little about these access methods beyond what is specified here, so
  it is possible to develop entirely new access method types by writing
  add-on code.
 </para>

 <para>
  Each table access method is described by a row in the <link
  linkend="catalog-pg-am"><structname>pg_am</structname></link> system
  catalog. The <structname>pg_am</structname> entry specifies a name and a
  <firstterm>handler function</firstterm> for the table access method.  These
  entries can be created and deleted using the <xref
  linkend="sql-create-access-method"/> and <xref
  linkend="sql-drop-access-method"/> SQL commands.
 </para>

 <para>
  A table access method handler function must be declared to accept a single
  argument of type <type>internal</type> and to return the pseudo-type
  <type>table_am_handler</type>.  The argument is a dummy value that simply
  serves to prevent handler functions from being called directly from SQL commands.
 </para>

 <para>
  Here is how an extension SQL script file might create a table access
  method handler:
 </para>

<programlisting>
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION my_tableam_handler(internal)
  RETURNS table_am_handler AS 'my_extension', 'my_tableam_handler'
  LANGUAGE C STRICT;

CREATE ACCESS METHOD myam TYPE TABLE HANDLER my_tableam_handler;
</programlisting>

 <para>
  The result of the function must be a pointer to a struct of type
  <structname>TableAmRoutine</structname>, which contains everything that the
  core code needs to know to make use of the table access method. The return
  value needs to be of server lifetime, which is typically achieved by
  defining it as a <literal>static const</literal> variable in global scope.
 </para>

 <para>
  Here is how a source file with the table access method handler might
  look like:
 </para>

<programlisting><![CDATA[
#include "postgres.h"

#include "access/tableam.h"
#include "fmgr.h"

PG_MODULE_MAGIC;

static const TableAmRoutine my_tableam_methods = {
    .type = T_TableAmRoutine,

    /* Methods of TableAmRoutine omitted from example, add them here. */
};

PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(my_tableam_handler);

Datum
my_tableam_handler(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    PG_RETURN_POINTER(&my_tableam_methods);
}
]]>
</programlisting>

 <para>
  The <structname>TableAmRoutine</structname> struct, also called the
  access method's <firstterm>API struct</firstterm>, defines the behavior of
  the access method using callbacks. These callbacks are pointers to plain C
  functions and are not visible or callable at the SQL level. All the
  callbacks and their behavior is defined in the
  <structname>TableAmRoutine</structname> structure (with comments inside the
  struct defining the requirements for callbacks). Most callbacks have
  wrapper functions, which are documented from the point of view of a user
  (rather than an implementor) of the table access method.  For details,
  please refer to the <ulink url="https://git.postgresql.org/gitweb/?p=postgresql.git;a=blob;f=src/include/access/tableam.h;hb=HEAD">
  <filename>src/include/access/tableam.h</filename></ulink> file.
 </para>

 <para>
  To implement an access method, an implementor will typically need to
  implement an <acronym>AM</acronym>-specific type of tuple table slot (see
  <ulink url="https://git.postgresql.org/gitweb/?p=postgresql.git;a=blob;f=src/include/executor/tuptable.h;hb=HEAD">
   <filename>src/include/executor/tuptable.h</filename></ulink>), which allows
   code outside the access method to hold references to tuples of the AM, and
   to access the columns of the tuple.
 </para>

 <para>
  Currently, the way an AM actually stores data is fairly unconstrained. For
  example, it's possible, but not required, to use postgres' shared buffer
  cache.  In case it is used, it likely makes sense to use
  <productname>PostgreSQL</productname>'s standard page layout as described in
  <xref linkend="storage-page-layout"/>.
 </para>

 <para>
  One fairly large constraint of the table access method API is that,
  currently, if the AM wants to support modifications and/or indexes, it is
  necessary for each tuple to have a tuple identifier (<acronym>TID</acronym>)
  consisting of a block number and an item number (see also <xref
  linkend="storage-page-layout"/>).  It is not strictly necessary that the
  sub-parts of <acronym>TIDs</acronym> have the same meaning they e.g., have
  for <literal>heap</literal>, but if bitmap scan support is desired (it is
  optional), the block number needs to provide locality.
 </para>

 <para>
  For crash safety, an AM can use postgres' <link
  linkend="wal"><acronym>WAL</acronym></link>, or a custom implementation.
  If <acronym>WAL</acronym> is chosen, either <link
  linkend="generic-wal">Generic WAL Records</link> can be used,
  or a <link linkend="custom-rmgr">Custom WAL Resource Manager</link> can be
  implemented.
 </para>

 <para>
  To implement transactional support in a manner that allows different table
  access methods be accessed within a single transaction, it likely is
  necessary to closely integrate with the machinery in
  <filename>src/backend/access/transam/xlog.c</filename>.
 </para>

 <para>
  Any developer of a new <literal>table access method</literal> can refer to
  the existing <literal>heap</literal> implementation present in
  <filename>src/backend/access/heap/heapam_handler.c</filename> for details of
  its implementation.
 </para>

</chapter>