githubmirror/json

test/src/unit-ubjson.cpp
2 295 строк100 KB
Niels Lohmann
:bookmark: set version to 3.7.1
06 ноя 2019, 20:37
06 ноя 2019, 20:37aacdc6b
/*
    __ _____ _____ _____
 __|  |   __|     |   | |  JSON for Modern C++ (test suite)
|  |  |__   |  |  | | | |  version 3.7.1
|_____|_____|_____|_|___|  https://github.com/nlohmann/json

Licensed under the MIT License <http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>.
SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
Copyright (c) 2013-2019 Niels Lohmann <http://nlohmann.me>.

Permission is hereby  granted, free of charge, to any  person obtaining a copy
of this software and associated  documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
in the Software  without restriction, including without  limitation the rights
to  use, copy,  modify, merge,  publish, distribute,  sublicense, and/or  sell
copies  of  the Software,  and  to  permit persons  to  whom  the Software  is
furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:

The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
copies or substantial portions of the Software.

THE SOFTWARE  IS PROVIDED "AS  IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY  OF ANY KIND,  EXPRESS OR
IMPLIED,  INCLUDING BUT  NOT  LIMITED TO  THE  WARRANTIES OF  MERCHANTABILITY,
FITNESS FOR  A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND  NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT  SHALL THE
AUTHORS  OR COPYRIGHT  HOLDERS  BE  LIABLE FOR  ANY  CLAIM,  DAMAGES OR  OTHER
LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF  CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE  OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
SOFTWARE.
*/

#include "doctest_compatibility.h"

#include <nlohmann/json.hpp>
using nlohmann::json;

#include <fstream>
#include <set>

namespace
{
class SaxCountdown
{
  public:
    explicit SaxCountdown(const int count) : events_left(count)
    {}

    bool null()
    {
        return events_left-- > 0;
    }

    bool boolean(bool)
    {
        return events_left-- > 0;
    }

    bool number_integer(json::number_integer_t)
    {
        return events_left-- > 0;
    }

    bool number_unsigned(json::number_unsigned_t)
    {
        return events_left-- > 0;
    }

    bool number_float(json::number_float_t, const std::string&)
    {
        return events_left-- > 0;
    }

    bool string(std::string&)
    {
        return events_left-- > 0;
    }

    bool start_object(std::size_t)
    {
        return events_left-- > 0;
    }

    bool key(std::string&)
    {
        return events_left-- > 0;
    }

    bool end_object()
    {
        return events_left-- > 0;
    }

    bool start_array(std::size_t)
    {
        return events_left-- > 0;
    }

    bool end_array()
    {
        return events_left-- > 0;
    }

    bool parse_error(std::size_t, const std::string&, const json::exception&)
    {
        return false;
    }

  private:
    int events_left = 0;
};
}

TEST_CASE("UBJSON")
{
    SECTION("individual values")
    {
        SECTION("discarded")
        {
            // discarded values are not serialized
            json j = json::value_t::discarded;
            const auto result = json::to_ubjson(j);
            CHECK(result.empty());
        }

        SECTION("null")
        {
            json j = nullptr;
            std::vector<uint8_t> expected = {'Z'};
            const auto result = json::to_ubjson(j);
            CHECK(result == expected);

            // roundtrip
            CHECK(json::from_ubjson(result) == j);
            CHECK(json::from_ubjson(result, true, false) == j);
        }

        SECTION("boolean")
        {
            SECTION("true")
            {
                json j = true;
                std::vector<uint8_t> expected = {'T'};
                const auto result = json::to_ubjson(j);
                CHECK(result == expected);

                // roundtrip
                CHECK(json::from_ubjson(result) == j);
                CHECK(json::from_ubjson(result, true, false) == j);
            }

            SECTION("false")
            {
                json j = false;
                std::vector<uint8_t> expected = {'F'};
                const auto result = json::to_ubjson(j);
                CHECK(result == expected);

                // roundtrip
                CHECK(json::from_ubjson(result) == j);
                CHECK(json::from_ubjson(result, true, false) == j);
            }
        }

        SECTION("number")
        {
            SECTION("signed")
            {
                SECTION("-9223372036854775808..-2147483649 (int64)")
                {
                    std::vector<int64_t> numbers;
                    numbers.push_back((std::numeric_limits<int64_t>::min)());
                    numbers.push_back(-1000000000000000000ll);
                    numbers.push_back(-100000000000000000ll);
                    numbers.push_back(-10000000000000000ll);
                    numbers.push_back(-1000000000000000ll);
                    numbers.push_back(-100000000000000ll);
                    numbers.push_back(-10000000000000ll);
                    numbers.push_back(-1000000000000ll);
                    numbers.push_back(-100000000000ll);
                    numbers.push_back(-10000000000ll);
                    numbers.push_back(-2147483649ll);
                    for (auto i : numbers)
                    {
                        CAPTURE(i)

                        // create JSON value with integer number
                        json j = i;

                        // check type
                        CHECK(j.is_number_integer());

                        // create expected byte vector
                        std::vector<uint8_t> expected;
                        expected.push_back(static_cast<uint8_t>('L'));
                        expected.push_back(static_cast<uint8_t>((i >> 56) & 0xff));
                        expected.push_back(static_cast<uint8_t>((i >> 48) & 0xff));
                        expected.push_back(static_cast<uint8_t>((i >> 40) & 0xff));
                        expected.push_back(static_cast<uint8_t>((i >> 32) & 0xff));
                        expected.push_back(static_cast<uint8_t>((i >> 24) & 0xff));
                        expected.push_back(static_cast<uint8_t>((i >> 16) & 0xff));
                        expected.push_back(static_cast<uint8_t>((i >> 8) & 0xff));
                        expected.push_back(static_cast<uint8_t>(i & 0xff));

                        // compare result + size
                        const auto result = json::to_ubjson(j);
                        CHECK(result == expected);
                        CHECK(result.size() == 9);

                        // check individual bytes
                        CHECK(result[0] == 'L');
                        int64_t restored = (static_cast<int64_t>(result[1]) << 070) +
                                           (static_cast<int64_t>(result[2]) << 060) +
                                           (static_cast<int64_t>(result[3]) << 050) +
                                           (static_cast<int64_t>(result[4]) << 040) +
                                           (static_cast<int64_t>(result[5]) << 030) +
                                           (static_cast<int64_t>(result[6]) << 020) +
                                           (static_cast<int64_t>(result[7]) << 010) +
                                           static_cast<int64_t>(result[8]);
                        CHECK(restored == i);

                        // roundtrip
                        CHECK(json::from_ubjson(result) == j);
                        CHECK(json::from_ubjson(result, true, false) == j);
                    }
                }

                SECTION("-2147483648..-32769 (int32)")
                {
                    std::vector<int32_t> numbers;
                    numbers.push_back(-32769);
                    numbers.push_back(-100000);
                    numbers.push_back(-1000000);
                    numbers.push_back(-10000000);
                    numbers.push_back(-100000000);
                    numbers.push_back(-1000000000);
                    numbers.push_back(-2147483647 - 1); // https://stackoverflow.com/a/29356002/266378
                    for (auto i : numbers)
                    {
                        CAPTURE(i)

                        // create JSON value with integer number
                        json j = i;

                        // check type
                        CHECK(j.is_number_integer());

                        // create expected byte vector
                        std::vector<uint8_t> expected;
                        expected.push_back(static_cast<uint8_t>('l'));
                        expected.push_back(static_cast<uint8_t>((i >> 24) & 0xff));
                        expected.push_back(static_cast<uint8_t>((i >> 16) & 0xff));
                        expected.push_back(static_cast<uint8_t>((i >> 8) & 0xff));
                        expected.push_back(static_cast<uint8_t>(i & 0xff));

                        // compare result + size
                        const auto result = json::to_ubjson(j);
                        CHECK(result == expected);
                        CHECK(result.size() == 5);

                        // check individual bytes
                        CHECK(result[0] == 'l');
                        int32_t restored = (static_cast<int32_t>(result[1]) << 030) +
                                           (static_cast<int32_t>(result[2]) << 020) +
                                           (static_cast<int32_t>(result[3]) << 010) +
                                           static_cast<int32_t>(result[4]);
                        CHECK(restored == i);

                        // roundtrip
                        CHECK(json::from_ubjson(result) == j);
                        CHECK(json::from_ubjson(result, true, false) == j);
                    }
                }

                SECTION("-32768..-129 (int16)")
                {
                    for (int32_t i = -32768; i <= -129; ++i)
                    {
                        CAPTURE(i)

                        // create JSON value with integer number
                        json j = i;

                        // check type
                        CHECK(j.is_number_integer());

                        // create expected byte vector
                        std::vector<uint8_t> expected;
                        expected.push_back(static_cast<uint8_t>('I'));
                        expected.push_back(static_cast<uint8_t>((i >> 8) & 0xff));
                        expected.push_back(static_cast<uint8_t>(i & 0xff));

                        // compare result + size
                        const auto result = json::to_ubjson(j);
                        CHECK(result == expected);
                        CHECK(result.size() == 3);

                        // check individual bytes
                        CHECK(result[0] == 'I');
                        int16_t restored = static_cast<int16_t>(((result[1] << 8) + result[2]));
                        CHECK(restored == i);

                        // roundtrip
                        CHECK(json::from_ubjson(result) == j);
                        CHECK(json::from_ubjson(result, true, false) == j);
                    }
                }

                SECTION("-9263 (int16)")
                {
                    json j = -9263;
                    std::vector<uint8_t> expected = {'I', 0xdb, 0xd1};

                    // compare result + size
                    const auto result = json::to_ubjson(j);
                    CHECK(result == expected);
                    CHECK(result.size() == 3);

                    // check individual bytes
                    CHECK(result[0] == 'I');
                    int16_t restored = static_cast<int16_t>(((result[1] << 8) + result[2]));
                    CHECK(restored == -9263);

                    // roundtrip
                    CHECK(json::from_ubjson(result) == j);
                    CHECK(json::from_ubjson(result, true, false) == j);
                }

                SECTION("-128..-1 (int8)")
                {
                    for (auto i = -128; i <= -1; ++i)
                    {
                        CAPTURE(i)

                        // create JSON value with integer number
                        json j = i;

                        // check type
                        CHECK(j.is_number_integer());

                        // create expected byte vector
                        std::vector<uint8_t> expected;
                        expected.push_back('i');
                        expected.push_back(static_cast<uint8_t>(i));

                        // compare result + size
                        const auto result = json::to_ubjson(j);
                        CHECK(result == expected);
                        CHECK(result.size() == 2);

                        // check individual bytes
                        CHECK(result[0] == 'i');
                        CHECK(static_cast<int8_t>(result[1]) == i);

                        // roundtrip
                        CHECK(json::from_ubjson(result) == j);
                        CHECK(json::from_ubjson(result, true, false) == j);
                    }
                }

                SECTION("0..127 (int8)")
                {
                    for (size_t i = 0; i <= 127; ++i)
                    {
                        CAPTURE(i)

                        // create JSON value with integer number
                        json j = -1;
                        j.get_ref<json::number_integer_t&>() = static_cast<json::number_integer_t>(i);

                        // check type
                        CHECK(j.is_number_integer());

                        // create expected byte vector
                        std::vector<uint8_t> expected;
                        expected.push_back(static_cast<uint8_t>('i'));
                        expected.push_back(static_cast<uint8_t>(i));

                        // compare result + size
                        const auto result = json::to_ubjson(j);
                        CHECK(result == expected);
                        CHECK(result.size() == 2);

                        // check individual bytes
                        CHECK(result[0] == 'i');
                        CHECK(result[1] == i);

                        // roundtrip
                        CHECK(json::from_ubjson(result) == j);
                        CHECK(json::from_ubjson(result, true, false) == j);
                    }
                }

                SECTION("128..255 (uint8)")
                {
                    for (size_t i = 128; i <= 255; ++i)
                    {
                        CAPTURE(i)

