githubmirror/julia

test/missing.jl
653 строки25 KB
Shuhei Kadowaki
missing: improve effects for some missing operations (#50080)
07 июн 2023, 01:08
07 июн 2023, 01:08bbbe8c3
# This file is a part of Julia. License is MIT: https://julialang.org/license

isdefined(Main, :OffsetArrays) || @eval Main include("testhelpers/OffsetArrays.jl")
using .Main.OffsetArrays

@testset "MissingException" begin
    @test sprint(showerror, MissingException("test")) == "MissingException: test"
end

@testset "nonmissingtype" begin
    @test nonmissingtype(Union{Int, Missing}) == Int
    @test nonmissingtype(Union{Rational, Missing}) == Rational
    @test nonmissingtype(Any) == Any
    @test nonmissingtype(Missing) == Union{}
end

@testset "convert" begin
    @test convert(Union{Int, Missing}, 1) === 1
    @test convert(Union{Int, Missing}, 1.0) === 1
    @test convert(Union{Nothing, Missing}, missing) === missing
    @test convert(Union{Nothing, Missing}, nothing) === nothing
    @test convert(Union{Missing, Nothing, Float64}, 1) === 1.0

    @test_throws ErrorException("cannot convert a value to missing for assignment") convert(Missing, 1)
    @test_throws ErrorException("cannot convert a value to missing for assignment") convert(Union{Nothing, Missing}, 1)
    @test_throws MethodError convert(Union{Int, Missing}, "a")
end

@testset "promote rules" begin
    @test promote_type(Missing, Missing) == Missing
    @test promote_type(Missing, Int) == Union{Missing, Int}
    @test promote_type(Int, Missing) == Union{Missing, Int}
    @test promote_type(Int, Any) == Any
    @test promote_type(Any, Any) == Any
    @test promote_type(Missing, Any) == Any
    @test promote_type(Any, Missing) == Any
    @test promote_type(Union{Int, Missing}, Missing) == Union{Int, Missing}
    @test promote_type(Missing, Union{Int, Missing}) == Union{Int, Missing}
    @test promote_type(Union{Int, Missing}, Int) == Union{Int, Missing}
    @test promote_type(Int, Union{Int, Missing}) == Union{Int, Missing}
    @test promote_type(Any, Union{Int, Missing}) == Any
    @test promote_type(Union{Nothing, Missing}, Any) == Any
    @test promote_type(Union{Int, Missing}, Union{Int, Missing}) == Union{Int, Missing}
    @test promote_type(Union{Float64, Missing}, Union{String, Missing}) == Any
    @test promote_type(Union{Float64, Missing}, Union{Int, Missing}) == Union{Float64, Missing}
    @test_broken promote_type(Union{Nothing, Missing, Int}, Float64) == Any
end

@testset "promotion in various contexts" for T in (Nothing, Missing)
    @test collect(v for v in (1, T())) isa Vector{Union{Int,T}}
    @test map(identity, Any[1, T()]) isa Vector{Union{Int,T}}
    @test broadcast(identity, Any[1, T()]) isa Vector{Union{Int,T}}
    @test unique((1, T())) isa Vector{Union{Int,T}}

    @test map(ismissing, Any[1, missing]) isa Vector{Bool}
    @test broadcast(ismissing, Any[1, missing]) isa BitVector
end

@testset "comparison operators" begin
    @test (missing == missing) === missing
    @test (1 == missing) === missing
    @test (missing == 1) === missing
    @test (missing != missing) === missing
    @test (1 != missing) === missing
    @test (missing != 1) === missing
    @test isequal(missing, missing)
    @test !isequal(1, missing)
    @test !isequal(missing, 1)
    @test !isequal('c', missing)
    @test (missing < missing) === missing
    @test (missing < 1) === missing
    @test (1 < missing) === missing
    @test (missing <= missing) === missing
    @test (missing <= 1) === missing
    @test (1 <= missing) === missing
    @test !isless(missing, missing)
    @test !isless(missing, 1)
    @test isless(1, missing)
    @test (missing ≈ missing) === missing
    @test isapprox(missing, 1.0, atol=1e-6) === missing
    @test isapprox(1.0, missing, rtol=1e-6) === missing

