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Thomas E. Dickey
ncurses 6.0 - patch 20150808
09 авг 2015, 03:19
09 авг 2015, 03:1902f02dc
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  <title>Announcing ncurses 6.0</title>
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<body>
  <h1 class="no-header">Announcing ncurses 6.0</h1>

  <h2><a name="h2-overview" id="h2-overview">Overview</a></h2>

  <p>The <em class="small-caps">ncurses</em> (new curses) library
  is a free software emulation of curses in System V Release 4.0
  (SVr4), and more. It uses terminfo format, supports pads and
  color and multiple highlights and forms characters and
  function-key mapping, and has all the other SVr4-curses
  enhancements over BSD curses. SVr4 curses is better known today
  as X/Open Curses.</p>

  <p>In mid-June 1995, the maintainer of 4.4BSD curses declared
  that he considered 4.4BSD curses obsolete, and encouraged the
  keepers of <em class="small-caps">unix</em> releases such as
  BSD/OS, FreeBSD and NetBSD to switch over to <em class=
  "small-caps">ncurses</em>.</p>

  <p>Since 1995, <em class="small-caps">ncurses</em> has been
  ported to many systems:</p>

  <ul>
    <li>It is used in almost every system based on the Linux kernel
    (aside from some embedded applications).</li>

    <li>It is used as the system curses library on OpenBSD, FreeBSD
    and OSX.</li>

    <li>It is used in environments such as Cygwin and MinGW. The
    first of these was EMX on OS/2 Warp.</li>

    <li>It is used (though usually not as the <em>system</em>
    curses) on all of the vendor <em class="small-caps">unix</em>
    systems, e.g., AIX, HP-UX, IRIX64, SCO, Solaris, Tru64.</li>

    <li>It should work readily on any ANSI/POSIX-conforming
    <em class="small-caps">unix</em>.</li>
  </ul>

  <p>The distribution includes the library and support utilities,
  including</p>

  <ul>
    <li><a href=
    "http://invisible-island.net/ncurses/man/captoinfo.1m.html">captoinfo</a>,
    a termcap conversion tool</li>

    <li><a href=
    "http://invisible-island.net/ncurses/man/clear.1.html">clear</a>,
    utility for clearing the screen</li>

    <li><a href=
    "http://invisible-island.net/ncurses/man/infocmp.1m.html">infocmp</a>,
    the terminfo decompiler</li>

    <li><a href=
    "http://invisible-island.net/ncurses/man/tabs.1.html">tabs</a>,
    set tabs on a terminal</li>

    <li><a href=
    "http://invisible-island.net/ncurses/man/tic.1m.html">tic</a>,
    the terminfo compiler</li>

    <li><a href=
    "http://invisible-island.net/ncurses/man/toe.1m.html">toe</a>,
    list (table of) terminfo entries</li>

    <li><a href=
    "http://invisible-island.net/ncurses/man/tput.1.html">tput</a>,
    utility for retrieving terminal capabilities in shell
    scripts</li>

    <li><a href=
    "http://invisible-island.net/ncurses/man/tset.1.html">tset</a>,
    to initialize the terminal</li>
  </ul>

  <p>Full manual pages are provided for the library and tools.</p>

  <p>The <em class="small-caps">ncurses</em> distribution is
  available via anonymous FTP at the GNU distribution site</p>

  <blockquote>
    <p><a href=
    "ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/ncurses/">ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/ncurses/</a>&nbsp;.</p>
  </blockquote>It is also available at

  <blockquote>
    <p><a href=
    "ftp://invisible-island.net/ncurses/">ftp://invisible-island.net/ncurses/</a>&nbsp;.</p>
  </blockquote>

  <h2><a name="h2-release-notes" id="h2-release-notes">Release
  Notes</a></h2>

  <p>These notes are for <em class="small-caps">ncurses</em>
  6.0, released <strong>August 8, 2015</strong>.</p>

  <p>This release is designed to be source-compatible with
  <em class="small-caps">ncurses</em> 5.0 through 5.9; providing a
  new application binary interface (ABI). Although the source can
  still be configured to support the <em class=
  "small-caps">ncurses</em> 5 ABI, the intent of the release is to
  provide extensions which are generally useful, but
  binary-incompatible with <em class="small-caps">ncurses</em>
  5:</p>

  <ul>
    <li>
      <p>Extend the <code>cchar_t</code> structure to allow more
      than 16 colors to be encoded.</p>
    </li>

    <li>
      <p>Modify the encoding of mouse state to make room for a 5th
      mouse button. That allows one to use <em class=
      "small-caps">ncurses</em> with a wheel mouse with xterm or
      similar X terminal emulators.</p>
    </li>
  </ul>

  <p>There are, of course, numerous other improvements,
  including</p>

  <ul>
    <li>
      <p>fixes made based on the Clang and Coverity static
      analyzers.</p>
    </li>

    <li>
      <p>memory leak fixes using Valgrind</p>
    </li>
  </ul>

  <p>The release notes mention some bug-fixes, but are focused on
  new features and improvements to existing features log since
  <em class="small-caps">ncurses</em> 5.9 release.</p>

  <p>While the intent of the release is to provide a new stable
  ABI, there are other development activities which are summarized
  below.</p>

  <ul>
    <li>
      <p>The original release plan, e.g., for "5.10" was to improve
      the MinGW port. Ultimately that was completed (wide-character
      support, mouse, etc), but was deferred to focus on termcap
      support and performance issues. Also, pinpointing the
      problems with <code>Console2</code> took a while.</p>
    </li>

    <li>
      <p>A review of termcap compatibility in 2011 led to several
      minor fixes in the library and improvements to utilities. To
      do this properly, a review of the various extent termcap
      implementations was needed.</p>

      <p>The <a href=
      "http://invisible-island.net/ncurses/tctest.html">termcap
      library checker (tctest)</a> (not part of <em class=
      "small-caps">ncurses</em>) was one result. A followup review
      of performance using <a href=
      "http://invisible-island.net/ncurses/ncurses-examples.html">ncurses-examples</a>
      in 2014 led to additional improvements.</p>
    </li>

    <li>
      <p>Output buffering provided a further, but worthwhile
      distraction. A bug report in 2012 regarding the use of signal
      handlers in <em class="small-caps">ncurses</em>) pointed out
      <a href=
      "http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/bug-ncurses/2012-07/msg00029.html">
      a problem</a> with the use of unsafe functions for handling
      <code>SIGTSTP</code>. Other signals could be addressed with
      workarounds; repairing <code>SIGTSTP</code> required a
      different approach. The solution required changing internal
      behavior of the library: how it handles output buffering.</p>

      <p>Now <em class="small-caps">ncurses</em> buffers its own
      output, independently of the standard output. A few
      applications relied upon the library's direct reuse of the
      standard output buffering; however that is
      <em>unspecified</em> behavior and has never been a
      recommended practice. Identifying these applications as well
      as refining the change to permit low-level applications to
      work consistently took time.</p>
    </li>

    <li>
      <p>Since the introduction of the experimental support for 256
      colors early in <a href=
      "http://invisible-island.net/ncurses/NEWS.html#t20050101">2005</a>
      (released in <a href=
      "http://invisible-island.net/ncurses/announce-5.5.html">ncurses
      5.5</a>), there has been increased user interest. Almost all
      packagers continue providing the ncurses ABI 5 which cannot
      support 256 colors.</p>
    </li>

    <li>
      <p>Symbol versioning, or the lack of it in ncurses, is the
      main reason why packagers would be reluctant to add a new
      ncurses ABI.</p>

      <p>This release provides the new ABI along with
      script-generated lists of versioned symbols which can be used
      for both ABI 5 and 6 (with distinct names to keep the two
      separate). This took time to development, as reported in
      <a href=
      "http://invisible-island.net/ncurses/ncurses-mapsyms.html">Symbol
      versioning in <em class="small-caps">ncurses</em></a>.</p>
    </li>
  </ul>

  <h3><a name="h3-library" id="h3-library">Library
  improvements</a></h3>

  <h3><a name="h3-lib-setbuf" id="h3-lib-setbuf">Output
  buffering</a></h3>

  <p>X/Open curses provides more than one initialization
  function:</p>

  <ul>
    <li><a href=
    "http://invisible-island.net/ncurses/man/curs_initscr.3x.html#h3-initscr">
    initscr</a> (the simplest) accepts no parameters.</li>

    <li><a href=
    "http://invisible-island.net/ncurses/man/curs_initscr.3x.html#h3-newterm">
    newterm</a> accepts parameters for the stream input and
    output</li>

    <li><a href=
    "http://invisible-island.net/ncurses/man/curs_terminfo.3x.html#h3-Initialization">
    setupterm</a> (the low-level function) accepts a parameter for
    the <em>file descriptor</em> of the output.</li>
  </ul>

  <p>They are documented in X/Open <em>as if</em>
  <code>initscr</code> calls <code>newterm</code> using
  <code>stdout</code> for output stream, and in turn
  <code>newterm</code> calls <code>setupterm</code> using
  <code>fileno(stdout)</code> for the file descriptor. As long as
  an implementation acts <em>as if</em> it does this, it conforms.
  In practice, implementations do what is implied. This creates a
  problem: the low-level <code>setupterm</code> function's file
  descriptor is unbuffered, while <code>newterm</code> implies
  buffered output. X/Open Curses says that all output is done
  through the file descriptor, and does not say how the output
  stream is actually used.</p>