                        // create JSON value with integer number
                        json j = -1;
                        j.get_ref<json::number_integer_t&>() = static_cast<json::number_integer_t>(i);

                        // check type
                        CHECK(j.is_number_integer());

                        // create expected byte vector
                        std::vector<uint8_t> expected;
                        expected.push_back(static_cast<uint8_t>('U'));
                        expected.push_back(static_cast<uint8_t>(i));

                        // compare result + size
                        const auto result = json::to_ubjson(j);
                        CHECK(result == expected);
                        CHECK(result.size() == 2);

                        // check individual bytes
                        CHECK(result[0] == 'U');
                        CHECK(result[1] == i);

                        // roundtrip
                        CHECK(json::from_ubjson(result) == j);
                        CHECK(json::from_ubjson(result, true, false) == j);
                    }
                }

                SECTION("256..32767 (int16)")
                {
                    for (size_t i = 256; i <= 32767; ++i)
                    {
                        CAPTURE(i)

                        // create JSON value with integer number
                        json j = -1;
                        j.get_ref<json::number_integer_t&>() = static_cast<json::number_integer_t>(i);

                        // check type
                        CHECK(j.is_number_integer());

                        // create expected byte vector
                        std::vector<uint8_t> expected;
                        expected.push_back(static_cast<uint8_t>('I'));
                        expected.push_back(static_cast<uint8_t>((i >> 8) & 0xff));
                        expected.push_back(static_cast<uint8_t>(i & 0xff));

                        // compare result + size
                        const auto result = json::to_ubjson(j);
                        CHECK(result == expected);
                        CHECK(result.size() == 3);

                        // check individual bytes
                        CHECK(result[0] == 'I');
                        uint16_t restored = static_cast<uint16_t>(static_cast<uint8_t>(result[1]) * 256 + static_cast<uint8_t>(result[2]));
                        CHECK(restored == i);

                        // roundtrip
                        CHECK(json::from_ubjson(result) == j);
                        CHECK(json::from_ubjson(result, true, false) == j);
                    }
                }

                SECTION("65536..2147483647 (int32)")
                {
                    for (uint32_t i :
                            {
                                65536u, 77777u, 1048576u
                            })
                    {
                        CAPTURE(i)

                        // create JSON value with integer number
                        json j = -1;
                        j.get_ref<json::number_integer_t&>() = static_cast<json::number_integer_t>(i);

                        // check type
                        CHECK(j.is_number_integer());

                        // create expected byte vector
                        std::vector<uint8_t> expected;
                        expected.push_back('l');
                        expected.push_back(static_cast<uint8_t>((i >> 24) & 0xff));
                        expected.push_back(static_cast<uint8_t>((i >> 16) & 0xff));
                        expected.push_back(static_cast<uint8_t>((i >> 8) & 0xff));
                        expected.push_back(static_cast<uint8_t>(i & 0xff));

                        // compare result + size
                        const auto result = json::to_ubjson(j);
                        CHECK(result == expected);
                        CHECK(result.size() == 5);

                        // check individual bytes
                        CHECK(result[0] == 'l');
                        uint32_t restored = (static_cast<uint32_t>(result[1]) << 030) +
                                            (static_cast<uint32_t>(result[2]) << 020) +
                                            (static_cast<uint32_t>(result[3]) << 010) +
                                            static_cast<uint32_t>(result[4]);
                        CHECK(restored == i);

                        // roundtrip
                        CHECK(json::from_ubjson(result) == j);
                        CHECK(json::from_ubjson(result, true, false) == j);
                    }
                }

                SECTION("2147483648..9223372036854775807 (int64)")
                {
                    std::vector<uint64_t> v = {2147483648ul, 9223372036854775807ul};
                    for (uint64_t i : v)
                    {
                        CAPTURE(i)

                        // create JSON value with integer number
                        json j = -1;
                        j.get_ref<json::number_integer_t&>() = static_cast<json::number_integer_t>(i);

                        // check type
                        CHECK(j.is_number_integer());

                        // create expected byte vector
                        std::vector<uint8_t> expected;
                        expected.push_back('L');
                        expected.push_back(static_cast<uint8_t>((i >> 070) & 0xff));
                        expected.push_back(static_cast<uint8_t>((i >> 060) & 0xff));
                        expected.push_back(static_cast<uint8_t>((i >> 050) & 0xff));
                        expected.push_back(static_cast<uint8_t>((i >> 040) & 0xff));
                        expected.push_back(static_cast<uint8_t>((i >> 030) & 0xff));
                        expected.push_back(static_cast<uint8_t>((i >> 020) & 0xff));
                        expected.push_back(static_cast<uint8_t>((i >> 010) & 0xff));
                        expected.push_back(static_cast<uint8_t>(i & 0xff));

                        // compare result + size
                        const auto result = json::to_ubjson(j);
                        CHECK(result == expected);
                        CHECK(result.size() == 9);

                        // check individual bytes
                        CHECK(result[0] == 'L');
                        uint64_t restored = (static_cast<uint64_t>(result[1]) << 070) +
                                            (static_cast<uint64_t>(result[2]) << 060) +
                                            (static_cast<uint64_t>(result[3]) << 050) +
                                            (static_cast<uint64_t>(result[4]) << 040) +
                                            (static_cast<uint64_t>(result[5]) << 030) +
                                            (static_cast<uint64_t>(result[6]) << 020) +
                                            (static_cast<uint64_t>(result[7]) << 010) +
                                            static_cast<uint64_t>(result[8]);
                        CHECK(restored == i);

                        // roundtrip
                        CHECK(json::from_ubjson(result) == j);
                        CHECK(json::from_ubjson(result, true, false) == j);
                    }
                }
            }

            SECTION("unsigned")
            {
                SECTION("0..127 (int8)")
                {
                    for (size_t i = 0; i <= 127; ++i)
                    {
                        CAPTURE(i)

                        // create JSON value with unsigned integer number
                        json j = i;

                        // check type
                        CHECK(j.is_number_unsigned());

                        // create expected byte vector
                        std::vector<uint8_t> expected;
                        expected.push_back('i');
                        expected.push_back(static_cast<uint8_t>(i));

                        // compare result + size
                        const auto result = json::to_ubjson(j);
                        CHECK(result == expected);
                        CHECK(result.size() == 2);

                        // check individual bytes
                        CHECK(result[0] == 'i');
                        uint8_t restored = static_cast<uint8_t>(result[1]);
                        CHECK(restored == i);

                        // roundtrip
                        CHECK(json::from_ubjson(result) == j);
                        CHECK(json::from_ubjson(result, true, false) == j);
                    }
                }

                SECTION("128..255 (uint8)")
                {
                    for (size_t i = 128; i <= 255; ++i)
                    {
                        CAPTURE(i)

                        // create JSON value with unsigned integer number
                        json j = i;

                        // check type
                        CHECK(j.is_number_unsigned());

                        // create expected byte vector
                        std::vector<uint8_t> expected;
                        expected.push_back('U');
                        expected.push_back(static_cast<uint8_t>(i));

                        // compare result + size
                        const auto result = json::to_ubjson(j);
                        CHECK(result == expected);
                        CHECK(result.size() == 2);

                        // check individual bytes
                        CHECK(result[0] == 'U');
                        uint8_t restored = static_cast<uint8_t>(result[1]);
                        CHECK(restored == i);

                        // roundtrip
                        CHECK(json::from_ubjson(result) == j);
                        CHECK(json::from_ubjson(result, true, false) == j);
                    }
                }

                SECTION("256..32767 (int16)")
                {
                    for (size_t i = 256; i <= 32767; ++i)
                    {
                        CAPTURE(i)

                        // create JSON value with unsigned integer number
                        json j = i;

                        // check type
                        CHECK(j.is_number_unsigned());

                        // create expected byte vector
                        std::vector<uint8_t> expected;
                        expected.push_back('I');
                        expected.push_back(static_cast<uint8_t>((i >> 8) & 0xff));
                        expected.push_back(static_cast<uint8_t>(i & 0xff));

                        // compare result + size
                        const auto result = json::to_ubjson(j);
                        CHECK(result == expected);
                        CHECK(result.size() == 3);

                        // check individual bytes
                        CHECK(result[0] == 'I');
                        uint16_t restored = static_cast<uint16_t>(static_cast<uint8_t>(result[1]) * 256 + static_cast<uint8_t>(result[2]));
                        CHECK(restored == i);

                        // roundtrip
                        CHECK(json::from_ubjson(result) == j);
                        CHECK(json::from_ubjson(result, true, false) == j);
                    }
                }

                SECTION("65536..2147483647 (int32)")
                {
                    for (uint32_t i :
                            {
                                65536u, 77777u, 1048576u
                            })
                    {
                        CAPTURE(i)

                        // create JSON value with unsigned integer number
                        json j = i;

                        // check type
                        CHECK(j.is_number_unsigned());

                        // create expected byte vector
                        std::vector<uint8_t> expected;
                        expected.push_back('l');
                        expected.push_back(static_cast<uint8_t>((i >> 24) & 0xff));
                        expected.push_back(static_cast<uint8_t>((i >> 16) & 0xff));
                        expected.push_back(static_cast<uint8_t>((i >> 8) & 0xff));
                        expected.push_back(static_cast<uint8_t>(i & 0xff));

                        // compare result + size
                        const auto result = json::to_ubjson(j);
                        CHECK(result == expected);
                        CHECK(result.size() == 5);

                        // check individual bytes
                        CHECK(result[0] == 'l');
                        uint32_t restored = (static_cast<uint32_t>(result[1]) << 030) +
                                            (static_cast<uint32_t>(result[2]) << 020) +
                                            (static_cast<uint32_t>(result[3]) << 010) +
                                            static_cast<uint32_t>(result[4]);
                        CHECK(restored == i);

                        // roundtrip
                        CHECK(json::from_ubjson(result) == j);
                        CHECK(json::from_ubjson(result, true, false) == j);
                    }
                }

                SECTION("2147483648..9223372036854775807 (int64)")
                {
                    std::vector<uint64_t> v = {2147483648ul, 9223372036854775807ul};
                    for (uint64_t i : v)
                    {
                        CAPTURE(i)

                        // create JSON value with integer number
                        json j = i;

                        // check type
                        CHECK(j.is_number_unsigned());

                        // create expected byte vector
                        std::vector<uint8_t> expected;
                        expected.push_back('L');
                        expected.push_back(static_cast<uint8_t>((i >> 070) & 0xff));
                        expected.push_back(static_cast<uint8_t>((i >> 060) & 0xff));
                        expected.push_back(static_cast<uint8_t>((i >> 050) & 0xff));
                        expected.push_back(static_cast<uint8_t>((i >> 040) & 0xff));
                        expected.push_back(static_cast<uint8_t>((i >> 030) & 0xff));
                        expected.push_back(static_cast<uint8_t>((i >> 020) & 0xff));
                        expected.push_back(static_cast<uint8_t>((i >> 010) & 0xff));
                        expected.push_back(static_cast<uint8_t>(i & 0xff));

                        // compare result + size
                        const auto result = json::to_ubjson(j);
                        CHECK(result == expected);
                        CHECK(result.size() == 9);

                        // check individual bytes
                        CHECK(result[0] == 'L');
                        uint64_t restored = (static_cast<uint64_t>(result[1]) << 070) +
                                            (static_cast<uint64_t>(result[2]) << 060) +
                                            (static_cast<uint64_t>(result[3]) << 050) +
                                            (static_cast<uint64_t>(result[4]) << 040) +
                                            (static_cast<uint64_t>(result[5]) << 030) +
                                            (static_cast<uint64_t>(result[6]) << 020) +
                                            (static_cast<uint64_t>(result[7]) << 010) +
                                            static_cast<uint64_t>(result[8]);
                        CHECK(restored == i);

                        // roundtrip
                        CHECK(json::from_ubjson(result) == j);
                        CHECK(json::from_ubjson(result, true, false) == j);
                    }
                }
            }

