githubmirror/libmicrohttpd

src/microhttpd/digestauth.c
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silvioprog
Sanitized all log and error messages.
09 май 2020, 20:11
09 май 2020, 20:11f84bdf0
/*
     This file is part of libmicrohttpd
     Copyright (C) 2010, 2011, 2012, 2015, 2018 Daniel Pittman and Christian Grothoff

     This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
     modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
     License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
     version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.

     This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
     but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
     MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
     Lesser General Public License for more details.

     You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
     License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
     Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301  USA
*/
/**
 * @file digestauth.c
 * @brief Implements HTTP digest authentication
 * @author Amr Ali
 * @author Matthieu Speder
 * @author Christian Grothoff (RFC 7616 support)
 */
#include "platform.h"
#include "mhd_limits.h"
#include "internal.h"
#include "md5.h"
#include "sha256.h"
#include "mhd_mono_clock.h"
#include "mhd_str.h"
#include "mhd_compat.h"

#if defined(MHD_W32_MUTEX_)
#ifndef WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN
#define WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN 1
#endif /* !WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN */
#include <windows.h>
#endif /* MHD_W32_MUTEX_ */

/**
 * 32 bit value is 4 bytes
 */
#define TIMESTAMP_BIN_SIZE 4

/**
 * Standard server nonce length, not including terminating null,
 *
 * @param digest_size digest size
 */
#define NONCE_STD_LEN(digest_size) \
  ((digest_size) * 2 + TIMESTAMP_BIN_SIZE * 2)


/**
 * Maximum size of any digest hash supported by MHD.
 * (SHA-256 > MD5).
 */
#define MAX_DIGEST SHA256_DIGEST_SIZE

/**
 * Macro to avoid using VLAs if the compiler does not support them.
 */
#if __STDC_NO_VLA__
/**
 * Return #MAX_DIGEST.
 *
 * @param n length of the digest to be used for a VLA
 */
#define VLA_ARRAY_LEN_DIGEST(n) (MAX_DIGEST)

#else
/**
 * Return @a n.
 *
 * @param n length of the digest to be used for a VLA
 */
#define VLA_ARRAY_LEN_DIGEST(n) (n)
#endif

/**
 * Check that @a n is below #MAX_NONCE
 */
#define VLA_CHECK_LEN_DIGEST(n) do { if ((n) > MAX_DIGEST) mhd_panic ( \
                                       mhd_panic_cls, __FILE__, __LINE__, \
                                       "VLA too big.\n"); } while (0)


/**
 * Beginning string for any valid Digest authentication header.
 */
#define _BASE   "Digest "

/**
 * Maximum length of a username for digest authentication.
 */
#define MAX_USERNAME_LENGTH 128

/**
 * Maximum length of a realm for digest authentication.
 */
#define MAX_REALM_LENGTH 256

/**
 * Maximum length of the response in digest authentication.
 */
#define MAX_AUTH_RESPONSE_LENGTH 256


/**
 * Context passed to functions that need to calculate
 * a digest but are orthogonal to the specific
 * algorithm.
 */
struct DigestAlgorithm
{
  /**
   * Size of the final digest returned by @e digest.
   */
  unsigned int digest_size;

  /**
   * A context for the digest algorithm, already initialized to be
   * useful for @e init, @e update and @e digest.
   */
  void *ctx;

  /**
   * Name of the algorithm, "md5" or "sha-256"
   */
  const char *alg;

  /**
   * Buffer of @e digest_size * 2 + 1 bytes.
   */
  char *sessionkey;

  /**
   * Call to initialize @e ctx.
   */
  void
  (*init)(void *ctx);

  /**
   * Feed more data into the digest function.
   *
   * @param ctx context to feed
   * @param length number of bytes in @a data
   * @param data data to add
   */
  void
  (*update)(void *ctx,
            const uint8_t *data,
            size_t length);

  /**
   * Compute final @a digest.
   *
   * @param ctx context to use
   * @param[out] digest where to write the result,
   *        must be @e digest_length bytes long
   */
  void
  (*digest)(void *ctx,
            uint8_t *digest);
};


/**
 * convert bin to hex
 *
 * @param bin binary data
 * @param len number of bytes in bin
 * @param hex pointer to len*2+1 bytes
 */
static void
cvthex (const unsigned char *bin,
        size_t len,
        char *hex)
{
  size_t i;
  unsigned int j;

  for (i = 0; i < len; ++i)
  {
    j = (bin[i] >> 4) & 0x0f;
    hex[i * 2] = (char) ((j <= 9) ? (j + '0') : (j - 10 + 'a'));
    j = bin[i] & 0x0f;
    hex[i * 2 + 1] = (char) ((j <= 9) ? (j + '0') : (j - 10 + 'a'));
  }
  hex[len * 2] = '\0';
}


/**
 * calculate H(A1) from given hash as per RFC2617 spec
 * and store the * result in 'sessionkey'.
 *
 * @param alg The hash algorithm used, can be "md5" or "md5-sess"
 *            or "sha-256" or "sha-256-sess"
 *    Note that the rest of the code does not support the the "-sess" variants!
 * @param[in,out] da digest implementation, must match @a alg; the
 *          da->sessionkey will be initialized to the digest in HEX
 * @param digest An `unsigned char *' pointer to the binary MD5 sum
 *      for the precalculated hash value "username:realm:password"
 *      of #MHD_MD5_DIGEST_SIZE or #MHD_SHA256_DIGEST_SIZE bytes
 * @param nonce A `char *' pointer to the nonce value
 * @param cnonce A `char *' pointer to the cnonce value
 */
static void
digest_calc_ha1_from_digest (const char *alg,
                             struct DigestAlgorithm *da,
                             const uint8_t *digest,
                             const char *nonce,
                             const char *cnonce)
{
  if ( (MHD_str_equal_caseless_ (alg,
                                 "md5-sess")) ||
       (MHD_str_equal_caseless_ (alg,
                                 "sha-256-sess")) )
  {
    uint8_t dig[VLA_ARRAY_LEN_DIGEST (da->digest_size)];