  <p>Initially, <em class="small-caps">ncurses</em> used the file
  descriptor (obtained from the output stream passed to
  <code>newterm</code>) for changing the terminal modes, and relied
  upon the output parameter of <code>newterm</code> for buffered
  output. Later (to avoid using unsafe buffered I/O in signal
  handlers), <em class="small-caps">ncurses</em> was modified to
  use the file descriptor (unbuffered output) when cleaning up on
  receipt of a signal. Otherwise (when not handling a signal), it
  continued to use the buffered output.</p>

  <p>That approach worked reasonably well and as a side effect,
  using the same buffered output as an application might use for
  <code>printf</code> meant that no flushing was needed when
  switching between normal- and screen-modes.</p>

  <p>There were a couple of problems:</p>

  <ul>
    <li>
      <p>to get good performance, curses (not only <em class=
      "small-caps">ncurses</em>, but SVr4 curses in general) set an
      output buffer using <code>setbuf</code> or similar function.
      There is no standard (or portable) way to turn that output
      buffer off, and revert to line-buffering. The <code><a href=
      "http://invisible-island.net/ncurses/man/ncurses.3x.html#h3-NCURSES_NO_SETBUF">
      NCURSES_NO_SETBUF</a></code> environment variable did make it
      optional.</p>
    </li>

    <li>
      <p>to handle <code>SIGTSTP</code> (the &ldquo;stop&rdquo;
      signal), <em class="small-caps">ncurses</em> relied upon
      unsafe functions. That is, due to the complexity of the
      feature, it relied upon reusing existing functions which
      should not have been called via the signal handler.</p>
    </li>
  </ul>

  <p>Conveniently, solving the second problem (by making <em class=
  "small-caps">ncurses</em> do its <em>own</em> output buffering)
  also fixed the first one. But there were special cases to
  resolve: <a href=
  "http://invisible-island.net/ncurses/man/curs_terminfo.3x.html"><em>
  low-level</em></a> functions such as mvcur, putp, vidattr
  explicitly use the standard output. Those functions were reused
  internally, and required modification to distinguish whether they
  were used by the high-level or low-level interfaces.</p>

  <p>Finally, there may still be a few programs which should be
  modified to improve their portability, e.g., adding an</p>

  <blockquote>
    <pre class="code-block">
fflush(stdout);
</pre>
  </blockquote>

  <p>when switching from &ldquo;<a href=
  "http://invisible-island.net/ncurses/man/curs_kernel.3x.html#h3-reset_prog_mode_-reset_shell_mode">shell</a>&rdquo;
  mode to &ldquo;<a href=
  "http://invisible-island.net/ncurses/man/curs_kernel.3x.html#h3-reset_prog_mode_-reset_shell_mode">program</a>&rdquo;
  (curses) mode. Those are fairly rare because most programmers
  have learned not to mix <code>printf</code> and <code><a href=
  "http://invisible-island.net/ncurses/man/curs_printw.3x.html">printw</a></code>.</p>

  <h3><a name="h3-lib-versioning" id="h3-lib-versioning">Symbol
  versioning</a></h3>

  <p>This release introduces symbol-versioning to <em class=
  "small-caps">ncurses</em> because without it, the change of ABI
  would be less successful. A lengthy discussion will be presented
  in <a href=
  "http://invisible-island.net/ncurses/ncurses-mapsyms.html">Symbol
  versioning in <em class="small-caps">ncurses</em></a>. These
  notes summarize what has changed, and what can be done with the
  new release.</p>

  <p>Symbol-versioning allows the developers of a library to mark
  each public symbol (both data and functions) with an identifier
  denoting the library name and the version for which it was built.
  By doing this, users of the library have a way to help ensure
  that applications do not accidentally load an incompatible
  library. In addition, private symbols can be hidden entirely.</p>

  <p>This release provides sample files for the four principal
  configurations of <em class="small-caps">ncurses</em> libraries:
  <code>ncurses</code>, <code>ncursesw</code>,
  <code>ncursest</code> and <code>ncursestw</code>. Each sample is
  given in two forms:</p>

  <blockquote>
    <dl>
      <dt>&ldquo;<code>.map</code>&rdquo;</dt>

      <dd>These list all public symbols, together with version
      names.</dd>

      <dt>&ldquo;<code>.sym</code>&rdquo;</dt>

      <dd>These list all public symbols, without version
      names.</dd>
    </dl>
  </blockquote>

  <p>The sample files are <em>generated</em> by scripts which take
  into account a few special cases such as <a href=
  "http://invisible-island.net/ncurses/tack.html">tack</a> to omit
  many of the <em class="small-caps">ncurses</em> private symbols
  (beginning with &ldquo;<code>_nc_</code>&rdquo;). Here are
  counts of globals versus locals:</p>

  <blockquote>
    <table border="1" summary="Total global and local symbols">
      <tr>
        <th>Config</th>

        <th>Symbols</th>

        <th>Globals</th>

        <th>Locals</th>

        <th>"_nc_"</th>
      </tr>

      <tr>
        <td>ncurses</td>

        <td align="right">976</td>

        <td align="right">796</td>

        <td align="right">180</td>

        <td align="right">332</td>
      </tr>

      <tr>
        <td>ncursesw</td>

        <td align="right">1089</td>

        <td align="right">905</td>

        <td align="right">184</td>

        <td align="right">343</td>
      </tr>

      <tr>
        <td>ncursest</td>

        <td align="right">979</td>

        <td align="right">804</td>

        <td align="right">175</td>

        <td align="right">358</td>
      </tr>

      <tr>
        <td>ncursestw</td>

        <td align="right">1098</td>

        <td align="right">914</td>

        <td align="right">184</td>

        <td align="right">372</td>
      </tr>
    </table>
  </blockquote>

  <p>Although only four sample configurations are presented, each
  is formed by merging symbols from several combinations of
  configure-script options, taking into account advice from
  downstream packagers. Because they are formed by merging, the
  sample files may list a symbol which is not in a given package.
  That is expected. The samples have been tested and are working
  with systems (such as Fedora, FreeBSD and Debian) which fully
  support this feature. There are other systems which do
  <em>not</em> support the feature, and a few (such as Solaris)
  which provide incomplete support.</p>

  <p>The version-naming convention used allows these sample files
  to build distinct libraries for ABI 5 and 6. Version names
  consist of</p>

  <ul>
    <li>
      <p>configuration name, e.g.,
      &ldquo;<code>NCURSESW</code>&rdquo; for the wide-character
      libraries</p>
    </li>

    <li>
      <p>ABI version (if not 5)</p>
    </li>

    <li>
      <p>library name for two special cases which have the same
      interface across configurations:
      &ldquo;<code>TINFO</code>&rdquo; and
      &ldquo;<code>TIC</code>&rdquo;</p>
    </li>

    <li>
      <p>release version</p>
    </li>

    <li>
      <p>patch date (for the release version)</p>
    </li>
  </ul>

  <p>For example, running <code>nm -D</code> on the libraries in
  the ncurses6 test package shows these symbol-versions:</p>

  <blockquote>
    <pre class="code-block">
0000000000000000 A NCURSES6_TIC_5.0.19991023
0000000000000000 A NCURSES6_TIC_5.1.20000708
0000000000000000 A NCURSES6_TIC_5.5.20051010
0000000000000000 A NCURSES6_TIC_5.7.20081102
0000000000000000 A NCURSES6_TIC_5.9.20150530
0000000000000000 A NCURSES6_TINFO_5.0.19991023
0000000000000000 A NCURSES6_TINFO_5.1.20000708
0000000000000000 A NCURSES6_TINFO_5.2.20001021
0000000000000000 A NCURSES6_TINFO_5.3.20021019
0000000000000000 A NCURSES6_TINFO_5.4.20040208
0000000000000000 A NCURSES6_TINFO_5.5.20051010
0000000000000000 A NCURSES6_TINFO_5.6.20061217
0000000000000000 A NCURSES6_TINFO_5.7.20081102
0000000000000000 A NCURSES6_TINFO_5.8.20110226
0000000000000000 A NCURSES6_TINFO_5.9.20150530
0000000000000000 A NCURSESW6_5.1.20000708
0000000000000000 A NCURSESW6_5.3.20021019
0000000000000000 A NCURSESW6_5.4.20040208
0000000000000000 A NCURSESW6_5.5.20051010
0000000000000000 A NCURSESW6_5.6.20061217
0000000000000000 A NCURSESW6_5.7.20081102
0000000000000000 A NCURSESW6_5.8.20110226
0000000000000000 A NCURSESW6_5.9.20150530
</pre>
  </blockquote>

  <p>As a special case, this release (which makes the final change
  for ABI 5) is marked with release version 5.9 and patch date
  20150530.</p>

  <h3><a name="h3-lib-other" id=
  "h3-lib-other">Miscellaneous</a></h3>

  <p>The new release has several improvements for performance and
  building. For instance:</p>

  <ul>
    <li>
      <p>several files in ncurses- and progs-directories were
      modified to allow <code>const</code> data used in internal
      tables to be put by the linker into the readonly text
      segment.</p>
    </li>

    <li>
      <p>various improvements were made to building the Ada95
      binding, both in simplifying the generated files as well as
      improving the way it uses <code>gnatmake</code></p>
    </li>
  </ul>

  <p>There are also new features in the libraries:</p>

  <ul>
    <li>added <a href=
    "http://invisible-island.net/ncurses/man/curs_util.3x.html#h3-use_tioctl">
    use_tioctl</a> function</li>

    <li>
      <p>added <a href=
      "http://invisible-island.net/ncurses/man/curs_opaque.3x.html">
      wgetdelay</a> to retrieve _delay member of WINDOW if it
      happens to be opaque, e.g., in the pthread configuration.</p>
    </li>