            SECTION("float64")
            {
                SECTION("3.1415925")
                {
                    double v = 3.1415925;
                    json j = v;
                    std::vector<uint8_t> expected =
                    {
                        'D', 0x40, 0x09, 0x21, 0xfb, 0x3f, 0xa6, 0xde, 0xfc
                    };
                    const auto result = json::to_ubjson(j);
                    CHECK(result == expected);

                    // roundtrip
                    CHECK(json::from_ubjson(result) == j);
                    CHECK(json::from_ubjson(result) == v);
                    CHECK(json::from_ubjson(result, true, false) == j);
                }
            }
        }

        SECTION("string")
        {
            SECTION("N = 0..127")
            {
                for (size_t N = 0; N <= 127; ++N)
                {
                    CAPTURE(N)

                    // create JSON value with string containing of N * 'x'
                    const auto s = std::string(N, 'x');
                    json j = s;

                    // create expected byte vector
                    std::vector<uint8_t> expected;
                    expected.push_back('S');
                    expected.push_back('i');
                    expected.push_back(static_cast<uint8_t>(N));
                    for (size_t i = 0; i < N; ++i)
                    {
                        expected.push_back('x');
                    }

                    // compare result + size
                    const auto result = json::to_ubjson(j);
                    CHECK(result == expected);
                    CHECK(result.size() == N + 3);
                    // check that no null byte is appended
                    if (N > 0)
                    {
                        CHECK(result.back() != '\x00');
                    }

                    // roundtrip
                    CHECK(json::from_ubjson(result) == j);
                    CHECK(json::from_ubjson(result, true, false) == j);
                }
            }

            SECTION("N = 128..255")
            {
                for (size_t N = 128; N <= 255; ++N)
                {
                    CAPTURE(N)

                    // create JSON value with string containing of N * 'x'
                    const auto s = std::string(N, 'x');
                    json j = s;

                    // create expected byte vector
                    std::vector<uint8_t> expected;
                    expected.push_back('S');
                    expected.push_back('U');
                    expected.push_back(static_cast<uint8_t>(N));
                    for (size_t i = 0; i < N; ++i)
                    {
                        expected.push_back('x');
                    }

                    // compare result + size
                    const auto result = json::to_ubjson(j);
                    CHECK(result == expected);
                    CHECK(result.size() == N + 3);
                    // check that no null byte is appended
                    CHECK(result.back() != '\x00');

                    // roundtrip
                    CHECK(json::from_ubjson(result) == j);
                    CHECK(json::from_ubjson(result, true, false) == j);
                }
            }

            SECTION("N = 256..32767")
            {
                for (size_t N :
                        {
                            256u, 999u, 1025u, 3333u, 2048u, 32767u
                        })
                {
                    CAPTURE(N)

                    // create JSON value with string containing of N * 'x'
                    const auto s = std::string(N, 'x');
                    json j = s;

                    // create expected byte vector (hack: create string first)
                    std::vector<uint8_t> expected(N, 'x');
                    // reverse order of commands, because we insert at begin()
                    expected.insert(expected.begin(), static_cast<uint8_t>(N & 0xff));
                    expected.insert(expected.begin(), static_cast<uint8_t>((N >> 8) & 0xff));
                    expected.insert(expected.begin(), 'I');
                    expected.insert(expected.begin(), 'S');

                    // compare result + size
                    const auto result = json::to_ubjson(j);
                    CHECK(result == expected);
                    CHECK(result.size() == N + 4);
                    // check that no null byte is appended
                    CHECK(result.back() != '\x00');

                    // roundtrip
                    CHECK(json::from_ubjson(result) == j);
                    CHECK(json::from_ubjson(result, true, false) == j);
                }
            }

            SECTION("N = 65536..2147483647")
            {
                for (size_t N :
                        {
                            65536u, 77777u, 1048576u
                        })
                {
                    CAPTURE(N)

                    // create JSON value with string containing of N * 'x'
                    const auto s = std::string(N, 'x');
                    json j = s;

                    // create expected byte vector (hack: create string first)
                    std::vector<uint8_t> expected(N, 'x');
                    // reverse order of commands, because we insert at begin()
                    expected.insert(expected.begin(), static_cast<uint8_t>(N & 0xff));
                    expected.insert(expected.begin(), static_cast<uint8_t>((N >> 8) & 0xff));
                    expected.insert(expected.begin(), static_cast<uint8_t>((N >> 16) & 0xff));
                    expected.insert(expected.begin(), static_cast<uint8_t>((N >> 24) & 0xff));
                    expected.insert(expected.begin(), 'l');
                    expected.insert(expected.begin(), 'S');

                    // compare result + size
                    const auto result = json::to_ubjson(j);
                    CHECK(result == expected);
                    CHECK(result.size() == N + 6);
                    // check that no null byte is appended
                    CHECK(result.back() != '\x00');

                    // roundtrip
                    CHECK(json::from_ubjson(result) == j);
                    CHECK(json::from_ubjson(result, true, false) == j);
                }
            }
        }

        SECTION("array")
        {
            SECTION("empty")
            {
                SECTION("size=false type=false")
                {
                    json j = json::array();
                    std::vector<uint8_t> expected = {'[', ']'};
                    const auto result = json::to_ubjson(j);
                    CHECK(result == expected);

                    // roundtrip
                    CHECK(json::from_ubjson(result) == j);
                    CHECK(json::from_ubjson(result, true, false) == j);
                }

                SECTION("size=true type=false")
                {
                    json j = json::array();
                    std::vector<uint8_t> expected = {'[', '#', 'i', 0};
                    const auto result = json::to_ubjson(j, true);
                    CHECK(result == expected);

                    // roundtrip
                    CHECK(json::from_ubjson(result) == j);
                    CHECK(json::from_ubjson(result, true, false) == j);
                }

                SECTION("size=true type=true")
                {
                    json j = json::array();
                    std::vector<uint8_t> expected = {'[', '#', 'i', 0};
                    const auto result = json::to_ubjson(j, true, true);
                    CHECK(result == expected);

                    // roundtrip
                    CHECK(json::from_ubjson(result) == j);
                    CHECK(json::from_ubjson(result, true, false) == j);
                }
            }

            SECTION("[null]")
            {
                SECTION("size=false type=false")
                {
                    json j = {nullptr};
                    std::vector<uint8_t> expected = {'[', 'Z', ']'};
                    const auto result = json::to_ubjson(j);
                    CHECK(result == expected);

                    // roundtrip
                    CHECK(json::from_ubjson(result) == j);
                    CHECK(json::from_ubjson(result, true, false) == j);
                }

                SECTION("size=true type=false")
                {
                    json j = {nullptr};
                    std::vector<uint8_t> expected = {'[', '#', 'i', 1, 'Z'};
                    const auto result = json::to_ubjson(j, true);
                    CHECK(result == expected);

                    // roundtrip
                    CHECK(json::from_ubjson(result) == j);
                    CHECK(json::from_ubjson(result, true, false) == j);
                }

                SECTION("size=true type=true")
                {
                    json j = {nullptr};
                    std::vector<uint8_t> expected = {'[', '$', 'Z', '#', 'i', 1};
                    const auto result = json::to_ubjson(j, true, true);
                    CHECK(result == expected);

                    // roundtrip
                    CHECK(json::from_ubjson(result) == j);
                    CHECK(json::from_ubjson(result, true, false) == j);
                }
            }

            SECTION("[1,2,3,4,5]")
            {
                SECTION("size=false type=false")
                {
                    json j = json::parse("[1,2,3,4,5]");
                    std::vector<uint8_t> expected = {'[', 'i', 1, 'i', 2, 'i', 3, 'i', 4, 'i', 5, ']'};
                    const auto result = json::to_ubjson(j);
                    CHECK(result == expected);

                    // roundtrip
                    CHECK(json::from_ubjson(result) == j);
                    CHECK(json::from_ubjson(result, true, false) == j);
                }

                SECTION("size=true type=false")
                {
                    json j = json::parse("[1,2,3,4,5]");
                    std::vector<uint8_t> expected = {'[', '#', 'i', 5, 'i', 1, 'i', 2, 'i', 3, 'i', 4, 'i', 5};
                    const auto result = json::to_ubjson(j, true);
                    CHECK(result == expected);

                    // roundtrip
                    CHECK(json::from_ubjson(result) == j);
                    CHECK(json::from_ubjson(result, true, false) == j);
                }

                SECTION("size=true type=true")
                {
                    json j = json::parse("[1,2,3,4,5]");
                    std::vector<uint8_t> expected = {'[', '$', 'i', '#', 'i', 5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
                    const auto result = json::to_ubjson(j, true, true);
                    CHECK(result == expected);

                    // roundtrip
                    CHECK(json::from_ubjson(result) == j);
                    CHECK(json::from_ubjson(result, true, false) == j);
                }
            }

            SECTION("[[[[]]]]")
            {
                SECTION("size=false type=false")
                {
                    json j = json::parse("[[[[]]]]");
                    std::vector<uint8_t> expected = {'[', '[', '[', '[', ']', ']', ']', ']'};
                    const auto result = json::to_ubjson(j);
                    CHECK(result == expected);

                    // roundtrip
                    CHECK(json::from_ubjson(result) == j);
                    CHECK(json::from_ubjson(result, true, false) == j);
                }

                SECTION("size=true type=false")
                {
                    json j = json::parse("[[[[]]]]");
                    std::vector<uint8_t> expected = {'[', '#', 'i', 1, '[', '#', 'i', 1, '[', '#', 'i', 1, '[', '#', 'i', 0};
                    const auto result = json::to_ubjson(j, true);
                    CHECK(result == expected);

                    // roundtrip
                    CHECK(json::from_ubjson(result) == j);
                    CHECK(json::from_ubjson(result, true, false) == j);
                }

                SECTION("size=true type=true")
                {
                    json j = json::parse("[[[[]]]]");
                    std::vector<uint8_t> expected = {'[', '$', '[', '#', 'i', 1, '$', '[', '#', 'i', 1, '$', '[', '#', 'i', 1, '#', 'i', 0};
                    const auto result = json::to_ubjson(j, true, true);
                    CHECK(result == expected);

                    // roundtrip
                    CHECK(json::from_ubjson(result) == j);
                    CHECK(json::from_ubjson(result, true, false) == j);
                }
            }

            SECTION("array with uint16_t elements")
            {
                SECTION("size=false type=false")
                {
                    json j(257, nullptr);
                    std::vector<uint8_t> expected(j.size() + 2, 'Z'); // all null
                    expected[0] = '['; // opening array
                    expected[258] = ']'; // closing array
                    const auto result = json::to_ubjson(j);
                    CHECK(result == expected);

                    // roundtrip
                    CHECK(json::from_ubjson(result) == j);
                    CHECK(json::from_ubjson(result, true, false) == j);
                }

                SECTION("size=true type=false")
                {
                    json j(257, nullptr);
                    std::vector<uint8_t> expected(j.size() + 5, 'Z'); // all null
                    expected[0] = '['; // opening array
                    expected[1] = '#'; // array size
                    expected[2] = 'I'; // int16
                    expected[3] = 0x01; // 0x0101, first byte
                    expected[4] = 0x01; // 0x0101, second byte
                    const auto result = json::to_ubjson(j, true);
                    CHECK(result == expected);

                    // roundtrip
                    CHECK(json::from_ubjson(result) == j);
                    CHECK(json::from_ubjson(result, true, false) == j);
                }

                SECTION("size=true type=true")
                {
                    json j(257, nullptr);
                    std::vector<uint8_t> expected = {'[', '$', 'Z', '#', 'I', 0x01, 0x01};
                    const auto result = json::to_ubjson(j, true, true);
                    CHECK(result == expected);

                    // roundtrip
                    CHECK(json::from_ubjson(result) == j);
                    CHECK(json::from_ubjson(result, true, false) == j);
                }
            }

