tests/src/unit-cbor.cpp - develop - githubmirror/json

tests/src/unit-cbor.cpp
2 865 строк137 KB
Angadi56
reject CBOR array/map length equal to the indefinite-length marker (#5274)
31 июл 2026, 19:04
31 июл 2026, 19:04d94cbd9
//     __ _____ _____ _____
//  __|  |   __|     |   | |  JSON for Modern C++ (supporting code)
// |  |  |__   |  |  | | | |  version 3.12.0
// |_____|_____|_____|_|___|  https://github.com/nlohmann/json
//
// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2013-2026 Niels Lohmann <https://nlohmann.me>
// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT

#include "doctest_compatibility.h"

#include <nlohmann/json.hpp>
using nlohmann::json;

#include <fstream>
#include <sstream>
#include <iomanip>
#include <limits>
#include <set>
#include "make_test_data_available.hpp"
#include "test_utils.hpp"

namespace
{
class SaxCountdown
{
  public:
    explicit SaxCountdown(const int count) : events_left(count)
    {}

    bool null()
    {
        return events_left-- > 0;
    }

    bool boolean(bool /*unused*/)
    {
        return events_left-- > 0;
    }

    bool number_integer(json::number_integer_t /*unused*/)
    {
        return events_left-- > 0;
    }

    bool number_unsigned(json::number_unsigned_t /*unused*/)
    {
        return events_left-- > 0;
    }

    bool number_float(json::number_float_t /*unused*/, const std::string& /*unused*/)
    {
        return events_left-- > 0;
    }

    bool string(std::string& /*unused*/)
    {
        return events_left-- > 0;
    }

    bool binary(std::vector<std::uint8_t>& /*unused*/)
    {
        return events_left-- > 0;
    }

    bool start_object(std::size_t /*unused*/)
    {
        return events_left-- > 0;
    }

    bool key(std::string& /*unused*/)
    {
        return events_left-- > 0;
    }

    bool end_object()
    {
        return events_left-- > 0;
    }

    bool start_array(std::size_t /*unused*/)
    {
        return events_left-- > 0;
    }

    bool end_array()
    {
        return events_left-- > 0;
    }

    bool parse_error(std::size_t /*unused*/, const std::string& /*unused*/, const json::exception& /*unused*/) // NOLINT(readability-convert-member-functions-to-static)
    {
        return false;
    }

  private:
    int events_left = 0;
};
} // namespace

TEST_CASE("CBOR")
{
    SECTION("individual values")
    {
        SECTION("discarded")
        {
            // discarded values are not serialized
            json const j = json::value_t::discarded;
            const auto result = json::to_cbor(j);
            CHECK(result.empty());
        }

        SECTION("NaN")
        {
            // NaN value
            json const j = std::numeric_limits<json::number_float_t>::quiet_NaN();
            const std::vector<uint8_t> expected = {0xf9, 0x7e, 0x00};
            const auto result = json::to_cbor(j);
            CHECK(result == expected);
        }

        SECTION("Infinity")
        {
            // Infinity value
            json const j = std::numeric_limits<json::number_float_t>::infinity();
            const std::vector<uint8_t> expected = {0xf9, 0x7c, 0x00};
            const auto result = json::to_cbor(j);
            CHECK(result == expected);
        }

        SECTION("null")
        {
            const json j = nullptr;
            const std::vector<uint8_t> expected = {0xf6};
            const auto result = json::to_cbor(j);
            CHECK(result == expected);

            // roundtrip
            CHECK(json::from_cbor(result) == j);
            CHECK(json::from_cbor(result, true, false) == j);
        }

        SECTION("boolean")
        {
            SECTION("true")
            {
                const json j = true;
                const std::vector<uint8_t> expected = {0xf5};
                const auto result = json::to_cbor(j);
                CHECK(result == expected);

                // roundtrip
                CHECK(json::from_cbor(result) == j);
                CHECK(json::from_cbor(result, true, false) == j);
            }

            SECTION("false")
            {
                const json j = false;
                const std::vector<uint8_t> expected = {0xf4};
                const auto result = json::to_cbor(j);
                CHECK(result == expected);

                // roundtrip
                CHECK(json::from_cbor(result) == j);
                CHECK(json::from_cbor(result, true, false) == j);
            }
        }

        SECTION("number")
        {
            SECTION("signed")
            {
                SECTION("-9223372036854775808..-4294967297")
                {
                    const std::vector<int64_t> numbers
                    {
                        (std::numeric_limits<int64_t>::min)(),
                        -1000000000000000000,
                        -100000000000000000,
                        -10000000000000000,
                        -1000000000000000,
                        -100000000000000,
                        -10000000000000,
                        -1000000000000,
                        -100000000000,
                        -10000000000,
                        -4294967297,
                    };
                    for (const auto i : numbers)
                    {
                        CAPTURE(i)

                        // create JSON value with integer number
                        const json j = i;

                        // check type
                        CHECK(j.is_number_integer());

                        // create expected byte vector
                        const auto positive = static_cast<uint64_t>(-1 - i);
                        const std::vector<uint8_t> expected
                        {
                            static_cast<uint8_t>(0x3b),
                            static_cast<uint8_t>((positive >> 56) & 0xff),
                            static_cast<uint8_t>((positive >> 48) & 0xff),
                            static_cast<uint8_t>((positive >> 40) & 0xff),
                            static_cast<uint8_t>((positive >> 32) & 0xff),
                            static_cast<uint8_t>((positive >> 24) & 0xff),
                            static_cast<uint8_t>((positive >> 16) & 0xff),
                            static_cast<uint8_t>((positive >> 8) & 0xff),
                            static_cast<uint8_t>(positive & 0xff),
                        };

                        // compare result + size
                        const auto result = json::to_cbor(j);
                        CHECK(result == expected);
                        CHECK(result.size() == 9);

                        // check individual bytes
                        CHECK(result[0] == 0x3b);
                        const uint64_t restored = (static_cast<uint64_t>(result[1]) << 070) +
                                                  (static_cast<uint64_t>(result[2]) << 060) +
                                                  (static_cast<uint64_t>(result[3]) << 050) +
                                                  (static_cast<uint64_t>(result[4]) << 040) +
                                                  (static_cast<uint64_t>(result[5]) << 030) +
                                                  (static_cast<uint64_t>(result[6]) << 020) +
                                                  (static_cast<uint64_t>(result[7]) << 010) +
                                                  static_cast<uint64_t>(result[8]);
                        CHECK(restored == positive);
                        CHECK(-1 - static_cast<int64_t>(restored) == i);

                        // roundtrip
                        CHECK(json::from_cbor(result) == j);
                        CHECK(json::from_cbor(result, true, false) == j);
                    }
                }

                SECTION("-4294967296..-65537")
                {
                    const std::vector<int64_t> numbers
                    {
                        -65537,
                        -100000,
                        -1000000,
                        -10000000,
                        -100000000,
                        -1000000000,
                        -4294967296,
                    };
                    for (const auto i : numbers)
                    {
                        CAPTURE(i)

                        // create JSON value with integer number
                        const json j = i;

                        // check type
                        CHECK(j.is_number_integer());

                        // create expected byte vector
                        auto positive = static_cast<uint32_t>(static_cast<uint64_t>(-1 - i) & 0x00000000ffffffff);
                        const std::vector<uint8_t> expected
                        {
                            static_cast<uint8_t>(0x3a),
                            static_cast<uint8_t>((positive >> 24) & 0xff),
                            static_cast<uint8_t>((positive >> 16) & 0xff),
                            static_cast<uint8_t>((positive >> 8) & 0xff),
                            static_cast<uint8_t>(positive & 0xff),
                        };

                        // compare result + size
                        const auto result = json::to_cbor(j);
                        CHECK(result == expected);
                        CHECK(result.size() == 5);

                        // check individual bytes
                        CHECK(result[0] == 0x3a);
                        const uint32_t restored = (static_cast<uint32_t>(result[1]) << 030) +
                                                  (static_cast<uint32_t>(result[2]) << 020) +
                                                  (static_cast<uint32_t>(result[3]) << 010) +
                                                  static_cast<uint32_t>(result[4]);
                        CHECK(restored == positive);
                        CHECK(-1LL - restored == i);

                        // roundtrip
                        CHECK(json::from_cbor(result) == j);
                        CHECK(json::from_cbor(result, true, false) == j);
                    }
                }

                SECTION("-65536..-257")
                {
                    for (int32_t i = -65536; i <= -257; ++i)
                    {
                        CAPTURE(i)

                        // create JSON value with integer number
                        const json j = i;

                        // check type
                        CHECK(j.is_number_integer());

                        // create expected byte vector
                        const auto positive = static_cast<uint16_t>(-1 - i);
                        const std::vector<uint8_t> expected
                        {
                            static_cast<uint8_t>(0x39),
                            static_cast<uint8_t>((positive >> 8) & 0xff),
                            static_cast<uint8_t>(positive & 0xff),
                        };

                        // compare result + size
                        const auto result = json::to_cbor(j);
                        CHECK(result == expected);
                        CHECK(result.size() == 3);

                        // check individual bytes
                        CHECK(result[0] == 0x39);
                        const auto restored = static_cast<uint16_t>((static_cast<uint8_t>(result[1]) * 256) + static_cast<uint8_t>(result[2]));
                        CHECK(restored == positive);
                        CHECK(-1 - restored == i);

                        // roundtrip
                        CHECK(json::from_cbor(result) == j);
                        CHECK(json::from_cbor(result, true, false) == j);
                    }
                }

                SECTION("-9263 (int 16)")
                {
                    const json j = -9263;
                    std::vector<uint8_t> expected = {0x39, 0x24, 0x2e};

                    const auto result = json::to_cbor(j);
                    CHECK(result == expected);

                    const auto restored = static_cast<int16_t>(-1 - ((result[1] << 8) + result[2]));
                    CHECK(restored == -9263);

                    // roundtrip
                    CHECK(json::from_cbor(result) == j);
                    CHECK(json::from_cbor(result, true, false) == j);
                }

                SECTION("-256..-24")
                {
                    for (auto i = -256; i < -24; ++i)
                    {
                        CAPTURE(i)

                        // create JSON value with integer number
                        const json j = i;

                        // check type
                        CHECK(j.is_number_integer());

                        // create expected byte vector
                        const std::vector<uint8_t> expected
                        {
                            0x38,
                            static_cast<uint8_t>(-1 - i),
                        };

                        // compare result + size
                        const auto result = json::to_cbor(j);
                        CHECK(result == expected);
                        CHECK(result.size() == 2);

                        // check individual bytes
                        CHECK(result[0] == 0x38);
                        CHECK(static_cast<int16_t>(-1 - result[1]) == i);

                        // roundtrip
                        CHECK(json::from_cbor(result) == j);
                        CHECK(json::from_cbor(result, true, false) == j);
                    }
                }

                SECTION("-24..-1")
                {
                    for (auto i = -24; i <= -1; ++i)
                    {
                        CAPTURE(i)

                        // create JSON value with integer number
                        const json j = i;

                        // check type
                        CHECK(j.is_number_integer());

                        // create expected byte vector
                        const std::vector<uint8_t> expected
                        {
                            static_cast<uint8_t>(0x20 - 1 - static_cast<uint8_t>(i)),
                        };

                        // compare result + size
                        const auto result = json::to_cbor(j);
                        CHECK(result == expected);
                        CHECK(result.size() == 1);

                        // check individual bytes
                        CHECK(static_cast<int8_t>(0x20 - 1 - result[0]) == i);

                        // roundtrip
                        CHECK(json::from_cbor(result) == j);
                        CHECK(json::from_cbor(result, true, false) == j);
                    }
                }

                SECTION("0..23")
                {
                    for (size_t i = 0; i <= 23; ++i)
                    {
                        CAPTURE(i)

                        // create JSON value with integer number
                        json j = -1;
                        j.get_ref<json::number_integer_t&>() = static_cast<json::number_integer_t>(i);

                        // check type
                        CHECK(j.is_number_integer());

                        // create expected byte vector
                        const std::vector<uint8_t> expected
                        {
                            static_cast<uint8_t>(i),
                        };

                        // compare result + size
                        const auto result = json::to_cbor(j);
                        CHECK(result == expected);
                        CHECK(result.size() == 1);

                        // check individual bytes
                        CHECK(result[0] == i);

                        // roundtrip
                        CHECK(json::from_cbor(result) == j);
                        CHECK(json::from_cbor(result, true, false) == j);
                    }
                }

                SECTION("24..255")
                {
                    for (size_t i = 24; i <= 255; ++i)
                    {
                        CAPTURE(i)

                        // create JSON value with integer number
                        json j = -1;
                        j.get_ref<json::number_integer_t&>() = static_cast<json::number_integer_t>(i);

                        // check type
                        CHECK(j.is_number_integer());

                        // create expected byte vector
                        const std::vector<uint8_t> expected
                        {
                            static_cast<uint8_t>(0x18),
                            static_cast<uint8_t>(i),
                        };

                        // compare result + size
                        const auto result = json::to_cbor(j);
                        CHECK(result == expected);
                        CHECK(result.size() == 2);

                        // check individual bytes
                        CHECK(result[0] == 0x18);
                        CHECK(result[1] == i);

                        // roundtrip
                        CHECK(json::from_cbor(result) == j);
                        CHECK(json::from_cbor(result, true, false) == j);
                    }
                }

                SECTION("256..65535")
                {
                    for (size_t i = 256; i <= 65535; ++i)
                    {
                        CAPTURE(i)

                        // create JSON value with integer number
                        json j = -1;
                        j.get_ref<json::number_integer_t&>() = static_cast<json::number_integer_t>(i);

                        // check type
                        CHECK(j.is_number_integer());

                        // create expected byte vector
                        const std::vector<uint8_t> expected
                        {
                            static_cast<uint8_t>(0x19),
                            static_cast<uint8_t>((i >> 8) & 0xff),
                            static_cast<uint8_t>(i & 0xff),
                        };

                        // compare result + size
                        const auto result = json::to_cbor(j);
                        CHECK(result == expected);
                        CHECK(result.size() == 3);

                        // check individual bytes
                        CHECK(result[0] == 0x19);
                        const auto restored = static_cast<uint16_t>((static_cast<uint8_t>(result[1]) * 256) + static_cast<uint8_t>(result[2]));
                        CHECK(restored == i);

                        // roundtrip
                        CHECK(json::from_cbor(result) == j);
                        CHECK(json::from_cbor(result, true, false) == j);
                    }
                }

                SECTION("65536..4294967295")
                {
                    for (const uint32_t i :
                            {
                                65536u, 77777u, 1048576u
                            })
                    {
                        CAPTURE(i)

                        // create JSON value with integer number
                        json j = -1;
                        j.get_ref<json::number_integer_t&>() = static_cast<json::number_integer_t>(i);

                        // check type
                        CHECK(j.is_number_integer());