    VLA_CHECK_LEN_DIGEST (da->digest_size);
    da->init (da->ctx);
    da->update (da->ctx,
                digest,
                MHD_MD5_DIGEST_SIZE);
    da->update (da->ctx,
                (const unsigned char *) ":",
                1);
    da->update (da->ctx,
                (const unsigned char *) nonce,
                strlen (nonce));
    da->update (da->ctx,
                (const unsigned char *) ":",
                1);
    da->update (da->ctx,
                (const unsigned char *) cnonce,
                strlen (cnonce));
    da->digest (da->ctx,
                dig);
    cvthex (dig,
            sizeof (dig),
            da->sessionkey);
  }
  else
  {
    cvthex (digest,
            da->digest_size,
            da->sessionkey);
  }
}


/**
 * calculate H(A1) from username, realm and password as per RFC2617 spec
 * and store the result in 'sessionkey'.
 *
 * @param alg The hash algorithm used, can be "md5" or "md5-sess"
 *             or "sha-256" or "sha-256-sess"
 * @param username A `char *' pointer to the username value
 * @param realm A `char *' pointer to the realm value
 * @param password A `char *' pointer to the password value
 * @param nonce A `char *' pointer to the nonce value
 * @param cnonce A `char *' pointer to the cnonce value
 * @param[in,out] da digest algorithm to use, and where to write
 *         the sessionkey to
 */
static void
digest_calc_ha1_from_user (const char *alg,
                           const char *username,
                           const char *realm,
                           const char *password,
                           const char *nonce,
                           const char *cnonce,
                           struct DigestAlgorithm *da)
{
  unsigned char ha1[VLA_ARRAY_LEN_DIGEST (da->digest_size)];

  VLA_CHECK_LEN_DIGEST (da->digest_size);
  da->init (da->ctx);
  da->update (da->ctx,
              (const unsigned char *) username,
              strlen (username));
  da->update (da->ctx,
              (const unsigned char *) ":",
              1);
  da->update (da->ctx,
              (const unsigned char *) realm,
              strlen (realm));
  da->update (da->ctx,
              (const unsigned char *) ":",
              1);
  da->update (da->ctx,
              (const unsigned char *) password,
              strlen (password));
  da->digest (da->ctx,
              ha1);
  digest_calc_ha1_from_digest (alg,
                               da,
                               ha1,
                               nonce,
                               cnonce);
}


/**
 * Calculate request-digest/response-digest as per RFC2617 / RFC7616
 * spec.
 *
 * @param ha1 H(A1), twice the @a da->digest_size + 1 bytes (0-terminated),
 *        MUST NOT be aliased with `da->sessionkey`!
 * @param nonce nonce from server
 * @param noncecount 8 hex digits
 * @param cnonce client nonce
 * @param qop qop-value: "", "auth" or "auth-int" (NOTE: only 'auth' is supported today.)
 * @param method method from request
 * @param uri requested URL
 * @param hentity H(entity body) if qop="auth-int"
 * @param[in,out] da digest algorithm to use, also
 *        we write da->sessionkey (set to response request-digest or response-digest)
 */
static void
digest_calc_response (const char *ha1,
                      const char *nonce,
                      const char *noncecount,
                      const char *cnonce,
                      const char *qop,
                      const char *method,
                      const char *uri,
                      const char *hentity,
                      struct DigestAlgorithm *da)
{
  unsigned char ha2[VLA_ARRAY_LEN_DIGEST (da->digest_size)];
  unsigned char resphash[VLA_ARRAY_LEN_DIGEST (da->digest_size)];
  (void) hentity; /* Unused. Silence compiler warning. */

  VLA_CHECK_LEN_DIGEST (da->digest_size);
  da->init (da->ctx);
  da->update (da->ctx,
              (const unsigned char *) method,
              strlen (method));
  da->update (da->ctx,
              (const unsigned char *) ":",
              1);
  da->update (da->ctx,
              (const unsigned char *) uri,
              strlen (uri));
#if 0
  if (0 == strcasecmp (qop,
                       "auth-int"))
  {
    /* This is dead code since the rest of this module does
 not support auth-int. */
    da->update (da->ctx,
                ":",
                1);
    if (NULL != hentity)
      da->update (da->ctx,
                  hentity,
                  strlen (hentity));
  }
#endif
  da->digest (da->ctx,
              ha2);
  cvthex (ha2,
          da->digest_size,
          da->sessionkey);
  da->init (da->ctx);
  /* calculate response */
  da->update (da->ctx,
              (const unsigned char *) ha1,
              da->digest_size * 2);
  da->update (da->ctx,
              (const unsigned char *) ":",
              1);
  da->update (da->ctx,
              (const unsigned char *) nonce,
              strlen (nonce));
  da->update (da->ctx,
              (const unsigned char*) ":",
              1);
  if ('\0' != *qop)
  {
    da->update (da->ctx,
                (const unsigned char *) noncecount,
                strlen (noncecount));
    da->update (da->ctx,
                (const unsigned char *) ":",
                1);
    da->update (da->ctx,
                (const unsigned char *) cnonce,
                strlen (cnonce));
    da->update (da->ctx,
                (const unsigned char *) ":",
                1);
    da->update (da->ctx,
                (const unsigned char *) qop,
                strlen (qop));
    da->update (da->ctx,
                (const unsigned char *) ":",
                1);
  }
  da->update (da->ctx,
              (const unsigned char *) da->sessionkey,
              da->digest_size * 2);
  da->digest (da->ctx,
              resphash);
  cvthex (resphash,
          sizeof(resphash),
          da->sessionkey);
}