            SECTION("array with uint32_t elements")
            {
                SECTION("size=false type=false")
                {
                    json j(65793, nullptr);
                    std::vector<uint8_t> expected(j.size() + 2, 'Z'); // all null
                    expected[0] = '['; // opening array
                    expected[65794] = ']'; // closing array
                    const auto result = json::to_ubjson(j);
                    CHECK(result == expected);

                    // roundtrip
                    CHECK(json::from_ubjson(result) == j);
                    CHECK(json::from_ubjson(result, true, false) == j);
                }

                SECTION("size=true type=false")
                {
                    json j(65793, nullptr);
                    std::vector<uint8_t> expected(j.size() + 7, 'Z'); // all null
                    expected[0] = '['; // opening array
                    expected[1] = '#'; // array size
                    expected[2] = 'l'; // int32
                    expected[3] = 0x00; // 0x00010101, first byte
                    expected[4] = 0x01; // 0x00010101, second byte
                    expected[5] = 0x01; // 0x00010101, third byte
                    expected[6] = 0x01; // 0x00010101, fourth byte
                    const auto result = json::to_ubjson(j, true);
                    CHECK(result == expected);

                    // roundtrip
                    CHECK(json::from_ubjson(result) == j);
                    CHECK(json::from_ubjson(result, true, false) == j);
                }

                SECTION("size=true type=true")
                {
                    json j(65793, nullptr);
                    std::vector<uint8_t> expected = {'[', '$', 'Z', '#', 'l', 0x00, 0x01, 0x01, 0x01};
                    const auto result = json::to_ubjson(j, true, true);
                    CHECK(result == expected);

                    // roundtrip
                    CHECK(json::from_ubjson(result) == j);
                    CHECK(json::from_ubjson(result, true, false) == j);
                }
            }
        }

        SECTION("object")
        {
            SECTION("empty")
            {
                SECTION("size=false type=false")
                {
                    json j = json::object();
                    std::vector<uint8_t> expected = {'{', '}'};
                    const auto result = json::to_ubjson(j);
                    CHECK(result == expected);

                    // roundtrip
                    CHECK(json::from_ubjson(result) == j);
                    CHECK(json::from_ubjson(result, true, false) == j);
                }

                SECTION("size=true type=false")
                {
                    json j = json::object();
                    std::vector<uint8_t> expected = {'{', '#', 'i', 0};
                    const auto result = json::to_ubjson(j, true);
                    CHECK(result == expected);

                    // roundtrip
                    CHECK(json::from_ubjson(result) == j);
                    CHECK(json::from_ubjson(result, true, false) == j);
                }

                SECTION("size=true type=true")
                {
                    json j = json::object();
                    std::vector<uint8_t> expected = {'{', '#', 'i', 0};
                    const auto result = json::to_ubjson(j, true, true);
                    CHECK(result == expected);

                    // roundtrip
                    CHECK(json::from_ubjson(result) == j);
                    CHECK(json::from_ubjson(result, true, false) == j);
                }
            }

            SECTION("{\"\":null}")
            {
                SECTION("size=false type=false")
                {
                    json j = {{"", nullptr}};
                    std::vector<uint8_t> expected = {'{', 'i', 0, 'Z', '}'};
                    const auto result = json::to_ubjson(j);
                    CHECK(result == expected);

                    // roundtrip
                    CHECK(json::from_ubjson(result) == j);
                    CHECK(json::from_ubjson(result, true, false) == j);
                }

                SECTION("size=true type=false")
                {
                    json j = {{"", nullptr}};
                    std::vector<uint8_t> expected = {'{', '#', 'i', 1, 'i', 0, 'Z'};
                    const auto result = json::to_ubjson(j, true);
                    CHECK(result == expected);

                    // roundtrip
                    CHECK(json::from_ubjson(result) == j);
                    CHECK(json::from_ubjson(result, true, false) == j);
                }

                SECTION("size=true type=true")
                {
                    json j = {{"", nullptr}};
                    std::vector<uint8_t> expected = {'{', '$', 'Z', '#', 'i', 1, 'i', 0};
                    const auto result = json::to_ubjson(j, true, true);
                    CHECK(result == expected);

                    // roundtrip
                    CHECK(json::from_ubjson(result) == j);
                    CHECK(json::from_ubjson(result, true, false) == j);
                }
            }

            SECTION("{\"a\": {\"b\": {\"c\": {}}}}")
            {
                SECTION("size=false type=false")
                {
                    json j = json::parse("{\"a\": {\"b\": {\"c\": {}}}}");
                    std::vector<uint8_t> expected =
                    {
                        '{', 'i', 1, 'a', '{', 'i', 1, 'b', '{', 'i', 1, 'c', '{', '}', '}', '}', '}'
                    };
                    const auto result = json::to_ubjson(j);
                    CHECK(result == expected);

                    // roundtrip
                    CHECK(json::from_ubjson(result) == j);
                    CHECK(json::from_ubjson(result, true, false) == j);
                }

                SECTION("size=true type=false")
                {
                    json j = json::parse("{\"a\": {\"b\": {\"c\": {}}}}");
                    std::vector<uint8_t> expected =
                    {
                        '{', '#', 'i', 1, 'i', 1, 'a', '{', '#', 'i', 1, 'i', 1, 'b', '{', '#', 'i', 1, 'i', 1, 'c', '{', '#', 'i', 0
                    };
                    const auto result = json::to_ubjson(j, true);
                    CHECK(result == expected);

                    // roundtrip
                    CHECK(json::from_ubjson(result) == j);
                    CHECK(json::from_ubjson(result, true, false) == j);
                }

                SECTION("size=true type=true")
                {
                    json j = json::parse("{\"a\": {\"b\": {\"c\": {}}}}");
                    std::vector<uint8_t> expected =
                    {
                        '{', '$', '{', '#', 'i', 1, 'i', 1, 'a', '$', '{', '#', 'i', 1, 'i', 1, 'b', '$', '{', '#', 'i', 1, 'i', 1, 'c', '#', 'i', 0
                    };
                    const auto result = json::to_ubjson(j, true, true);
                    CHECK(result == expected);

                    // roundtrip
                    CHECK(json::from_ubjson(result) == j);
                    CHECK(json::from_ubjson(result, true, false) == j);
                }
            }
        }
    }

    SECTION("errors")
    {
        SECTION("strict mode")
        {
            std::vector<uint8_t> vec = {'Z', 'Z'};
            SECTION("non-strict mode")
            {
                const auto result = json::from_ubjson(vec, false);
                CHECK(result == json());
            }

            SECTION("strict mode")
            {
                json _;
                CHECK_THROWS_AS(_ = json::from_ubjson(vec), json::parse_error&);
                CHECK_THROWS_WITH(_ = json::from_ubjson(vec),
                                  "[json.exception.parse_error.110] parse error at byte 2: syntax error while parsing UBJSON value: expected end of input; last byte: 0x5A");
            }
        }

        SECTION("number out of range")
        {
            // larger than max int64
            json j = 9223372036854775808llu;
            json _;
            CHECK_THROWS_AS(_ = json::to_ubjson(j), json::out_of_range&);
            CHECK_THROWS_WITH(_ = json::to_ubjson(j), "[json.exception.out_of_range.407] integer number 9223372036854775808 cannot be represented by UBJSON as it does not fit int64");
        }

        SECTION("excessive size")
        {
            SECTION("array")
            {
                std::vector<uint8_t> v_ubjson = {'[', '$', 'Z', '#', 'L', 0x78, 0x28, 0x00, 0x68, 0x28, 0x69, 0x69, 0x17};
                json _;
                CHECK_THROWS_AS(_ = json::from_ubjson(v_ubjson), json::out_of_range&);

                json j;
                nlohmann::detail::json_sax_dom_callback_parser<json> scp(j, [](int, json::parse_event_t, const json&)
                {
                    return true;
                });
                CHECK_THROWS_AS(_ = json::sax_parse(v_ubjson, &scp, json::input_format_t::ubjson), json::out_of_range&);
            }

            SECTION("object")
            {
                std::vector<uint8_t> v_ubjson = {'{', '$', 'Z', '#', 'L', 0x78, 0x28, 0x00, 0x68, 0x28, 0x69, 0x69, 0x17};
                json _;
                CHECK_THROWS_AS(_ = json::from_ubjson(v_ubjson), json::out_of_range&);

                json j;
                nlohmann::detail::json_sax_dom_callback_parser<json> scp(j, [](int, json::parse_event_t, const json&)
                {
                    return true;
                });
                CHECK_THROWS_AS(_ = json::sax_parse(v_ubjson, &scp, json::input_format_t::ubjson), json::out_of_range&);
            }
        }
    }

    SECTION("SAX aborts")
    {
        SECTION("start_array()")
        {
            std::vector<uint8_t> v = {'[', 'T', 'F', ']'};
            SaxCountdown scp(0);
            CHECK(not json::sax_parse(v, &scp, json::input_format_t::ubjson));
        }

        SECTION("start_object()")
        {
            std::vector<uint8_t> v = {'{', 'i', 3, 'f', 'o', 'o', 'F', '}'};
            SaxCountdown scp(0);
            CHECK(not json::sax_parse(v, &scp, json::input_format_t::ubjson));
        }

        SECTION("key() in object")
        {
            std::vector<uint8_t> v = {'{', 'i', 3, 'f', 'o', 'o', 'F', '}'};
            SaxCountdown scp(1);
            CHECK(not json::sax_parse(v, &scp, json::input_format_t::ubjson));
        }

        SECTION("start_array(len)")
        {
            std::vector<uint8_t> v = {'[', '#', 'i', '2', 'T', 'F'};
            SaxCountdown scp(0);
            CHECK(not json::sax_parse(v, &scp, json::input_format_t::ubjson));
        }

        SECTION("start_object(len)")
        {
            std::vector<uint8_t> v = {'{', '#', 'i', '1', 3, 'f', 'o', 'o', 'F'};
            SaxCountdown scp(0);
            CHECK(not json::sax_parse(v, &scp, json::input_format_t::ubjson));
        }

        SECTION("key() in object with length")
        {
            std::vector<uint8_t> v = {'{', 'i', 3, 'f', 'o', 'o', 'F', '}'};
            SaxCountdown scp(1);
            CHECK(not json::sax_parse(v, &scp, json::input_format_t::ubjson));
        }
    }

    SECTION("parsing values")
    {
        SECTION("strings")
        {
            // create a single-character string for all number types
            std::vector<uint8_t> s_i = {'S', 'i', 1, 'a'};
            std::vector<uint8_t> s_U = {'S', 'U', 1, 'a'};
            std::vector<uint8_t> s_I = {'S', 'I', 0, 1, 'a'};
            std::vector<uint8_t> s_l = {'S', 'l', 0, 0, 0, 1, 'a'};
            std::vector<uint8_t> s_L = {'S', 'L', 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 'a'};

            // check if string is parsed correctly to "a"
            CHECK(json::from_ubjson(s_i) == "a");
            CHECK(json::from_ubjson(s_U) == "a");
            CHECK(json::from_ubjson(s_I) == "a");
            CHECK(json::from_ubjson(s_l) == "a");
            CHECK(json::from_ubjson(s_L) == "a");

            // roundtrip: output should be optimized
            CHECK(json::to_ubjson(json::from_ubjson(s_i)) == s_i);
            CHECK(json::to_ubjson(json::from_ubjson(s_U)) == s_i);
            CHECK(json::to_ubjson(json::from_ubjson(s_I)) == s_i);
            CHECK(json::to_ubjson(json::from_ubjson(s_l)) == s_i);
            CHECK(json::to_ubjson(json::from_ubjson(s_L)) == s_i);
        }

        SECTION("number")
        {
            SECTION("float")
            {
                // float32
                std::vector<uint8_t> v_d = {'d', 0x40, 0x49, 0x0f, 0xd0};
                CHECK(json::from_ubjson(v_d) == 3.14159f);