    @test all(==(Bool), Base.return_types(isequal, Tuple{Any,Any}))
end

@testset "arithmetic operators" begin
    arithmetic_operators = [+, -, *, /, ^, Base.div, Base.mod, Base.fld, Base.rem]

    # All unary operators return missing when evaluating missing
    for f in [!, ~, +, -, *, &, |, xor, nand, nor]
        @test ismissing(f(missing))
    end

    # All arithmetic operators return missing when operating on two missing's
    # All arithmetic operators return missing when operating on a scalar and an missing
    # All arithmetic operators return missing when operating on an missing and a scalar
    for f in arithmetic_operators
        @test ismissing(f(missing, missing))
        @test ismissing(f(1, missing))
        @test ismissing(f(missing, 1))
    end

    @test ismissing(min(missing, missing))
    @test ismissing(max(missing, missing))
    for f in [min, max]
        for arg in ["", "a", 1, -1.0, [2]]
            @test ismissing(f(missing, arg))
            @test ismissing(f(arg, missing))
        end
    end
end

@testset "two-argument functions" begin
    two_argument_functions = [atan, hypot, log]

    # All two-argument functions return missing when operating on two missing's
    # All two-argument functions return missing when operating on a scalar and an missing
    # All two-argument functions return missing when operating on an missing and a scalar
    for f in two_argument_functions
        @test ismissing(f(missing, missing))
        @test ismissing(f(1, missing))
        @test ismissing(f(missing, 1))
    end
end

@testset "bit operators" begin
    bit_operators = [&, |, ⊻]

    # All bit operators return missing when operating on two missing's
    for f in bit_operators
        @test ismissing(f(missing, missing))
    end
end

@testset "boolean operators" begin
    @test ismissing(missing & true)
    @test ismissing(true & missing)
    @test !(missing & false)
    @test !(false & missing)
    @test ismissing(missing | false)
    @test ismissing(false | missing)
    @test missing | true
    @test true | missing
    @test ismissing(xor(missing, true))
    @test ismissing(xor(true, missing))
    @test ismissing(xor(missing, false))
    @test ismissing(xor(false, missing))
    @test ismissing(nand(missing, true))
    @test ismissing(nand(true, missing))
    @test nand(missing, false) == true
    @test nand(false, missing) == true
    @test ismissing(⊼(missing, true))
    @test ismissing(⊼(true, missing))
    @test ⊼(missing, false) == true
    @test ⊼(false, missing) == true
    @test nor(missing, true) == false
    @test nor(true, missing) == false
    @test ismissing(nor(missing, false))
    @test ismissing(nor(false, missing))
    @test ⊽(missing, true) == false
    @test ⊽(true, missing) == false
    @test ismissing(⊽(missing, false))
    @test ismissing(⊽(false, missing))

    @test ismissing(missing & 1)
    @test ismissing(1 & missing)
    @test ismissing(missing | 1)
    @test ismissing(1 | missing)
    @test ismissing(xor(missing, 1))
    @test ismissing(xor(1, missing))
    @test ismissing(nand(missing, 1))
    @test ismissing(nand(1, missing))
    @test ismissing(⊼(missing, 1))
    @test ismissing(⊼(1, missing))
    @test ismissing(nor(missing, 1))
    @test ismissing(nor(1, missing))
    @test ismissing(⊽(missing, 1))
    @test ismissing(⊽(1, missing))
end

@testset "* string/char concatenation" begin
    @test ismissing("a" * missing)
    @test ismissing('a' * missing)
    @test ismissing(missing * "a")
    @test ismissing(missing * 'a')
end

# Emulate a unitful type such as Dates.Minute
struct Unit
    value::Int
end
Base.zero(::Type{Unit}) = Unit(0)
Base.one(::Type{Unit}) = 1