                        // create expected byte vector
                        const std::vector<uint8_t> expected
                        {
                            0x1a,
                            static_cast<uint8_t>((i >> 24) & 0xff),
                            static_cast<uint8_t>((i >> 16) & 0xff),
                            static_cast<uint8_t>((i >> 8) & 0xff),
                            static_cast<uint8_t>(i & 0xff),
                        };

                        // compare result + size
                        const auto result = json::to_cbor(j);
                        CHECK(result == expected);
                        CHECK(result.size() == 5);

                        // check individual bytes
                        CHECK(result[0] == 0x1a);
                        const uint32_t restored = (static_cast<uint32_t>(result[1]) << 030) +
                                                  (static_cast<uint32_t>(result[2]) << 020) +
                                                  (static_cast<uint32_t>(result[3]) << 010) +
                                                  static_cast<uint32_t>(result[4]);
                        CHECK(restored == i);

                        // roundtrip
                        CHECK(json::from_cbor(result) == j);
                        CHECK(json::from_cbor(result, true, false) == j);
                    }
                }

                SECTION("4294967296..4611686018427387903")
                {
                    for (const uint64_t i :
                            {
                                4294967296ul, 4611686018427387903ul
                            })
                    {
                        CAPTURE(i)

                        // create JSON value with integer number
                        json j = -1;
                        j.get_ref<json::number_integer_t&>() = static_cast<json::number_integer_t>(i);

                        // check type
                        CHECK(j.is_number_integer());

                        // create expected byte vector
                        const std::vector<uint8_t> expected
                        {
                            0x1b,
                            static_cast<uint8_t>((i >> 070) & 0xff),
                            static_cast<uint8_t>((i >> 060) & 0xff),
                            static_cast<uint8_t>((i >> 050) & 0xff),
                            static_cast<uint8_t>((i >> 040) & 0xff),
                            static_cast<uint8_t>((i >> 030) & 0xff),
                            static_cast<uint8_t>((i >> 020) & 0xff),
                            static_cast<uint8_t>((i >> 010) & 0xff),
                            static_cast<uint8_t>(i & 0xff),
                        };

                        // compare result + size
                        const auto result = json::to_cbor(j);
                        CHECK(result == expected);
                        CHECK(result.size() == 9);

                        // check individual bytes
                        CHECK(result[0] == 0x1b);
                        const uint64_t restored = (static_cast<uint64_t>(result[1]) << 070) +
                                                  (static_cast<uint64_t>(result[2]) << 060) +
                                                  (static_cast<uint64_t>(result[3]) << 050) +
                                                  (static_cast<uint64_t>(result[4]) << 040) +
                                                  (static_cast<uint64_t>(result[5]) << 030) +
                                                  (static_cast<uint64_t>(result[6]) << 020) +
                                                  (static_cast<uint64_t>(result[7]) << 010) +
                                                  static_cast<uint64_t>(result[8]);
                        CHECK(restored == i);

                        // roundtrip
                        CHECK(json::from_cbor(result) == j);
                        CHECK(json::from_cbor(result, true, false) == j);
                    }
                }

                SECTION("-32768..-129 (int 16)")
                {
                    for (int16_t i = -32768; i <= static_cast<std::int16_t>(-129); ++i)
                    {
                        CAPTURE(i)

                        // create JSON value with integer number
                        const json j = i;

                        // check type
                        CHECK(j.is_number_integer());

                        // create expected byte vector
                        const std::vector<uint8_t> expected
                        {
                            0xd1,
                            static_cast<uint8_t>((i >> 8) & 0xff),
                            static_cast<uint8_t>(i & 0xff),
                        };

                        // compare result + size
                        const auto result = json::to_msgpack(j);
                        CHECK(result == expected);
                        CHECK(result.size() == 3);

                        // check individual bytes
                        CHECK(result[0] == 0xd1);
                        const auto restored = static_cast<int16_t>((result[1] << 8) + result[2]);
                        CHECK(restored == i);

                        // roundtrip
                        CHECK(json::from_msgpack(result) == j);
                    }
                }
            }

            SECTION("unsigned")
            {
                SECTION("0..23 (Integer)")
                {
                    for (size_t i = 0; i <= 23; ++i)
                    {
                        CAPTURE(i)

                        // create JSON value with unsigned integer number
                        const json j = i;

                        // check type
                        CHECK(j.is_number_unsigned());

                        // create expected byte vector
                        const std::vector<uint8_t> expected
                        {
                            static_cast<uint8_t>(i),
                        };

                        // compare result + size
                        const auto result = json::to_cbor(j);
                        CHECK(result == expected);
                        CHECK(result.size() == 1);

                        // check individual bytes
                        CHECK(result[0] == i);

                        // roundtrip
                        CHECK(json::from_cbor(result) == j);
                        CHECK(json::from_cbor(result, true, false) == j);
                    }
                }

                SECTION("24..255 (one-byte uint8_t)")
                {
                    for (size_t i = 24; i <= 255; ++i)
                    {
                        CAPTURE(i)

                        // create JSON value with unsigned integer number
                        const json j = i;

                        // check type
                        CHECK(j.is_number_unsigned());

                        // create expected byte vector
                        const std::vector<uint8_t> expected
                        {
                            0x18,
                            static_cast<uint8_t>(i),
                        };

                        // compare result + size
                        const auto result = json::to_cbor(j);
                        CHECK(result == expected);
                        CHECK(result.size() == 2);

                        // check individual bytes
                        CHECK(result[0] == 0x18);
                        const auto restored = static_cast<uint8_t>(result[1]);
                        CHECK(restored == i);

                        // roundtrip
                        CHECK(json::from_cbor(result) == j);
                        CHECK(json::from_cbor(result, true, false) == j);
                    }
                }

                SECTION("256..65535 (two-byte uint16_t)")
                {
                    for (size_t i = 256; i <= 65535; ++i)
                    {
                        CAPTURE(i)

                        // create JSON value with unsigned integer number
                        const json j = i;

                        // check type
                        CHECK(j.is_number_unsigned());

                        // create expected byte vector
                        const std::vector<uint8_t> expected
                        {
                            0x19,
                            static_cast<uint8_t>((i >> 8) & 0xff),
                            static_cast<uint8_t>(i & 0xff),
                        };

                        // compare result + size
                        const auto result = json::to_cbor(j);
                        CHECK(result == expected);
                        CHECK(result.size() == 3);

                        // check individual bytes
                        CHECK(result[0] == 0x19);
                        const auto restored = static_cast<uint16_t>((static_cast<uint8_t>(result[1]) * 256) + static_cast<uint8_t>(result[2]));
                        CHECK(restored == i);

                        // roundtrip
                        CHECK(json::from_cbor(result) == j);
                        CHECK(json::from_cbor(result, true, false) == j);
                    }
                }

                SECTION("65536..4294967295 (four-byte uint32_t)")
                {
                    for (const uint32_t i :
                            {
                                65536u, 77777u, 1048576u
                            })
                    {
                        CAPTURE(i)

                        // create JSON value with unsigned integer number
                        const json j = i;

                        // check type
                        CHECK(j.is_number_unsigned());

                        // create expected byte vector
                        const std::vector<uint8_t> expected
                        {
                            0x1a,
                            static_cast<uint8_t>((i >> 24) & 0xff),
                            static_cast<uint8_t>((i >> 16) & 0xff),
                            static_cast<uint8_t>((i >> 8) & 0xff),
                            static_cast<uint8_t>(i & 0xff),
                        };

                        // compare result + size
                        const auto result = json::to_cbor(j);
                        CHECK(result == expected);
                        CHECK(result.size() == 5);

                        // check individual bytes
                        CHECK(result[0] == 0x1a);
                        const uint32_t restored = (static_cast<uint32_t>(result[1]) << 030) +
                                                  (static_cast<uint32_t>(result[2]) << 020) +
                                                  (static_cast<uint32_t>(result[3]) << 010) +
                                                  static_cast<uint32_t>(result[4]);
                        CHECK(restored == i);

                        // roundtrip
                        CHECK(json::from_cbor(result) == j);
                        CHECK(json::from_cbor(result, true, false) == j);
                    }
                }

                SECTION("4294967296..4611686018427387903 (eight-byte uint64_t)")
                {
                    for (const uint64_t i :
                            {
                                4294967296ul, 4611686018427387903ul
                            })
                    {
                        CAPTURE(i)

                        // create JSON value with integer number
                        const json j = i;

                        // check type
                        CHECK(j.is_number_unsigned());

                        // create expected byte vector
                        const std::vector<uint8_t> expected
                        {
                            0x1b,
                            static_cast<uint8_t>((i >> 070) & 0xff),
                            static_cast<uint8_t>((i >> 060) & 0xff),
                            static_cast<uint8_t>((i >> 050) & 0xff),
                            static_cast<uint8_t>((i >> 040) & 0xff),
                            static_cast<uint8_t>((i >> 030) & 0xff),
                            static_cast<uint8_t>((i >> 020) & 0xff),
                            static_cast<uint8_t>((i >> 010) & 0xff),
                            static_cast<uint8_t>(i & 0xff),
                        };

                        // compare result + size
                        const auto result = json::to_cbor(j);
                        CHECK(result == expected);
                        CHECK(result.size() == 9);

                        // check individual bytes
                        CHECK(result[0] == 0x1b);
                        const uint64_t restored = (static_cast<uint64_t>(result[1]) << 070) +
                                                  (static_cast<uint64_t>(result[2]) << 060) +
                                                  (static_cast<uint64_t>(result[3]) << 050) +
                                                  (static_cast<uint64_t>(result[4]) << 040) +
                                                  (static_cast<uint64_t>(result[5]) << 030) +
                                                  (static_cast<uint64_t>(result[6]) << 020) +
                                                  (static_cast<uint64_t>(result[7]) << 010) +
                                                  static_cast<uint64_t>(result[8]);
                        CHECK(restored == i);

                        // roundtrip
                        CHECK(json::from_cbor(result) == j);
                        CHECK(json::from_cbor(result, true, false) == j);
                    }
                }
            }

            SECTION("double-precision float")
            {
                SECTION("3.1415925")
                {
                    double v = 3.1415925;
                    const json j = v;
                    std::vector<uint8_t> expected =
                    {
                        0xfb, 0x40, 0x09, 0x21, 0xfb, 0x3f, 0xa6, 0xde, 0xfc
                    };
                    const auto result = json::to_cbor(j);
                    CHECK(result == expected);

                    // roundtrip
                    CHECK(json::from_cbor(result) == j);
                    CHECK(json::from_cbor(result) == v);

                    CHECK(json::from_cbor(result, true, false) == j);
                }
            }

            SECTION("single-precision float")
            {
                SECTION("0.5")
                {
                    double v = 0.5;
                    const json j = v;
                    // its double-precision float binary value is
                    // {0xfb, 0x3f, 0xe0, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00}
                    // but to save memory, we can store it as single-precision float.
                    const std::vector<uint8_t> expected = {0xfa, 0x3f, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00};
                    const auto result = json::to_cbor(j);
                    CHECK(result == expected);
                    // roundtrip
                    CHECK(json::from_cbor(result) == j);
                    CHECK(json::from_cbor(result) == v);
                }
                SECTION("0.0")
                {
                    double v = 0.0;
                    const json j = v;
                    // its double-precision binary value is:
                    // {0xfb, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00}
                    const std::vector<uint8_t> expected = {0xfa, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00};
                    const auto result = json::to_cbor(j);
                    CHECK(result == expected);
                    // roundtrip
                    CHECK(json::from_cbor(result) == j);
                    CHECK(json::from_cbor(result) == v);
                }
                SECTION("-0.0")
                {
                    double v = -0.0;
                    const json j = v;
                    // its double-precision binary value is:
                    // {0xfb, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00}
                    const std::vector<uint8_t> expected = {0xfa, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00};
                    const auto result = json::to_cbor(j);
                    CHECK(result == expected);
                    // roundtrip
                    CHECK(json::from_cbor(result) == j);
                    CHECK(json::from_cbor(result) == v);
                }
                SECTION("100.0")
                {
                    double v = 100.0;
                    const json j = v;
                    // its double-precision binary value is:
                    // {0xfb, 0x40, 0x59, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00}
                    const std::vector<uint8_t> expected = {0xfa, 0x42, 0xc8, 0x00, 0x00};
                    const auto result = json::to_cbor(j);
                    CHECK(result == expected);
                    // roundtrip
                    CHECK(json::from_cbor(result) == j);
                    CHECK(json::from_cbor(result) == v);
                }
                SECTION("200.0")
                {
                    double v = 200.0;
                    const json j = v;
                    // its double-precision binary value is:
                    // {0xfb, 0x40, 0x69, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00}
                    const std::vector<uint8_t> expected = {0xfa, 0x43, 0x48, 0x00, 0x00};
                    const auto result = json::to_cbor(j);
                    CHECK(result == expected);
                    // roundtrip
                    CHECK(json::from_cbor(result) == j);
                    CHECK(json::from_cbor(result) == v);
                }
                SECTION("3.40282e+38(max float)")
                {
                    float v = (std::numeric_limits<float>::max)();
                    const json j = v;
                    const std::vector<uint8_t> expected =
                    {
                        0xfa, 0x7f, 0x7f, 0xff, 0xff
                    };
                    const auto result = json::to_cbor(j);
                    CHECK(result == expected);
                    // roundtrip
                    CHECK(json::from_cbor(result) == j);
                    CHECK(json::from_cbor(result) == v);
                }
                SECTION("-3.40282e+38(lowest float)")
                {
                    auto v = static_cast<double>(std::numeric_limits<float>::lowest());
                    const json j = v;
                    const std::vector<uint8_t> expected =
                    {
                        0xfa, 0xff, 0x7f, 0xff, 0xff
                    };
                    const auto result = json::to_cbor(j);
                    CHECK(result == expected);
                    // roundtrip
                    CHECK(json::from_cbor(result) == j);
                    CHECK(json::from_cbor(result) == v);
                }
                SECTION("1 + 3.40282e+38(more than max float)")
                {
                    double v = static_cast<double>((std::numeric_limits<float>::max)()) + 0.1e+34;
                    const json j = v;
                    const std::vector<uint8_t> expected =
                    {
                        0xfb, 0x47, 0xf0, 0x00, 0x03, 0x04, 0xdc, 0x64, 0x49
                    };
                    // double
                    const auto result = json::to_cbor(j);
                    CHECK(result == expected);
                    // roundtrip
                    CHECK(json::from_cbor(result) == j);
                    CHECK(json::from_cbor(result) == v);
                }
                SECTION("-1 - 3.40282e+38(less than lowest float)")
                {
                    double v = static_cast<double>(std::numeric_limits<float>::lowest()) - 1.0;
                    const json j = v;
                    const std::vector<uint8_t> expected =
                    {
                        0xfa, 0xff, 0x7f, 0xff, 0xff
                    };
                    // the same with the lowest float
                    const auto result = json::to_cbor(j);
                    CHECK(result == expected);
                    // roundtrip
                    CHECK(json::from_cbor(result) == j);
                    CHECK(json::from_cbor(result) == v);
                }