                // float64
                std::vector<uint8_t> v_D = {'D', 0x40, 0x09, 0x21, 0xf9, 0xf0, 0x1b, 0x86, 0x6e};
                CHECK(json::from_ubjson(v_D) == 3.14159);

                // float32 is serialized as float64 as the library does not support float32
                CHECK(json::to_ubjson(json::from_ubjson(v_d)) == json::to_ubjson(3.14159f));
            }
        }

        SECTION("array")
        {
            SECTION("optimized version (length only)")
            {
                // create vector with two elements of the same type
                std::vector<uint8_t> v_TU = {'[', '#', 'U', 2, 'T', 'T'};
                std::vector<uint8_t> v_T = {'[', '#', 'i', 2, 'T', 'T'};
                std::vector<uint8_t> v_F = {'[', '#', 'i', 2, 'F', 'F'};
                std::vector<uint8_t> v_Z = {'[', '#', 'i', 2, 'Z', 'Z'};
                std::vector<uint8_t> v_i = {'[', '#', 'i', 2, 'i', 0x7F, 'i', 0x7F};
                std::vector<uint8_t> v_U = {'[', '#', 'i', 2, 'U', 0xFF, 'U', 0xFF};
                std::vector<uint8_t> v_I = {'[', '#', 'i', 2, 'I', 0x7F, 0xFF, 'I', 0x7F, 0xFF};
                std::vector<uint8_t> v_l = {'[', '#', 'i', 2, 'l', 0x7F, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 'l', 0x7F, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF};
                std::vector<uint8_t> v_L = {'[', '#', 'i', 2, 'L', 0x7F, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 'L', 0x7F, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF};
                std::vector<uint8_t> v_D = {'[', '#', 'i', 2, 'D', 0x40, 0x09, 0x21, 0xfb, 0x4d, 0x12, 0xd8, 0x4a, 'D', 0x40, 0x09, 0x21, 0xfb, 0x4d, 0x12, 0xd8, 0x4a};
                std::vector<uint8_t> v_S = {'[', '#', 'i', 2, 'S', 'i', 1, 'a', 'S', 'i', 1, 'a'};
                std::vector<uint8_t> v_C = {'[', '#', 'i', 2, 'C', 'a', 'C', 'a'};

                // check if vector is parsed correctly
                CHECK(json::from_ubjson(v_TU) == json({true, true}));
                CHECK(json::from_ubjson(v_T) == json({true, true}));
                CHECK(json::from_ubjson(v_F) == json({false, false}));
                CHECK(json::from_ubjson(v_Z) == json({nullptr, nullptr}));
                CHECK(json::from_ubjson(v_i) == json({127, 127}));
                CHECK(json::from_ubjson(v_U) == json({255, 255}));
                CHECK(json::from_ubjson(v_I) == json({32767, 32767}));
                CHECK(json::from_ubjson(v_l) == json({2147483647, 2147483647}));
                CHECK(json::from_ubjson(v_L) == json({9223372036854775807, 9223372036854775807}));
                CHECK(json::from_ubjson(v_D) == json({3.1415926, 3.1415926}));
                CHECK(json::from_ubjson(v_S) == json({"a", "a"}));
                CHECK(json::from_ubjson(v_C) == json({"a", "a"}));

                // roundtrip: output should be optimized
                CHECK(json::to_ubjson(json::from_ubjson(v_T), true) == v_T);
                CHECK(json::to_ubjson(json::from_ubjson(v_F), true) == v_F);
                CHECK(json::to_ubjson(json::from_ubjson(v_Z), true) == v_Z);
                CHECK(json::to_ubjson(json::from_ubjson(v_i), true) == v_i);
                CHECK(json::to_ubjson(json::from_ubjson(v_U), true) == v_U);
                CHECK(json::to_ubjson(json::from_ubjson(v_I), true) == v_I);
                CHECK(json::to_ubjson(json::from_ubjson(v_l), true) == v_l);
                CHECK(json::to_ubjson(json::from_ubjson(v_L), true) == v_L);
                CHECK(json::to_ubjson(json::from_ubjson(v_D), true) == v_D);
                CHECK(json::to_ubjson(json::from_ubjson(v_S), true) == v_S);
                CHECK(json::to_ubjson(json::from_ubjson(v_C), true) == v_S); // char is serialized to string
            }

            SECTION("optimized version (type and length)")
            {
                // create vector with two elements of the same type
                std::vector<uint8_t> v_N = {'[', '$', 'N', '#', 'i', 2};
                std::vector<uint8_t> v_T = {'[', '$', 'T', '#', 'i', 2};
                std::vector<uint8_t> v_F = {'[', '$', 'F', '#', 'i', 2};
                std::vector<uint8_t> v_Z = {'[', '$', 'Z', '#', 'i', 2};
                std::vector<uint8_t> v_i = {'[', '$', 'i', '#', 'i', 2, 0x7F, 0x7F};
                std::vector<uint8_t> v_U = {'[', '$', 'U', '#', 'i', 2, 0xFF, 0xFF};
                std::vector<uint8_t> v_I = {'[', '$', 'I', '#', 'i', 2, 0x7F, 0xFF, 0x7F, 0xFF};
                std::vector<uint8_t> v_l = {'[', '$', 'l', '#', 'i', 2, 0x7F, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0x7F, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF};
                std::vector<uint8_t> v_L = {'[', '$', 'L', '#', 'i', 2, 0x7F, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0x7F, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF};
                std::vector<uint8_t> v_D = {'[', '$', 'D', '#', 'i', 2, 0x40, 0x09, 0x21, 0xfb, 0x4d, 0x12, 0xd8, 0x4a, 0x40, 0x09, 0x21, 0xfb, 0x4d, 0x12, 0xd8, 0x4a};
                std::vector<uint8_t> v_S = {'[', '$', 'S', '#', 'i', 2, 'i', 1, 'a', 'i', 1, 'a'};
                std::vector<uint8_t> v_C = {'[', '$', 'C', '#', 'i', 2, 'a', 'a'};

                // check if vector is parsed correctly
                CHECK(json::from_ubjson(v_N) == json::array());
                CHECK(json::from_ubjson(v_T) == json({true, true}));
                CHECK(json::from_ubjson(v_F) == json({false, false}));
                CHECK(json::from_ubjson(v_Z) == json({nullptr, nullptr}));
                CHECK(json::from_ubjson(v_i) == json({127, 127}));
                CHECK(json::from_ubjson(v_U) == json({255, 255}));
                CHECK(json::from_ubjson(v_I) == json({32767, 32767}));
                CHECK(json::from_ubjson(v_l) == json({2147483647, 2147483647}));
                CHECK(json::from_ubjson(v_L) == json({9223372036854775807, 9223372036854775807}));
                CHECK(json::from_ubjson(v_D) == json({3.1415926, 3.1415926}));
                CHECK(json::from_ubjson(v_S) == json({"a", "a"}));
                CHECK(json::from_ubjson(v_C) == json({"a", "a"}));

                // roundtrip: output should be optimized
                std::vector<uint8_t> v_empty = {'[', '#', 'i', 0};
                CHECK(json::to_ubjson(json::from_ubjson(v_N), true, true) == v_empty);
                CHECK(json::to_ubjson(json::from_ubjson(v_T), true, true) == v_T);
                CHECK(json::to_ubjson(json::from_ubjson(v_F), true, true) == v_F);
                CHECK(json::to_ubjson(json::from_ubjson(v_Z), true, true) == v_Z);
                CHECK(json::to_ubjson(json::from_ubjson(v_i), true, true) == v_i);
                CHECK(json::to_ubjson(json::from_ubjson(v_U), true, true) == v_U);
                CHECK(json::to_ubjson(json::from_ubjson(v_I), true, true) == v_I);
                CHECK(json::to_ubjson(json::from_ubjson(v_l), true, true) == v_l);
                CHECK(json::to_ubjson(json::from_ubjson(v_L), true, true) == v_L);
                CHECK(json::to_ubjson(json::from_ubjson(v_D), true, true) == v_D);
                CHECK(json::to_ubjson(json::from_ubjson(v_S), true, true) == v_S);
                CHECK(json::to_ubjson(json::from_ubjson(v_C), true, true) == v_S); // char is serialized to string
            }
        }
    }

    SECTION("parse errors")
    {
        SECTION("empty byte vector")
        {
            json _;
            CHECK_THROWS_AS(_ = json::from_ubjson(std::vector<uint8_t>()), json::parse_error&);
            CHECK_THROWS_WITH(_ = json::from_ubjson(std::vector<uint8_t>()),
                              "[json.exception.parse_error.110] parse error at byte 1: syntax error while parsing UBJSON value: unexpected end of input");
        }

        SECTION("char")
        {
            SECTION("eof after C byte")
            {
                std::vector<uint8_t> v = {'C'};
                json _;
                CHECK_THROWS_AS(_ = json::from_ubjson(v), json::parse_error&);
                CHECK_THROWS_WITH(_ = json::from_ubjson(v), "[json.exception.parse_error.110] parse error at byte 2: syntax error while parsing UBJSON char: unexpected end of input");
            }

            SECTION("byte out of range")
            {
                std::vector<uint8_t> v = {'C', 130};
                json _;
                CHECK_THROWS_AS(_ = json::from_ubjson(v), json::parse_error&);
                CHECK_THROWS_WITH(_ = json::from_ubjson(v), "[json.exception.parse_error.113] parse error at byte 2: syntax error while parsing UBJSON char: byte after 'C' must be in range 0x00..0x7F; last byte: 0x82");
            }
        }

        SECTION("strings")
        {
            SECTION("eof after S byte")
            {
                std::vector<uint8_t> v = {'S'};
                json _;
                CHECK_THROWS_AS(_ = json::from_ubjson(v), json::parse_error&);
                CHECK_THROWS_WITH(_ = json::from_ubjson(v), "[json.exception.parse_error.110] parse error at byte 2: syntax error while parsing UBJSON value: unexpected end of input");
            }

            SECTION("invalid byte")
            {
                std::vector<uint8_t> v = {'S', '1', 'a'};
                json _;
                CHECK_THROWS_AS(_ = json::from_ubjson(v), json::parse_error&);
                CHECK_THROWS_WITH(_ = json::from_ubjson(v), "[json.exception.parse_error.113] parse error at byte 2: syntax error while parsing UBJSON string: expected length type specification (U, i, I, l, L); last byte: 0x31");
            }
        }

        SECTION("array")
        {
            SECTION("optimized array: no size following type")
            {
                std::vector<uint8_t> v = {'[', '$', 'i', 2};
                json _;
                CHECK_THROWS_AS(_ = json::from_ubjson(v), json::parse_error&);
                CHECK_THROWS_WITH(_ = json::from_ubjson(v), "[json.exception.parse_error.112] parse error at byte 4: syntax error while parsing UBJSON size: expected '#' after type information; last byte: 0x02");
            }
        }

        SECTION("strings")
        {
            std::vector<uint8_t> vS = {'S'};
            json _;
            CHECK_THROWS_AS(_ = json::from_ubjson(vS), json::parse_error&);
            CHECK_THROWS_WITH(_ = json::from_ubjson(vS), "[json.exception.parse_error.110] parse error at byte 2: syntax error while parsing UBJSON value: unexpected end of input");
            CHECK(json::from_ubjson(vS, true, false).is_discarded());

            std::vector<uint8_t> v = {'S', 'i', '2', 'a'};
            CHECK_THROWS_AS(_ = json::from_ubjson(v), json::parse_error&);
            CHECK_THROWS_WITH(_ = json::from_ubjson(v), "[json.exception.parse_error.110] parse error at byte 5: syntax error while parsing UBJSON string: unexpected end of input");
            CHECK(json::from_ubjson(v, true, false).is_discarded());

            std::vector<uint8_t> vC = {'C'};
            CHECK_THROWS_AS(_ = json::from_ubjson(vC), json::parse_error&);
            CHECK_THROWS_WITH(_ = json::from_ubjson(vC), "[json.exception.parse_error.110] parse error at byte 2: syntax error while parsing UBJSON char: unexpected end of input");
            CHECK(json::from_ubjson(vC, true, false).is_discarded());
        }