@testset "elementary functions" begin
    elementary_functions = [abs, abs2, sign, real, imag,
                            acos, acosh, asin, asinh, atan, atanh, sin, sinh,
                            conj, cos, cosh, tan, tanh,
                            exp, exp2, expm1, log, log10, log1p, log2,
                            exponent, sqrt,
                            identity, zero, one, oneunit,
                            iseven, isodd, ispow2,
                            isfinite, isinf, isnan, iszero,
                            isinteger, isreal, transpose, adjoint, float, complex, inv]

    # All elementary functions return missing when evaluating missing
    for f in elementary_functions
        @test ismissing(f(missing))
    end

    @test ismissing(clamp(missing, 1, 2))

    for T in (Int, Float64)
        @test zero(Union{T, Missing}) === T(0)
        @test one(Union{T, Missing}) === T(1)
        @test oneunit(Union{T, Missing}) === T(1)
        @test float(Union{T, Missing}) === Union{float(T), Missing}
        @test complex(Union{T, Missing}) === Union{complex(T), Missing}
    end

    @test_throws MethodError zero(Union{Symbol, Missing})
    @test_throws MethodError one(Union{Symbol, Missing})
    @test_throws MethodError oneunit(Union{Symbol, Missing})
    @test_throws MethodError float(Union{Symbol, Missing})
    @test_throws MethodError complex(Union{Symbol, Missing})

    for T in (Unit,)
        @test zero(Union{T, Missing}) === T(0)
        @test one(Union{T, Missing}) === 1
        @test oneunit(Union{T, Missing}) === T(1)
    end

    @test zero(Missing) === missing
    @test one(Missing) === missing
    @test oneunit(Missing) === missing
    @test float(Missing) === Missing
    @test complex(Missing) === Missing

    @test_throws MethodError zero(Any)
    @test_throws MethodError one(Any)
    @test_throws MethodError oneunit(Any)
    @test_throws MethodError float(Any)
    @test_throws MethodError complex(Any)

    @test_throws MethodError zero(String)
    @test_throws MethodError zero(Union{String, Missing})
end

@testset "rounding functions" begin
    # All rounding functions return missing when evaluating missing as first argument

    # Check that the RoundingMode argument is passed on correctly
    @test round(Union{Int, Missing}, 0.9) === round(Int, 0.9)
    @test round(Union{Int, Missing}, 0.9, RoundToZero) === round(Int, 0.9, RoundToZero)

    # Test elementwise on mixed arrays to ensure signature of Missing methods matches that of Float methods
    test_array = [1.0, missing]

    @test isequal(round.(test_array, RoundNearest), test_array)
    @test isequal(round.(Union{Int, Missing}, test_array, RoundNearest), test_array)

    rounding_functions = [ceil, floor, round, trunc]
    for f in rounding_functions
        @test_throws MissingException f(Int, missing)
        @test isequal(f.(test_array), test_array)
        @test isequal(f.(test_array, digits=0, base=10), test_array)
        @test isequal(f.(test_array, sigdigits=1, base=10), test_array)
        @test isequal(f.(Union{Int, Missing}, test_array), test_array)
    end
end

@testset "printing" begin
    @test sprint(show, missing) == "missing"
    @test sprint(show, missing, context=:compact => true) == "missing"
    @test sprint(show, [missing]) == "[missing]"
    @test sprint(show, [1 missing]) == "$(Union{Int, Missing})[1 missing]"
    b = IOBuffer()
    display(TextDisplay(b), [missing])
    @test String(take!(b)) == "1-element Vector{$Missing}:\n missing\n"
    b = IOBuffer()
    display(TextDisplay(b), [1 missing])
    @test String(take!(b)) == "1×2 Matrix{$(Union{Int, Missing})}:\n 1  missing\n"
end