    <li>
      <p>added <a href=
      "http://invisible-island.net/ncurses/man/curs_attr.3x.html#h2-PORTABILITY">
      A_ITALIC</a> extension.</p>
    </li>

    <li>
      <p>added form library extension <a href=
      "http://invisible-island.net/ncurses/man/form_field_opts.3x.html">
      O_DYNAMIC_JUSTIFY</a> option which can be used to override
      the different treatment of justification for static versus
      dynamic fields .</p>
    </li>

    <li>
      <p>rewrote <a href=
      "http://invisible-island.net/ncurses/man/curs_util.3x.html#h3-putwin_getwin">
      putwin</a> and <a href=
      "http://invisible-island.net/ncurses/man/curs_util.3x.html#h3-putwin_getwin">
      getwin</a>, making an extended version which is capable of
      reading screen-dumps between the wide/normal <em class=
      "small-caps">ncurses</em> configurations. These are text
      files, except for a <em>magic</em> code at the beginning:</p>

      <blockquote>
        <pre class="code-block">
0       string          \210\210        Screen-dump (ncurses)
</pre>
      </blockquote>
    </li>

    <li>
      <p>several changes to mouse support include:</p>

      <ul>
        <li>added decoder for xterm SGR 1006 mouse mode.</li>

        <li>added experimental support for
        &ldquo;<code>%u</code>&rdquo; format to terminfo.</li>

        <li>improved behavior of wheel-mice for xterm protocol:
        noting that there are only button-presses for buttons
        &ldquo;4&rdquo; and &ldquo;5&rdquo;, so there is no need to
        wait to combine events into double-clicks .</li>
      </ul>
    </li>
  </ul>

  <p>There are a few new configure options dealing with library
  customization:</p>

  <ul>
    <li>
      <p>add &ldquo;<code>--enable-ext-putwin</code>&rdquo;
      configure option to turn on the extended putwin/getwin. By
      default, this is enabled for ABI 6 and disabled with ABI
      5.</p>
    </li>

    <li>
      <p>add &ldquo;<code>--enable-string-hacks</code>&rdquo;
      option to control whether strlcat and strlcpy may be used.
      Because <em class="small-caps">ncurses</em> already does the
      requisite buffer-limit checks, this feature is mainly of
      interest to quiet compiler-warnings on a few systems.</p>
    </li>

    <li>
      <p>add configure option
      &ldquo;<code>--with-tparm-arg</code>&rdquo; to allow <a href=
      "http://invisible-island.net/ncurses/man/curs_terminfo.3x.html#h3-Formatting-Output">
      tparm</a>'s parameters to be something more likely to be the
      same size as a pointer, e.g., <code>intptr_t</code> (again,
      the default is set for ABI 6).</p>
    </li>
  </ul>

  <h3><a name="h3-programs" id="h3-programs">Program
  improvements</a></h3>

  <h4><a name="h4-utilities" id="h4-utilities">Utilities</a></h4>

  <p>Most of the termcap-related changes based on development of
  <a href="http://invisible-island.net/ncurses/tctest.html">tctest
  (termcap library checker)</a> are implemented in the tic and
  infocmp programs rather than affecting the library. As noted in
  the <a href=
  "http://invisible-island.net/ncurses/tctest.html#my-better-translation">
  discussion</a> of <code>tctest</code>, <em class=
  "small-caps">ncurses</em>'s ability to translate between terminfo
  and termcap formats has been improved at different times, but
  subject to feedback from "real" termcap users. There are very few
  of those. Nowadays, virtually all <em>termcap</em> users are
  using <em class="small-caps">ncurses</em> (or NetBSD, with its
  own terminfo library) and their programs are actually using
  terminfo rather than termcap data.</p>

  <p>Still, there are a few. A comment about the translation of the
  ASCII <code>NUL</code> character prompted a review:</p>

  <ul>
    <li>
      <p>Both terminfo and termcap store string capabilities as
      <code>NUL</code>-terminated strings.</p>
    </li>

    <li>
      <p>In terminfo, a <code>\0</code> in a terminal description
      is stored as <code>\200</code>.</p>
    </li>

    <li>
      <p>There are no (known) terminals which would behave
      differently when sent <code>\0</code> or
      <code>\200</code>.</p>
    </li>

    <li>
      <p>When translating to terminfo format (or displaying a
      printable version of an entry using infocmp), <em class=
      "small-caps">ncurses</em> shows <code>\200</code> as
      <code>\0</code>.</p>
    </li>

    <li>
      <p>It has done this since 1998 (quoting from the NEWS
      file):</p>

      <blockquote>
        <pre class="code-block">
<a href=
"http://invisible-island.net/ncurses/NEWS.html#t980103">980103</a>
...
        + modify _nc_tic_expand() to generate \0 rather than \200.
...
        + correct translation of terminfo "^@", to \200, like \0.
</pre>
      </blockquote>
    </li>

    <li>
      <p>However, the <code>_nc_tic_expand</code> function (which
      optionally produces terminfo or termcap format) did not
      address this special case for termcap. Even the later 4.4BSD
      <a href=
      "https://svnweb.freebsd.org/base/head/lib/libc/gen/getcap.c?revision=244092&amp;view=markup#l784">
      cgetstr</a> interprets a <code>\0</code> literally, ending
      <em>that</em> string (rather than using the terminfo
      improvement).</p>
    </li>
  </ul>

  <p>As a result of the review, several improvements were made to
  <em class="small-caps">ncurses</em> translation to/from termcap
  format &mdash; and improving the checks made in tic for
  consistency of entries. Most of these are not of general
  interest, except for two new command-line options for tic and
  infocmp:</p>

  <ul>
    <li>
      <p>the &ldquo;<code>-0</code>&rdquo; option generates
      termcap/terminfo source on a single line.</p>
    </li>

    <li>
      <p>the &ldquo;<code>-K</code>&rdquo; option provides stricter
      BSD-compatibility for termcap output.</p>
    </li>
  </ul>

  <p>Other user-visible improvements and new features include:</p>

  <ul>
    <li>
      <p>added &ldquo;<code>-D</code>&rdquo; option to tic and
      infocmp, to show the database locations that it could
      use.</p>
    </li>

    <li>
      <p>added &ldquo;<code>-s</code>&rdquo; option to toe, to sort
      its output.</p>
    </li>

    <li>
      <p>extended &ldquo;<code>-c</code>&rdquo; and
      &ldquo;<code>-n</code>&rdquo; options of infocmp to allow
      comparing more than two entries.</p>
    </li>

    <li>
      <p>modified toe's report when &ldquo;<code>-a</code>&rdquo;
      and &ldquo;<code>-s</code>&rdquo; options are combined, to
      add a column showing which entries belong to a given
      database.</p>
    </li>

    <li>
      <p>modified the clear program to take into account the
      &ldquo;<code>E3</code>&rdquo; extended capability to clear
      the terminal's scrollback buffer.</p>
    </li>
  </ul>

  <h4><a name="h4-examples" id="h4-examples">Examples</a></h4>

  <p>Along with the library and utilities, many improvements were
  made to the <a href=
  "http://invisible-island.net/ncurses/ncurses-examples.html">ncurses-examples</a>.
  Some were made to allow building (and comparison-testing) against
  NetBSD curses and PDCurses. Both lack some of the X/Open Curses
  features, necessitating customization. But this activity was
  useful because it showed some remaining performance issues (which
  have been resolved in this release).</p>

  <p>These changes were made to verify compatibility or compare
  performance of <em class="small-caps">ncurses</em>:</p>

  <ul>
    <li>
      <p>made workarounds for compiling test-programs with NetBSD
      curses, though it lacks some common functions such as
      <a href="http://invisible-island.net/ncurses/man/curs_util.3x.html#h3-use_env">
      use_env</a>.</p>
    </li>

    <li>
      <p>added dots_termcap test-program</p>
    </li>

    <li>
      <p>added dots_curses test-program, for comparison with the
      low-level examples.</p>
    </li>

    <li>
      <p>added test_setupterm test-proram to demonstrate
      normal/error returns from the setupterm and restartterm
      functions.</p>
    </li>

    <li>
      <p>added &ldquo;<code>-d</code>&rdquo;,
      &ldquo;<code>-e</code>&rdquo; and
      &ldquo;<code>-q</code>&rdquo; options to the demo_terminfo
      and demo_termcap test-programs.</p>
    </li>

    <li>
      <p>added &ldquo;<code>-y</code>&rdquo; option to demo_termcap
      and test/demo_terminfo test-programs to demonstrate behavior
      with/without extended capabilities.</p>
    </li>

    <li>
      <p>modified demo_termcap and demo_terminfo test-programs to
      make their options more directly comparable, and add
      &ldquo;<code>-i</code>&rdquo; option to specify a terminal
      description filename to parse for names to lookup.</p>
    </li>

    <li>
      <p>rewrote the tests for <a href=
      "http://invisible-island.net/ncurses/man/curs_window.3x.html#h3-derwin">
      mvderwin</a> and test for recursive <a href=
      "http://invisible-island.net/ncurses/man/curs_window.3x.html#h3-mvwin">
      mvwin</a> in the movewindow test-program.</p>
    </li>
  </ul>

  <p>These changes were made to help with the MinGW port:</p>

  <ul>
    <li>
      <p>added test-screens to the ncurses test-program to show
      256-characters at a time, to help with MinGW port.</p>
    </li>

    <li>
      <p>modified the view test-program to load UTF-8 when built
      with MinGW by using regular win32 API because the MinGW
      functions mblen and mbtowc do not work.</p>
    </li>