            }

            SECTION("half-precision float (edge cases)")
            {
                SECTION("errors")
                {
                    SECTION("no byte follows")
                    {
                        json _;
                        CHECK_THROWS_WITH_AS(_ = json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0xf9})), "[json.exception.parse_error.110] parse error at byte 2: syntax error while parsing CBOR number: unexpected end of input", json::parse_error&);
                        CHECK(json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0xf9}), true, false).is_discarded());
                    }
                    SECTION("only one byte follows")
                    {
                        json _;
                        CHECK_THROWS_WITH_AS(_ = json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0xf9, 0x7c})), "[json.exception.parse_error.110] parse error at byte 3: syntax error while parsing CBOR number: unexpected end of input", json::parse_error&);
                        CHECK(json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0xf9, 0x7c}), true, false).is_discarded());
                    }
                }

                SECTION("exp = 0b00000")
                {
                    SECTION("0 (0 00000 0000000000)")
                    {
                        json const j = json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0xf9, 0x00, 0x00}));
                        const json::number_float_t d{j};
                        CHECK(d == 0.0);
                    }

                    SECTION("-0 (1 00000 0000000000)")
                    {
                        json const j = json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0xf9, 0x80, 0x00}));
                        const json::number_float_t d{j};
                        CHECK(d == -0.0);
                    }

                    SECTION("2**-24 (0 00000 0000000001)")
                    {
                        json const j = json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0xf9, 0x00, 0x01}));
                        const json::number_float_t d{j};
                        CHECK(d == std::pow(2.0, -24.0));
                    }
                }

                SECTION("exp = 0b11111")
                {
                    SECTION("infinity (0 11111 0000000000)")
                    {
                        json const j = json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0xf9, 0x7c, 0x00}));
                        const json::number_float_t d{j};
                        CHECK(d == std::numeric_limits<json::number_float_t>::infinity());
                        CHECK(j.dump() == "null");
                    }

                    SECTION("-infinity (1 11111 0000000000)")
                    {
                        json const j = json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0xf9, 0xfc, 0x00}));
                        const json::number_float_t d{j};
                        CHECK(d == -std::numeric_limits<json::number_float_t>::infinity());
                        CHECK(j.dump() == "null");
                    }
                }

                SECTION("other values from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half-precision_floating-point_format")
                {
                    SECTION("1 (0 01111 0000000000)")
                    {
                        json const j = json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0xf9, 0x3c, 0x00}));
                        const json::number_float_t d{j};
                        CHECK(d == 1);
                    }

                    SECTION("-2 (1 10000 0000000000)")
                    {
                        json const j = json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0xf9, 0xc0, 0x00}));
                        const json::number_float_t d{j};
                        CHECK(d == -2);
                    }

                    SECTION("65504 (0 11110 1111111111)")
                    {
                        json const j = json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0xf9, 0x7b, 0xff}));
                        const json::number_float_t d{j};
                        CHECK(d == 65504);
                    }
                }

                SECTION("infinity")
                {
                    json const j = json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0xf9, 0x7c, 0x00}));
                    json::number_float_t const d{j};
                    CHECK(!std::isfinite(d));
                    CHECK(j.dump() == "null");
                }

                SECTION("NaN")
                {
                    json const j = json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0xf9, 0x7e, 0x00}));
                    json::number_float_t const d{j};
                    CHECK(std::isnan(d));
                    CHECK(j.dump() == "null");
                }
            }
        }

        SECTION("string")
        {
            SECTION("N = 0..23")
            {
                for (size_t N = 0; N <= 0x17; ++N)
                {
                    CAPTURE(N)

                    // create JSON value with string containing of N * 'x'
                    const auto s = std::string(N, 'x');
                    const json j = s;

                    // create expected byte vector
                    std::vector<uint8_t> expected;
                    expected.push_back(static_cast<uint8_t>(0x60 + N));
                    for (size_t i = 0; i < N; ++i)
                    {
                        expected.push_back('x');
                    }

                    // compare result + size
                    const auto result = json::to_cbor(j);
                    CHECK(result == expected);
                    CHECK(result.size() == N + 1);
                    // check that no null byte is appended
                    if (N > 0)
                    {
                        CHECK(result.back() != '\x00');
                    }

                    // roundtrip
                    CHECK(json::from_cbor(result) == j);
                    CHECK(json::from_cbor(result, true, false) == j);
                }
            }

            SECTION("N = 24..255")
            {
                for (size_t N = 24; N <= 255; ++N)
                {
                    CAPTURE(N)

                    // create JSON value with string containing of N * 'x'
                    const auto s = std::string(N, 'x');
                    const json j = s;

                    // create expected byte vector
                    std::vector<uint8_t> expected;

                    expected.push_back(0x78);
                    expected.push_back(static_cast<uint8_t>(N));
                    for (size_t i = 0; i < N; ++i)
                    {
                        expected.push_back('x');
                    }

                    // compare result + size
                    const auto result = json::to_cbor(j);
                    CHECK(result == expected);
                    CHECK(result.size() == N + 2);
                    // check that no null byte is appended
                    CHECK(result.back() != '\x00');

                    // roundtrip
                    CHECK(json::from_cbor(result) == j);
                    CHECK(json::from_cbor(result, true, false) == j);
                }
            }

            SECTION("N = 256..65535")
            {
                for (const size_t N :
                        {
                            256u, 999u, 1025u, 3333u, 2048u, 65535u
                        })
                {
                    CAPTURE(N)

                    // create JSON value with string containing of N * 'x'
                    const auto s = std::string(N, 'x');
                    const json j = s;

                    // create expected byte vector (hack: create string first)
                    std::vector<uint8_t> expected(N, 'x');
                    // reverse order of commands, because we insert at begin()
                    expected.insert(expected.begin(), static_cast<uint8_t>(N & 0xff));
                    expected.insert(expected.begin(), static_cast<uint8_t>((N >> 8) & 0xff));
                    expected.insert(expected.begin(), 0x79);

                    // compare result + size
                    const auto result = json::to_cbor(j);
                    CHECK(result == expected);
                    CHECK(result.size() == N + 3);
                    // check that no null byte is appended
                    CHECK(result.back() != '\x00');

                    // roundtrip
                    CHECK(json::from_cbor(result) == j);
                    CHECK(json::from_cbor(result, true, false) == j);
                }
            }

            SECTION("N = 65536..4294967295")
            {
                for (const size_t N :
                        {
                            65536u, 77777u, 1048576u
                        })
                {
                    CAPTURE(N)

                    // create JSON value with string containing of N * 'x'
                    const auto s = std::string(N, 'x');
                    const json j = s;

                    // create expected byte vector (hack: create string first)
                    std::vector<uint8_t> expected(N, 'x');
                    // reverse order of commands, because we insert at begin()
                    expected.insert(expected.begin(), static_cast<uint8_t>(N & 0xff));
                    expected.insert(expected.begin(), static_cast<uint8_t>((N >> 8) & 0xff));
                    expected.insert(expected.begin(), static_cast<uint8_t>((N >> 16) & 0xff));
                    expected.insert(expected.begin(), static_cast<uint8_t>((N >> 24) & 0xff));
                    expected.insert(expected.begin(), 0x7a);

                    // compare result + size
                    const auto result = json::to_cbor(j);
                    CHECK(result == expected);
                    CHECK(result.size() == N + 5);
                    // check that no null byte is appended
                    CHECK(result.back() != '\x00');

                    // roundtrip
                    CHECK(json::from_cbor(result) == j);
                    CHECK(json::from_cbor(result, true, false) == j);
                }
            }
        }

        SECTION("array")
        {
            SECTION("empty")
            {
                const json j = json::array();
                std::vector<uint8_t> expected = {0x80};
                const auto result = json::to_cbor(j);
                CHECK(result == expected);

                // roundtrip
                CHECK(json::from_cbor(result) == j);
                CHECK(json::from_cbor(result, true, false) == j);
            }

            SECTION("[null]")
            {
                const json j = {nullptr};
                const std::vector<uint8_t> expected = {0x81, 0xf6};
                const auto result = json::to_cbor(j);
                CHECK(result == expected);

                // roundtrip
                CHECK(json::from_cbor(result) == j);
                CHECK(json::from_cbor(result, true, false) == j);
            }

            SECTION("[1,2,3,4,5]")
            {
                const json j = json::parse("[1,2,3,4,5]");
                const std::vector<uint8_t> expected = {0x85, 0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x04, 0x05};
                const auto result = json::to_cbor(j);
                CHECK(result == expected);

                // roundtrip
                CHECK(json::from_cbor(result) == j);
                CHECK(json::from_cbor(result, true, false) == j);
            }

            SECTION("[[[[]]]]")
            {
                const json j = json::parse("[[[[]]]]");
                const std::vector<uint8_t> expected = {0x81, 0x81, 0x81, 0x80};
                const auto result = json::to_cbor(j);
                CHECK(result == expected);

                // roundtrip
                CHECK(json::from_cbor(result) == j);
                CHECK(json::from_cbor(result, true, false) == j);
            }

            SECTION("array with uint16_t elements")
            {
                const json j(257, nullptr);
                std::vector<uint8_t> expected(j.size() + 3, 0xf6); // all null
                expected[0] = 0x99; // array 16 bit
                expected[1] = 0x01; // size (0x0101), byte 0
                expected[2] = 0x01; // size (0x0101), byte 1
                const auto result = json::to_cbor(j);
                CHECK(result == expected);

                // roundtrip
                CHECK(json::from_cbor(result) == j);
                CHECK(json::from_cbor(result, true, false) == j);
            }

            SECTION("array with uint32_t elements")
            {
                const json j(65793, nullptr);
                std::vector<uint8_t> expected(j.size() + 5, 0xf6); // all null
                expected[0] = 0x9a; // array 32 bit
                expected[1] = 0x00; // size (0x00010101), byte 0
                expected[2] = 0x01; // size (0x00010101), byte 1
                expected[3] = 0x01; // size (0x00010101), byte 2
                expected[4] = 0x01; // size (0x00010101), byte 3
                const auto result = json::to_cbor(j);
                CHECK(result == expected);

                // roundtrip
                CHECK(json::from_cbor(result) == j);
                CHECK(json::from_cbor(result, true, false) == j);
            }
        }

        SECTION("object")
        {
            SECTION("empty")
            {
                const json j = json::object();
                const std::vector<uint8_t> expected = {0xa0};
                const auto result = json::to_cbor(j);
                CHECK(result == expected);

                // roundtrip
                CHECK(json::from_cbor(result) == j);
                CHECK(json::from_cbor(result, true, false) == j);
            }

            SECTION("{\"\":null}")
            {
                const json j = {{"", nullptr}};
                const std::vector<uint8_t> expected = {0xa1, 0x60, 0xf6};
                const auto result = json::to_cbor(j);
                CHECK(result == expected);

                // roundtrip
                CHECK(json::from_cbor(result) == j);
                CHECK(json::from_cbor(result, true, false) == j);
            }

            SECTION("{\"a\": {\"b\": {\"c\": {}}}}")
            {
                const json j = json::parse(R"({"a": {"b": {"c": {}}}})");
                const std::vector<uint8_t> expected =
                {
                    0xa1, 0x61, 0x61, 0xa1, 0x61, 0x62, 0xa1, 0x61, 0x63, 0xa0
                };
                const auto result = json::to_cbor(j);
                CHECK(result == expected);

                // roundtrip
                CHECK(json::from_cbor(result) == j);
                CHECK(json::from_cbor(result, true, false) == j);
            }

            SECTION("object with uint8_t elements")
            {
                json j;
                for (auto i = 0; i < 255; ++i)
                {
                    // format i to a fixed width of 5
                    // each entry will need 7 bytes: 6 for string, 1 for null
                    std::stringstream ss;
                    ss << std::setw(5) << std::setfill('0') << i;
                    j.emplace(ss.str(), nullptr);
                }

                const auto result = json::to_cbor(j);

                // Checking against an expected vector byte by byte is
                // difficult, because no assumption on the order of key/value
                // pairs are made. We therefore only check the prefix (type and
                // size and the overall size. The rest is then handled in the
                // roundtrip check.
                CHECK(result.size() == 1787); // 1 type, 1 size, 255*7 content
                CHECK(result[0] == 0xb8); // map 8 bit
                CHECK(result[1] == 0xff); // size byte (0xff)
                // roundtrip
                CHECK(json::from_cbor(result) == j);
                CHECK(json::from_cbor(result, true, false) == j);
            }

            SECTION("object with uint16_t elements")
            {
                json j;
                for (auto i = 0; i < 256; ++i)
                {
                    // format i to a fixed width of 5
                    // each entry will need 7 bytes: 6 for string, 1 for null
                    std::stringstream ss;
                    ss << std::setw(5) << std::setfill('0') << i;
                    j.emplace(ss.str(), nullptr);
                }

                const auto result = json::to_cbor(j);

                // Checking against an expected vector byte by byte is
                // difficult, because no assumption on the order of key/value
                // pairs are made. We therefore only check the prefix (type and
                // size and the overall size. The rest is then handled in the
                // roundtrip check.
                CHECK(result.size() == 1795); // 1 type, 2 size, 256*7 content
                CHECK(result[0] == 0xb9); // map 16 bit
                CHECK(result[1] == 0x01); // byte 0 of size (0x0100)
                CHECK(result[2] == 0x00); // byte 1 of size (0x0100)

                // roundtrip
                CHECK(json::from_cbor(result) == j);
                CHECK(json::from_cbor(result, true, false) == j);
            }

            SECTION("object with uint32_t elements")
            {
                json j;
                for (auto i = 0; i < 65536; ++i)
                {
                    // format i to a fixed width of 5
                    // each entry will need 7 bytes: 6 for string, 1 for null
                    std::stringstream ss;
                    ss << std::setw(5) << std::setfill('0') << i;
                    j.emplace(ss.str(), nullptr);
                }

                const auto result = json::to_cbor(j);

                // Checking against an expected vector byte by byte is
                // difficult, because no assumption on the order of key/value
                // pairs are made. We therefore only check the prefix (type and
                // size and the overall size. The rest is then handled in the
                // roundtrip check.
                CHECK(result.size() == 458757); // 1 type, 4 size, 65536*7 content
                CHECK(result[0] == 0xba); // map 32 bit
                CHECK(result[1] == 0x00); // byte 0 of size (0x00010000)
                CHECK(result[2] == 0x01); // byte 1 of size (0x00010000)
                CHECK(result[3] == 0x00); // byte 2 of size (0x00010000)
                CHECK(result[4] == 0x00); // byte 3 of size (0x00010000)

                // roundtrip
                CHECK(json::from_cbor(result) == j);
                CHECK(json::from_cbor(result, true, false) == j);
            }
        }