@testset "arrays with missing values" begin
    x = convert(Vector{Union{Int, Missing}}, [1.0, missing])
    @test isa(x, Vector{Union{Int, Missing}})
    @test isequal(x, [1, missing])
    x = convert(Vector{Union{Int, Missing}}, [1.0])
    @test isa(x, Vector{Union{Int, Missing}})
    @test x == [1]
    x = convert(Vector{Union{Int, Missing}}, [missing])
    @test isa(x, Vector{Union{Int, Missing}})
    @test isequal(x, [missing])
    @test eltype(adjoint([1, missing])) == Union{Int, Missing}
    # issue #32777
    let a = [0, nothing, 0.0, missing]
        @test a[1] === 0.0
        @test a[2] === nothing
        @test a[3] === 0.0
        @test a[4] === missing
        @test a isa Vector{Union{Missing, Nothing, Float64}}
    end
end

@testset "== and != on arrays" begin
    @test ismissing([1, missing] == [1, missing])
    @test ismissing(["a", missing] == ["a", missing])
    @test ismissing(Any[1, missing] == Any[1, missing])
    @test ismissing(Any[missing] == Any[missing])
    @test ismissing([missing] == [missing])
    @test ismissing(Any[missing, 2] == Any[1, missing])
    @test ismissing([missing, false] == BitArray([true, false]))
    @test ismissing(Any[missing, false] == BitArray([true, false]))
    @test Union{Int, Missing}[1] == Union{Float64, Missing}[1.0]
    @test Union{Int, Missing}[1] == [1.0]
    @test Union{Bool, Missing}[true] == BitArray([true])
    @test !([missing, 1] == [missing, 2])
    @test !(Union{Int, Missing}[1] == [2])
    @test !([1] == Union{Int, Missing}[2])
    @test !(Union{Int, Missing}[1] == Union{Int, Missing}[2])

    @test ismissing([1, missing] != [1, missing])
    @test ismissing(["a", missing] != ["a", missing])
    @test ismissing(Any[1, missing] != Any[1, missing])
    @test ismissing(Any[missing] != Any[missing])
    @test ismissing([missing] != [missing])
    @test ismissing(Any[missing, 2] != Any[1, missing])
    @test ismissing([missing, false] != BitArray([true, false]))
    @test ismissing(Any[missing, false] != BitArray([true, false]))
    @test !(Union{Int, Missing}[1] != Union{Float64, Missing}[1.0])
    @test !(Union{Int, Missing}[1] != [1.0])
    @test !(Union{Bool, Missing}[true] != BitArray([true]))
    @test [missing, 1] != [missing, 2]
    @test Union{Int, Missing}[1] != [2]
    @test [1] != Union{Int, Missing}[2]
    @test Union{Int, Missing}[1] != Union{Int, Missing}[2]
end

@testset "== and != on tuples" begin
    @test ismissing((1, missing) == (1, missing))
    @test ismissing(("a", missing) == ("a", missing))
    @test ismissing((missing,) == (missing,))
    @test ismissing((missing, 2) == (1, missing))
    @test !((missing, 1) == (missing, 2))

    longtuple = (1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16)
    @test ismissing((longtuple...,17,missing) == (longtuple...,17,18))
    @test ismissing((longtuple...,missing,18) == (longtuple...,17,18))
    @test !((longtuple...,17,missing) == (longtuple...,-17,18))
    @test !((longtuple...,missing,18) == (longtuple...,17,-18))

    @test ismissing((1, missing) != (1, missing))
    @test ismissing(("a", missing) != ("a", missing))
    @test ismissing((missing,) != (missing,))
    @test ismissing((missing, 2) != (1, missing))
    @test (missing, 1) != (missing, 2)

    @test ismissing((longtuple...,17,missing) != (longtuple...,17,18))
    @test ismissing((longtuple...,missing,18) != (longtuple...,17,18))
    @test (longtuple...,17,missing) != (longtuple...,-17,18)
    @test (longtuple...,missing,18) != (longtuple...,17,-18)
end

@testset "< and isless on tuples" begin
    @test ismissing((1, missing) < (1, 3))
    @test ismissing((1, missing) < (1, missing))
    @test ismissing((missing, 1) < (missing, 2))
    @test ismissing((1, 2) < (1, missing))
    @test ismissing((1, missing) < (1, 2))
    @test ismissing((missing,) < (missing,))
    @test ismissing((1,) < (missing,))
    @test () < (missing,)
    @test (1,) < (2, missing)
    @test (1, missing,) < (2, missing)