    <li>
      <p>added &ldquo;<code>-s</code>&rdquo; option to the view
      test-program to allow it to start in single-step mode,
      reducing size of trace files when it is used for debugging
      MinGW changes.</p>
    </li>
  </ul>

  <p>These changes were made to verify new extensions in <em class=
  "small-caps">ncurses</em>:</p>

  <ul>
    <li>
      <p>added <a href=
      "http://invisible-island.net/ncurses/man/form_driver.3x.html#h3-form_driver_w">
      form_driver_w</a> entrypoint to wide-character forms library,
      as well as form_driver_w test-program.</p>
    </li>

    <li>
      <p>modified ncurses test-program's b/B tests to display lines
      only for the attributes which a given terminal supports, to
      make room for an italics test.</p>
    </li>

    <li>
      <p>modified ncurses test-program, adding
      &ldquo;<code>-E</code>&rdquo; and
      &ldquo;<code>-T</code>&rdquo; options to demonstrate use_env
      versus use_tioctl.</p>
    </li>

    <li>
      <p>modified ncurses test-program's c/C tests to cycle through
      subsets of the total number of colors, to better illustrate
      8/16/88/256-colors by providing directly comparable
      screens.</p>
    </li>

    <li>
      <p>modified the ncurses test-program to also show position
      reports in 'a' test.</p>
    </li>
  </ul>

  <p>These changes were made to make the examples more useful:</p>

  <ul>
    <li>
      <p>added scripts for building dpkg and rpm test-packages</p>
    </li>

    <li>
      <p>modified the hanoi test-program to show the minimum number
      of moves possible for the given number of tiles.</p>
    </li>

    <li>
      <p>modified the knight test-program to show the number of
      choices possible for each position in automove option, e.g.,
      to allow user to follow Warnsdorff's rule to solve the
      puzzle.</p>
    </li>
  </ul>

  <h3><a name="h3-database" id="h3-database">Terminal
  database</a></h3>

  <p>This release provides improvements to tic's
  &ldquo;<code>-c</code>&rdquo; checking option, which was used for
  example to</p>

  <ul>
    <li>
      <p>make <code>sgr</code> in several entries agree with other
      caps.</p>
    </li>

    <li>
      <p>correct padding in some entries where earlier versions had
      miscounted the number of octal digits.</p>
    </li>
  </ul>

  <p>There are several new terminal descriptions:</p>

  <ul>
    <li><a href=
    "http://invisible-island.net/ncurses/terminfo.src.html#toc-_M_L_T_E_R_M">
    mlterm</a> is now aliased to mlterm3</li>

    <li><a href=
    "http://invisible-island.net/ncurses/terminfo.src.html#tic-nsterm">
    nsterm</a> is now derived from nsterm-256color</li>

    <li><a href=
    "http://invisible-island.net/ncurses/terminfo.src.html#tic-putty-sco">
    putty-sco</a></li>

    <li><a href=
    "http://invisible-island.net/ncurses/terminfo.src.html#tic-teken">
    teken</a> is FreeBSD's "xterm" console.</li>

    <li><a href=
    "http://invisible-island.net/ncurses/terminfo.src.html#toc-_T_E_R_M_I_N_A_T_O_R">
    terminator</a></li>

    <li><a href=
    "http://invisible-island.net/ncurses/terminfo.src.html#toc-_T_E_R_M_I_N_O_L_O_G_Y">
    terminology</a></li>

    <li><a href=
    "http://invisible-island.net/ncurses/terminfo.src.html#tic-tmux">
    tmux</a> is derived from screen.</li>

    <li>several screen.XXX entries support the respective
    variations for 256 colors.</li>

    <li><a href=
    "http://invisible-island.net/ncurses/terminfo.src.html#toc-_S_I_M_P_L_E_T_E_R_M">
    simpleterm</a> is now 0.5</li>

    <li><a href=
    "http://invisible-island.net/ncurses/terminfo.src.html#tic-vte">
    vte</a> is aliased to vte-2012</li>

    <li><a href=
    "http://invisible-island.net/ncurses/terminfo.src.html#tic-vt520ansi">
    vt520ansi</a></li>
  </ul>

  <p>A few entries use extensions (user-defined terminal
  capabilities):</p>

  <ul>
    <li>
      <p><code>E3</code>, used in linux, putty and xterm-basic is
      tested in the <a href=
      "http://aerie.jexium-island.net/ncurses/man/clear.1.html">clear</a>
      program to erase a terminal's scrollback.</p>
    </li>

    <li>
      <p><code>TS</code> is used in the <a href=
      "http://invisible-island.net/ncurses/terminfo.src.html#tic-xterm_sl">
      xterm+sl</a> building block to help deprecate the misuse of
      <code>tsl</code> for xterm's title-string.</p>
    </li>

    <li>
      <p><code>XT</code> is used in some terminfo entries to
      improve usefulness for other applications than screen, which
      would like to pretend that xterm's title is a
      status-line.</p>
    </li>

    <li>
      <p><code>xm</code> is used in examples <a href=
      "http://invisible-island.net/ncurses/terminfo.src.html#tic-xterm-1005">
      xterm-1005</a> and <a href=
      "http://invisible-island.net/ncurses/terminfo.src.html#tic-xterm-1006">
      xterm-1006</a> to illustrate a way to make mouse handling
      more general</p>
    </li>
  </ul>

  <p>A few terminals support italics and/or dim capabilities. In
  particular, screen does not. Documented that, and accommodated
  the terminals where this feature works with the
  <code>A_ITALIC</code> extension.</p>

  <ul>
    <li>konsole, mlterm3 (italics)</li>

    <li>nsterm (dim)</li>

    <li>screen (dim)</li>

    <li>vte (dim, italics)</li>

    <li>xterm (dim, italics)</li>
  </ul>

  <h3><a name="h3-documentation" id=
  "h3-documentation">Documentation</a></h3>

  <p>As usual, this release</p>

  <ul>
    <li>
      <p>improves documentation by describing new features,</p>
    </li>

    <li>
      <p>attempts to improve the description of features which
      users have found confusing</p>
    </li>

    <li>
      <p>fills in overlooked descriptions of features which were
      described in the <a href=
      "http://invisible-island.net/ncurses/NEWS.html">NEWS</a> file
      but treated sketchily in manual pages.</p>
    </li>
  </ul>

  <p>In addition, the mechanism for producing HTML versions of the
  documentation has been improved:</p>

  <ul>
    <li>
      <p>use an improved version of <a href=
      "http://invisible-island.net/scripts/man2html.html">man2html</a>
      to generate html manpages.</p>
    </li>

    <li>
      <p>regenerated <a href=
      "http://invisible-island.net/ncurses/NCURSES-Programming-HOWTO.html">
      NCURSES-Programming-HOWTO.html</a> to fix some of the broken
      html emitted by docbook.</p>
    </li>
  </ul>

  <h3><a name="h3-bug-fixes" id="h3-bug-fixes">Interesting
  bug-fixes</a></h3>

  <ul>
    <li>
      <p>Ada95 binding:</p>

      <ul>
        <li>
          <p>modify makefile rules to ensure that the PIC option is
          not used when building a static library</p>
        </li>

        <li>
          <p>make Ada95 build-fix for big-endian architectures such
          as sparc. This undoes one of the fixes from <a href=
          "http://invisible-island.net/ncurses/NEWS.html#t20110319">
          20110319</a>, which added an
          &ldquo;<code>Unused</code>&rdquo; member to
          representation clauses, replacing that with pragmas to
          suppress warnings about unused bits.</p>
        </li>
      </ul>
    </li>

    <li>
      <p>Color and attributes:</p>

      <ul>
        <li>
          <p>parenthesize parameter of <code>COLOR_PAIR</code> and
          <code>PAIR_NUMBER</code> in curses.h in case it happens
          to be a comma-expression.</p>
        </li>

        <li>
          <p>improve <a href=
          "http://invisible-island.net/ncurses/NEWS.html#t20021221">
          20021221</a> workaround for broken acs, handling a case
          where that ACS_<em>xxx</em> character is not in the
          <code>acsc</code> string but there is a known
          wide-character which can be used.</p>
        </li>

        <li>
          <p>modify <a href=
          "http://invisible-island.net/ncurses/man/curs_color.3x.html#h3-Routine-Descriptions">
          init_pair</a> to accept -1's for color value after
          <a href=
          "http://invisible-island.net/ncurses/man/default_colors.3x.html">
          assume_default_colors</a> has been called.</p>
        </li>

        <li>
          <p>add a check in <a href=
          "http://invisible-island.net/ncurses/man/curs_color.3x.html#h3-Routine-Descriptions">
          start_color</a> to limit color-pairs to 256 when extended
          colors are not supported.</p>
        </li>
      </ul>
    </li>

    <li>
      <p>Resizing the screen:</p>

      <ul>
        <li>
          <p>propagate error-returns from wresize, i.e., the
          internal increase_size and decrease_size functions
          through <a href=
          "http://invisible-island.net/ncurses/man/resizeterm.3x.html">
          resize_term</a>.</p>
        </li>

        <li>
          <p>add check for zero/negative dimensions for
          <code>resizeterm</code> and <code>resize_term</code>.</p>
        </li>

        <li>
          <p>modify <code>resizeterm</code> to always push a
          <code>KEY_RESIZE</code> onto the fifo, even if screensize
          is unchanged. Modify library to push a
          <code>KEY_RESIZE</code> if there was a SIGWINCH, even if
          it does not call <code>resizeterm</code>). These changes
          eliminate the case where a SIGWINCH is received, but ERR
          is returned from <code>wgetch</code> or
          <code>wgetnstr</code> because the screen dimensions did
          not change.</p>
        </li>
      </ul>
    </li>