        SECTION("sizes")
        {
            std::vector<uint8_t> vU = {'[', '#', 'U'};
            json _;
            CHECK_THROWS_AS(_ = json::from_ubjson(vU), json::parse_error&);
            CHECK_THROWS_WITH(_ = json::from_ubjson(vU), "[json.exception.parse_error.110] parse error at byte 4: syntax error while parsing UBJSON number: unexpected end of input");
            CHECK(json::from_ubjson(vU, true, false).is_discarded());

            std::vector<uint8_t> vi = {'[', '#', 'i'};
            CHECK_THROWS_AS(_ = json::from_ubjson(vi), json::parse_error&);
            CHECK_THROWS_WITH(_ = json::from_ubjson(vi), "[json.exception.parse_error.110] parse error at byte 4: syntax error while parsing UBJSON number: unexpected end of input");
            CHECK(json::from_ubjson(vi, true, false).is_discarded());

            std::vector<uint8_t> vI = {'[', '#', 'I'};
            CHECK_THROWS_AS(_ = json::from_ubjson(vI), json::parse_error&);
            CHECK_THROWS_WITH(_ = json::from_ubjson(vI), "[json.exception.parse_error.110] parse error at byte 4: syntax error while parsing UBJSON number: unexpected end of input");
            CHECK(json::from_ubjson(vI, true, false).is_discarded());

            std::vector<uint8_t> vl = {'[', '#', 'l'};
            CHECK_THROWS_AS(_ = json::from_ubjson(vl), json::parse_error&);
            CHECK_THROWS_WITH(_ = json::from_ubjson(vl), "[json.exception.parse_error.110] parse error at byte 4: syntax error while parsing UBJSON number: unexpected end of input");
            CHECK(json::from_ubjson(vl, true, false).is_discarded());

            std::vector<uint8_t> vL = {'[', '#', 'L'};
            CHECK_THROWS_AS(_ = json::from_ubjson(vL), json::parse_error&);
            CHECK_THROWS_WITH(_ = json::from_ubjson(vL), "[json.exception.parse_error.110] parse error at byte 4: syntax error while parsing UBJSON number: unexpected end of input");
            CHECK(json::from_ubjson(vL, true, false).is_discarded());

            std::vector<uint8_t> v0 = {'[', '#', 'T', ']'};
            CHECK_THROWS_AS(_ = json::from_ubjson(v0), json::parse_error&);
            CHECK_THROWS_WITH(_ = json::from_ubjson(v0), "[json.exception.parse_error.113] parse error at byte 3: syntax error while parsing UBJSON size: expected length type specification (U, i, I, l, L) after '#'; last byte: 0x54");
            CHECK(json::from_ubjson(v0, true, false).is_discarded());
        }

        SECTION("types")
        {
            std::vector<uint8_t> v0 = {'[', '$'};
            json _;
            CHECK_THROWS_AS(_ = json::from_ubjson(v0), json::parse_error&);
            CHECK_THROWS_WITH(_ = json::from_ubjson(v0), "[json.exception.parse_error.110] parse error at byte 3: syntax error while parsing UBJSON type: unexpected end of input");
            CHECK(json::from_ubjson(v0, true, false).is_discarded());

            std::vector<uint8_t> vi = {'[', '$', '#'};
            CHECK_THROWS_AS(_ = json::from_ubjson(vi), json::parse_error&);
            CHECK_THROWS_WITH(_ = json::from_ubjson(vi), "[json.exception.parse_error.110] parse error at byte 4: syntax error while parsing UBJSON value: unexpected end of input");
            CHECK(json::from_ubjson(vi, true, false).is_discarded());

            std::vector<uint8_t> vT = {'[', '$', 'T'};
            CHECK_THROWS_AS(_ = json::from_ubjson(vT), json::parse_error&);
            CHECK_THROWS_WITH(_ = json::from_ubjson(vT), "[json.exception.parse_error.110] parse error at byte 4: syntax error while parsing UBJSON value: unexpected end of input");
            CHECK(json::from_ubjson(vT, true, false).is_discarded());
        }

        SECTION("arrays")
        {
            std::vector<uint8_t> vST = {'[', '$', 'i', '#', 'i', 2, 1};
            json _;
            CHECK_THROWS_AS(_ = json::from_ubjson(vST), json::parse_error&);
            CHECK_THROWS_WITH(_ = json::from_ubjson(vST), "[json.exception.parse_error.110] parse error at byte 8: syntax error while parsing UBJSON number: unexpected end of input");
            CHECK(json::from_ubjson(vST, true, false).is_discarded());

            std::vector<uint8_t> vS = {'[', '#', 'i', 2, 'i', 1};
            CHECK_THROWS_AS(_ = json::from_ubjson(vS), json::parse_error&);
            CHECK_THROWS_WITH(_ = json::from_ubjson(vS), "[json.exception.parse_error.110] parse error at byte 7: syntax error while parsing UBJSON value: unexpected end of input");
            CHECK(json::from_ubjson(vS, true, false).is_discarded());

            std::vector<uint8_t> v = {'[', 'i', 2, 'i', 1};
            CHECK_THROWS_AS(_ = json::from_ubjson(v), json::parse_error&);
            CHECK_THROWS_WITH(_ = json::from_ubjson(v), "[json.exception.parse_error.110] parse error at byte 6: syntax error while parsing UBJSON value: unexpected end of input");
            CHECK(json::from_ubjson(v, true, false).is_discarded());
        }

        SECTION("objects")
        {
            std::vector<uint8_t> vST = {'{', '$', 'i', '#', 'i', 2, 'i', 1, 'a', 1};
            json _;
            CHECK_THROWS_AS(_ = json::from_ubjson(vST), json::parse_error&);
            CHECK_THROWS_WITH(_ = json::from_ubjson(vST), "[json.exception.parse_error.110] parse error at byte 11: syntax error while parsing UBJSON value: unexpected end of input");
            CHECK(json::from_ubjson(vST, true, false).is_discarded());

            std::vector<uint8_t> vT = {'{', '$', 'i', 'i', 1, 'a', 1};
            CHECK_THROWS_AS(_ = json::from_ubjson(vT), json::parse_error&);
            CHECK_THROWS_WITH(_ = json::from_ubjson(vT), "[json.exception.parse_error.112] parse error at byte 4: syntax error while parsing UBJSON size: expected '#' after type information; last byte: 0x69");
            CHECK(json::from_ubjson(vT, true, false).is_discarded());

            std::vector<uint8_t> vS = {'{', '#', 'i', 2, 'i', 1, 'a', 'i', 1};
            CHECK_THROWS_AS(_ = json::from_ubjson(vS), json::parse_error&);
            CHECK_THROWS_WITH(_ = json::from_ubjson(vS), "[json.exception.parse_error.110] parse error at byte 10: syntax error while parsing UBJSON value: unexpected end of input");
            CHECK(json::from_ubjson(vS, true, false).is_discarded());

            std::vector<uint8_t> v = {'{', 'i', 1, 'a', 'i', 1};
            CHECK_THROWS_AS(_ = json::from_ubjson(v), json::parse_error&);
            CHECK_THROWS_WITH(_ = json::from_ubjson(v), "[json.exception.parse_error.110] parse error at byte 7: syntax error while parsing UBJSON value: unexpected end of input");
            CHECK(json::from_ubjson(v, true, false).is_discarded());

            std::vector<uint8_t> v2 = {'{', 'i', 1, 'a', 'i', 1, 'i'};
            CHECK_THROWS_AS(_ = json::from_ubjson(v2), json::parse_error&);
            CHECK_THROWS_WITH(_ = json::from_ubjson(v2), "[json.exception.parse_error.110] parse error at byte 8: syntax error while parsing UBJSON number: unexpected end of input");
            CHECK(json::from_ubjson(v2, true, false).is_discarded());

            std::vector<uint8_t> v3 = {'{', 'i', 1, 'a'};
            CHECK_THROWS_AS(_ = json::from_ubjson(v3), json::parse_error&);
            CHECK_THROWS_WITH(_ = json::from_ubjson(v3), "[json.exception.parse_error.110] parse error at byte 5: syntax error while parsing UBJSON value: unexpected end of input");
            CHECK(json::from_ubjson(v3, true, false).is_discarded());

            std::vector<uint8_t> vST1 = {'{', '$', 'd', '#', 'i', 2, 'i', 1, 'a'};
            CHECK_THROWS_AS(_ = json::from_ubjson(vST1), json::parse_error&);
            CHECK_THROWS_WITH(_ = json::from_ubjson(vST1), "[json.exception.parse_error.110] parse error at byte 10: syntax error while parsing UBJSON number: unexpected end of input");
            CHECK(json::from_ubjson(vST1, true, false).is_discarded());

            std::vector<uint8_t> vST2 = {'{', '#', 'i', 2, 'i', 1, 'a'};
            CHECK_THROWS_AS(_ = json::from_ubjson(vST2), json::parse_error&);
            CHECK_THROWS_WITH(_ = json::from_ubjson(vST2), "[json.exception.parse_error.110] parse error at byte 8: syntax error while parsing UBJSON value: unexpected end of input");
            CHECK(json::from_ubjson(vST2, true, false).is_discarded());
        }
    }

    SECTION("writing optimized values")
    {
        SECTION("integer")
        {
            SECTION("array of i")
            {
                json j = {1, -1};
                std::vector<uint8_t> expected = {'[', '$', 'i', '#', 'i', 2, 1, 0xff};
                CHECK(json::to_ubjson(j, true, true) == expected);
            }

            SECTION("array of U")
            {
                json j = {200, 201};
                std::vector<uint8_t> expected = {'[', '$', 'U', '#', 'i', 2, 0xC8, 0xC9};
                CHECK(json::to_ubjson(j, true, true) == expected);
            }

            SECTION("array of I")
            {
                json j = {30000, -30000};
                std::vector<uint8_t> expected = {'[', '$', 'I', '#', 'i', 2, 0x75, 0x30, 0x8a, 0xd0};
                CHECK(json::to_ubjson(j, true, true) == expected);
            }

            SECTION("array of l")
            {
                json j = {70000, -70000};
                std::vector<uint8_t> expected = {'[', '$', 'l', '#', 'i', 2, 0x00, 0x01, 0x11, 0x70, 0xFF, 0xFE, 0xEE, 0x90};
                CHECK(json::to_ubjson(j, true, true) == expected);
            }

            SECTION("array of L")
            {
                json j = {5000000000, -5000000000};
                std::vector<uint8_t> expected = {'[', '$', 'L', '#', 'i', 2, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x2A, 0x05, 0xF2, 0x00, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFE, 0xD5, 0xFA, 0x0E, 0x00};
                CHECK(json::to_ubjson(j, true, true) == expected);
            }
        }

        SECTION("unsigned integer")
        {
            SECTION("array of i")
            {
                json j = {1u, 2u};
                std::vector<uint8_t> expected = {'[', '$', 'i', '#', 'i', 2, 1, 2};
                std::vector<uint8_t> expected_size = {'[', '#', 'i', 2, 'i', 1, 'i', 2};
                CHECK(json::to_ubjson(j, true, true) == expected);
                CHECK(json::to_ubjson(j, true) == expected_size);
            }

            SECTION("array of U")
            {
                json j = {200u, 201u};
                std::vector<uint8_t> expected = {'[', '$', 'U', '#', 'i', 2, 0xC8, 0xC9};
                std::vector<uint8_t> expected_size = {'[', '#', 'i', 2, 'U', 0xC8, 'U', 0xC9};
                CHECK(json::to_ubjson(j, true, true) == expected);
                CHECK(json::to_ubjson(j, true) == expected_size);
            }