/**
 * Lookup subvalue off of the HTTP Authorization header.
 *
 * A description of the input format for 'data' is at
 * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digest_access_authentication
 *
 *
 * @param dest where to store the result (possibly truncated if
 *             the buffer is not big enough).
 * @param size size of dest
 * @param data pointer to the Authorization header
 * @param key key to look up in data
 * @return size of the located value, 0 if otherwise
 */
static size_t
lookup_sub_value (char *dest,
                  size_t size,
                  const char *data,
                  const char *key)
{
  size_t keylen;
  size_t len;
  const char *ptr;
  const char *eq;
  const char *q1;
  const char *q2;
  const char *qn;

  if (0 == size)
    return 0;
  keylen = strlen (key);
  ptr = data;
  while ('\0' != *ptr)
  {
    if (NULL == (eq = strchr (ptr,
                              '=')))
      return 0;
    q1 = eq + 1;
    while (' ' == *q1)
      q1++;
    if ('\"' != *q1)
    {
      q2 = strchr (q1,
                   ',');
      qn = q2;
    }
    else
    {
      q1++;
      q2 = strchr (q1,
                   '\"');
      if (NULL == q2)
        return 0; /* end quote not found */
      qn = q2 + 1;
    }
    if ( (MHD_str_equal_caseless_n_ (ptr,
                                     key,
                                     keylen)) &&
         (eq == &ptr[keylen]) )
    {
      if (NULL == q2)
      {
        len = strlen (q1) + 1;
        if (size > len)
          size = len;
        size--;
        memcpy (dest,
                q1,
                size);
        dest[size] = '\0';
        return size;
      }
      else
      {
        if (size > (size_t) ((q2 - q1) + 1))
          size = (q2 - q1) + 1;
        size--;
        memcpy (dest,
                q1,
                size);
        dest[size] = '\0';
        return size;
      }
    }
    if (NULL == qn)
      return 0;
    ptr = strchr (qn,
                  ',');
    if (NULL == ptr)
      return 0;
    ptr++;
    while (' ' == *ptr)
      ptr++;
  }
  return 0;
}


/**
 * Check nonce-nc map array with either new nonce counter
 * or a whole new nonce.
 *
 * @param connection The MHD connection structure
 * @param nonce A pointer that referenced a zero-terminated array of nonce
 * @param nc The nonce counter, zero to add the nonce to the array
 * @return #MHD_YES if successful, #MHD_NO if invalid (or we have no NC array)
 */
static enum MHD_Result
check_nonce_nc (struct MHD_Connection *connection,
                const char *nonce,
                uint64_t nc)
{
  struct MHD_Daemon *daemon = connection->daemon;
  struct MHD_NonceNc *nn;
  uint32_t off;
  uint32_t mod;
  const char *np;
  size_t noncelen;

  noncelen = strlen (nonce) + 1;
  if (MAX_NONCE_LENGTH < noncelen)
    return MHD_NO; /* This should be impossible, but static analysis
                      tools have a hard time with it *and* this also
                      protects against unsafe modifications that may
                      happen in the future... */
  mod = daemon->nonce_nc_size;
  if (0 == mod)
    return MHD_NO; /* no array! */
  /* super-fast xor-based "hash" function for HT lookup in nonce array */
  off = 0;
  np = nonce;
  while ('\0' != *np)
  {
    off = (off << 8) | (*np ^ (off >> 24));
    np++;
  }
  off = off % mod;
  /*
   * Look for the nonce, if it does exist and its corresponding
   * nonce counter is less than the current nonce counter by 1,
   * then only increase the nonce counter by one.
   */nn = &daemon->nnc[off];
#if defined(MHD_USE_POSIX_THREADS) || defined(MHD_USE_W32_THREADS)
  MHD_mutex_lock_chk_ (&daemon->nnc_lock);
#endif
  if (0 == nc)
  {
    /* Fresh nonce, reinitialize array */
    memcpy (nn->nonce,
            nonce,
            noncelen);
    nn->nc = 0;
    nn->nmask = 0;
#if defined(MHD_USE_POSIX_THREADS) || defined(MHD_USE_W32_THREADS)
    MHD_mutex_unlock_chk_ (&daemon->nnc_lock);
#endif
    return MHD_YES;
  }
  /* Note that we use 64 here, as we do not store the
     bit for 'nn->nc' itself in 'nn->nmask' */
  if ( (nc < nn->nc) &&
       (nc + 64 > nc /* checking for overflow */) &&
       (nc + 64 >= nn->nc) &&
       (0 == ((1LLU << (nn->nc - nc - 1)) & nn->nmask)) )
  {
    /* Out-of-order nonce, but within 64-bit bitmask, set bit */
    nn->nmask |= (1LLU << (nn->nc - nc - 1));
#if defined(MHD_USE_POSIX_THREADS) || defined(MHD_USE_W32_THREADS)
    MHD_mutex_unlock_chk_ (&daemon->nnc_lock);
#endif
    return MHD_YES;
  }