    <li>
      <p>Low-level interfaces</p>

      <ul>
        <li>
          <p>fix an old bug in the termcap emulation;
          &ldquo;<code>%i</code>&rdquo; was ignored in
          <code>tparm</code> because the parameters to be
          incremented were already on the internal stack.</p>
        </li>

        <li>
          <p>change &ldquo;<code>%l</code>&rdquo; behavior in tparm
          to push the string length onto the stack rather than
          saving the formatted length into the output buffer.</p>
        </li>

        <li>
          <p>modify name-comparison for tgetstr, etc., to
          accommodate legacy applications as well as to improve
          compatbility with BSD 4.2 termcap implementations (see
          note for <a href=
          "http://invisible-island.net/ncurses/NEWS.html#t980725">980725</a>).</p>
        </li>
      </ul>
    </li>

    <li>High-level interfaces

      <ul>
        <li>
          <p>modify internal recursion in <code>wgetch</code> which
          handles cooked mode to check if the call to
          <code>wgetnstr</code> returned an error. This can happen
          when both <code>nocbreak</code> and <code>nodelay</code>
          are set, for instance (see note for <a href=
          "http://invisible-island.net/ncurses/NEWS.html#t960418">960418</a>).</p>
        </li>

        <li>
          <p>add a check in internal function
          <code>waddch_nosync</code> to ensure that tab characters
          are treated as control characters; some broken locales
          claim they are printable.</p>
        </li>

        <li>
          <p>modify menu library to ensure that a menu's top-row is
          adjusted as needed to ensure that the current item is on
          the screen</p>
        </li>

        <li>
          <p>fix special case where double-width character
          overwrites a single- width character in the first
          column.</p>
        </li>
      </ul>
    </li>
  </ul>

  <h3><a name="h3-config-config" id=
  "h3-config-config">Configuration changes</a></h3>

  <h4><a name="h4-config-major" id="h4-config-major">Major
  changes</a></h4>

  <p>The <em class="small-caps">ncurses</em> 6.0 configure script
  makes changes to the <em>default</em> value of several configure
  options, depending on the <code>--with-abi-version</code> option
  (i.e., whether its value is &ldquo;5&rdquo; or
  &ldquo;6&rdquo;):</p>

  <dl>
    <dt><code>--enable-const</code></dt>

    <dd>
      <p>Feature introduced in <a href=
      "http://invisible-island.net/ncurses/NEWS.html#t970405">970405</a>
      supports the use of <code>const</code> where X/Open Curses
      should have, but did not. NetBSD curses does something
      similar with <code>const</code>.</p>
    </dd>

    <dt><code>--enable-ext-colors</code></dt>

    <dd>
      <p>Extends the <code>cchar_t</code> structure to allow more
      than 16 colors to be encoded. This applies only to the
      wide-character (<code>--enable-widec</code>)
      configuration.</p>
    </dd>

    <dt><code>--enable-ext-mouse</code></dt>

    <dd>
      <p>Modifies the encoding of mouse state to make room for a
      5th mouse button. That allows one to use ncurses with a wheel
      mouse with xterm or similar X terminal emulators.</p>
    </dd>

    <dt><code>--enable-ext-putwin</code></dt>

    <dd>
      <p>Modifies the file-format written by <code>putwin</code> to
      use printable text rather than binary files, allowing
      <code>getwin</code> to read screen dumps written by
      differently-configured ncurses libraries. The extended
      <code>getwin</code> can still read binary screen dumps from
      the <em>same</em> configuration of ncurses. This does not
      change the ABI (the binary interface seen by calling
      applications).</p>
    </dd>

    <dt><code>--enable-interop</code></dt>

    <dd>
      <p>Modifies the <code>FIELDTYPE</code> structure used for the
      form library to make it more generic.</p>
    </dd>

    <dt><code>--enable-lp64</code></dt>

    <dd>
      <p>Allows an application to define <code>_LP64</code> to
      declare <code>chtype</code> and <code>mmask_t</code> as
      simply &ldquo;<code>unsigned</code>&rdquo; rather than the
      configured types using the <code>--with-chtype</code> and
      <code>--with-mmask_t</code> options.</p>
    </dd>

    <dt><code>--enable-sp-funcs</code></dt>

    <dd>
      <p>Compile-in support for extended functions which accept a
      SCREEN pointer, reducing the need for juggling the global SP
      value with <a href=
      "http://invisible-island.net/ncurses/man/curs_initscr.3x.html#h3-set_term">
      set_term</a> and <a href=
      "http://invisible-island.net/ncurses/man/curs_initscr.3x.html#h3-delscreen">
      delscreen</a>.</p>
    </dd>

    <dt><code>--with-chtype=uint32_t</code></dt>

    <dd>
      <p>Makes <code>chtype</code> explicitly a 32-bit unsigned
      value.</p>
    </dd>

    <dt><code>--with-mmask_t=uint32_t</code></dt>

    <dd>
      <p>Makes <code>mmask_t</code> explicitly a 32-bit unsigned
      value.</p>
    </dd>

    <dt><code>--with-tparm-arg=intptr_t</code></dt>

    <dd>
      <p>X/Open Curses declares <a href=
      "http://invisible-island.net/ncurses/man/curs_terminfo.3x.html#h3-Formatting-Output">
      tparm</a> using <code>long</code> for each of the parameters
      aside from the formatting string, presuming that
      <code>long</code> and <code>char*</code> are the same size.
      This configure option uses <code>intptr_t</code> which
      provides a better guarantee of the sizes.</p>
    </dd>
  </dl>

  <p>The configure script no longer checks for antique compilers;
  <code>c89</code> is assumed as a minimum. There are a few
  features from later revisions which are used when available. The
  configure script makes checks to turn on useful warnings from
  clang, gcc and icc. You should be able to build <em class=
  "small-caps">ncurses</em> 6.0 with any of the current (or not so
  current) C compilers available in 2015.</p>

  <p>The configure script, by the way, makes changes which do not
  work with systems whose <code>/bin/sh</code> is non-POSIX. This
  mainly affects Solaris (the other vendor <em class=
  "small-caps">unix</em> systems have followed the POSIX guidelines
  for the past twenty years). If you must build on Solaris, its
  <a href=
  "http://docs.oracle.com/cd/E19253-01/html/817-0552/fhkpy.html">xpg4</a>
  binaries suffice, e.g.,</p>

  <blockquote class="code-block">
    <!--{{atr2html-->

    <p style="font-family: monospace; font-size: 10pt;">
    <font color="#800000">#!/bin/sh</font><br>
    <font color="#008080">WHAT</font>=<strong><em><font color=
    "#800000">`</font></em></strong>hostname|sed&nbsp;-e&nbsp;<font color="#800080">'s/\..*//'</font><strong><em><font color="#800000">`</font></em></strong><br>

    <font color="#008080">OUT</font>=configure.out<br>
    <strong><font color=
    "#000080">cat</font></strong>&nbsp;&gt;&gt;<font color=
    "#008080">$OUT</font>&nbsp;<font color=
    "#800080">&lt;&lt;EOF/</font><font color="#800080"><br>
    **&nbsp;</font><strong><em><font color=
    "#800000">`</font></em></strong>date<strong><em><font color=
    "#800000">`</font></em></strong><font color="#800080"><br>
    **&nbsp;node:&nbsp;</font><font color=
    "#008080">$WHAT</font><font color="#800080"><br>
    **&nbsp;user:&nbsp;</font><strong><em><font color=
    "#800000">`</font></em></strong>id<strong><em><font color=
    "#800000">`</font></em></strong><font color="#800080"><br>
    **&nbsp;conf:&nbsp;$*<br>
    EOF/</font><br>
    &nbsp;<br>
    <font color="#008080">SHELL</font>=/bin/sh<br>
    <strong><font color=
    "#000080">if</font></strong>&nbsp;<strong><font color=
    "#000080">test</font></strong>&nbsp;-f&nbsp;/usr/xpg4/bin/sh<br>

    <strong><font color="#000080">then</font></strong><br>
    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color=
    "#008080">CONFIG_SHELL</font>=/usr/xpg4/bin/sh<br>
    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong><font color="#000080">export</font></strong>&nbsp;CONFIG_SHELL<br>

    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color=
    "#008080">SHELL</font>=<font color=
    "#008080">$CONFIG_SHELL</font><br>
    <strong><font color="#000080">fi</font></strong><br>
    &nbsp;<br>
    rm&nbsp;-f&nbsp;config.status&nbsp;config.cache<br>
    <font color="#008080">TOP</font>=<font color=
    "#008080">$HOME</font>/<font color="#008080">$WHAT</font><br>
    <font color=
    "#008080">$SHELL</font>&nbsp;./configure&nbsp;--verbose&nbsp;\<br>

    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;--disable-echo&nbsp;\<br>

    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;--disable-overwrite&nbsp;\<br>

    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;--enable-warnings&nbsp;\<br>

    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;--with-warnings&nbsp;\<br>

    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;--prefix=<font color="#008080">$TOP</font>&nbsp;<font color="#008080">$*</font>&nbsp;<strong><font color="#008080">2</font></strong>&gt;&amp;<strong><font color="#008080">1</font></strong>&nbsp;|&nbsp;tee&nbsp;-a&nbsp;<font color="#008080">$OUT</font><br>

    <!--atr2html}}--></p>
  </blockquote>

  <p>Other major changes to the configure script include:</p>

  <ul>
    <li>
      <p>ABI 6 is now the default, intending that the existing ABI
      5 should build as before using the
      &ldquo;<code>--with-abi-version=5</code>&rdquo; option.</p>
    </li>