        SECTION("binary")
        {
            SECTION("N = 0..23")
            {
                for (size_t N = 0; N <= 0x17; ++N)
                {
                    CAPTURE(N)

                    // create JSON value with byte array containing of N * 'x'
                    const auto s = std::vector<uint8_t>(N, 'x');
                    const json j = json::binary(s);

                    // create expected byte vector
                    std::vector<uint8_t> expected;
                    expected.push_back(static_cast<uint8_t>(0x40 + N));
                    for (size_t i = 0; i < N; ++i)
                    {
                        expected.push_back(0x78);
                    }

                    // compare result + size
                    const auto result = json::to_cbor(j);
                    CHECK(result == expected);
                    CHECK(result.size() == N + 1);
                    // check that no null byte is appended
                    if (N > 0)
                    {
                        CHECK(result.back() != '\x00');
                    }

                    // roundtrip
                    CHECK(json::from_cbor(result) == j);
                    CHECK(json::from_cbor(result, true, false) == j);
                }
            }

            SECTION("N = 24..255")
            {
                for (size_t N = 24; N <= 255; ++N)
                {
                    CAPTURE(N)

                    // create JSON value with string containing of N * 'x'
                    const auto s = std::vector<uint8_t>(N, 'x');
                    const json j = json::binary(s);

                    // create expected byte vector
                    std::vector<uint8_t> expected;
                    expected.push_back(0x58);
                    expected.push_back(static_cast<uint8_t>(N));
                    for (size_t i = 0; i < N; ++i)
                    {
                        expected.push_back('x');
                    }

                    // compare result + size
                    const auto result = json::to_cbor(j);
                    CHECK(result == expected);
                    CHECK(result.size() == N + 2);
                    // check that no null byte is appended
                    CHECK(result.back() != '\x00');

                    // roundtrip
                    CHECK(json::from_cbor(result) == j);
                    CHECK(json::from_cbor(result, true, false) == j);
                }
            }

            SECTION("N = 256..65535")
            {
                for (const size_t N :
                        {
                            256u, 999u, 1025u, 3333u, 2048u, 65535u
                        })
                {
                    CAPTURE(N)

                    // create JSON value with string containing of N * 'x'
                    const auto s = std::vector<uint8_t>(N, 'x');
                    const json j = json::binary(s);

                    // create expected byte vector (hack: create string first)
                    std::vector<uint8_t> expected(N, 'x');
                    // reverse order of commands, because we insert at begin()
                    expected.insert(expected.begin(), static_cast<uint8_t>(N & 0xff));
                    expected.insert(expected.begin(), static_cast<uint8_t>((N >> 8) & 0xff));
                    expected.insert(expected.begin(), 0x59);

                    // compare result + size
                    const auto result = json::to_cbor(j);
                    CHECK(result == expected);
                    CHECK(result.size() == N + 3);
                    // check that no null byte is appended
                    CHECK(result.back() != '\x00');

                    // roundtrip
                    CHECK(json::from_cbor(result) == j);
                    CHECK(json::from_cbor(result, true, false) == j);
                }
            }

            SECTION("N = 65536..4294967295")
            {
                for (const size_t N :
                        {
                            65536u, 77777u, 1048576u
                        })
                {
                    CAPTURE(N)

                    // create JSON value with string containing of N * 'x'
                    const auto s = std::vector<uint8_t>(N, 'x');
                    const json j = json::binary(s);

                    // create expected byte vector (hack: create string first)
                    std::vector<uint8_t> expected(N, 'x');
                    // reverse order of commands, because we insert at begin()
                    expected.insert(expected.begin(), static_cast<uint8_t>(N & 0xff));
                    expected.insert(expected.begin(), static_cast<uint8_t>((N >> 8) & 0xff));
                    expected.insert(expected.begin(), static_cast<uint8_t>((N >> 16) & 0xff));
                    expected.insert(expected.begin(), static_cast<uint8_t>((N >> 24) & 0xff));
                    expected.insert(expected.begin(), 0x5a);

                    // compare result + size
                    const auto result = json::to_cbor(j);
                    CHECK(result == expected);
                    CHECK(result.size() == N + 5);
                    // check that no null byte is appended
                    CHECK(result.back() != '\x00');

                    // roundtrip
                    CHECK(json::from_cbor(result) == j);
                    CHECK(json::from_cbor(result, true, false) == j);
                }
            }

            SECTION("indefinite size")
            {
                std::vector<std::uint8_t> const input = {0x5F, 0x44, 0xaa, 0xbb, 0xcc, 0xdd, 0x43, 0xee, 0xff, 0x99, 0xFF};
                auto j = json::from_cbor(input);
                CHECK(j.is_binary());
                auto k = json::binary({0xaa, 0xbb, 0xcc, 0xdd, 0xee, 0xff, 0x99});
                CAPTURE(j.dump(0, ' ', false, json::error_handler_t::strict))
                CHECK(j == k);
            }

            SECTION("binary in array")
            {
                // array with three empty byte strings
                std::vector<std::uint8_t> const input = {0x83, 0x40, 0x40, 0x40};
                json _;
                CHECK_NOTHROW(_ = json::from_cbor(input));
            }

            SECTION("binary in object")
            {
                // object mapping "foo" to empty byte string
                std::vector<std::uint8_t> const input = {0xA1, 0x63, 0x66, 0x6F, 0x6F, 0x40};
                json _;
                CHECK_NOTHROW(_ = json::from_cbor(input));
            }

            SECTION("SAX callback with binary")
            {
                // object mapping "foo" to byte string
                std::vector<std::uint8_t> const input = {0xA1, 0x63, 0x66, 0x6F, 0x6F, 0x41, 0x00};

                // callback to set binary_seen to true if a binary value was seen
                bool binary_seen = false;
                auto callback = [&binary_seen](int /*depth*/, json::parse_event_t /*event*/, json & parsed) noexcept
                {
                    if (parsed.is_binary())
                    {
                        binary_seen = true;
                    }
                    return true;
                };

                json j;
                auto cbp = nlohmann::detail::json_sax_dom_callback_parser<json, nlohmann::detail::string_input_adapter_type>(j, callback, true);
                CHECK(json::sax_parse(input, &cbp, json::input_format_t::cbor));
                CHECK(j.at("foo").is_binary());
                CHECK(binary_seen);
            }
        }
    }

    SECTION("additional deserialization")
    {
        SECTION("0x5b (byte array)")
        {
            std::vector<uint8_t> const given = {0x5b, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
                                                0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x61
                                               };
            const json j = json::from_cbor(given);
            CHECK(j == json::binary(std::vector<uint8_t> {'a'}));
        }

        SECTION("0x7b (string)")
        {
            std::vector<uint8_t> const given = {0x7b, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
                                                0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x61
                                               };
            const json j = json::from_cbor(given);
            CHECK(j == "a");
        }

        SECTION("0x9b (array)")
        {
            std::vector<uint8_t> const given = {0x9b, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
                                                0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0xf4
                                               };
            const json j = json::from_cbor(given);
            CHECK(j == json::parse("[false]"));
        }

        SECTION("0xbb (map)")
        {
            std::vector<uint8_t> const given = {0xbb, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
                                                0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x60, 0xf4
                                               };
            const json j = json::from_cbor(given);
            CHECK(j == json::parse("{\"\": false}"));
        }
    }

    SECTION("errors")
    {
        SECTION("empty byte vector")
        {
            json _;
            CHECK_THROWS_WITH_AS(_ = json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>()), "[json.exception.parse_error.110] parse error at byte 1: syntax error while parsing CBOR value: unexpected end of input", json::parse_error&);
            CHECK(json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>(), true, false).is_discarded());
        }

        SECTION("too short byte vector")
        {
            json _;
            CHECK_THROWS_WITH_AS(_ = json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0x18})), "[json.exception.parse_error.110] parse error at byte 2: syntax error while parsing CBOR number: unexpected end of input", json::parse_error&);
            CHECK_THROWS_WITH_AS(_ = json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0x19})), "[json.exception.parse_error.110] parse error at byte 2: syntax error while parsing CBOR number: unexpected end of input", json::parse_error&);
            CHECK_THROWS_WITH_AS(_ = json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0x19, 0x00})), "[json.exception.parse_error.110] parse error at byte 3: syntax error while parsing CBOR number: unexpected end of input", json::parse_error&);
            CHECK_THROWS_WITH_AS(_ = json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0x1a})), "[json.exception.parse_error.110] parse error at byte 2: syntax error while parsing CBOR number: unexpected end of input", json::parse_error&);
            CHECK_THROWS_WITH_AS(_ = json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0x1a, 0x00})), "[json.exception.parse_error.110] parse error at byte 3: syntax error while parsing CBOR number: unexpected end of input", json::parse_error&);
            CHECK_THROWS_WITH_AS(_ = json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0x1a, 0x00, 0x00})), "[json.exception.parse_error.110] parse error at byte 4: syntax error while parsing CBOR number: unexpected end of input", json::parse_error&);
            CHECK_THROWS_WITH_AS(_ = json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0x1a, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00})), "[json.exception.parse_error.110] parse error at byte 5: syntax error while parsing CBOR number: unexpected end of input", json::parse_error&);
            CHECK_THROWS_WITH_AS(_ = json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0x1b})), "[json.exception.parse_error.110] parse error at byte 2: syntax error while parsing CBOR number: unexpected end of input", json::parse_error&);
            CHECK_THROWS_WITH_AS(_ = json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0x1b, 0x00})), "[json.exception.parse_error.110] parse error at byte 3: syntax error while parsing CBOR number: unexpected end of input", json::parse_error&);
            CHECK_THROWS_WITH_AS(_ = json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0x1b, 0x00, 0x00})), "[json.exception.parse_error.110] parse error at byte 4: syntax error while parsing CBOR number: unexpected end of input", json::parse_error&);
            CHECK_THROWS_WITH_AS(_ = json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0x1b, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00})), "[json.exception.parse_error.110] parse error at byte 5: syntax error while parsing CBOR number: unexpected end of input", json::parse_error&);
            CHECK_THROWS_WITH_AS(_ = json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0x1b, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00})), "[json.exception.parse_error.110] parse error at byte 6: syntax error while parsing CBOR number: unexpected end of input", json::parse_error&);
            CHECK_THROWS_WITH_AS(_ = json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0x1b, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00})), "[json.exception.parse_error.110] parse error at byte 7: syntax error while parsing CBOR number: unexpected end of input", json::parse_error&);
            CHECK_THROWS_WITH_AS(_ = json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0x1b, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00})), "[json.exception.parse_error.110] parse error at byte 8: syntax error while parsing CBOR number: unexpected end of input", json::parse_error&);
            CHECK_THROWS_WITH_AS(_ = json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0x1b, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00})), "[json.exception.parse_error.110] parse error at byte 9: syntax error while parsing CBOR number: unexpected end of input", json::parse_error&);
            CHECK_THROWS_WITH_AS(_ = json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0x38})), "[json.exception.parse_error.110] parse error at byte 2: syntax error while parsing CBOR number: unexpected end of input", json::parse_error&);
            CHECK_THROWS_WITH_AS(_ = json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0x39})), "[json.exception.parse_error.110] parse error at byte 2: syntax error while parsing CBOR number: unexpected end of input", json::parse_error&);
            CHECK_THROWS_WITH_AS(_ = json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0x39, 0x00})), "[json.exception.parse_error.110] parse error at byte 3: syntax error while parsing CBOR number: unexpected end of input", json::parse_error&);
            CHECK_THROWS_WITH_AS(_ = json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0x3a})), "[json.exception.parse_error.110] parse error at byte 2: syntax error while parsing CBOR number: unexpected end of input", json::parse_error&);
            CHECK_THROWS_WITH_AS(_ = json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0x3a, 0x00})), "[json.exception.parse_error.110] parse error at byte 3: syntax error while parsing CBOR number: unexpected end of input", json::parse_error&);
            CHECK_THROWS_WITH_AS(_ = json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0x3a, 0x00, 0x00})), "[json.exception.parse_error.110] parse error at byte 4: syntax error while parsing CBOR number: unexpected end of input", json::parse_error&);
            CHECK_THROWS_WITH_AS(_ = json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0x3a, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00})), "[json.exception.parse_error.110] parse error at byte 5: syntax error while parsing CBOR number: unexpected end of input", json::parse_error&);
            CHECK_THROWS_WITH_AS(_ = json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0x3b})), "[json.exception.parse_error.110] parse error at byte 2: syntax error while parsing CBOR number: unexpected end of input", json::parse_error&);
            CHECK_THROWS_WITH_AS(_ = json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0x3b, 0x00})), "[json.exception.parse_error.110] parse error at byte 3: syntax error while parsing CBOR number: unexpected end of input", json::parse_error&);
            CHECK_THROWS_WITH_AS(_ = json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0x3b, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00})), "[json.exception.parse_error.110] parse error at byte 9: syntax error while parsing CBOR number: unexpected end of input", json::parse_error&);
            CHECK_THROWS_WITH_AS(_ = json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0x62})), "[json.exception.parse_error.110] parse error at byte 2: syntax error while parsing CBOR string: unexpected end of input", json::parse_error&);
            CHECK_THROWS_WITH_AS(_ = json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0x62, 0x60})), "[json.exception.parse_error.110] parse error at byte 3: syntax error while parsing CBOR string: unexpected end of input", json::parse_error&);
            CHECK_THROWS_WITH_AS(_ = json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0x7F})), "[json.exception.parse_error.110] parse error at byte 2: syntax error while parsing CBOR string: unexpected end of input", json::parse_error&);
            CHECK_THROWS_WITH_AS(_ = json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0x7F, 0x60})), "[json.exception.parse_error.110] parse error at byte 3: syntax error while parsing CBOR string: unexpected end of input", json::parse_error&);
            CHECK_THROWS_WITH_AS(_ = json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0x82, 0x01})), "[json.exception.parse_error.110] parse error at byte 3: syntax error while parsing CBOR value: unexpected end of input", json::parse_error&);
            CHECK_THROWS_WITH_AS(_ = json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0x9F, 0x01})), "[json.exception.parse_error.110] parse error at byte 3: syntax error while parsing CBOR value: unexpected end of input", json::parse_error&);
            CHECK_THROWS_WITH_AS(_ = json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0xBF, 0x61, 0x61, 0xF5})), "[json.exception.parse_error.110] parse error at byte 5: syntax error while parsing CBOR string: unexpected end of input", json::parse_error&);
            CHECK_THROWS_WITH_AS(_ = json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0xA1, 0x61, 0X61})), "[json.exception.parse_error.110] parse error at byte 4: syntax error while parsing CBOR value: unexpected end of input", json::parse_error&);
            CHECK_THROWS_WITH_AS(_ = json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0xBF, 0x61, 0X61})), "[json.exception.parse_error.110] parse error at byte 4: syntax error while parsing CBOR value: unexpected end of input", json::parse_error&);
            CHECK_THROWS_WITH_AS(_ = json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0x5F})), "[json.exception.parse_error.110] parse error at byte 2: syntax error while parsing CBOR binary: unexpected end of input", json::parse_error&);
            CHECK_THROWS_WITH_AS(_ = json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0x5F, 0x00})), "[json.exception.parse_error.113] parse error at byte 2: syntax error while parsing CBOR binary: expected length specification (0x40-0x5B) or indefinite binary array type (0x5F); last byte: 0x00", json::parse_error&);
            CHECK_THROWS_WITH_AS(_ = json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0x41})), "[json.exception.parse_error.110] parse error at byte 2: syntax error while parsing CBOR binary: unexpected end of input", json::parse_error&);