    @test !isless((1, missing), (1, 3))
    @test !isless((1, missing), (1, missing))
    @test isless((missing, 1), (missing, 2))
    @test isless((1, 2), (1, missing))
    @test !isless((1, missing), (1, 2))
    @test !isless((missing,), (missing,))
    @test isless((1,), (missing,))
    @test isless((), (missing,))
    @test isless((1,), (2, missing))
    @test isless((1, missing,), (2, missing))
end

@testset "any & all" begin
    @test any([true, missing])
    @test any(x -> x == 1, [1, missing])
    @test ismissing(any([false, missing]))
    @test ismissing(any(x -> x == 1, [2, missing]))
    @test ismissing(all([true, missing]))
    @test ismissing(all(x -> x == 1, [1, missing]))
    @test !all([false, missing])
    @test !all(x -> x == 1, [2, missing])
    @test 1 in [1, missing]
    @test ismissing(2 in [1, missing])
    @test ismissing(missing in [1, missing])
end

@testset "float" begin
    @test isequal(float([1, missing]), [1, missing])
    @test float([1, missing]) isa Vector{Union{Float64, Missing}}
    @test isequal(float(Union{Int, Missing}[missing]), [missing])
    @test float(Union{Int, Missing}[missing]) isa Vector{Union{Float64, Missing}}
    @test float(Union{Int, Missing}[1]) == [1]
    @test float(Union{Int, Missing}[1]) isa Vector{Union{Float64, Missing}}
    @test isequal(float([missing]), [missing])
    @test float([missing]) isa Vector{Missing}
end

@testset "skipmissing" begin
    x = skipmissing([1, 2, missing, 4])
    @test eltype(x) === Int
    @test collect(x) == [1, 2, 4]
    @test collect(x) isa Vector{Int}

    x = skipmissing([1  2; missing 4])
    @test eltype(x) === Int
    @test collect(x) == [1, 2, 4]
    @test collect(x) isa Vector{Int}

    x = collect(skipmissing([missing]))
    @test eltype(x) === Union{}
    @test isempty(collect(x))
    @test collect(x) isa Vector{Union{}}

    x = collect(skipmissing(Union{Int, Missing}[]))
    @test eltype(x) === Int
    @test isempty(collect(x))
    @test collect(x) isa Vector{Int}

    x = skipmissing([missing, missing, 1, 2, missing, 4, missing, missing])
    @test eltype(x) === Int
    @test collect(x) == [1, 2, 4]
    @test collect(x) isa Vector{Int}

    x = skipmissing(v for v in [missing, 1, missing, 2, 4])
    @test eltype(x) === Any
    @test collect(x) == [1, 2, 4]
    @test collect(x) isa Vector{Int}

    @testset "indexing" begin
        x = skipmissing([1, missing, 2, missing, missing])
        @test collect(eachindex(x)) == collect(keys(x)) == [1, 3]
        @test x[1] === 1
        @test x[3] === 2
        @test_throws MissingException x[2]
        @test_throws BoundsError x[6]
        @test findfirst(==(2), x) == 3
        @test findall(==(2), x) == [3]
        @test argmin(x) == 1
        @test findmin(x) == (1, 1)
        @test argmax(x) == 3
        @test findmax(x) == (2, 3)

        x = skipmissing([missing 2; 1 missing])
        @test collect(eachindex(x)) == [2, 3]
        @test collect(keys(x)) == [CartesianIndex(2, 1), CartesianIndex(1, 2)]
        @test x[2] === x[2, 1] === 1
        @test x[3] === x[1, 2] === 2
        @test_throws MissingException x[1]
        @test_throws MissingException x[1, 1]
        @test_throws BoundsError x[5]
        @test_throws BoundsError x[3, 1]
        @test findfirst(==(2), x) == CartesianIndex(1, 2)
        @test findall(==(2), x) == [CartesianIndex(1, 2)]
        @test argmin(x) == CartesianIndex(2, 1)
        @test findmin(x) == (1, CartesianIndex(2, 1))
        @test argmax(x) == CartesianIndex(1, 2)
        @test findmax(x) == (2, CartesianIndex(1, 2))