  if ( (nc <= nn->nc) ||
       (0 != strcmp (nn->nonce,
                     nonce)) )
  {
    /* Nonce does not match, fail */
#if defined(MHD_USE_POSIX_THREADS) || defined(MHD_USE_W32_THREADS)
    MHD_mutex_unlock_chk_ (&daemon->nnc_lock);
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_MESSAGES
    MHD_DLOG (daemon,
              _ (
                "Stale nonce received.  If this happens a lot, you should probably increase the size of the nonce array.\n"));
#endif
    return MHD_NO;
  }
  /* Nonce is larger, shift bitmask and bump limit */
  if (64 > nc - nn->nc)
    nn->nmask <<= (nc - nn->nc); /* small jump, less than mask width */
  else
    nn->nmask = 0; /* big jump, unset all bits in the mask */
  nn->nc = nc;
#if defined(MHD_USE_POSIX_THREADS) || defined(MHD_USE_W32_THREADS)
  MHD_mutex_unlock_chk_ (&daemon->nnc_lock);
#endif
  return MHD_YES;
}


/**
 * Get the username from the authorization header sent by the client
 *
 * @param connection The MHD connection structure
 * @return NULL if no username could be found, a pointer
 *      to the username if found
 * @warning Returned value must be freed by #MHD_free().
 * @ingroup authentication
 */
char *
MHD_digest_auth_get_username (struct MHD_Connection *connection)
{
  size_t len;
  char user[MAX_USERNAME_LENGTH];
  const char *header;

  if (MHD_NO == MHD_lookup_connection_value_n (connection,
                                               MHD_HEADER_KIND,
                                               MHD_HTTP_HEADER_AUTHORIZATION,
                                               MHD_STATICSTR_LEN_ (
                                                 MHD_HTTP_HEADER_AUTHORIZATION),
                                               &header,
                                               NULL))
    return NULL;
  if (0 != strncmp (header,
                    _BASE,
                    MHD_STATICSTR_LEN_ (_BASE)))
    return NULL;
  header += MHD_STATICSTR_LEN_ (_BASE);
  if (0 == (len = lookup_sub_value (user,
                                    sizeof (user),
                                    header,
                                    "username")))
    return NULL;
  return strdup (user);
}


/**
 * Calculate the server nonce so that it mitigates replay attacks
 * The current format of the nonce is ...
 * H(timestamp ":" method ":" random ":" uri ":" realm) + Hex(timestamp)
 *
 * @param nonce_time The amount of time in seconds for a nonce to be invalid
 * @param method HTTP method
 * @param rnd A pointer to a character array for the random seed
 * @param rnd_size The size of the random seed array @a rnd
 * @param uri HTTP URI (in MHD, without the arguments ("?k=v")
 * @param realm A string of characters that describes the realm of auth.
 * @param da digest algorithm to use
 * @param nonce A pointer to a character array for the nonce to put in,
 *        must provide NONCE_STD_LEN(da->digest_size)+1 bytes
 */
static void
calculate_nonce (uint32_t nonce_time,
                 const char *method,
                 const char *rnd,
                 size_t rnd_size,
                 const char *uri,
                 const char *realm,
                 struct DigestAlgorithm *da,
                 char *nonce)
{
  unsigned char timestamp[TIMESTAMP_BIN_SIZE];
  unsigned char tmpnonce[VLA_ARRAY_LEN_DIGEST (da->digest_size)];
  char timestamphex[TIMESTAMP_BIN_SIZE * 2 + 1];

  VLA_CHECK_LEN_DIGEST (da->digest_size);
  da->init (da->ctx);
  timestamp[0] = (unsigned char) ((nonce_time & 0xff000000) >> 0x18);
  timestamp[1] = (unsigned char) ((nonce_time & 0x00ff0000) >> 0x10);
  timestamp[2] = (unsigned char) ((nonce_time & 0x0000ff00) >> 0x08);
  timestamp[3] = (unsigned char) ((nonce_time & 0x000000ff));
  da->update (da->ctx,
              timestamp,
              sizeof (timestamp));
  da->update (da->ctx,
              (const unsigned char *) ":",
              1);
  da->update (da->ctx,
              (const unsigned char *) method,
              strlen (method));
  da->update (da->ctx,
              (const unsigned char *) ":",
              1);
  if (rnd_size > 0)
    da->update (da->ctx,
                (const unsigned char *) rnd,
                rnd_size);
  da->update (da->ctx,
              (const unsigned char *) ":",
              1);
  da->update (da->ctx,
              (const unsigned char *) uri,
              strlen (uri));
  da->update (da->ctx,
              (const unsigned char *) ":",
              1);
  da->update (da->ctx,
              (const unsigned char *) realm,
              strlen (realm));
  da->digest (da->ctx,
              tmpnonce);
  cvthex (tmpnonce,
          sizeof (tmpnonce),
          nonce);
  cvthex (timestamp,
          sizeof (timestamp),
          timestamphex);
  strncat (nonce,
           timestamphex,
           8);
}


/**
 * Test if the given key-value pair is in the headers for the
 * given connection.
 *
 * @param connection the connection
 * @param key the key
 * @param key_size number of bytes in @a key
 * @param value the value, can be NULL
 * @param value_size number of bytes in @a value
 * @param kind type of the header
 * @return #MHD_YES if the key-value pair is in the headers,
 *         #MHD_NO if not
 */
static enum MHD_Result
test_header (struct MHD_Connection *connection,
             const char *key,
             size_t key_size,
             const char *value,
             size_t value_size,
             enum MHD_ValueKind kind)
{
  struct MHD_HTTP_Header *pos;

  for (pos = connection->headers_received; NULL != pos; pos = pos->next)
  {
    if (kind != pos->kind)
      continue;
    if (key_size != pos->header_size)
      continue;
    if (value_size != pos->value_size)
      continue;
    if (0 != memcmp (key,
                     pos->header,
                     key_size))
      continue;
    if ( (NULL == value) &&
         (NULL == pos->value) )
      return MHD_YES;
    if ( (NULL == value) ||
         (NULL == pos->value) ||
         (0 != memcmp (value,
                       pos->value,
                       value_size)) )
      continue;
    return MHD_YES;
  }
  return MHD_NO;
}