            CHECK(json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0x18}), true, false).is_discarded());
            CHECK(json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0x19}), true, false).is_discarded());
            CHECK(json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0x19, 0x00}), true, false).is_discarded());
            CHECK(json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0x1a}), true, false).is_discarded());
            CHECK(json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0x1a, 0x00}), true, false).is_discarded());
            CHECK(json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0x1a, 0x00, 0x00}), true, false).is_discarded());
            CHECK(json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0x1a, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00}), true, false).is_discarded());
            CHECK(json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0x1b}), true, false).is_discarded());
            CHECK(json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0x1b, 0x00}), true, false).is_discarded());
            CHECK(json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0x1b, 0x00, 0x00}), true, false).is_discarded());
            CHECK(json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0x1b, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00}), true, false).is_discarded());
            CHECK(json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0x1b, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00}), true, false).is_discarded());
            CHECK(json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0x1b, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00}), true, false).is_discarded());
            CHECK(json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0x1b, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00}), true, false).is_discarded());
            CHECK(json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0x1b, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00}), true, false).is_discarded());
            CHECK(json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0x38}), true, false).is_discarded());
            CHECK(json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0x39}), true, false).is_discarded());
            CHECK(json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0x39, 0x00}), true, false).is_discarded());
            CHECK(json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0x3a}), true, false).is_discarded());
            CHECK(json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0x3a, 0x00}), true, false).is_discarded());
            CHECK(json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0x3a, 0x00, 0x00}), true, false).is_discarded());
            CHECK(json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0x3a, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00}), true, false).is_discarded());
            CHECK(json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0x3b}), true, false).is_discarded());
            CHECK(json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0x3b, 0x00}), true, false).is_discarded());
            CHECK(json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0x3b, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00}), true, false).is_discarded());
            CHECK(json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0x62}), true, false).is_discarded());
            CHECK(json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0x62, 0x60}), true, false).is_discarded());
            CHECK(json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0x7F}), true, false).is_discarded());
            CHECK(json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0x7F, 0x60}), true, false).is_discarded());
            CHECK(json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0x82, 0x01}), true, false).is_discarded());
            CHECK(json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0x9F, 0x01}), true, false).is_discarded());
            CHECK(json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0xBF, 0x61, 0x61, 0xF5}), true, false).is_discarded());
            CHECK(json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0xA1, 0x61, 0x61}), true, false).is_discarded());
            CHECK(json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0xBF, 0x61, 0x61}), true, false).is_discarded());
            CHECK(json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0x5F}), true, false).is_discarded());
            CHECK(json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0x5F, 0x00}), true, false).is_discarded());
            CHECK(json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0x41}), true, false).is_discarded());
        }

        SECTION("unsupported bytes")
        {
            SECTION("concrete examples")
            {
                json _;
                CHECK_THROWS_WITH_AS(_ = json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0x1c})), "[json.exception.parse_error.112] parse error at byte 1: syntax error while parsing CBOR value: invalid byte: 0x1C", json::parse_error&);
                CHECK(json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0x1c}), true, false).is_discarded());

                CHECK_THROWS_WITH_AS(_ = json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0xf8})), "[json.exception.parse_error.112] parse error at byte 1: syntax error while parsing CBOR value: invalid byte: 0xF8", json::parse_error&);
                CHECK(json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0xf8}), true, false).is_discarded());
            }

            SECTION("all unsupported bytes")
            {
                for (const auto byte :
                        {
                            // ?
                            0x1c, 0x1d, 0x1e, 0x1f,
                            // ?
                            0x3c, 0x3d, 0x3e, 0x3f,
                            // ?
                            0x5c, 0x5d, 0x5e,
                            // ?
                            0x7c, 0x7d, 0x7e,
                            // ?
                            0x9c, 0x9d, 0x9e,
                            // ?
                            0xbc, 0xbd, 0xbe,
                            // date/time
                            0xc0, 0xc1,
                            // bignum
                            0xc2, 0xc3,
                            // fraction
                            0xc4,
                            // bigfloat
                            0xc5,
                            // tagged item
                            0xc6, 0xc7, 0xc8, 0xc9, 0xca, 0xcb, 0xcc, 0xcd, 0xce, 0xcf, 0xd0, 0xd1, 0xd2, 0xd3, 0xd4,
                            // expected conversion
                            0xd5, 0xd6, 0xd7,
                            // more tagged items
                            0xd8, 0xd9, 0xda, 0xdb,
                            // ?
                            0xdc, 0xdd, 0xde, 0xdf,
                            // (simple value)
                            0xe0, 0xe1, 0xe2, 0xe3, 0xe4, 0xe5, 0xe6, 0xe7, 0xe8, 0xe9, 0xea, 0xeb, 0xec, 0xed, 0xee, 0xef, 0xf0, 0xf1, 0xf2, 0xf3,
                            // undefined
                            0xf7,
                            // simple value
                            0xf8
                        })
                {
                    json _;
                    CHECK_THROWS_AS(_ = json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({static_cast<uint8_t>(byte)})), json::parse_error&);
                    CHECK(json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({static_cast<uint8_t>(byte)}), true, false).is_discarded());
                }
            }
        }

        SECTION("invalid string in map")
        {
            json _;
            CHECK_THROWS_WITH_AS(_ = json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0xa1, 0xff, 0x01})), "[json.exception.parse_error.113] parse error at byte 2: syntax error while parsing CBOR string: expected length specification (0x60-0x7B) or indefinite string type (0x7F); last byte: 0xFF", json::parse_error&);
            CHECK(json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0xa1, 0xff, 0x01}), true, false).is_discarded());
        }

        SECTION("strict mode")
        {
            std::vector<uint8_t> const vec = {0xf6, 0xf6};
            SECTION("non-strict mode")
            {
                const auto result = json::from_cbor(vec, false);
                CHECK(result == json());
                CHECK(!json::from_cbor(vec, false, false).is_discarded());
            }

            SECTION("strict mode")
            {
                json _;
                CHECK_THROWS_WITH_AS(_ = json::from_cbor(vec), "[json.exception.parse_error.110] parse error at byte 2: syntax error while parsing CBOR value: expected end of input; last byte: 0xF6", json::parse_error&);
                CHECK(json::from_cbor(vec, true, false).is_discarded());
            }
        }
    }

    SECTION("SAX aborts")
    {
        SECTION("start_array(len)")
        {
            std::vector<uint8_t> const v = {0x83, 0x01, 0x02, 0x03};
            SaxCountdown scp(0);
            CHECK(!json::sax_parse(v, &scp, json::input_format_t::cbor));
        }

        SECTION("start_object(len)")
        {
            std::vector<uint8_t> const v = {0xA1, 0x63, 0x66, 0x6F, 0x6F, 0xF4};
            SaxCountdown scp(0);
            CHECK(!json::sax_parse(v, &scp, json::input_format_t::cbor));
        }

        SECTION("key()")
        {
            std::vector<uint8_t> const v = {0xA1, 0x63, 0x66, 0x6F, 0x6F, 0xF4};
            SaxCountdown scp(1);
            CHECK(!json::sax_parse(v, &scp, json::input_format_t::cbor));
        }
    }
}

// use this testcase outside [hide] to run it with Valgrind
TEST_CASE("single CBOR roundtrip")
{
    SECTION("sample.json")
    {
        std::string const filename = TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/json_testsuite/sample.json";

        // parse JSON file
        std::ifstream f_json(filename);
        const json j1 = json::parse(f_json);

        // parse CBOR file
        auto packed = utils::read_binary_file(filename + ".cbor");
        json j2;
        CHECK_NOTHROW(j2 = json::from_cbor(packed));

        // compare parsed JSON values
        CHECK(j1 == j2);

        SECTION("roundtrips")
        {
            SECTION("std::ostringstream")
            {
                std::basic_ostringstream<char> ss;
                json::to_cbor(j1, ss);
                json j3 = json::from_cbor(ss.str());
                CHECK(j1 == j3);
            }

            SECTION("std::string")
            {
                std::string s;
                json::to_cbor(j1, s);
                json j3 = json::from_cbor(s);
                CHECK(j1 == j3);
            }
        }

        // check with different start index
        packed.insert(packed.begin(), 5, 0xff);
        CHECK(j1 == json::from_cbor(packed.begin() + 5, packed.end()));
    }
}

TEST_CASE("Parse CBOR directly from a file using iterator and sentinel")
{
    std::string const filename = TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/json_testsuite/sample.json.cbor";
    std::ifstream file(filename, std::ios::binary);
    const std::istreambuf_iterator<char> first(file);
    const json parsed = json::from_cbor(first, utils::istreambuf_sentinel{});
    CHECK((parsed.is_object() || parsed.is_array()));
}

#if !defined(JSON_NOEXCEPTION)
TEST_CASE("CBOR regressions")
{
    SECTION("fuzz test results")
    {
        /*
        The following test cases were found during a two-day session with
        AFL-Fuzz. As a result, empty byte vectors and excessive lengths are
        detected.
        */
        for (const std::string filename :
                {
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/cbor_regression/test01",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/cbor_regression/test02",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/cbor_regression/test03",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/cbor_regression/test04",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/cbor_regression/test05",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/cbor_regression/test06",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/cbor_regression/test07",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/cbor_regression/test08",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/cbor_regression/test09",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/cbor_regression/test10",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/cbor_regression/test11",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/cbor_regression/test12",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/cbor_regression/test13",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/cbor_regression/test14",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/cbor_regression/test15",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/cbor_regression/test16",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/cbor_regression/test17",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/cbor_regression/test18",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/cbor_regression/test19",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/cbor_regression/test20",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/cbor_regression/test21"
                })
        {
            CAPTURE(filename)

            try
            {
                // parse CBOR file
                auto vec1 = utils::read_binary_file(filename);
                const json j1 = json::from_cbor(vec1);

                try
                {
                    // step 2: round trip
                    std::vector<uint8_t> const vec2 = json::to_cbor(j1);

                    // parse serialization
                    json j2 = json::from_cbor(vec2);

                    // deserializations must match
                    CHECK(j1 == j2);
                }
                catch (const json::parse_error&)
                {
                    // parsing a CBOR serialization must not fail
                    CHECK(false);
                }
            }
            catch (const json::parse_error&) // NOLINT(bugprone-empty-catch)
            {
                // parse errors are ok, because input may be random bytes
            }
        }
    }
}
#endif

TEST_CASE("CBOR definite length equal to the indefinite-length sentinel")
{
    // A definite-length array or map whose declared element count equals the
    // reserved unknown_size() sentinel (SIZE_MAX) must be rejected. Otherwise
    // it is read as an indefinite-length container and the following bytes are
    // silently accepted instead of the (impossible) count being reported.
    json _;

    SECTION("array")
    {
        // 0x9B: array with eight-byte length; length = 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF
        const std::vector<uint8_t> input = {0x9B, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0x01, 0x02, 0xFF};
        CHECK_THROWS_WITH_AS(_ = json::from_cbor(input), "[json.exception.out_of_range.408] syntax error while parsing CBOR size: excessive array size", json::out_of_range&);
    }

    SECTION("map")
    {
        // 0xBB: map with eight-byte length; length = 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF
        const std::vector<uint8_t> input = {0xBB, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0x61, 0x61, 0x01, 0xFF};
        CHECK_THROWS_WITH_AS(_ = json::from_cbor(input), "[json.exception.out_of_range.408] syntax error while parsing CBOR size: excessive map size", json::out_of_range&);
    }

    SECTION("indefinite-length containers are unaffected")
    {
        CHECK(json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0x9F, 0x01, 0x02, 0xFF})) == json({1, 2}));
        CHECK(json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0xBF, 0x61, 0x61, 0x01, 0xFF})) == json({{"a", 1}}));
    }

    SECTION("ordinary four-byte length containers are unaffected")
    {
        // 0x9A/0xBA carry a four-byte length; a normal count still parses
        CHECK(json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0x9A, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02})) == json({1, 2}));
        CHECK(json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0xBA, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x61, 0x61, 0x01})) == json({{"a", 1}}));
    }
}