    <li>
      <p>added <code>--with-extra-suffix</code> option to help with
      installing nonconflicting ncurses6 packages, e.g., avoiding
      header- and library-conflicts.</p>

      <p><strong>NOTE:</strong> as a side-effect, this renames</p>

      <blockquote>
        <p><code>adacurses-config</code> to
        <code>adacurses5-config</code> and<br>
        <code>adacursesw-config</code> to
        <code>adacursesw5-config</code></p>
      </blockquote>
    </li>

    <li>
      <p>the configure script looks for gnatgcc if the Ada95
      binding is built, in preference to the default gcc/cc. The
      script also ensures that the Ada95 binding is built with the
      level of optimization as the C libraries.</p>
    </li>

    <li>
      <p>the configure script captures define's related to
      -D_XOPEN_SOURCE from the configure check and adds those to
      the *-config and *.pc files, to simplify use for the
      wide-character libraries.</p>
    </li>
  </ul>

  <h4><a name="h4-config-options" id=
  "h4-config-options">Configuration options</a></h4>

  <p>There are several new (or extended) configure options:</p>

  <dl>
    <dt><code>--disable-db-install</code></dt>

    <dd>
      <p>Do not install the terminal database. This is used to omit
      features for packages, as done with
      <code>--without-progs</code>. The option simplifies building
      cross-compile support packages.</p>
    </dd>

    <dt><code>--disable-gnat-projects</code></dt>

    <dd>
      <p>This option is used for regression testing</p>
    </dd>

    <dt><code>--disable-lib-suffixes</code></dt>

    <dd>
      <p>Suppress the &ldquo;w&rdquo;, &ldquo;t&rdquo; or
      &ldquo;tw&rdquo; suffixes which normally would be added to
      the library names for the <code>--enable-widec</code> and
      <code>--with-pthread</code> options.</p>
    </dd>

    <dt><code>--with-cxx-shared</code></dt>

    <dd>
      <p>When <code>--with-shared</code> is set, build libncurses++
      as a shared library. This implicitly relies upon building
      with gcc/g++, since other compiler suites may have
      differences in the way shared libraries are built. libtool by
      the way has similar limitations.</p>
    </dd>

    <dt><code>--with-hashed-db</code></dt>

    <dd>
      <p>Extended this configure option to simplify building with
      different versions of Berkeley database using FreeBSD
      ports.</p>
    </dd>

    <dt><code>--with-pc-suffix</code></dt>

    <dd>
      <p>If ".pc" files are installed, optionally add a suffix to
      the files and corresponding package names to separate unusual
      configurations. If no option value is given (or if it is
      "none"), no suffix is added. This option is used in the test
      package for ncurses6.</p>
    </dd>

    <dt><code>--with-xterm-kbs</code></dt>

    <dd>
      <p>Configure xterm's terminfo entries to use either BS
      (<code>^H</code>, i.e., ASCII backspace) or DEL
      (<code>^?</code>, or 127).</p>
    </dd>
  </dl>

  <h3><a name="h3-portability" id=
  "h3-portability">Portability</a></h3>

  <h4><a name="h4-port-mingw" id="h4-port-mingw">MinGW</a></h4>

  <p>Most of the portability-related work since <a href=
  "http://invisible-island.net/ncurses/announce-5.9.html"><em class="small-caps">
  ncurses</em> 5.9</a> extended and improved the MinGW port
  introduced in <a href=
  "http://invisible-island.net/ncurses/announce-5.8.html"><em class="small-caps">
  ncurses</em> 5.8</a>.</p>

  <p>The MinGW port can be readily cross-compiled:</p>

  <ul>
    <li>
      <p>modified configure script to allow creating dll's for
      MinGW when cross-compiling.</p>
    </li>

    <li>
      <p>enforced Windows-style path-separator if
      cross-compiling,</p>
    </li>

    <li>
      <p>added scripts for test-builds of cross-compiled packages
      for ncurses6 to MinGW.</p>
    </li>

    <li>
      <p>added pc-files to the MinGW cross-compiling
      test-packages.</p>
    </li>

    <li>
      <p>added script for building test-packages of binaries
      cross-compiled to MinGW using NSIS.</p>
    </li>

    <li>
      <p>added <code>nc_mingw.h</code> to installed headers for
      MinGW port; this is needed for cross-compiling <a href=
      "http://invisible-island.net/ncurses/ncurses-examples.html">ncurses-examples</a>.</p>
    </li>

    <li>
      <p>added test-packages for cross-compiling ncurses-examples
      using the MinGW test-packages.</p>
    </li>
  </ul>

  <p>The MinGW-specific Windows driver accounts for several
  changes:</p>

  <ul>
    <li>
      <p>wide-character display is made usable by replacing MinGW's
      non-working <code>wcrtomb</code> and <code>wctomb</code>
      functions.</p>
    </li>

    <li>
      <p>implemented some display features: <a href=
      "http://invisible-island.net/ncurses/man/curs_beep.3x.html">beep</a>,
      <a href=
      "http://invisible-island.net/ncurses/man/curs_beep.3x.html">flash</a>,
      <a href=
      "http://invisible-island.net/ncurses/man/curs_kernel.3x.html#h3-curs_set">
      curs_set</a>.</p>
    </li>

    <li>
      <p>the driver handles repainting on endwin/refresh
      combination.</p>
    </li>

    <li>
      <p>modified treatment of <code>TERM</code> variable for MinGW
      port to allow explicit use of the Windows console driver by
      checking if <code>$TERM</code> is set to
      &ldquo;<code>#win32console</code>&rdquo; or an abbreviation
      of that.</p>
    </li>

    <li>
      <p>the Windows driver also matches the special
      <code>TERM</code> value &ldquo;unknown&rdquo;</p>
    </li>

    <li>
      <p>the driver now returns characters for special keys, (like
      <code>ansi.sys</code> does), when keypad mode is off, rather
      than returning nothing at all.</p>
    </li>

    <li>
      <p>the driver checks a new environment variable <a href=
      "http://invisible-island.net/ncurses/man/ncurses.3x.html#h3-NCURSES_CONSOLE2">
      NCURSES_CONSOLE2</a> to optionally work around a deficiency
      in <code>Console2</code> (and its descendent
      <code>ConsoleZ</code>) which hang when an application creates
      a console buffer.</p>
    </li>
  </ul>

  <p>Finally, there are other improvements:</p>

  <ul>
    <li>
      <p>MinGW is one of the configurations where <em class=
      "small-caps">ncurses</em> installs by default into /usr</p>
    </li>

    <li>configuration for cross-compiling uses AC_CHECK_TOOLS in
    preference to AC_PATH_PROGS when searching for ncurses*-config,
    e.g., in Ada95/configure and test/configure.</li>

    <li>
      <p>extend Windows support to work with MSYS2;</p>

      <ul>
        <li>
          <p>this works with a scenario where there is an
          ANSI-escape handler such as <code>ansicon</code> running
          in the console window.</p>
        </li>

        <li>wrap <code>isatty</code> calls with a macro, provide a
        corresponding set of support routines to address
        differences between MinGW and MSYS2.</li>
      </ul>
    </li>

    <li>
      <p>ensure <code>WINVER</code> is defined in makefiles rather
      than using headers.</p>
    </li>

    <li>
      <p>add check for the <code>gnatprep</code>
      &ldquo;<code>-T</code>&rdquo; option.</p>
    </li>

    <li>
      <p>work around a bug introduced by <a href=
      "http://stackoverflow.com/questions/20877689/gcc-4-8-1-minggw-d-option-does-not-work-as-usual">
      gcc 4.8.1</a> in MinGW which breaks "trace" feature.</p>
    </li>

    <li>
      <p>add a driver-name method to each of the drivers.</p>
    </li>
  </ul>

  <h4><a name="h4-port-systems" id="h4-port-systems">Other
  ports</a></h4>

  <p>These changes affect certain platforms (ports):</p>

  <ul>
    <li>
      <p>the configure script knows how to build shared libraries
      with DragonFlyBSD and Interix.</p>
    </li>

    <li>
      <p>support for AIX shared libraries is improved, tested with
      AIX 5.3, 6.1 and 7.1 with both gcc 4.2.4 and cc:</p>

      <ul>
        <li>
          <p>the shared-library suffix for AIX 5 and 6 is now
          ".so"</p>
        </li>

        <li>
          <p>the <code>-brtl</code> option is used with AIX 5-7; it
          is needed to link with the shared libraries.</p>
        </li>
      </ul>
    </li>

    <li>
      <p>the configure <code>--enable-pc-files</code> option takes
      into account the <a href=
      "http://linux.die.net/man/1/pkg-config"><code>PKG_CONFIG_PATH</code></a>
      variable.</p>
    </li>

    <li>
      <p>the configure option <code>--with-pkg-config-libdir</code>
      provides control over the actual directory into which
      pc-files are installed.</p>
    </li>

    <li>
      <p>the build scripts add explicit -ltinfo, etc., to the
      generated ".pc" file when <code>ld</code> option
      &ldquo;<code>--as-needed</code>&rdquo; is used, or when
      ncurses and tinfo are installed without using rpath.</p>
    </li>

    <li>
      <p>the configure script disallows conflicting options
      &ldquo;<code>--with-termlib</code>&rdquo; and
      &ldquo;<code>--enable-term-driver</code>&rdquo;.</p>
    </li>

    <li>
      <p>the check for missing c++ compiler to work when no error
      is reported, and no variables set is improved (see note for
      <a href=
      "http://invisible-island.net/ncurses/NEWS.html#t20021206">20021206</a>).</p>
    </li>