            SECTION("array of I")
            {
                json j = {30000u, 30001u};
                std::vector<uint8_t> expected = {'[', '$', 'I', '#', 'i', 2, 0x75, 0x30, 0x75, 0x31};
                std::vector<uint8_t> expected_size = {'[', '#', 'i', 2, 'I', 0x75, 0x30, 'I', 0x75, 0x31};
                CHECK(json::to_ubjson(j, true, true) == expected);
                CHECK(json::to_ubjson(j, true) == expected_size);
            }

            SECTION("array of l")
            {
                json j = {70000u, 70001u};
                std::vector<uint8_t> expected = {'[', '$', 'l', '#', 'i', 2, 0x00, 0x01, 0x11, 0x70, 0x00, 0x01, 0x11, 0x71};
                std::vector<uint8_t> expected_size = {'[', '#', 'i', 2, 'l', 0x00, 0x01, 0x11, 0x70, 'l', 0x00, 0x01, 0x11, 0x71};
                CHECK(json::to_ubjson(j, true, true) == expected);
                CHECK(json::to_ubjson(j, true) == expected_size);
            }

            SECTION("array of L")
            {
                json j = {5000000000u, 5000000001u};
                std::vector<uint8_t> expected = {'[', '$', 'L', '#', 'i', 2, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x2A, 0x05, 0xF2, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x2A, 0x05, 0xF2, 0x01};
                std::vector<uint8_t> expected_size = {'[', '#', 'i', 2, 'L', 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x2A, 0x05, 0xF2, 0x00, 'L', 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x2A, 0x05, 0xF2, 0x01};
                CHECK(json::to_ubjson(j, true, true) == expected);
                CHECK(json::to_ubjson(j, true) == expected_size);
            }
        }

        SECTION("discarded")
        {
            json j = {json::value_t::discarded, json::value_t::discarded};
            std::vector<uint8_t> expected = {'[', '$', 'N', '#', 'i', 2};
            CHECK(json::to_ubjson(j, true, true) == expected);
        }
    }
}

TEST_CASE("Universal Binary JSON Specification Examples 1")
{
    SECTION("Null Value")
    {
        json j = {{"passcode", nullptr}};
        std::vector<uint8_t> v = {'{', 'i', 8, 'p', 'a', 's', 's', 'c', 'o', 'd', 'e', 'Z', '}'};
        CHECK(json::to_ubjson(j) == v);
        CHECK(json::from_ubjson(v) == j);
    }

    SECTION("No-Op Value")
    {
        json j = {"foo", "bar", "baz"};
        std::vector<uint8_t> v = {'[', 'S', 'i', 3, 'f', 'o', 'o',
                                  'S', 'i', 3, 'b', 'a', 'r',
                                  'S', 'i', 3, 'b', 'a', 'z', ']'
                                 };
        std::vector<uint8_t> v2 = {'[', 'S', 'i', 3, 'f', 'o', 'o', 'N',
                                   'S', 'i', 3, 'b', 'a', 'r', 'N', 'N', 'N',
                                   'S', 'i', 3, 'b', 'a', 'z', 'N', 'N', ']'
                                  };
        CHECK(json::to_ubjson(j) == v);
        CHECK(json::from_ubjson(v) == j);
        CHECK(json::from_ubjson(v2) == j);
    }

    SECTION("Boolean Types")
    {
        json j = {{"authorized", true}, {"verified", false}};
        std::vector<uint8_t> v = {'{', 'i', 10, 'a', 'u', 't', 'h', 'o', 'r', 'i', 'z', 'e', 'd', 'T',
                                  'i', 8, 'v', 'e', 'r', 'i', 'f', 'i', 'e', 'd', 'F', '}'
                                 };
        CHECK(json::to_ubjson(j) == v);
        CHECK(json::from_ubjson(v) == j);
    }

    SECTION("Numeric Types")
    {
        json j =
        {
            {"int8", 16},
            {"uint8", 255},
            {"int16", 32767},
            {"int32", 2147483647},
            {"int64", 9223372036854775807},
            {"float64", 113243.7863123}
        };
        std::vector<uint8_t> v = {'{',
                                  'i', 7, 'f', 'l', 'o', 'a', 't', '6', '4', 'D', 0x40, 0xfb, 0xa5, 0xbc, 0x94, 0xbc, 0x34, 0xcf,
                                  'i', 5, 'i', 'n', 't', '1', '6', 'I', 0x7f, 0xff,
                                  'i', 5, 'i', 'n', 't', '3', '2', 'l', 0x7f, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff,
                                  'i', 5, 'i', 'n', 't', '6', '4', 'L', 0x7f, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff,
                                  'i', 4, 'i', 'n', 't', '8', 'i', 16,
                                  'i', 5, 'u', 'i', 'n', 't', '8', 'U', 0xff,
                                  '}'
                                 };
        CHECK(json::to_ubjson(j) == v);
        CHECK(json::from_ubjson(v) == j);
    }

    SECTION("Char Type")
    {
        json j = {{"rolecode", "a"}, {"delim", ";"}};
        std::vector<uint8_t> v = {'{', 'i', 5, 'd', 'e', 'l', 'i', 'm', 'C', ';', 'i', 8, 'r', 'o', 'l', 'e', 'c', 'o', 'd', 'e', 'C', 'a', '}'};
        //CHECK(json::to_ubjson(j) == v);
        CHECK(json::from_ubjson(v) == j);
    }

    SECTION("String Type")
    {
        SECTION("English")
        {
            json j = "hello";
            std::vector<uint8_t> v = {'S', 'i', 5, 'h', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o'};
            CHECK(json::to_ubjson(j) == v);
            CHECK(json::from_ubjson(v) == j);
        }

        SECTION("Russian")
        {
            json j = "привет";
            std::vector<uint8_t> v = {'S', 'i', 12, 0xD0, 0xBF, 0xD1, 0x80, 0xD0, 0xB8, 0xD0, 0xB2, 0xD0, 0xB5, 0xD1, 0x82};
            CHECK(json::to_ubjson(j) == v);
            CHECK(json::from_ubjson(v) == j);
        }

        SECTION("Russian")
        {
            json j = "مرحبا";
            std::vector<uint8_t> v = {'S', 'i', 10, 0xD9, 0x85, 0xD8, 0xB1, 0xD8, 0xAD, 0xD8, 0xA8, 0xD8, 0xA7};
            CHECK(json::to_ubjson(j) == v);
            CHECK(json::from_ubjson(v) == j);
        }
    }

    SECTION("Array Type")
    {
        SECTION("size=false type=false")
        {
            // note the float has been replaced by a double
            json j = {nullptr, true, false, 4782345193, 153.132, "ham"};
            std::vector<uint8_t> v = {'[', 'Z', 'T', 'F', 'L', 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x1D, 0x0C, 0xCB, 0xE9, 'D', 0x40, 0x63, 0x24, 0x39, 0x58, 0x10, 0x62, 0x4e, 'S', 'i', 3, 'h', 'a', 'm', ']'};
            CHECK(json::to_ubjson(j) == v);
            CHECK(json::from_ubjson(v) == j);
        }

        SECTION("size=true type=false")
        {
            // note the float has been replaced by a double
            json j = {nullptr, true, false, 4782345193, 153.132, "ham"};
            std::vector<uint8_t> v = {'[', '#', 'i', 6, 'Z', 'T', 'F', 'L', 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x1D, 0x0C, 0xCB, 0xE9, 'D', 0x40, 0x63, 0x24, 0x39, 0x58, 0x10, 0x62, 0x4e, 'S', 'i', 3, 'h', 'a', 'm'};
            CHECK(json::to_ubjson(j, true) == v);
            CHECK(json::from_ubjson(v) == j);
        }

        SECTION("size=true type=true")
        {
            // note the float has been replaced by a double
            json j = {nullptr, true, false, 4782345193, 153.132, "ham"};
            std::vector<uint8_t> v = {'[', '#', 'i', 6, 'Z', 'T', 'F', 'L', 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x1D, 0x0C, 0xCB, 0xE9, 'D', 0x40, 0x63, 0x24, 0x39, 0x58, 0x10, 0x62, 0x4e, 'S', 'i', 3, 'h', 'a', 'm'};
            CHECK(json::to_ubjson(j, true, true) == v);
            CHECK(json::from_ubjson(v) == j);
        }
    }

    SECTION("Object Type")
    {
        SECTION("size=false type=false")
        {
            json j =
            {
                {
                    "post", {
                        {"id", 1137},
                        {"author", "rkalla"},
                        {"timestamp", 1364482090592},
                        {"body", "I totally agree!"}
                    }
                }
            };
            std::vector<uint8_t> v = {'{', 'i', 4, 'p', 'o', 's', 't', '{',
                                      'i', 6, 'a', 'u', 't', 'h', 'o', 'r', 'S', 'i', 6, 'r', 'k', 'a', 'l', 'l', 'a',
                                      'i', 4, 'b', 'o', 'd', 'y', 'S', 'i', 16, 'I', ' ', 't', 'o', 't', 'a', 'l', 'l', 'y', ' ', 'a', 'g', 'r', 'e', 'e', '!',
                                      'i', 2, 'i', 'd', 'I', 0x04, 0x71,
                                      'i', 9, 't', 'i', 'm', 'e', 's', 't', 'a', 'm', 'p', 'L', 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x3D, 0xB1, 0x78, 0x66, 0x60,
                                      '}', '}'
                                     };
            CHECK(json::to_ubjson(j) == v);
            CHECK(json::from_ubjson(v) == j);
        }

        SECTION("size=true type=false")
        {
            json j =
            {
                {
                    "post", {
                        {"id", 1137},
                        {"author", "rkalla"},
                        {"timestamp", 1364482090592},
                        {"body", "I totally agree!"}
                    }
                }
            };
            std::vector<uint8_t> v = {'{', '#', 'i', 1, 'i', 4, 'p', 'o', 's', 't', '{', '#', 'i', 4,
                                      'i', 6, 'a', 'u', 't', 'h', 'o', 'r', 'S', 'i', 6, 'r', 'k', 'a', 'l', 'l', 'a',
                                      'i', 4, 'b', 'o', 'd', 'y', 'S', 'i', 16, 'I', ' ', 't', 'o', 't', 'a', 'l', 'l', 'y', ' ', 'a', 'g', 'r', 'e', 'e', '!',
                                      'i', 2, 'i', 'd', 'I', 0x04, 0x71,
                                      'i', 9, 't', 'i', 'm', 'e', 's', 't', 'a', 'm', 'p', 'L', 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x3D, 0xB1, 0x78, 0x66, 0x60
                                     };
            CHECK(json::to_ubjson(j, true) == v);
            CHECK(json::from_ubjson(v) == j);
        }

        SECTION("size=true type=true")
        {
            json j =
            {
                {
                    "post", {
                        {"id", 1137},
                        {"author", "rkalla"},
                        {"timestamp", 1364482090592},
                        {"body", "I totally agree!"}
                    }
                }
            };
            std::vector<uint8_t> v = {'{', '$', '{', '#', 'i', 1, 'i', 4, 'p', 'o', 's', 't', '#', 'i', 4,
                                      'i', 6, 'a', 'u', 't', 'h', 'o', 'r', 'S', 'i', 6, 'r', 'k', 'a', 'l', 'l', 'a',
                                      'i', 4, 'b', 'o', 'd', 'y', 'S', 'i', 16, 'I', ' ', 't', 'o', 't', 'a', 'l', 'l', 'y', ' ', 'a', 'g', 'r', 'e', 'e', '!',
                                      'i', 2, 'i', 'd', 'I', 0x04, 0x71,
                                      'i', 9, 't', 'i', 'm', 'e', 's', 't', 'a', 'm', 'p', 'L', 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x3D, 0xB1, 0x78, 0x66, 0x60
                                     };
            CHECK(json::to_ubjson(j, true, true) == v);
            CHECK(json::from_ubjson(v) == j);
        }
    }