/**
 * Check that the arguments given by the client as part
 * of the authentication header match the arguments we
 * got as part of the HTTP request URI.
 *
 * @param connection connections with headers to compare against
 * @param args argument URI string (after "?" in URI)
 * @return #MHD_YES if the arguments match,
 *         #MHD_NO if not
 */
static enum MHD_Result
check_argument_match (struct MHD_Connection *connection,
                      const char *args)
{
  struct MHD_HTTP_Header *pos;
  char *argb;
  unsigned int num_headers;
  enum MHD_Result ret;

  argb = strdup (args);
  if (NULL == argb)
  {
#ifdef HAVE_MESSAGES
    MHD_DLOG (connection->daemon,
              _ ("Failed to allocate memory for copy of URI arguments.\n"));
#endif /* HAVE_MESSAGES */
    return MHD_NO;
  }
  ret = MHD_parse_arguments_ (connection,
                              MHD_GET_ARGUMENT_KIND,
                              argb,
                              &test_header,
                              &num_headers);
  free (argb);
  if (MHD_YES != ret)
  {
    return MHD_NO;
  }
  /* also check that the number of headers matches */
  for (pos = connection->headers_received; NULL != pos; pos = pos->next)
  {
    if (MHD_GET_ARGUMENT_KIND != pos->kind)
      continue;
    num_headers--;
  }
  if (0 != num_headers)
  {
    /* argument count mismatch */
    return MHD_NO;
  }
  return MHD_YES;
}


/**
 * Authenticates the authorization header sent by the client
 *
 * @param connection The MHD connection structure
 * @param[in,out] da digest algorithm to use for checking (written to as
 *         part of the calculations, but the values left in the struct
 *         are not actually expected to be useful for the caller)
 * @param realm The realm presented to the client
 * @param username The username needs to be authenticated
 * @param password The password used in the authentication
 * @param digest An optional binary hash
 *     of the precalculated hash value "username:realm:password"
 *     (must contain "da->digest_size" bytes or be NULL)
 * @param nonce_timeout The amount of time for a nonce to be
 *      invalid in seconds
 * @return #MHD_YES if authenticated, #MHD_NO if not,
 *      #MHD_INVALID_NONCE if nonce is invalid
 * @ingroup authentication
 */
static int
digest_auth_check_all (struct MHD_Connection *connection,
                       struct DigestAlgorithm *da,
                       const char *realm,
                       const char *username,
                       const char *password,
                       const uint8_t *digest,
                       unsigned int nonce_timeout)
{
  struct MHD_Daemon *daemon = connection->daemon;
  size_t len;
  const char *header;
  char nonce[MAX_NONCE_LENGTH];
  char cnonce[MAX_NONCE_LENGTH];
  char ha1[VLA_ARRAY_LEN_DIGEST (da->digest_size) * 2 + 1];
  char qop[15]; /* auth,auth-int */
  char nc[20];
  char response[MAX_AUTH_RESPONSE_LENGTH];
  const char *hentity = NULL; /* "auth-int" is not supported */
  char noncehashexp[NONCE_STD_LEN (VLA_ARRAY_LEN_DIGEST (da->digest_size)) + 1];
  uint32_t nonce_time;
  uint32_t t;
  size_t left; /* number of characters left in 'header' for 'uri' */
  uint64_t nci;
  char *qmark;

  VLA_CHECK_LEN_DIGEST (da->digest_size);
  if (MHD_NO == MHD_lookup_connection_value_n (connection,
                                               MHD_HEADER_KIND,
                                               MHD_HTTP_HEADER_AUTHORIZATION,
                                               MHD_STATICSTR_LEN_ (
                                                 MHD_HTTP_HEADER_AUTHORIZATION),
                                               &header,
                                               NULL))
    return MHD_NO;
  if (0 != strncmp (header,
                    _BASE,
                    MHD_STATICSTR_LEN_ (_BASE)))
    return MHD_NO;
  header += MHD_STATICSTR_LEN_ (_BASE);
  left = strlen (header);

  {
    char un[MAX_USERNAME_LENGTH];

    len = lookup_sub_value (un,
                            sizeof (un),
                            header,
                            "username");
    if ( (0 == len) ||
         (0 != strcmp (username,
                       un)) )
      return MHD_NO;
    left -= strlen ("username") + len;
  }