        for x in (skipmissing([]), skipmissing([missing, missing]))
            @test isempty(collect(eachindex(x)))
            @test isempty(collect(keys(x)))
            @test_throws BoundsError x[3]
            @test_throws BoundsError x[3, 1]
            @test findfirst(==(2), x) === nothing
            @test isempty(findall(==(2), x))
            @test_throws "reducing over an empty collection is not allowed" argmin(x)
            @test_throws "reducing over an empty collection is not allowed" findmin(x)
            @test_throws "reducing over an empty collection is not allowed" argmax(x)
            @test_throws "reducing over an empty collection is not allowed" findmax(x)
        end
    end

    @testset "mapreduce" begin
        # Vary size to test splitting blocks with several configurations of missing values
        for T in (Int, Float64),
            A in (rand(T, 10), rand(T, 1000), rand(T, 10000))
            if T === Int
                @test sum(A) === @inferred(sum(skipmissing(A))) ===
                    @inferred(reduce(+, skipmissing(A))) ===
                    @inferred(mapreduce(identity, +, skipmissing(A)))
            else
                @test sum(A) ≈ @inferred(sum(skipmissing(A))) ===
                    @inferred(reduce(+, skipmissing(A))) ===
                    @inferred(mapreduce(identity, +, skipmissing(A)))
            end
            @test mapreduce(cos, *, A) ≈
                @inferred(mapreduce(cos, *, skipmissing(A)))

            B = Vector{Union{T,Missing}}(A)
            replace!(x -> rand(Bool) ? x : missing, B)
            if T === Int
                @test sum(collect(skipmissing(B))) ===
                    @inferred(sum(skipmissing(B))) ===
                    @inferred(reduce(+, skipmissing(B))) ===
                    @inferred(mapreduce(identity, +, skipmissing(B)))
            else
                @test sum(collect(skipmissing(B))) ≈ @inferred(sum(skipmissing(B))) ===
                    @inferred(reduce(+, skipmissing(B))) ===
                    @inferred(mapreduce(identity, +, skipmissing(B)))
            end
            @test mapreduce(cos, *, collect(skipmissing(A))) ≈
                @inferred(mapreduce(cos, *, skipmissing(A)))

            # Test block full of missing values
            B[1:length(B)÷2] .= missing
            if T === Int
                @test sum(collect(skipmissing(B))) == sum(skipmissing(B)) ==
                    reduce(+, skipmissing(B)) == mapreduce(identity, +, skipmissing(B))
            else
                @test sum(collect(skipmissing(B))) ≈ sum(skipmissing(B)) ==
                    reduce(+, skipmissing(B)) == mapreduce(identity, +, skipmissing(B))
            end

            @test mapreduce(cos, *, collect(skipmissing(A))) ≈ mapreduce(cos, *, skipmissing(A))
        end

        # Patterns that exercise code paths for inputs with 1 or 2 non-missing values
        @test sum(skipmissing([1, missing, missing, missing])) === 1
        @test sum(skipmissing([missing, missing, missing, 1])) === 1
        @test sum(skipmissing([1, missing, missing, missing, 2])) === 3
        @test sum(skipmissing([missing, missing, missing, 1, 2])) === 3

        for n in 0:3
            itr = skipmissing(Vector{Union{Int,Missing}}(fill(missing, n)))
            @test sum(itr) == reduce(+, itr) == mapreduce(identity, +, itr) === 0
            @test_throws "reducing over an empty collection is not allowed" reduce(x -> x/2, itr)
            @test_throws "reducing over an empty collection is not allowed" mapreduce(x -> x/2, +, itr)
        end

        # issue #35504
        nt = NamedTuple{(:x, :y),Tuple{Union{Missing, Int},Union{Missing, Float64}}}(
            (missing, missing))
        @test sum(skipmissing(nt)) === 0