    <li>
      <p>the misc/gen_edit.sh script selects a "linux" entry which
      works with the current kernel rather than assuming it is
      always "linux3.0"</p>
    </li>

    <li>
      <p>the test/configure script makes it simpler to override
      names of curses-related libraries, to help with linking with
      pdcurses in MinGW environment.</p>
    </li>

    <li>
      <p>the configure-script/ifdef's allow the BSD OLD_TTY feature
      to be suppressed if the type of <code>ospeed</code> is
      configured using the option <code>--with-ospeed</code> to not
      be a <code>short</code>. By default, it is a
      <code>short</code> for termcap-compatibility.</p>
    </li>

    <li>
      <p>the MKlib_gen.sh script works around a recent change in
      gcc 5 (released <a href=
      "https://gcc.gnu.org/gcc-5/">mid-2015</a>) which essentially
      emits multiple <code>#line</code> statements for the same
      position in a file.</p>
    </li>

    <li>
      <p>the configure script works with Minix3.2 (see <a href=
      "http://invisible-island.net/autoconf/portability-test.html">note</a>
      on portability)</p>
    </li>

    <li>
      <p>OS/2 redux:</p>

      <ul>
        <li>
          <p>the configure script supports OS/2 kLIBC.</p>
        </li>

        <li>
          <p>the <code>--with-lib-prefix</code> option allows
          configuring for old/new flavors of OS/2 EMX.</p>
        </li>
      </ul>
    </li>

    <li>
      <p>improved configure-script checks for
      <code>_XOPEN_SOURCE</code>:</p>

      <ul>
        <li>
          <p>the definition works starting with Solaris 10.</p>
        </li>

        <li>
          <p>the definition is suppressed for IRIX64, since its
          header files have a conflict versus
          <code>_SGI_SOURCE</code>.</p>
        </li>
      </ul>
    </li>
  </ul>
  <hr>

  <h2><a name="h2-features" id="h2-features">Features of <em class=
  "small-caps">ncurses</em></a></h2>

  <p>The <em class="small-caps">ncurses</em> package is fully
  upward-compatible with SVr4 (System V Release 4) curses:</p>

  <ul>
    <li>
      <p>All of the SVr4 calls have been implemented (and are
      documented).</p>
    </li>

    <li>
      <p><em class="small-caps">ncurses</em> supports all of the
      for SVr4 curses features including keyboard mapping, color,
      forms-drawing with ACS characters, and automatic recognition
      of keypad and function keys.</p>
    </li>

    <li>
      <p><em class="small-caps">ncurses</em> provides these SVr4
      add-on libraries (not part of X/Open Curses):</p>

      <ul>
        <li>
          <p>the panels library, supporting a stack of windows with
          backing store.</p>
        </li>

        <li>
          <p>the menus library, supporting a uniform but flexible
          interface for menu programming.</p>
        </li>

        <li>
          <p>the form library, supporting data collection through
          on-screen forms.</p>
        </li>
      </ul>
    </li>

    <li>
      <p><em class="small-caps">ncurses</em>'s terminal database is
      fully compatible with that used by SVr4 curses.</p>

      <ul>
        <li><em class="small-caps">ncurses</em> supports
        user-defined capabilities which it can see, but which are
        hidden from SVr4 curses applications using the
        <em>same</em> terminal database.</li>

        <li>
          <p>It can be optionally configured to match the format
          used in related systems such as AIX and Tru64.</p>
        </li>

        <li>
          <p>Alternatively, <em class="small-caps">ncurses</em> can
          be configured to use hashed databases rather than the
          directory of files used by SVr4 curses.</p>
        </li>
      </ul>
    </li>

    <li>
      <p>The <em class="small-caps">ncurses</em> utilities have
      options to allow you to filter terminfo entries for use with
      less capable <em>curses</em>/<em>terminfo</em> versions such
      as the HP/UX and AIX ports.</p>
    </li>
  </ul>

  <p>The <em class="small-caps">ncurses</em> package also has many
  useful extensions over SVr4:</p>

  <ul>
    <li>
      <p>The API is 8-bit clean and base-level conformant with the
      X/OPEN curses specification, XSI curses (that is, it
      implements all BASE level features, and most EXTENDED
      features). It includes many function calls not supported
      under SVr4 curses (but portability of all calls is documented
      so you can use the SVr4 subset only).</p>
    </li>

    <li>
      <p>Unlike SVr3 curses, <em class="small-caps">ncurses</em>
      can write to the rightmost-bottommost corner of the screen if
      your terminal has an insert-character capability.</p>
    </li>

    <li>
      <p>Ada95 and C++ bindings.</p>
    </li>

    <li>
      <p>Support for mouse event reporting with X Window xterm and
      FreeBSD and OS/2 console windows.</p>
    </li>

    <li>
      <p>Extended mouse support via Alessandro Rubini's gpm
      package.</p>
    </li>

    <li>
      <p>The function <code>wresize</code> allows you to resize
      windows, preserving their data.</p>
    </li>

    <li>
      <p>The function <code>use_default_colors</code> allows you to
      use the terminal's default colors for the default color pair,
      achieving the effect of transparent colors.</p>
    </li>

    <li>
      <p>The functions <code>keyok</code> and
      <code>define_key</code> allow you to better control the use
      of function keys, e.g., disabling the <em class=
      "small-caps">ncurses</em> KEY_MOUSE, or by defining more than
      one control sequence to map to a given key code.</p>
    </li>

    <li>
      <p>Support for 256-color terminals, such as modern xterm.</p>
    </li>

    <li>
      <p>Support for 16-color terminals, such as <em>aixterm</em>
      and <em>modern xterm</em>.</p>
    </li>

    <li>
      <p>Better cursor-movement optimization. The package now
      features a cursor-local-movement computation more efficient
      than either BSD's or System V's.</p>
    </li>

    <li>
      <p>Super hardware scrolling support. The screen-update code
      incorporates a novel, simple, and cheap algorithm that
      enables it to make optimal use of hardware scrolling,
      line-insertion, and line-deletion for screen-line movements.
      This algorithm is more powerful than the 4.4BSD curses
      <code>quickch</code> routine.</p>
    </li>

    <li>
      <p>Real support for terminals with the magic-cookie glitch.
      The screen-update code will refrain from drawing a highlight
      if the magic- cookie unattributed spaces required just before
      the beginning and after the end would step on a non-space
      character. It will automatically shift highlight boundaries
      when doing so would make it possible to draw the highlight
      without changing the visual appearance of the screen.</p>
    </li>

    <li>
      <p>It is possible to generate the library with a list of
      pre-loaded fallback entries linked to it so that it can serve
      those terminal types even when no terminfo tree or termcap
      file is accessible (this may be useful for support of
      screen-oriented programs that must run in single-user
      mode).</p>
    </li>

    <li>
      <p>The <a href=
      "http://invisible-island.net/ncurses/man/tic.1m.html">tic</a>/<a href="http://invisible-island.net/ncurses/man/captoinfo.1m.html">captoinfo</a>
      utility provided with <em class="small-caps">ncurses</em> has
      the ability to translate many termcaps from the XENIX, IBM
      and AT&amp;T extension sets.</p>
    </li>

    <li>
      <p>A BSD-like <a href=
      "http://invisible-island.net/ncurses/man/tset.1.html">tset</a>
      utility is provided.</p>
    </li>

    <li>
      <p>The <em class="small-caps">ncurses</em> library and
      utilities will automatically read terminfo entries from
      $HOME/.terminfo if it exists, and compile to that directory
      if it exists and the user has no write access to the system
      directory. This feature makes it easier for users to have
      personal terminfo entries without giving up access to the
      system terminfo directory.</p>
    </li>

    <li>
      <p>You may specify a path of directories to search for
      compiled descriptions with the environment variable
      TERMINFO_DIRS (this generalizes the feature provided by
      TERMINFO under stock System V.)</p>
    </li>

    <li>
      <p>In terminfo source files, use capabilities may refer not
      just to other entries in the same source file (as in System
      V) but also to compiled entries in either the system terminfo
      directory or the user's $HOME/.terminfo directory.</p>
    </li>

    <li>
      <p>The table-of-entries utility <a href=
      "http://invisible-island.net/ncurses/man/toe.1m.html">toe</a>
      makes it easy for users to see exactly what terminal types
      are available on the system.</p>
    </li>

    <li>
      <p>The library meets the XSI requirement that every macro
      entry point have a corresponding function which may be linked
      (and will be prototype-checked) if the macro definition is
      disabled with <code>#undef</code>.</p>
    </li>

    <li>
      <p>Extensive documentation is provided (see the <em><a href=
      "http://invisible-island.net/ncurses/ncurses.faq.html#additional_reading">
      Additional Reading</a></em> section of the <em><a href=
      "http://invisible-island.net/ncurses/ncurses.faq.html"><em class="small-caps">
      ncurses</em> FAQ</a></em> for online documentation).</p>
    </li>
  </ul>

  <h2><a name="h2-who-uses" id="h2-who-uses">Applications using
  <em class="small-caps">ncurses</em></a></h2>

  <p>The <em class="small-caps">ncurses</em> distribution includes
  a selection of test programs (including a few games). These are
  available separately as <a href=
  "http://invisible-island.net/ncurses/ncurses-examples.html">ncurses-examples</a></p>

  <p>The ncurses library has been tested with a wide variety of
  applications including:</p>

  <blockquote>
    <dl>
      <dt>cdk</dt>

      <dd>
        <p>Curses Development Kit</p>

        <p><a href=
        "http://invisible-island.net/cdk/">http://invisible-island.net/cdk/</a><br>
        </p>
      </dd>