TEST_CASE("CBOR roundtrips" * doctest::skip())
{
    SECTION("input from flynn")
    {
        // most of these are excluded due to differences in key order (not a real problem)
        std::set<std::string> exclude_packed;
        exclude_packed.insert(TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/json.org/1.json");
        exclude_packed.insert(TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/json.org/2.json");
        exclude_packed.insert(TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/json.org/3.json");
        exclude_packed.insert(TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/json.org/4.json");
        exclude_packed.insert(TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/json.org/5.json");
        exclude_packed.insert(TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/json_testsuite/sample.json"); // kills AppVeyor
        exclude_packed.insert(TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/json_tests/pass1.json");
        exclude_packed.insert(TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/regression/working_file.json");
        exclude_packed.insert(TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nst_json_testsuite/test_parsing/y_object.json");
        exclude_packed.insert(TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nst_json_testsuite/test_parsing/y_object_duplicated_key.json");
        exclude_packed.insert(TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nst_json_testsuite/test_parsing/y_object_long_strings.json");

        for (const std::string filename :
                {
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/json_nlohmann_tests/all_unicode.json",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/json.org/1.json",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/json.org/2.json",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/json.org/3.json",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/json.org/4.json",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/json.org/5.json",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/json_roundtrip/roundtrip01.json",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/json_roundtrip/roundtrip02.json",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/json_roundtrip/roundtrip03.json",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/json_roundtrip/roundtrip04.json",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/json_roundtrip/roundtrip05.json",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/json_roundtrip/roundtrip06.json",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/json_roundtrip/roundtrip07.json",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/json_roundtrip/roundtrip08.json",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/json_roundtrip/roundtrip09.json",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/json_roundtrip/roundtrip10.json",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/json_roundtrip/roundtrip11.json",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/json_roundtrip/roundtrip12.json",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/json_roundtrip/roundtrip13.json",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/json_roundtrip/roundtrip14.json",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/json_roundtrip/roundtrip15.json",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/json_roundtrip/roundtrip16.json",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/json_roundtrip/roundtrip17.json",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/json_roundtrip/roundtrip18.json",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/json_roundtrip/roundtrip19.json",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/json_roundtrip/roundtrip20.json",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/json_roundtrip/roundtrip21.json",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/json_roundtrip/roundtrip22.json",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/json_roundtrip/roundtrip23.json",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/json_roundtrip/roundtrip24.json",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/json_roundtrip/roundtrip25.json",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/json_roundtrip/roundtrip26.json",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/json_roundtrip/roundtrip27.json",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/json_roundtrip/roundtrip28.json",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/json_roundtrip/roundtrip29.json",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/json_roundtrip/roundtrip30.json",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/json_roundtrip/roundtrip31.json",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/json_roundtrip/roundtrip32.json",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/json_testsuite/sample.json", // kills AppVeyor
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/json_tests/pass1.json",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/json_tests/pass2.json",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/json_tests/pass3.json",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/regression/floats.json",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/regression/signed_ints.json",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/regression/unsigned_ints.json",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/regression/working_file.json",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nst_json_testsuite/test_parsing/y_array_arraysWithSpaces.json",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nst_json_testsuite/test_parsing/y_array_empty-string.json",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nst_json_testsuite/test_parsing/y_array_empty.json",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nst_json_testsuite/test_parsing/y_array_ending_with_newline.json",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nst_json_testsuite/test_parsing/y_array_false.json",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nst_json_testsuite/test_parsing/y_array_heterogeneous.json",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nst_json_testsuite/test_parsing/y_array_null.json",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nst_json_testsuite/test_parsing/y_array_with_1_and_newline.json",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nst_json_testsuite/test_parsing/y_array_with_leading_space.json",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nst_json_testsuite/test_parsing/y_array_with_several_null.json",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nst_json_testsuite/test_parsing/y_array_with_trailing_space.json",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nst_json_testsuite/test_parsing/y_number.json",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nst_json_testsuite/test_parsing/y_number_0e+1.json",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nst_json_testsuite/test_parsing/y_number_0e1.json",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nst_json_testsuite/test_parsing/y_number_after_space.json",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nst_json_testsuite/test_parsing/y_number_double_close_to_zero.json",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nst_json_testsuite/test_parsing/y_number_double_huge_neg_exp.json",
                    //TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nst_json_testsuite/test_parsing/y_number_huge_exp.json",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nst_json_testsuite/test_parsing/y_number_int_with_exp.json",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nst_json_testsuite/test_parsing/y_number_minus_zero.json",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nst_json_testsuite/test_parsing/y_number_negative_int.json",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nst_json_testsuite/test_parsing/y_number_negative_one.json",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nst_json_testsuite/test_parsing/y_number_negative_zero.json",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nst_json_testsuite/test_parsing/y_number_real_capital_e.json",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nst_json_testsuite/test_parsing/y_number_real_capital_e_neg_exp.json",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nst_json_testsuite/test_parsing/y_number_real_capital_e_pos_exp.json",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nst_json_testsuite/test_parsing/y_number_real_exponent.json",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nst_json_testsuite/test_parsing/y_number_real_fraction_exponent.json",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nst_json_testsuite/test_parsing/y_number_real_neg_exp.json",
                    //TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nst_json_testsuite/test_parsing/y_number_real_neg_overflow.json",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nst_json_testsuite/test_parsing/y_number_real_pos_exponent.json",
                    //TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nst_json_testsuite/test_parsing/y_number_real_pos_overflow.json",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nst_json_testsuite/test_parsing/y_number_real_underflow.json",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nst_json_testsuite/test_parsing/y_number_simple_int.json",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nst_json_testsuite/test_parsing/y_number_simple_real.json",
                    //TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nst_json_testsuite/test_parsing/y_number_too_big_neg_int.json",
                    //TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nst_json_testsuite/test_parsing/y_number_too_big_pos_int.json",
                    //TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nst_json_testsuite/test_parsing/y_number_very_big_negative_int.json",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nst_json_testsuite/test_parsing/y_object.json",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nst_json_testsuite/test_parsing/y_object_basic.json",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nst_json_testsuite/test_parsing/y_object_duplicated_key.json",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nst_json_testsuite/test_parsing/y_object_duplicated_key_and_value.json",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nst_json_testsuite/test_parsing/y_object_empty.json",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nst_json_testsuite/test_parsing/y_object_empty_key.json",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nst_json_testsuite/test_parsing/y_object_escaped_null_in_key.json",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nst_json_testsuite/test_parsing/y_object_extreme_numbers.json",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nst_json_testsuite/test_parsing/y_object_long_strings.json",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nst_json_testsuite/test_parsing/y_object_simple.json",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nst_json_testsuite/test_parsing/y_object_string_unicode.json",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nst_json_testsuite/test_parsing/y_object_with_newlines.json",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nst_json_testsuite/test_parsing/y_string_1_2_3_bytes_UTF-8_sequences.json",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nst_json_testsuite/test_parsing/y_string_UTF-16_Surrogates_U+1D11E_MUSICAL_SYMBOL_G_CLEF.json",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nst_json_testsuite/test_parsing/y_string_accepted_surrogate_pair.json",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nst_json_testsuite/test_parsing/y_string_accepted_surrogate_pairs.json",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nst_json_testsuite/test_parsing/y_string_allowed_escapes.json",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nst_json_testsuite/test_parsing/y_string_backslash_and_u_escaped_zero.json",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nst_json_testsuite/test_parsing/y_string_backslash_doublequotes.json",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nst_json_testsuite/test_parsing/y_string_comments.json",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nst_json_testsuite/test_parsing/y_string_double_escape_a.json",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nst_json_testsuite/test_parsing/y_string_double_escape_n.json",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nst_json_testsuite/test_parsing/y_string_escaped_control_character.json",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nst_json_testsuite/test_parsing/y_string_escaped_noncharacter.json",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nst_json_testsuite/test_parsing/y_string_in_array.json",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nst_json_testsuite/test_parsing/y_string_in_array_with_leading_space.json",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nst_json_testsuite/test_parsing/y_string_last_surrogates_1_and_2.json",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nst_json_testsuite/test_parsing/y_string_newline_uescaped.json",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nst_json_testsuite/test_parsing/y_string_nonCharacterInUTF-8_U+10FFFF.json",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nst_json_testsuite/test_parsing/y_string_nonCharacterInUTF-8_U+1FFFF.json",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nst_json_testsuite/test_parsing/y_string_nonCharacterInUTF-8_U+FFFF.json",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nst_json_testsuite/test_parsing/y_string_null_escape.json",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nst_json_testsuite/test_parsing/y_string_one-byte-utf-8.json",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nst_json_testsuite/test_parsing/y_string_pi.json",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nst_json_testsuite/test_parsing/y_string_simple_ascii.json",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nst_json_testsuite/test_parsing/y_string_space.json",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nst_json_testsuite/test_parsing/y_string_three-byte-utf-8.json",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nst_json_testsuite/test_parsing/y_string_two-byte-utf-8.json",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nst_json_testsuite/test_parsing/y_string_u+2028_line_sep.json",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nst_json_testsuite/test_parsing/y_string_u+2029_par_sep.json",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nst_json_testsuite/test_parsing/y_string_uEscape.json",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nst_json_testsuite/test_parsing/y_string_unescaped_char_delete.json",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nst_json_testsuite/test_parsing/y_string_unicode.json",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nst_json_testsuite/test_parsing/y_string_unicodeEscapedBackslash.json",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nst_json_testsuite/test_parsing/y_string_unicode_2.json",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nst_json_testsuite/test_parsing/y_string_unicode_U+200B_ZERO_WIDTH_SPACE.json",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nst_json_testsuite/test_parsing/y_string_unicode_U+2064_invisible_plus.json",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nst_json_testsuite/test_parsing/y_string_unicode_escaped_double_quote.json",
                    // TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nst_json_testsuite/test_parsing/y_string_utf16.json",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nst_json_testsuite/test_parsing/y_string_utf8.json",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nst_json_testsuite/test_parsing/y_string_with_del_character.json",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nst_json_testsuite/test_parsing/y_structure_lonely_false.json",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nst_json_testsuite/test_parsing/y_structure_lonely_int.json",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nst_json_testsuite/test_parsing/y_structure_lonely_negative_real.json",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nst_json_testsuite/test_parsing/y_structure_lonely_null.json",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nst_json_testsuite/test_parsing/y_structure_lonely_string.json",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nst_json_testsuite/test_parsing/y_structure_lonely_true.json",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nst_json_testsuite/test_parsing/y_structure_string_empty.json",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nst_json_testsuite/test_parsing/y_structure_trailing_newline.json",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nst_json_testsuite/test_parsing/y_structure_true_in_array.json",
                    TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/nst_json_testsuite/test_parsing/y_structure_whitespace_array.json"
                })
        {
            CAPTURE(filename)

            {
                INFO_WITH_TEMP(filename + ": std::vector<uint8_t>");
                // parse JSON file
                std::ifstream f_json(filename);
                const json j1 = json::parse(f_json);

                // parse CBOR file
                const auto packed = utils::read_binary_file(filename + ".cbor");
                json j2;
                CHECK_NOTHROW(j2 = json::from_cbor(packed));

                // compare parsed JSON values
                CHECK(j1 == j2);
            }

            {
                INFO_WITH_TEMP(filename + ": std::ifstream");
                // parse JSON file
                std::ifstream f_json(filename);
                const json j1 = json::parse(f_json);

                // parse CBOR file
                std::ifstream f_cbor(filename + ".cbor", std::ios::binary);
                json j2;
                CHECK_NOTHROW(j2 = json::from_cbor(f_cbor));

                // compare parsed JSON values
                CHECK(j1 == j2);
            }

            {
                INFO_WITH_TEMP(filename + ": uint8_t* and size");
                // parse JSON file
                std::ifstream f_json(filename);
                const json j1 = json::parse(f_json);

                // parse CBOR file
                const auto packed = utils::read_binary_file(filename + ".cbor");
                json j2;
                CHECK_NOTHROW(j2 = json::from_cbor({packed.data(), packed.size()}));

                // compare parsed JSON values
                CHECK(j1 == j2);
            }

            {
                INFO_WITH_TEMP(filename + ": output to output adapters");
                // parse JSON file
                std::ifstream f_json(filename);
                json const j1 = json::parse(f_json);

                // parse CBOR file
                const auto packed = utils::read_binary_file(filename + ".cbor");

                if (exclude_packed.count(filename) == 0u)
                {
                    {
                        INFO_WITH_TEMP(filename + ": output adapters: std::vector<uint8_t>");
                        std::vector<uint8_t> vec;
                        json::to_cbor(j1, vec);
                        CHECK(vec == packed);
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

#if !defined(JSON_NOEXCEPTION)
TEST_CASE("all CBOR first bytes")
{
    // these bytes will fail immediately with exception parse_error.112
    std::set<uint8_t> unsupported =
    {
        //// types not supported by this library

        // date/time
        0xc0, 0xc1,
        // bignum
        0xc2, 0xc3,
        // decimal fracion
        0xc4,
        // bigfloat
        0xc5,
        // tagged item
        0xc6, 0xc7, 0xc8, 0xc9, 0xca, 0xcb, 0xcc, 0xcd,
        0xce, 0xcf, 0xd0, 0xd1, 0xd2, 0xd3, 0xd4, 0xd8,
        0xd9, 0xda, 0xdb,
        // expected conversion
        0xd5, 0xd6, 0xd7,
        // simple value
        0xe0, 0xe1, 0xe2, 0xe3, 0xe4, 0xe5, 0xe6, 0xe7,
        0xe8, 0xe9, 0xea, 0xeb, 0xec, 0xed, 0xef, 0xf0,
        0xf1, 0xf2, 0xf3,
        0xf8,
        // undefined
        0xf7,

        //// bytes not specified by CBOR

        0x1c, 0x1d, 0x1e, 0x1f,
        0x3c, 0x3d, 0x3e, 0x3f,
        0x5c, 0x5d, 0x5e,
        0x7c, 0x7d, 0x7e,
        0x9c, 0x9d, 0x9e,
        0xbc, 0xbd, 0xbe,
        0xdc, 0xdd, 0xde, 0xdf,
        0xee,
        0xfc, 0xfe, 0xfd,

        /// break cannot be the first byte

        0xff
    };

    for (auto i = 0; i < 256; ++i)
    {
        const auto byte = static_cast<uint8_t>(i);

        try
        {
            auto res = json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>(1, byte));
        }
        catch (const json::parse_error& e)
        {
            // check that parse_error.112 is only thrown if the
            // first byte is in the unsupported set
            INFO_WITH_TEMP(e.what());
            if (unsupported.find(byte) != unsupported.end())
            {
                CHECK(e.id == 112);
            }
            else
            {
                CHECK(e.id != 112);
            }
        }
    }
}
#endif

TEST_CASE("examples from RFC 8949 Appendix A")
{
    SECTION("numbers")
    {
        CHECK(json::to_cbor(json::parse("0")) == std::vector<uint8_t>({0x00}));
        CHECK(json::parse("0") == json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0x00})));

        CHECK(json::to_cbor(json::parse("1")) == std::vector<uint8_t>({0x01}));
        CHECK(json::parse("1") == json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0x01})));

        CHECK(json::to_cbor(json::parse("10")) == std::vector<uint8_t>({0x0a}));
        CHECK(json::parse("10") == json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0x0a})));

        CHECK(json::to_cbor(json::parse("23")) == std::vector<uint8_t>({0x17}));
        CHECK(json::parse("23") == json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0x17})));

        CHECK(json::to_cbor(json::parse("24")) == std::vector<uint8_t>({0x18, 0x18}));
        CHECK(json::parse("24") == json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0x18, 0x18})));

        CHECK(json::to_cbor(json::parse("25")) == std::vector<uint8_t>({0x18, 0x19}));
        CHECK(json::parse("25") == json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0x18, 0x19})));

        CHECK(json::to_cbor(json::parse("100")) == std::vector<uint8_t>({0x18, 0x64}));
        CHECK(json::parse("100") == json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0x18, 0x64})));

        CHECK(json::to_cbor(json::parse("1000")) == std::vector<uint8_t>({0x19, 0x03, 0xe8}));
        CHECK(json::parse("1000") == json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0x19, 0x03, 0xe8})));

        CHECK(json::to_cbor(json::parse("1000000")) == std::vector<uint8_t>({0x1a, 0x00, 0x0f, 0x42, 0x40}));
        CHECK(json::parse("1000000") == json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0x1a, 0x00, 0x0f, 0x42, 0x40})));

        CHECK(json::to_cbor(json::parse("1000000000000")) == std::vector<uint8_t>({0x1b, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xe8, 0xd4, 0xa5, 0x10, 0x00}));
        CHECK(json::parse("1000000000000") == json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0x1b, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xe8, 0xd4, 0xa5, 0x10, 0x00})));

        CHECK(json::to_cbor(json::parse("18446744073709551615")) == std::vector<uint8_t>({0x1b, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff}));
        CHECK(json::parse("18446744073709551615") == json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0x1b, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff})));