        # issues #38627 and #124
        @testset for len in [1, 2, 15, 16, 1024, 1025]
            v = repeat(Union{Int,Missing}[1], len)
            oa = OffsetArray(v, typemax(Int)-length(v))
            sm = skipmissing(oa)
            @test sum(sm) == len

            v = repeat(Union{Int,Missing}[missing], len)
            oa = OffsetArray(v, typemax(Int)-length(v))
            sm = skipmissing(oa)
            @test sum(sm) == 0
        end
    end

    @testset "filter" begin
        allmiss = Vector{Union{Int,Missing}}(missing, 10)
        @test isempty(filter(isodd, skipmissing(allmiss))::Vector{Int})
        twod1 = [1.0f0 missing; 3.0f0 missing]
        @test filter(x->x > 0, skipmissing(twod1))::Vector{Float32} == [1, 3]
        twod2 = [1.0f0 2.0f0; 3.0f0 4.0f0]
        @test filter(x->x > 0, skipmissing(twod2)) == reshape(twod2, (4,))
    end
end

@testset "coalesce" begin
    @test coalesce() === missing
    @test coalesce(1) === 1
    @test coalesce(nothing) === nothing
    @test coalesce(missing) === missing
    @test coalesce(missing, 1) === 1
    @test coalesce(1, missing) === 1
    @test coalesce(missing, missing) === missing
    @test coalesce(missing, 1, 2) === 1
    @test coalesce(1, missing, 2) === 1
    @test coalesce(missing, missing, 2) === 2
    @test coalesce(missing, missing, missing) === missing

    @test coalesce(nothing, missing) === nothing
    @test coalesce(missing, nothing) === nothing
end

@testset "@coalesce" begin
    @test @coalesce() === missing
    @test @coalesce(1) === 1
    @test @coalesce(nothing) === nothing
    @test @coalesce(missing) === missing

    @test @coalesce(1, error("failed")) === 1
    @test_throws ErrorException @coalesce(missing, error("failed"))
end

mutable struct Obj; x; end
@testset "weak references" begin
    @noinline function mk_wr(r, wr)
        x = Obj(1)
        push!(r, x)
        push!(wr, WeakRef(x))
        nothing
    end
    ref = []
    wref = []
    mk_wr(ref, wref)
    @test ismissing(wref[1] == missing)
    @test ismissing(missing == wref[1])
end

@testset "showerror missing function" begin
    me = try missing(1) catch e e end
    @test sprint(showerror, me) == "MethodError: objects of type Missing are not callable"
end

@testset "sort and sortperm with $(eltype(X))" for (X, P, RP) in
    (([2, missing, -2, 5, missing], [3, 1, 4, 2, 5], [2, 5, 4, 1, 3]),
     ([NaN, missing, 5, -0.0, NaN, missing, Inf, 0.0, -Inf],
      [9, 4, 8, 3, 7, 1, 5, 2, 6], [2, 6, 1, 5, 7, 3, 8, 4, 9]),
     ([missing, "a", "c", missing, "b"], [2, 5, 3, 1, 4], [1, 4, 3, 5, 2]))
    @test sortperm(X) == P
    @test sortperm(X, alg=QuickSort) == P
    @test sortperm(X, alg=MergeSort) == P

    XP = X[P]
    @test isequal(sort(X), XP)
    @test isequal(sort(X, alg=QuickSort), XP)
    @test isequal(sort(X, alg=MergeSort), XP)

    @test sortperm(X, rev=true) == RP
    @test sortperm(X, alg=QuickSort, rev=true) == RP
    @test sortperm(X, alg=MergeSort, rev=true) == RP

    XRP = X[RP]
    @test isequal(sort(X, rev=true), XRP)
    @test isequal(sort(X, alg=QuickSort, rev=true), XRP)
    @test isequal(sort(X, alg=MergeSort, rev=true), XRP)
end

@test (sortperm(reverse([NaN, missing, NaN, missing])); true)

# use LazyString for MissingException to get the better effects
for func in (round, ceil, floor, trunc)
    @testset let func = func
        @test Core.Compiler.is_foldable(Base.infer_effects(func, (Type{Int},Union{Int,Missing})))
    end
end