      <dt>ded</dt>

      <dd>
        <p>directory-editor</p>

        <p><a href=
        "http://invisible-island.net/ded/">http://invisible-island.net/ded/</a></p>
      </dd>

      <dt>dialog</dt>

      <dd>
        <p>the underlying application used in Slackware's setup,
        and the basis for similar install/configure applications on
        many systems.</p>

        <p><a href=
        "http://invisible-island.net/dialog/">http://invisible-island.net/dialog/</a></p>
      </dd>

      <dt>lynx</dt>

      <dd>
        <p>the text WWW browser</p>

        <p><a href=
        "http://lynx.isc.org/">http://lynx.isc.org/</a></p>
      </dd>

      <dt>Midnight Commander</dt>

      <dd>
        <p>file manager</p>

        <p><a href=
        "http://www.midnight-commander.org/">http://www.midnight-commander.org/</a></p>
      </dd>

      <dt>mutt</dt>

      <dd>
        <p>mail utility</p>

        <p><a href=
        "http://www.mutt.org/">http://www.mutt.org/</a></p>
      </dd>

      <dt>ncftp</dt>

      <dd>
        <p>file-transfer utility</p>

        <p><a href=
        "http://www.ncftp.com/">http://www.ncftp.com/</a></p>
      </dd>

      <dt>nvi</dt>

      <dd>
        <p>New vi uses ncurses.</p>

        <p><a href=
        "https://sites.google.com/a/bostic.com/keithbostic/nvi">https://sites.google.com/a/bostic.com/keithbostic/nvi</a><br>
        </p>
      </dd>

      <dt>tin</dt>

      <dd>
        <p>newsreader, supporting color, MIME</p>

        <p><a href=
        "http://www.tin.org/">http://www.tin.org/</a></p>
      </dd>
    </dl>
  </blockquote>

  <p>as well as some that use <em class="small-caps">ncurses</em>
  for the terminfo support alone:</p>

  <blockquote>
    <dl>
      <dt>minicom</dt>

      <dd>
        <p>terminal emulator for serial modem connections</p>

        <p><a href=
        "http://alioth.debian.org/projects/minicom/">http://alioth.debian.org/projects/minicom/</a></p>
      </dd>

      <dt>mosh</dt>

      <dd>
        <p>a replacement for <code>ssh</code>.</p>

        <p><a href=
        "https://mosh.mit.edu/">https://mosh.mit.edu/</a></p>
      </dd>

      <dt>tack</dt>

      <dd>
        <p>terminfo action checker</p>

        <p><a href=
        "http://invisible-island.net/ncurses/tack.html">http://invisible-island.net/ncurses/tack.html</a></p>
      </dd>

      <dt>tmux</dt>

      <dd>
        <p>terminal multiplexor</p>

        <p><a href=
        "http://tmux.github.io/">http://tmux.github.io/</a></p>
      </dd>

      <dt>vile</dt>

      <dd>
        <p>vi-like-emacs may be built to use the terminfo, termcap
        or curses interfaces.</p>

        <p><a href=
        "http://invisible-island.net/vile/">http://invisible-island.net/vile/</a></p>
      </dd>
    </dl>
  </blockquote>

  <p>and finally, those which use only the termcap interface:</p>

  <blockquote>
    <dl>
      <dt>emacs</dt>

      <dd>
        <p>text editor</p>

        <p><a href=
        "http://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/">http://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/</a></p>
      </dd>

      <dt>screen</dt>

      <dd>
        <p>terminal multiplexor</p>

        <p><a href=
        "http://www.gnu.org/software/screen/">http://www.gnu.org/software/screen/</a></p>
      </dd>

      <dt>vim</dt>

      <dd>
        <p>text editor</p>

        <p><a href=
        "http://www.vim.org/">http://www.vim.org/</a></p>
      </dd>
    </dl>
  </blockquote>

  <h2><a name="h2-development" id="h2-development">Development
  activities</a></h2>

  <p>Zeyd Ben-Halim started <em class="small-caps">ncurses</em>
  from a previous package pcurses, written by Pavel Curtis. Eric S.
  Raymond continued development. J&uuml;rgen Pfeifer wrote most of
  the form and menu libraries. Ongoing development work is done by
  <a href="mailto:dickey@invisible-island.net">Thomas Dickey</a>.
  Thomas Dickey also acts as the maintainer for the Free Software
  Foundation, which holds the <a href=
  "http://invisible-island.net/ncurses/ncurses-license.html">copyright
  on ncurses</a>.</p>

  <p>Contact the current maintainers at</p>

  <blockquote>
    <a href="mailto:bug-ncurses@gnu.org">bug-ncurses@gnu.org</a>
  </blockquote>

  <p>To join the ncurses mailing list, please write email to</p>

  <blockquote>
    <a href=
    "mailto:bug-ncurses-request@gnu.org">bug-ncurses-request@gnu.org</a>
  </blockquote>containing the line:

  <blockquote>
    <p><code>subscribe</code>
    <em>&lt;name&gt;@&lt;host.domain&gt;</em></p>
  </blockquote>

  <p>This list is open to anyone interested in helping with the
  development and testing of this package.</p>

  <p>Beta versions of <em class="small-caps">ncurses</em> and
  patches to the current release are made available at</p>

  <blockquote>
    <p><a href=
    "ftp://invisible-island.net/ncurses/">ftp://invisible-island.net/ncurses/</a>&nbsp;.</p>
  </blockquote>

  <p>There is an archive of the mailing list here:</p>

  <blockquote>
    <p><a href=
    "http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/bug-ncurses">http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/bug-ncurses</a>
    (also <a href=
    "https://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/bug-ncurses">https</a>)</p>
  </blockquote>

  <h2><a name="h2-this-stuff" id="h2-this-stuff">Related
  resources</a></h2>

  <p>The release notes make scattered references to these pages,
  which may be interesting by themselves:</p>

  <ul>
    <li><a href=
    "http://invisible-island.net/scripts/man2html.html">man2html</a></li>

    <li><a href=
    "http://invisible-island.nethttp://invisible-island.net/ncurses/ncurses-license.html">
    <em class="small-caps">ncurses</em> licensing</a></li>

    <li><a href=
    "http://invisible-island.net/ncurses/ncurses-mapsyms.html">Symbol
    versioning in <em class="small-caps">ncurses</em></a></li>

    <li><a href=
    "http://invisible-island.net/ncurses/ncurses-mingw.html">The
    MinGW port of <em class="small-caps">ncurses</em></a></li>

    <li><a href=
    "http://invisible-island.net/ncurses/tack.html">tack &ndash;
    terminfo action checker</a></li>

    <li><a href=
    "http://invisible-island.net/autoconf/portability-tar.html">tar
    versus portability</a></li>

    <li><a href=
    "http://invisible-island.net/ncurses/tctest.html">tctest
    &ndash; termcap library checker</a></li>

    <li><a href=
    "http://invisible-island.net/ncurses/ncurses.html#download_database">
    Terminal Database</a></li>
  </ul>

  <h2><a name="h2-other-stuff" id="h2-other-stuff">Other
  resources</a></h2>

  <p>The distribution provides a newer version of the
  terminfo-format terminal description file once maintained by
  <a href="http://www.catb.org/~esr/terminfo/">Eric
  Raymond</a>&nbsp;. Unlike the older version, the termcap and
  terminfo data are provided in the same file, and provides several
  user-definable extensions beyond the X/Open specification.</p>

  <p>You can find lots of information on terminal-related topics
  not covered in the terminfo file at <a href=
  "http://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.cs.utk.edu/~shuford/terminal">
  Richard Shuford's archive</a>&nbsp;.</p>

  <div class="nav">
    <ul>
      <li><a href="#h2-overview">Overview</a></li>

      <li>
        <a href="#h2-release-notes">Release Notes</a>

        <ul>
          <li>
            <a href="#h3-library">Library improvements</a>

            <ul>
              <li><a href="#h3-lib-setbuf">Output
              buffering</a></li>

              <li><a href="#h3-lib-versioning">Symbol
              versioning</a></li>

              <li><a href="#h3-lib-other">Miscellaneous</a></li>
            </ul>
          </li>

          <li>
            <a href="#h3-programs">Program improvements</a>

            <ul>
              <li><a href="#h4-utilities">Utilities</a></li>

              <li><a href="#h4-examples">Examples</a></li>
            </ul>
          </li>

          <li><a href="#h3-database">Terminal database</a></li>

          <li><a href="#h3-documentation">Documentation</a></li>

          <li><a href="#h3-bug-fixes">Interesting
          bug-fixes</a></li>

          <li>
            <a href="#h3-config-config">Configuration changes</a>

            <ul>
              <li><a href="#h4-config-major">Major changes</a></li>

              <li><a href="#h4-config-options">Configuration
              options</a></li>
            </ul>
          </li>

          <li>
            <a href="#h3-portability">Portability</a>

            <ul>
              <li><a href="#h4-port-mingw">MinGW</a></li>

              <li><a href="#h4-port-systems">Other ports</a></li>
            </ul>
          </li>
        </ul>
      </li>

      <li><a href="#h2-features">Features of <em class=
      "small-caps">ncurses</em></a></li>

      <li><a href="#h2-who-uses">Applications using <em class=
      "small-caps">ncurses</em></a></li>

      <li><a href="#h2-development">Development activities</a></li>

      <li><a href="#h2-this-stuff">Related resources</a></li>

      <li><a href="#h2-other-stuff">Other resources</a></li>
    </ul>
  </div>
</body>
</html>