        // positive bignum is not supported
        //CHECK(json::to_cbor(json::parse("18446744073709551616")) == std::vector<uint8_t>({0xc2, 0x49, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00}));
        //CHECK(json::parse("18446744073709551616") == json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0xc2, 0x49, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00})));

        //CHECK(json::to_cbor(json::parse("-18446744073709551616")) == std::vector<uint8_t>({0x3b, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff}));
        //CHECK(json::parse("-18446744073709551616") == json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0x3b, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff})));

        // negative bignum is not supported
        //CHECK(json::to_cbor(json::parse("-18446744073709551617")) == std::vector<uint8_t>({0xc3, 0x49, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00}));
        //CHECK(json::parse("-18446744073709551617") == json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0xc3, 0x49, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00})));

        CHECK(json::to_cbor(json::parse("-1")) == std::vector<uint8_t>({0x20}));
        CHECK(json::parse("-1") == json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0x20})));

        CHECK(json::to_cbor(json::parse("-10")) == std::vector<uint8_t>({0x29}));
        CHECK(json::parse("-10") == json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0x29})));

        CHECK(json::to_cbor(json::parse("-100")) == std::vector<uint8_t>({0x38, 0x63}));
        CHECK(json::parse("-100") == json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0x38, 0x63})));

        CHECK(json::to_cbor(json::parse("-1000")) == std::vector<uint8_t>({0x39, 0x03, 0xe7}));
        CHECK(json::parse("-1000") == json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0x39, 0x03, 0xe7})));

        // half-precision float
        //CHECK(json::to_cbor(json::parse("0.0")) == std::vector<uint8_t>({0xf9, 0x00, 0x00}));
        CHECK(json::parse("0.0") == json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0xf9, 0x00, 0x00})));

        // half-precision float
        //CHECK(json::to_cbor(json::parse("-0.0")) == std::vector<uint8_t>({0xf9, 0x80, 0x00}));
        CHECK(json::parse("-0.0") == json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0xf9, 0x80, 0x00})));

        // half-precision float
        //CHECK(json::to_cbor(json::parse("1.0")) == std::vector<uint8_t>({0xf9, 0x3c, 0x00}));
        CHECK(json::parse("1.0") == json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0xf9, 0x3c, 0x00})));

        CHECK(json::to_cbor(json::parse("1.1")) == std::vector<uint8_t>({0xfb, 0x3f, 0xf1, 0x99, 0x99, 0x99, 0x99, 0x99, 0x9a}));
        CHECK(json::parse("1.1") == json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0xfb, 0x3f, 0xf1, 0x99, 0x99, 0x99, 0x99, 0x99, 0x9a})));

        // half-precision float
        //CHECK(json::to_cbor(json::parse("1.5")) == std::vector<uint8_t>({0xf9, 0x3e, 0x00}));
        CHECK(json::parse("1.5") == json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0xf9, 0x3e, 0x00})));

        // half-precision float
        //CHECK(json::to_cbor(json::parse("65504.0")) == std::vector<uint8_t>({0xf9, 0x7b, 0xff}));
        CHECK(json::parse("65504.0") == json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0xf9, 0x7b, 0xff})));

        //CHECK(json::to_cbor(json::parse("100000.0")) == std::vector<uint8_t>({0xfa, 0x47, 0xc3, 0x50, 0x00}));
        CHECK(json::parse("100000.0") == json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0xfa, 0x47, 0xc3, 0x50, 0x00})));

        //CHECK(json::to_cbor(json::parse("3.4028234663852886e+38")) == std::vector<uint8_t>({0xfa, 0x7f, 0x7f, 0xff, 0xff}));
        CHECK(json::parse("3.4028234663852886e+38") == json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0xfa, 0x7f, 0x7f, 0xff, 0xff})));

        CHECK(json::to_cbor(json::parse("1.0e+300")) == std::vector<uint8_t>({0xfb, 0x7e, 0x37, 0xe4, 0x3c, 0x88, 0x00, 0x75, 0x9c}));
        CHECK(json::parse("1.0e+300") == json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0xfb, 0x7e, 0x37, 0xe4, 0x3c, 0x88, 0x00, 0x75, 0x9c})));

        // half-precision float
        //CHECK(json::to_cbor(json::parse("5.960464477539063e-8")) == std::vector<uint8_t>({0xf9, 0x00, 0x01}));
        CHECK(json::parse("-4.0") == json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0xf9, 0xc4, 0x00})));

        // half-precision float
        //CHECK(json::to_cbor(json::parse("0.00006103515625")) == std::vector<uint8_t>({0xf9, 0x04, 0x00}));
        CHECK(json::parse("-4.0") == json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0xf9, 0xc4, 0x00})));

        // half-precision float
        //CHECK(json::to_cbor(json::parse("-4.0")) == std::vector<uint8_t>({0xf9, 0xc4, 0x00}));
        CHECK(json::parse("-4.0") == json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0xf9, 0xc4, 0x00})));

        CHECK(json::to_cbor(json::parse("-4.1")) == std::vector<uint8_t>({0xfb, 0xc0, 0x10, 0x66, 0x66, 0x66, 0x66, 0x66, 0x66}));
        CHECK(json::parse("-4.1") == json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0xfb, 0xc0, 0x10, 0x66, 0x66, 0x66, 0x66, 0x66, 0x66})));
    }

    SECTION("simple values")
    {
        CHECK(json::to_cbor(json::parse("false")) == std::vector<uint8_t>({0xf4}));
        CHECK(json::parse("false") == json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0xf4})));

        CHECK(json::to_cbor(json::parse("true")) == std::vector<uint8_t>({0xf5}));
        CHECK(json::parse("true") == json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0xf5})));

        CHECK(json::to_cbor(json::parse("true")) == std::vector<uint8_t>({0xf5}));
        CHECK(json::parse("true") == json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0xf5})));
    }

    SECTION("strings")
    {
        CHECK(json::to_cbor(json::parse("\"\"")) == std::vector<uint8_t>({0x60}));
        CHECK(json::parse("\"\"") == json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0x60})));

        CHECK(json::to_cbor(json::parse("\"a\"")) == std::vector<uint8_t>({0x61, 0x61}));
        CHECK(json::parse("\"a\"") == json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0x61, 0x61})));

        CHECK(json::to_cbor(json::parse("\"IETF\"")) == std::vector<uint8_t>({0x64, 0x49, 0x45, 0x54, 0x46}));
        CHECK(json::parse("\"IETF\"") == json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0x64, 0x49, 0x45, 0x54, 0x46})));

        CHECK(json::to_cbor(json::parse("\"\\u00fc\"")) == std::vector<uint8_t>({0x62, 0xc3, 0xbc}));
        CHECK(json::parse("\"\\u00fc\"") == json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0x62, 0xc3, 0xbc})));

        CHECK(json::to_cbor(json::parse("\"\\u6c34\"")) == std::vector<uint8_t>({0x63, 0xe6, 0xb0, 0xb4}));
        CHECK(json::parse("\"\\u6c34\"") == json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0x63, 0xe6, 0xb0, 0xb4})));

        CHECK(json::to_cbor(json::parse("\"\\ud800\\udd51\"")) == std::vector<uint8_t>({0x64, 0xf0, 0x90, 0x85, 0x91}));
        CHECK(json::parse("\"\\ud800\\udd51\"") == json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0x64, 0xf0, 0x90, 0x85, 0x91})));

        // indefinite length strings
        CHECK(json::parse("\"streaming\"") == json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0x7f, 0x65, 0x73, 0x74, 0x72, 0x65, 0x61, 0x64, 0x6d, 0x69, 0x6e, 0x67, 0xff})));
    }

    SECTION("byte arrays")
    {
        const auto packed = utils::read_binary_file(TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/binary_data/cbor_binary.cbor");
        json j;
        CHECK_NOTHROW(j = json::from_cbor(packed));

        const auto expected = utils::read_binary_file(TEST_DATA_DIRECTORY "/binary_data/cbor_binary.out");
        CHECK(j == json::binary(expected));

        // 0xd8
        CHECK(json::to_cbor(json::binary(std::vector<uint8_t> {}, 0x42)) == std::vector<uint8_t> {0xd8, 0x42, 0x40});
        CHECK(!json::from_cbor(json::to_cbor(json::binary(std::vector<uint8_t> {}, 0x42)), true, true, json::cbor_tag_handler_t::ignore).get_binary().has_subtype());
        CHECK(json::from_cbor(json::to_cbor(json::binary(std::vector<uint8_t> {}, 0x42)), true, true, json::cbor_tag_handler_t::store).get_binary().subtype() == 0x42);
        // 0xd9
        CHECK(json::to_cbor(json::binary(std::vector<uint8_t> {}, 1000)) == std::vector<uint8_t> {0xd9, 0x03, 0xe8, 0x40});
        CHECK(!json::from_cbor(json::to_cbor(json::binary(std::vector<uint8_t> {}, 1000)), true, true, json::cbor_tag_handler_t::ignore).get_binary().has_subtype());
        CHECK(json::from_cbor(json::to_cbor(json::binary(std::vector<uint8_t> {}, 1000)), true, true, json::cbor_tag_handler_t::store).get_binary().subtype() == 1000);
        // 0xda
        CHECK(json::to_cbor(json::binary(std::vector<uint8_t> {}, 394216)) == std::vector<uint8_t> {0xda, 0x00, 0x06, 0x03, 0xe8, 0x40});
        CHECK(!json::from_cbor(json::to_cbor(json::binary(std::vector<uint8_t> {}, 394216)), true, true, json::cbor_tag_handler_t::ignore).get_binary().has_subtype());
        CHECK(json::from_cbor(json::to_cbor(json::binary(std::vector<uint8_t> {}, 394216)), true, true, json::cbor_tag_handler_t::store).get_binary().subtype() == 394216);
        // 0xdb
        CHECK(json::to_cbor(json::binary(std::vector<uint8_t> {}, 8589934590)) == std::vector<uint8_t> {0xdb, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfe, 0x40});
        CHECK(!json::from_cbor(json::to_cbor(json::binary(std::vector<uint8_t> {}, 8589934590)), true, true, json::cbor_tag_handler_t::ignore).get_binary().has_subtype());
        CHECK(json::from_cbor(json::to_cbor(json::binary(std::vector<uint8_t> {}, 8589934590)), true, true, json::cbor_tag_handler_t::store).get_binary().subtype() == 8589934590);
    }

    SECTION("arrays")
    {
        CHECK(json::to_cbor(json::parse("[]")) == std::vector<uint8_t>({0x80}));
        CHECK(json::parse("[]") == json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0x80})));

        CHECK(json::to_cbor(json::parse("[1, 2, 3]")) == std::vector<uint8_t>({0x83, 0x01, 0x02, 0x03}));
        CHECK(json::parse("[1, 2, 3]") == json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0x83, 0x01, 0x02, 0x03})));

        CHECK(json::to_cbor(json::parse("[1, [2, 3], [4, 5]]")) == std::vector<uint8_t>({0x83, 0x01, 0x82, 0x02, 0x03, 0x82, 0x04, 0x05}));
        CHECK(json::parse("[1, [2, 3], [4, 5]]") == json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0x83, 0x01, 0x82, 0x02, 0x03, 0x82, 0x04, 0x05})));

        CHECK(json::to_cbor(json::parse("[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25]")) == std::vector<uint8_t>({0x98, 0x19, 0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x04, 0x05, 0x06, 0x07, 0x08, 0x09, 0x0a, 0x0b, 0x0c, 0x0d, 0x0e, 0x0f, 0x10, 0x11, 0x12, 0x13, 0x14, 0x15, 0x16, 0x17, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x19}));
        CHECK(json::parse("[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25]") == json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0x98, 0x19, 0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x04, 0x05, 0x06, 0x07, 0x08, 0x09, 0x0a, 0x0b, 0x0c, 0x0d, 0x0e, 0x0f, 0x10, 0x11, 0x12, 0x13, 0x14, 0x15, 0x16, 0x17, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x19})));

        // indefinite length arrays
        CHECK(json::parse("[]") == json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0x9f, 0xff})));
        CHECK(json::parse("[1, [2, 3], [4, 5]] ") == json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0x9f, 0x01, 0x82, 0x02, 0x03, 0x9f, 0x04, 0x05, 0xff, 0xff})));
        CHECK(json::parse("[1, [2, 3], [4, 5]]") == json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0x9f, 0x01, 0x82, 0x02, 0x03, 0x82, 0x04, 0x05, 0xff})));
        CHECK(json::parse("[1, [2, 3], [4, 5]]") == json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0x83, 0x01, 0x82, 0x02, 0x03, 0x9f, 0x04, 0x05, 0xff})));
        CHECK(json::parse("[1, [2, 3], [4, 5]]") == json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0x83, 0x01, 0x9f, 0x02, 0x03, 0xff, 0x82, 0x04, 0x05})));
        CHECK(json::parse("[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25]") == json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0x9f, 0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x04, 0x05, 0x06, 0x07, 0x08, 0x09, 0x0a, 0x0b, 0x0c, 0x0d, 0x0e, 0x0f, 0x10, 0x11, 0x12, 0x13, 0x14, 0x15, 0x16, 0x17, 0x18, 0x18, 0x18, 0x19, 0xff})));
    }

    SECTION("objects")
    {
        CHECK(json::to_cbor(json::parse("{}")) == std::vector<uint8_t>({0xa0}));
        CHECK(json::parse("{}") == json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0xa0})));

        CHECK(json::to_cbor(json::parse("{\"a\": 1, \"b\": [2, 3]}")) == std::vector<uint8_t>({0xa2, 0x61, 0x61, 0x01, 0x61, 0x62, 0x82, 0x02, 0x03}));
        CHECK(json::parse("{\"a\": 1, \"b\": [2, 3]}") == json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0xa2, 0x61, 0x61, 0x01, 0x61, 0x62, 0x82, 0x02, 0x03})));

        CHECK(json::to_cbor(json::parse("[\"a\", {\"b\": \"c\"}]")) == std::vector<uint8_t>({0x82, 0x61, 0x61, 0xa1, 0x61, 0x62, 0x61, 0x63}));
        CHECK(json::parse("[\"a\", {\"b\": \"c\"}]") == json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0x82, 0x61, 0x61, 0xa1, 0x61, 0x62, 0x61, 0x63})));

        CHECK(json::to_cbor(json::parse("{\"a\": \"A\", \"b\": \"B\", \"c\": \"C\", \"d\": \"D\", \"e\": \"E\"}")) == std::vector<uint8_t>({0xa5, 0x61, 0x61, 0x61, 0x41, 0x61, 0x62, 0x61, 0x42, 0x61, 0x63, 0x61, 0x43, 0x61, 0x64, 0x61, 0x44, 0x61, 0x65, 0x61, 0x45}));
        CHECK(json::parse("{\"a\": \"A\", \"b\": \"B\", \"c\": \"C\", \"d\": \"D\", \"e\": \"E\"}") == json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0xa5, 0x61, 0x61, 0x61, 0x41, 0x61, 0x62, 0x61, 0x42, 0x61, 0x63, 0x61, 0x43, 0x61, 0x64, 0x61, 0x44, 0x61, 0x65, 0x61, 0x45})));