  {
    char r[MAX_REALM_LENGTH];

    len = lookup_sub_value (r,
                            sizeof (r),
                            header,
                            "realm");
    if ( (0 == len) ||
         (0 != strcmp (realm,
                       r)) )
      return MHD_NO;
    left -= strlen ("realm") + len;
  }

  if (0 == (len = lookup_sub_value (nonce,
                                    sizeof (nonce),
                                    header,
                                    "nonce")))
    return MHD_NO;
  left -= strlen ("nonce") + len;
  if (left > 32 * 1024)
  {
    /* we do not permit URIs longer than 32k, as we want to
       make sure to not blow our stack (or per-connection
       heap memory limit).  Besides, 32k is already insanely
       large, but of course in theory the
       #MHD_OPTION_CONNECTION_MEMORY_LIMIT might be very large
       and would thus permit sending a >32k authorization
       header value. */return MHD_NO;
  }
  if (TIMESTAMP_BIN_SIZE * 2 !=
      MHD_strx_to_uint32_n_ (nonce + len - TIMESTAMP_BIN_SIZE * 2,
                             TIMESTAMP_BIN_SIZE * 2,
                             &nonce_time))
  {
#ifdef HAVE_MESSAGES
    MHD_DLOG (daemon,
              _ ("Authentication failed, invalid timestamp format.\n"));
#endif
    return MHD_NO;
  }
  t = (uint32_t) MHD_monotonic_sec_counter ();
  /*
   * First level vetting for the nonce validity: if the timestamp
   * attached to the nonce exceeds `nonce_timeout', then the nonce is
   * invalid.
   */if ( (t > nonce_time + nonce_timeout) ||
       (nonce_time + nonce_timeout < nonce_time) )
  {
    /* too old */
    return MHD_INVALID_NONCE;
  }

  calculate_nonce (nonce_time,
                   connection->method,
                   daemon->digest_auth_random,
                   daemon->digest_auth_rand_size,
                   connection->url,
                   realm,
                   da,
                   noncehashexp);
  /*
   * Second level vetting for the nonce validity
   * if the timestamp attached to the nonce is valid
   * and possibly fabricated (in case of an attack)
   * the attacker must also know the random seed to be
   * able to generate a "sane" nonce, which if he does
   * not, the nonce fabrication process going to be
   * very hard to achieve.
   */if (0 != strcmp (nonce,
                   noncehashexp))
  {
    return MHD_INVALID_NONCE;
  }
  if ( (0 == lookup_sub_value (cnonce,
                               sizeof (cnonce),
                               header,
                               "cnonce")) ||
       (0 == lookup_sub_value (qop,
                               sizeof (qop),
                               header,
                               "qop")) ||
       ( (0 != strcmp (qop,
                       "auth")) &&
         (0 != strcmp (qop,
                       "")) ) ||
       (0 == (len = lookup_sub_value (nc,
                                      sizeof (nc),
                                      header,
                                      "nc")) ) ||
       (0 == lookup_sub_value (response,
                               sizeof (response),
                               header,
                               "response")) )
  {
#ifdef HAVE_MESSAGES
    MHD_DLOG (daemon,
              _ ("Authentication failed, invalid format.\n"));
#endif
    return MHD_NO;
  }
  if (len != MHD_strx_to_uint64_n_ (nc,
                                    len,
                                    &nci))
  {
#ifdef HAVE_MESSAGES
    MHD_DLOG (daemon,
              _ ("Authentication failed, invalid nc format.\n"));
#endif
    return MHD_NO;   /* invalid nonce format */
  }

  /*
   * Checking if that combination of nonce and nc is sound
   * and not a replay attack attempt. Also adds the nonce
   * to the nonce-nc map if it does not exist there.
   */if (MHD_YES !=
      check_nonce_nc (connection,
                      nonce,
                      nci))
  {
    return MHD_NO;
  }

  {
    char *uri;

    uri = malloc (left + 1);
    if (NULL == uri)
    {
#ifdef HAVE_MESSAGES
      MHD_DLOG (daemon,
                _ ("Failed to allocate memory for auth header processing.\n"));
#endif /* HAVE_MESSAGES */
      return MHD_NO;
    }
    if (0 == lookup_sub_value (uri,
                               left + 1,
                               header,
                               "uri"))
    {
      free (uri);
      return MHD_NO;
    }
    if (NULL != digest)
    {
      /* This will initialize da->sessionkey (ha1) */
      digest_calc_ha1_from_digest (da->alg,
                                   da,
                                   digest,
                                   nonce,
                                   cnonce);
    }
    else
    {
      /* This will initialize da->sessionkey (ha1) */
      mhd_assert (NULL != password);   /* NULL == digest => password != NULL */
      digest_calc_ha1_from_user (da->alg,
                                 username,
                                 realm,
                                 password,
                                 nonce,
                                 cnonce,
                                 da);
    }
    memcpy (ha1,
            da->sessionkey,
            sizeof (ha1));
    /* This will initialize da->sessionkey (respexp) */
    digest_calc_response (ha1,
                          nonce,
                          nc,
                          cnonce,
                          qop,
                          connection->method,
                          uri,
                          hentity,
                          da);
    qmark = strchr (uri,
                    '?');
    if (NULL != qmark)
      *qmark = '\0';

    /* Need to unescape URI before comparing with connection->url */
    daemon->unescape_callback (daemon->unescape_callback_cls,
                               connection,
                               uri);
    if (0 != strcmp (uri,
                     connection->url))
    {
#ifdef HAVE_MESSAGES
      MHD_DLOG (daemon,
                _ ("Authentication failed, URI does not match.\n"));
#endif
      free (uri);
      return MHD_NO;
    }

    {
      const char *args = qmark;

      if (NULL == args)
        args = "";
      else
        args++;
      if (MHD_YES !=
          check_argument_match (connection,
                                args) )
      {
#ifdef HAVE_MESSAGES
        MHD_DLOG (daemon,
                  _ ("Authentication failed, arguments do not match.\n"));
#endif
        free (uri);
        return MHD_NO;
      }
    }
    free (uri);
    return (0 == strcmp (response,
                         da->sessionkey))
           ? MHD_YES
           : MHD_NO;
  }
}