    SECTION("Optimized Format")
    {
        SECTION("Array Example")
        {
            SECTION("No Optimization")
            {
                // note the floats have been replaced by doubles
                json j = {29.97, 31.13, 67.0, 2.113, 23.888};
                std::vector<uint8_t> v = {'[',
                                          'D', 0x40, 0x3d, 0xf8, 0x51, 0xeb, 0x85, 0x1e, 0xb8,
                                          'D', 0x40, 0x3f, 0x21, 0x47, 0xae, 0x14, 0x7a, 0xe1,
                                          'D', 0x40, 0x50, 0xc0, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
                                          'D', 0x40, 0x00, 0xe7, 0x6c, 0x8b, 0x43, 0x95, 0x81,
                                          'D', 0x40, 0x37, 0xe3, 0x53, 0xf7, 0xce, 0xd9, 0x17,
                                          ']'
                                         };
                CHECK(json::to_ubjson(j) == v);
                CHECK(json::from_ubjson(v) == j);
            }

            SECTION("Optimized with count")
            {
                // note the floats have been replaced by doubles
                json j = {29.97, 31.13, 67.0, 2.113, 23.888};
                std::vector<uint8_t> v = {'[', '#', 'i', 5,
                                          'D', 0x40, 0x3d, 0xf8, 0x51, 0xeb, 0x85, 0x1e, 0xb8,
                                          'D', 0x40, 0x3f, 0x21, 0x47, 0xae, 0x14, 0x7a, 0xe1,
                                          'D', 0x40, 0x50, 0xc0, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
                                          'D', 0x40, 0x00, 0xe7, 0x6c, 0x8b, 0x43, 0x95, 0x81,
                                          'D', 0x40, 0x37, 0xe3, 0x53, 0xf7, 0xce, 0xd9, 0x17
                                         };
                CHECK(json::to_ubjson(j, true) == v);
                CHECK(json::from_ubjson(v) == j);
            }

            SECTION("Optimized with type & count")
            {
                // note the floats have been replaced by doubles
                json j = {29.97, 31.13, 67.0, 2.113, 23.888};
                std::vector<uint8_t> v = {'[', '$', 'D', '#', 'i', 5,
                                          0x40, 0x3d, 0xf8, 0x51, 0xeb, 0x85, 0x1e, 0xb8,
                                          0x40, 0x3f, 0x21, 0x47, 0xae, 0x14, 0x7a, 0xe1,
                                          0x40, 0x50, 0xc0, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
                                          0x40, 0x00, 0xe7, 0x6c, 0x8b, 0x43, 0x95, 0x81,
                                          0x40, 0x37, 0xe3, 0x53, 0xf7, 0xce, 0xd9, 0x17
                                         };
                CHECK(json::to_ubjson(j, true, true) == v);
                CHECK(json::from_ubjson(v) == j);
            }
        }

        SECTION("Object Example")
        {
            SECTION("No Optimization")
            {
                // note the floats have been replaced by doubles
                json j = { {"lat", 29.976}, {"long", 31.131}, {"alt", 67.0} };
                std::vector<uint8_t> v = {'{',
                                          'i', 3, 'a', 'l', 't', 'D', 0x40, 0x50, 0xc0, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
                                          'i', 3, 'l', 'a', 't', 'D', 0x40, 0x3d, 0xf9, 0xdb, 0x22, 0xd0, 0xe5, 0x60,
                                          'i', 4, 'l', 'o', 'n', 'g', 'D', 0x40, 0x3f, 0x21, 0x89, 0x37, 0x4b, 0xc6, 0xa8,
                                          '}'
                                         };
                CHECK(json::to_ubjson(j) == v);
                CHECK(json::from_ubjson(v) == j);
            }

            SECTION("Optimized with count")
            {
                // note the floats have been replaced by doubles
                json j = { {"lat", 29.976}, {"long", 31.131}, {"alt", 67.0} };
                std::vector<uint8_t> v = {'{', '#', 'i', 3,
                                          'i', 3, 'a', 'l', 't', 'D', 0x40, 0x50, 0xc0, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
                                          'i', 3, 'l', 'a', 't', 'D', 0x40, 0x3d, 0xf9, 0xdb, 0x22, 0xd0, 0xe5, 0x60,
                                          'i', 4, 'l', 'o', 'n', 'g', 'D', 0x40, 0x3f, 0x21, 0x89, 0x37, 0x4b, 0xc6, 0xa8
                                         };
                CHECK(json::to_ubjson(j, true) == v);
                CHECK(json::from_ubjson(v) == j);
            }

            SECTION("Optimized with type & count")
            {
                // note the floats have been replaced by doubles
                json j = { {"lat", 29.976}, {"long", 31.131}, {"alt", 67.0} };
                std::vector<uint8_t> v = {'{', '$', 'D', '#', 'i', 3,
                                          'i', 3, 'a', 'l', 't', 0x40, 0x50, 0xc0, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
                                          'i', 3, 'l', 'a', 't', 0x40, 0x3d, 0xf9, 0xdb, 0x22, 0xd0, 0xe5, 0x60,
                                          'i', 4, 'l', 'o', 'n', 'g', 0x40, 0x3f, 0x21, 0x89, 0x37, 0x4b, 0xc6, 0xa8
                                         };
                CHECK(json::to_ubjson(j, true, true) == v);
                CHECK(json::from_ubjson(v) == j);
            }
        }

        SECTION("Special Cases (Null, No-Op and Boolean)")
        {
            SECTION("Array")
            {
                std::vector<uint8_t> v = {'[', '$', 'N', '#', 'I', 0x02, 0x00};
                CHECK(json::from_ubjson(v) == json::array());
            }

            SECTION("Object")
            {
                std::vector<uint8_t> v = {'{', '$', 'Z', '#', 'i', 3, 'i', 4, 'n', 'a', 'm', 'e', 'i', 8, 'p', 'a', 's', 's', 'w', 'o', 'r', 'd', 'i', 5, 'e', 'm', 'a', 'i', 'l'};
                CHECK(json::from_ubjson(v) == json({ {"name", nullptr}, {"password", nullptr}, {"email", nullptr} }));
            }
        }
    }
}

#if not defined(JSON_NOEXCEPTION)
TEST_CASE("all UBJSON first bytes")
{
    // these bytes will fail immediately with exception parse_error.112
    std::set<uint8_t> supported =
    {
        'T', 'F', 'Z', 'U', 'i', 'I', 'l', 'L', 'd', 'D', 'C', 'S', '[', '{', 'N'
    };

    for (auto i = 0; i < 256; ++i)
    {
        const auto byte = static_cast<uint8_t>(i);
        CAPTURE(byte)

        try
        {
            auto res = json::from_ubjson(std::vector<uint8_t>(1, byte));
        }
        catch (const json::parse_error& e)
        {
            // check that parse_error.112 is only thrown if the
            // first byte is not in the supported set
            INFO_WITH_TEMP(e.what());
            if (std::find(supported.begin(), supported.end(), byte) == supported.end())
            {
                CHECK(e.id == 112);
            }
            else
            {
                CHECK(e.id != 112);
            }
        }
    }
}
#endif

TEST_CASE("UBJSON roundtrips" * doctest::skip())
{
    SECTION("input from self-generated UBJSON files")
    {
        for (std::string filename :
                {
                    "test/data/json_nlohmann_tests/all_unicode.json",
                    "test/data/json.org/1.json",
                    "test/data/json.org/2.json",
                    "test/data/json.org/3.json",
                    "test/data/json.org/4.json",
                    "test/data/json.org/5.json",
                    "test/data/json_roundtrip/roundtrip01.json",
                    "test/data/json_roundtrip/roundtrip02.json",
                    "test/data/json_roundtrip/roundtrip03.json",
                    "test/data/json_roundtrip/roundtrip04.json",
                    "test/data/json_roundtrip/roundtrip05.json",
                    "test/data/json_roundtrip/roundtrip06.json",
                    "test/data/json_roundtrip/roundtrip07.json",
                    "test/data/json_roundtrip/roundtrip08.json",
                    "test/data/json_roundtrip/roundtrip09.json",
                    "test/data/json_roundtrip/roundtrip10.json",
                    "test/data/json_roundtrip/roundtrip11.json",
                    "test/data/json_roundtrip/roundtrip12.json",
                    "test/data/json_roundtrip/roundtrip13.json",
                    "test/data/json_roundtrip/roundtrip14.json",
                    "test/data/json_roundtrip/roundtrip15.json",
                    "test/data/json_roundtrip/roundtrip16.json",
                    "test/data/json_roundtrip/roundtrip17.json",
                    "test/data/json_roundtrip/roundtrip18.json",
                    "test/data/json_roundtrip/roundtrip19.json",
                    "test/data/json_roundtrip/roundtrip20.json",
                    "test/data/json_roundtrip/roundtrip21.json",
                    "test/data/json_roundtrip/roundtrip22.json",
                    "test/data/json_roundtrip/roundtrip23.json",
                    "test/data/json_roundtrip/roundtrip24.json",
                    "test/data/json_roundtrip/roundtrip25.json",
                    "test/data/json_roundtrip/roundtrip26.json",
                    "test/data/json_roundtrip/roundtrip27.json",
                    "test/data/json_roundtrip/roundtrip28.json",
                    "test/data/json_roundtrip/roundtrip29.json",
                    "test/data/json_roundtrip/roundtrip30.json",
                    "test/data/json_roundtrip/roundtrip31.json",
                    "test/data/json_roundtrip/roundtrip32.json",
                    "test/data/json_testsuite/sample.json",
                    "test/data/json_tests/pass1.json",
                    "test/data/json_tests/pass2.json",
                    "test/data/json_tests/pass3.json"
                })
        {
            CAPTURE(filename)

            {
                INFO_WITH_TEMP(filename + ": std::vector<uint8_t>");
                // parse JSON file
                std::ifstream f_json(filename);
                json j1 = json::parse(f_json);

                // parse MessagePack file
                std::ifstream f_ubjson(filename + ".ubjson", std::ios::binary);
                std::vector<uint8_t> packed(
                    (std::istreambuf_iterator<char>(f_ubjson)),
                    std::istreambuf_iterator<char>());
                json j2;
                CHECK_NOTHROW(j2 = json::from_ubjson(packed));

                // compare parsed JSON values
                CHECK(j1 == j2);
            }

            {
                INFO_WITH_TEMP(filename + ": std::ifstream");
                // parse JSON file
                std::ifstream f_json(filename);
                json j1 = json::parse(f_json);

                // parse MessagePack file
                std::ifstream f_ubjson(filename + ".ubjson", std::ios::binary);
                json j2;
                CHECK_NOTHROW(j2 = json::from_ubjson(f_ubjson));

                // compare parsed JSON values
                CHECK(j1 == j2);
            }

            {
                INFO_WITH_TEMP(filename + ": uint8_t* and size");
                // parse JSON file
                std::ifstream f_json(filename);
                json j1 = json::parse(f_json);

                // parse MessagePack file
                std::ifstream f_ubjson(filename + ".ubjson", std::ios::binary);
                std::vector<uint8_t> packed(
                    (std::istreambuf_iterator<char>(f_ubjson)),
                    std::istreambuf_iterator<char>());
                json j2;
                CHECK_NOTHROW(j2 = json::from_ubjson({packed.data(), packed.size()}));

                // compare parsed JSON values
                CHECK(j1 == j2);
            }

            {
                INFO_WITH_TEMP(filename + ": output to output adapters");
                // parse JSON file
                std::ifstream f_json(filename);
                json j1 = json::parse(f_json);

                // parse MessagePack file
                std::ifstream f_ubjson(filename + ".ubjson", std::ios::binary);
                std::vector<uint8_t> packed(
                    (std::istreambuf_iterator<char>(f_ubjson)),
                    std::istreambuf_iterator<char>());

                {
                    INFO_WITH_TEMP(filename + ": output adapters: std::vector<uint8_t>");
                    std::vector<uint8_t> vec;
                    json::to_ubjson(j1, vec);
                    CHECK(vec == packed);
                }
            }
        }
    }
}