        // indefinite length objects
        CHECK(json::parse("{\"a\": 1, \"b\": [2, 3]}") == json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0xbf, 0x61, 0x61, 0x01, 0x61, 0x62, 0x9f, 0x02, 0x03, 0xff, 0xff})));
        CHECK(json::parse("[\"a\", {\"b\": \"c\"}]") == json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0x82, 0x61, 0x61, 0xbf, 0x61, 0x62, 0x61, 0x63, 0xff})));
        CHECK(json::parse("{\"Fun\": true, \"Amt\": -2}") == json::from_cbor(std::vector<uint8_t>({0xbf, 0x63, 0x46, 0x75, 0x6e, 0xf5, 0x63, 0x41, 0x6d, 0x74, 0x21, 0xff})));
    }
}

TEST_CASE("Tagged values")
{
    const json j = "s";
    auto v = json::to_cbor(j);

    SECTION("0xC6..0xD4")
    {
        for (const auto b : std::vector<std::uint8_t>
    {
        0xC6, 0xC7, 0xC8, 0xC9, 0xCA, 0xCB, 0xCC, 0xCD, 0xCE, 0xCF, 0xD0, 0xD1, 0xD2, 0xD3, 0xD4
    })
        {
            CAPTURE(b);

            // add tag to value
            auto v_tagged = v;
            v_tagged.insert(v_tagged.begin(), b);

            // check that parsing fails in error mode
            json _;
            CHECK_THROWS_AS(_ = json::from_cbor(v_tagged), json::parse_error);
            CHECK_THROWS_AS(_ = json::from_cbor(v_tagged, true, true, json::cbor_tag_handler_t::error), json::parse_error);

            // check that parsing succeeds and gets original value in ignore mode
            auto j_tagged = json::from_cbor(v_tagged, true, true, json::cbor_tag_handler_t::ignore);
            CHECK(j_tagged == j);

            auto j_tagged_stored = json::from_cbor(v_tagged, true, true, json::cbor_tag_handler_t::store);
            CHECK(j_tagged_stored == j);
        }
    }

    SECTION("0xD8 - 1 byte follows")
    {
        SECTION("success")
        {
            // add tag to value
            auto v_tagged = v;
            v_tagged.insert(v_tagged.begin(), 0x42); // 1 byte
            v_tagged.insert(v_tagged.begin(), 0xD8); // tag

            // check that parsing fails in error mode
            json _;
            CHECK_THROWS_AS(_ = json::from_cbor(v_tagged), json::parse_error);
            CHECK_THROWS_AS(_ = json::from_cbor(v_tagged, true, true, json::cbor_tag_handler_t::error), json::parse_error);

            // check that parsing succeeds and gets original value in ignore mode
            auto j_tagged = json::from_cbor(v_tagged, true, true, json::cbor_tag_handler_t::ignore);
            CHECK(j_tagged == j);
        }

        SECTION("missing byte after tag")
        {
            // add tag to value
            auto v_tagged = v;
            v_tagged.insert(v_tagged.begin(), 0xD8); // tag

            // check that parsing fails in all modes
            json _;
            CHECK_THROWS_AS(_ = json::from_cbor(v_tagged), json::parse_error);
            CHECK_THROWS_AS(_ = json::from_cbor(v_tagged, true, true, json::cbor_tag_handler_t::error), json::parse_error);
            CHECK_THROWS_AS(_ = json::from_cbor(v_tagged, true, true, json::cbor_tag_handler_t::ignore), json::parse_error);
        }
    }

    SECTION("0xD9 - 2 byte follow")
    {
        SECTION("success")
        {
            // add tag to value
            auto v_tagged = v;
            v_tagged.insert(v_tagged.begin(), 0x42); // 1 byte
            v_tagged.insert(v_tagged.begin(), 0x23); // 1 byte
            v_tagged.insert(v_tagged.begin(), 0xD9); // tag

            // check that parsing fails in error mode
            json _;
            CHECK_THROWS_AS(_ = json::from_cbor(v_tagged), json::parse_error);
            CHECK_THROWS_AS(_ = json::from_cbor(v_tagged, true, true, json::cbor_tag_handler_t::error), json::parse_error);

            // check that parsing succeeds and gets original value in ignore mode
            auto j_tagged = json::from_cbor(v_tagged, true, true, json::cbor_tag_handler_t::ignore);
            CHECK(j_tagged == j);
        }

        SECTION("missing byte after tag")
        {
            // add tag to value
            auto v_tagged = v;
            v_tagged.insert(v_tagged.begin(), 0x23); // 1 byte
            v_tagged.insert(v_tagged.begin(), 0xD9); // tag

            // check that parsing fails in all modes
            json _;
            CHECK_THROWS_AS(_ = json::from_cbor(v_tagged), json::parse_error);
            CHECK_THROWS_AS(_ = json::from_cbor(v_tagged, true, true, json::cbor_tag_handler_t::error), json::parse_error);
            CHECK_THROWS_AS(_ = json::from_cbor(v_tagged, true, true, json::cbor_tag_handler_t::ignore), json::parse_error);
        }
    }

    SECTION("0xDA - 4 bytes follow")
    {
        SECTION("success")
        {
            // add tag to value
            auto v_tagged = v;
            v_tagged.insert(v_tagged.begin(), 0x42); // 1 byte
            v_tagged.insert(v_tagged.begin(), 0x23); // 1 byte
            v_tagged.insert(v_tagged.begin(), 0x22); // 1 byte
            v_tagged.insert(v_tagged.begin(), 0x11); // 1 byte
            v_tagged.insert(v_tagged.begin(), 0xDA); // tag

            // check that parsing fails in error mode
            json _;
            CHECK_THROWS_AS(_ = json::from_cbor(v_tagged), json::parse_error);
            CHECK_THROWS_AS(_ = json::from_cbor(v_tagged, true, true, json::cbor_tag_handler_t::error), json::parse_error);

            // check that parsing succeeds and gets original value in ignore mode
            auto j_tagged = json::from_cbor(v_tagged, true, true, json::cbor_tag_handler_t::ignore);
            CHECK(j_tagged == j);
        }

        SECTION("missing bytes after tag")
        {
            // add tag to value
            auto v_tagged = v;
            v_tagged.insert(v_tagged.begin(), 0x23); // 1 byte
            v_tagged.insert(v_tagged.begin(), 0x22); // 1 byte
            v_tagged.insert(v_tagged.begin(), 0x11); // 1 byte
            v_tagged.insert(v_tagged.begin(), 0xDA); // tag

            // check that parsing fails in all modes
            json _;
            CHECK_THROWS_AS(_ = json::from_cbor(v_tagged), json::parse_error);
            CHECK_THROWS_AS(_ = json::from_cbor(v_tagged, true, true, json::cbor_tag_handler_t::error), json::parse_error);
            CHECK_THROWS_AS(_ = json::from_cbor(v_tagged, true, true, json::cbor_tag_handler_t::ignore), json::parse_error);
        }
    }

    SECTION("0xDB - 8 bytes follow")
    {
        SECTION("success")
        {
            // add tag to value
            auto v_tagged = v;
            v_tagged.insert(v_tagged.begin(), 0x42); // 1 byte
            v_tagged.insert(v_tagged.begin(), 0x23); // 1 byte
            v_tagged.insert(v_tagged.begin(), 0x22); // 1 byte
            v_tagged.insert(v_tagged.begin(), 0x11); // 1 byte
            v_tagged.insert(v_tagged.begin(), 0x42); // 1 byte
            v_tagged.insert(v_tagged.begin(), 0x23); // 1 byte
            v_tagged.insert(v_tagged.begin(), 0x22); // 1 byte
            v_tagged.insert(v_tagged.begin(), 0x11); // 1 byte
            v_tagged.insert(v_tagged.begin(), 0xDB); // tag

            // check that parsing fails in error mode
            json _;
            CHECK_THROWS_AS(_ = json::from_cbor(v_tagged), json::parse_error);
            CHECK_THROWS_AS(_ = json::from_cbor(v_tagged, true, true, json::cbor_tag_handler_t::error), json::parse_error);

            // check that parsing succeeds and gets original value in ignore mode
            auto j_tagged = json::from_cbor(v_tagged, true, true, json::cbor_tag_handler_t::ignore);
            CHECK(j_tagged == j);
        }

        SECTION("missing byte after tag")
        {
            // add tag to value
            auto v_tagged = v;
            v_tagged.insert(v_tagged.begin(), 0x42); // 1 byte
            v_tagged.insert(v_tagged.begin(), 0x23); // 1 byte
            v_tagged.insert(v_tagged.begin(), 0x22); // 1 byte
            v_tagged.insert(v_tagged.begin(), 0x11); // 1 byte
            v_tagged.insert(v_tagged.begin(), 0x23); // 1 byte
            v_tagged.insert(v_tagged.begin(), 0x22); // 1 byte
            v_tagged.insert(v_tagged.begin(), 0x11); // 1 byte
            v_tagged.insert(v_tagged.begin(), 0xDB); // tag

            // check that parsing fails in all modes
            json _;
            CHECK_THROWS_AS(_ = json::from_cbor(v_tagged), json::parse_error);
            CHECK_THROWS_AS(_ = json::from_cbor(v_tagged, true, true, json::cbor_tag_handler_t::error), json::parse_error);
            CHECK_THROWS_AS(_ = json::from_cbor(v_tagged, true, true, json::cbor_tag_handler_t::ignore), json::parse_error);
        }
    }

    SECTION("negative integer overflow")
    {
        // CBOR encodes negative integers as: result = -1 - n
        // For type 0x3B, n is an 8-byte uint64_t. Valid range for n with
        // the default int64_t is [0, INT64_MAX], producing results in [INT64_MIN, -1].
        // When n > INT64_MAX, the result exceeds int64_t range and is rejected.

        SECTION("n = 0 is valid (result = -1)")
        {
            // n = 0, result = -1 - 0 = -1 (smallest magnitude negative)
            const std::vector<uint8_t> input = {0x3B, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00};
            const auto result = json::from_cbor(input);
            CHECK(result.is_number_integer());
            CHECK(result.get<int64_t>() == -1);
        }

        SECTION("n = INT64_MAX is valid (result = INT64_MIN)")
        {
            // n = INT64_MAX (0x7FFFFFFFFFFFFFFF)
            // result = -1 - INT64_MAX = INT64_MIN (-9223372036854775808)
            const std::vector<uint8_t> input = {0x3B, 0x7F, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF};
            const auto result = json::from_cbor(input);
            CHECK(result.is_number_integer());
            CHECK(result.get<int64_t>() == (std::numeric_limits<int64_t>::min)());
        }

        SECTION("n = INT64_MAX + 1 is rejected (overflow)")
        {
            // n = INT64_MAX + 1 (0x8000000000000000)
            // result = -1 - n = -9223372036854775809, which exceeds int64_t range
            const std::vector<uint8_t> input = {0x3B, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00};
            json _;
            CHECK_THROWS_WITH_AS(_ = json::from_cbor(input),
                                 "[json.exception.parse_error.112] parse error at byte 9: syntax error while parsing CBOR value: negative integer overflow",
                                 json::parse_error);
        }

        SECTION("n = UINT64_MAX is rejected (overflow)")
        {
            // n = UINT64_MAX (0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF)
            // result = -1 - n = -18446744073709551616, which exceeds int64_t range
            const std::vector<uint8_t> input = {0x3B, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF};
            json _;
            CHECK_THROWS_WITH_AS(_ = json::from_cbor(input),
                                 "[json.exception.parse_error.112] parse error at byte 9: syntax error while parsing CBOR value: negative integer overflow",
                                 json::parse_error);
        }

        SECTION("overflow with allow_exceptions=false returns discarded")
        {
            const std::vector<uint8_t> input = {0x3B, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00};
            const auto result = json::from_cbor(input, true, false);
            CHECK(result.is_discarded());
        }
    }

    SECTION("tagged binary")
    {
        // create a binary value of subtype 42
        json j_binary;
        j_binary["binary"] = json::binary({0xCA, 0xFE, 0xBA, 0xBE}, 42);

        // convert to CBOR
        const auto vec = json::to_cbor(j_binary);
        CHECK(vec == std::vector<std::uint8_t> {0xA1, 0x66, 0x62, 0x69, 0x6E, 0x61, 0x72, 0x79, 0xD8, 0x2A, 0x44, 0xCA, 0xFE, 0xBA, 0xBE});

        // parse error when parsing tagged value
        json _;
        CHECK_THROWS_WITH_AS(_ = json::from_cbor(vec), "[json.exception.parse_error.112] parse error at byte 9: syntax error while parsing CBOR value: invalid byte: 0xD8", json::parse_error);

        // binary without subtype when tags are ignored
        json jb = json::from_cbor(vec, true, true, json::cbor_tag_handler_t::ignore);
        CHECK(jb.is_object());
        CHECK(jb["binary"].is_binary());
        CHECK(!jb["binary"].get_binary().has_subtype());
    }
}

TEST_CASE("CBOR large strings and binaries (chunked reader)")
{
    // The binary reader reads strings and byte arrays in bounded chunks; make
    // sure roundtripping is correct for lengths around and beyond the internal
    // chunk size (4096 bytes), for both vector (iterator) and pointer inputs.
    for (const std::size_t len :
            {
                std::size_t{0}, std::size_t{1}, std::size_t{4095}, std::size_t{4096},
                std::size_t{4097}, std::size_t{8192}, std::size_t{100000}
            })
    {
        CAPTURE(len);

        // text string
        const json j_string = std::string(len, 'x');
        const std::vector<std::uint8_t> v_string = json::to_cbor(j_string);
        CHECK(json::from_cbor(v_string) == j_string);
        // pointer input exercises the std::memcpy fast path
        CHECK(json::from_cbor(reinterpret_cast<const char*>(v_string.data()),
                              reinterpret_cast<const char*>(v_string.data()) + v_string.size()) == j_string);

        // byte string
        const json j_binary = json::binary(std::vector<std::uint8_t>(len, 0xCD));
        const std::vector<std::uint8_t> v_binary = json::to_cbor(j_binary);
        CHECK(json::from_cbor(v_binary) == j_binary);
        CHECK(json::from_cbor(reinterpret_cast<const char*>(v_binary.data()),
                              reinterpret_cast<const char*>(v_binary.data()) + v_binary.size()) == j_binary);

        // a truncated payload must still be reported as an error, never crash
        // or loop, regardless of the (large) announced length
        if (len > 16)
        {
            std::vector<std::uint8_t> truncated = v_string;
            truncated.resize(truncated.size() - 8);
            json _;
            CHECK_THROWS_AS(_ = json::from_cbor(truncated), json::parse_error);
        }
    }
}