/**
 * Authenticates the authorization header sent by the client.
 * Uses #MHD_DIGEST_ALG_MD5 (for now, for backwards-compatibility).
 * Note that this MAY change to #MHD_DIGEST_ALG_AUTO in the future.
 * If you want to be sure you get MD5, use #MHD_digest_auth_check2
 * and specify MD5 explicitly.
 *
 * @param connection The MHD connection structure
 * @param realm The realm presented to the client
 * @param username The username needs to be authenticated
 * @param password The password used in the authentication
 * @param nonce_timeout The amount of time for a nonce to be
 *      invalid in seconds
 * @return #MHD_YES if authenticated, #MHD_NO if not,
 *      #MHD_INVALID_NONCE if nonce is invalid
 * @ingroup authentication
 */
_MHD_EXTERN int
MHD_digest_auth_check (struct MHD_Connection *connection,
                       const char *realm,
                       const char *username,
                       const char *password,
                       unsigned int nonce_timeout)
{
  return MHD_digest_auth_check2 (connection,
                                 realm,
                                 username,
                                 password,
                                 nonce_timeout,
                                 MHD_DIGEST_ALG_MD5);
}


/**
 * Setup digest authentication data structures (on the
 * stack, hence must be done inline!).  Initializes a
 * "struct DigestAlgorithm da" for algorithm @a algo.
 *
 * @param algo digest algorithm to provide
 * @param da data structure to setup
 */
#define SETUP_DA(algo,da)                         \
  union {                                         \
    struct MD5Context md5;                        \
    struct sha256_ctx sha256;                     \
  } ctx;                                          \
  union {                                         \
    char md5[MD5_DIGEST_SIZE * 2 + 1];            \
    char sha256[SHA256_DIGEST_SIZE * 2 + 1];      \
  } skey;                                         \
  struct DigestAlgorithm da;                      \
                                                  \
  do {                                            \
    switch (algo) {                                 \
    case MHD_DIGEST_ALG_MD5:                        \
      da.digest_size = MD5_DIGEST_SIZE;             \
      da.ctx = &ctx.md5;                            \
      da.alg = "md5";                               \
      da.sessionkey = skey.md5;                     \
      da.init = &MHD_MD5Init;                           \
      da.update = &MHD_MD5Update;                       \
      da.digest = &MHD_MD5Final;                        \
      break;                                        \
    case MHD_DIGEST_ALG_AUTO:                             \
    /* auto == SHA256, fall-though thus intentional! */ \
    case MHD_DIGEST_ALG_SHA256:                           \
      da.digest_size = SHA256_DIGEST_SIZE;                \
      da.ctx = &ctx.sha256;                               \
      da.alg = "sha-256";                                 \
      da.sessionkey = skey.sha256;                        \
      da.init = &MHD_SHA256_init;                             \
      da.update = &MHD_SHA256_update;                         \
      da.digest = &sha256_finish;                         \
      break;                                              \
    }                                                     \
  } while (0)


/**
 * Authenticates the authorization header sent by the client.
 *
 * @param connection The MHD connection structure
 * @param realm The realm presented to the client
 * @param username The username needs to be authenticated
 * @param password The password used in the authentication
 * @param nonce_timeout The amount of time for a nonce to be
 *      invalid in seconds
 * @param algo digest algorithms allowed for verification
 * @return #MHD_YES if authenticated, #MHD_NO if not,
 *      #MHD_INVALID_NONCE if nonce is invalid
 * @ingroup authentication
 */
_MHD_EXTERN int
MHD_digest_auth_check2 (struct MHD_Connection *connection,
                        const char *realm,
                        const char *username,
                        const char *password,
                        unsigned int nonce_timeout,
                        enum MHD_DigestAuthAlgorithm algo)
{
  SETUP_DA (algo, da);

  mhd_assert (NULL != password);
  return digest_auth_check_all (connection,
                                &da,
                                realm,
                                username,
                                password,
                                NULL,
                                nonce_timeout);
}


/**
 * Authenticates the authorization header sent by the client.
 *
 * @param connection The MHD connection structure
 * @param realm The realm presented to the client
 * @param username The username needs to be authenticated
 * @param digest An `unsigned char *' pointer to the binary MD5 sum
 *      for the precalculated hash value "username:realm:password"
 *      of #MHD_MD5_DIGEST_SIZE bytes
 * @param digest_size number of bytes in @a digest
 * @param nonce_timeout The amount of time for a nonce to be
 *      invalid in seconds
 * @param algo digest algorithms allowed for verification
 * @return #MHD_YES if authenticated, #MHD_NO if not,
 *      #MHD_INVALID_NONCE if nonce is invalid
 * @ingroup authentication
 */
_MHD_EXTERN int
MHD_digest_auth_check_digest2 (struct MHD_Connection *connection,
                               const char *realm,
                               const char *username,
                               const uint8_t *digest,
                               size_t digest_size,
                               unsigned int nonce_timeout,
                               enum MHD_DigestAuthAlgorithm algo)
{
  SETUP_DA (algo, da);

  mhd_assert (NULL != digest);
  if (da.digest_size != digest_size)
    MHD_PANIC (_ ("Digest size mismatch.\n")); /* API violation! */
  return digest_auth_check_all (connection,
                                &da,
                                realm,
                                username,
                                NULL,
                                digest,
                                nonce_timeout);
}


/**
 * Authenticates the authorization header sent by the client.
 * Uses #MHD_DIGEST_ALG_MD5 (required, as @a digest is of fixed
 * size).
 *
 * @param connection The MHD connection structure
 * @param realm The realm presented to the client
 * @param username The username needs to be authenticated
 * @param digest An `unsigned char *' pointer to the binary digest
 *      for the precalculated hash value "username:realm:password"
 *      of @a digest_size bytes
 * @param nonce_timeout The amount of time for a nonce to be
 *      invalid in seconds
 * @return #MHD_YES if authenticated, #MHD_NO if not,
 *      #MHD_INVALID_NONCE if nonce is invalid
 * @ingroup authentication
 */
_MHD_EXTERN int
MHD_digest_auth_check_digest (struct MHD_Connection *connection,
                              const char *realm,
                              const char *username,
                              const uint8_t digest[MHD_MD5_DIGEST_SIZE],
                              unsigned int nonce_timeout)
{
  return MHD_digest_auth_check_digest2 (connection,
                                        realm,
                                        username,
                                        digest,
                                        MHD_MD5_DIGEST_SIZE,
                                        nonce_timeout,
                                        MHD_DIGEST_ALG_MD5);
}


/**
 * Queues a response to request authentication from the client
 *
 * @param connection The MHD connection structure
 * @param realm the realm presented to the client
 * @param opaque string to user for opaque value
 * @param response reply to send; should contain the "access denied"
 *        body; note that this function will set the "WWW Authenticate"
 *        header and that the caller should not do this
 * @param signal_stale #MHD_YES if the nonce is invalid to add
 *      'stale=true' to the authentication header
 * @param algo digest algorithm to use
 * @return #MHD_YES on success, #MHD_NO otherwise
 * @ingroup authentication
 */
enum MHD_Result
MHD_queue_auth_fail_response2 (struct MHD_Connection *connection,
                               const char *realm,
                               const char *opaque,
                               struct MHD_Response *response,
                               int signal_stale,
                               enum MHD_DigestAuthAlgorithm algo)
{
  int ret;
  int hlen;
  SETUP_DA (algo, da);

  {
    char nonce[NONCE_STD_LEN (VLA_ARRAY_LEN_DIGEST (da.digest_size)) + 1];

    VLA_CHECK_LEN_DIGEST (da.digest_size);
    /* Generating the server nonce */
    calculate_nonce ((uint32_t) MHD_monotonic_sec_counter (),
                     connection->method,
                     connection->daemon->digest_auth_random,
                     connection->daemon->digest_auth_rand_size,
                     connection->url,
                     realm,
                     &da,
                     nonce);
    if (MHD_YES !=
        check_nonce_nc (connection,
                        nonce,
                        0))
    {
#ifdef HAVE_MESSAGES
      MHD_DLOG (connection->daemon,
                _ (
                  "Could not register nonce (is the nonce array size zero?).\n"));
#endif
      return MHD_NO;
    }
    /* Building the authentication header */
    hlen = MHD_snprintf_ (NULL,
                          0,
                          "Digest realm=\"%s\",qop=\"auth\",nonce=\"%s\",opaque=\"%s\",algorithm=%s%s",
                          realm,
                          nonce,
                          opaque,
                          da.alg,
                          signal_stale
                          ? ",stale=\"true\""
                          : "");
    if (hlen > 0)
    {
      char *header;

      header = MHD_calloc_ (1,
                            hlen + 1);
      if (NULL == header)
      {
#ifdef HAVE_MESSAGES
        MHD_DLOG (connection->daemon,
                  _ ("Failed to allocate memory for auth response header.\n"));
#endif /* HAVE_MESSAGES */
        return MHD_NO;
      }

      if (MHD_snprintf_ (header,
                         hlen + 1,
                         "Digest realm=\"%s\",qop=\"auth\",nonce=\"%s\",opaque=\"%s\",algorithm=%s%s",
                         realm,
                         nonce,
                         opaque,
                         da.alg,
                         signal_stale
                         ? ",stale=\"true\""
                         : "") == hlen)
        ret = MHD_add_response_header (response,
                                       MHD_HTTP_HEADER_WWW_AUTHENTICATE,
                                       header);
      else
        ret = MHD_NO;
#if 0
      if ( (MHD_YES == ret) && (AND in state : 100 continue aborting ...))
        ret = MHD_add_response_header (response,
                                       MHD_HTTP_HEADER_CONNECTION,
                                       "close");
#endif
      free (header);
    }
    else
      ret = MHD_NO;
  }

  if (MHD_YES == ret)
  {
    ret = MHD_queue_response (connection,
                              MHD_HTTP_UNAUTHORIZED,
                              response);
  }
  else
  {
#ifdef HAVE_MESSAGES
    MHD_DLOG (connection->daemon,
              _ ("Failed to add Digest auth header.\n"));
#endif /* HAVE_MESSAGES */
  }
  return ret;
}


/**
 * Queues a response to request authentication from the client.
 * For now uses MD5 (for backwards-compatibility). Still, if you
 * need to be sure, use #MHD_queue_fail_auth_response2().
 *
 * @param connection The MHD connection structure
 * @param realm the realm presented to the client
 * @param opaque string to user for opaque value
 * @param response reply to send; should contain the "access denied"
 *        body; note that this function will set the "WWW Authenticate"
 *        header and that the caller should not do this
 * @param signal_stale #MHD_YES if the nonce is invalid to add
 *      'stale=true' to the authentication header
 * @return #MHD_YES on success, #MHD_NO otherwise
 * @ingroup authentication
 */
enum MHD_Result
MHD_queue_auth_fail_response (struct MHD_Connection *connection,
                              const char *realm,
                              const char *opaque,
                              struct MHD_Response *response,
                              int signal_stale)
{
  return MHD_queue_auth_fail_response2 (connection,
                                        realm,
                                        opaque,
                                        response,
                                        signal_stale,
                                        MHD_DIGEST_ALG_MD5);
}


/* end of digestauth.c */