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	<TITLE>Networking Properties</TITLE>
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<H1 style="text-align:center">Networking Properties</H1>
<p>
There are a few standard system properties used to
alter the mechanisms and behavior of the various classes of the
java.net package. Some are checked only once at startup of the VM,
and therefore are best set using the -D option of the java command,
while others have a more dynamic nature and can also be changed using
the <a href="../../lang/System.html#setProperty(java.lang.String,java.lang.String)">System.setProperty()</a> API.
The purpose of this document is to list
and detail all of these properties.</P>
<p>
If there is no special note, a property value is checked every time it is used.</P>
<a id="Ipv4IPv6"></a>
<H2>IPv4 / IPv6</H2>
<UL>
	<LI><P><B>{@systemProperty java.net.preferIPv4Stack}</B> (default: false)<BR>
	If IPv6 is available on the operating system the
	underlying native socket will be, by default, an IPv6 socket which
	lets applications connect to, and accept connections from, both
	IPv4 and IPv6 hosts. However, in the case an application would
	rather use IPv4 only sockets, then this property can be set to <B>true</B>.
	The implication is that it will not be possible for the application
	to communicate with IPv6 only hosts.</P>
	<LI><P><B>{@systemProperty java.net.preferIPv6Addresses}</B> (default: false)<BR>
	When dealing with a host which has both IPv4
	and IPv6 addresses, and if IPv6 is available on the operating
	system, the default behavior is to prefer using IPv4 addresses over
	IPv6 ones. This is to ensure backward compatibility: for example,
	for applications that depend on the representation of an IPv4 address
	(e.g. 192.168.1.1). This property can be set to <B>true</B> to
	change that preference and use IPv6 addresses over IPv4 ones where
	possible, or <B>system</B> to preserve the order of the addresses as
    returned by the system-wide {@linkplain java.net.spi.InetAddressResolver resolver}.</P>
</UL>
<P>Both of these properties are checked only once, at startup.</P>
<a id="Proxies"></a>
<H2>Proxies</H2>
<P>A proxy server allows indirect connection to network services and
is used mainly for security (to get through firewalls) and
performance reasons (proxies often do provide caching mechanisms).</P>
<P>Applications may use the {@link java.net.ProxySelector#select(URI)} method
to determine the proxy that should be used for connecting to a given URI.</P>
<P>The following properties are used to configure the JDK default
	{@link java.net.ProxySelector} implementation.
	This is the ProxySelector returned by {@link java.net.ProxySelector#getDefault()}
	when no default ProxySelector was installed by
	{@link java.net.ProxySelector#setDefault(ProxySelector)}
</P>
<UL>
	<LI><P>HTTP</P>
	<P>The following properties are used to configure the proxy
		that is {@linkplain java.net.ProxySelector#select(URI) selected}
		for URIs with the {@code http://} scheme.</P>
	<UL>
		<LI><P><B>{@systemProperty http.proxyHost}</B> (default: &lt;none&gt;)<BR>
	        The hostname, or address, of the proxy server.
		</P>
		<LI><P><B>{@systemProperty http.proxyPort}</B> (default: {@code 80})<BR>
	        The port number of the proxy server.</P>
		<LI><P><B>{@systemProperty http.nonProxyHosts}</B> (default: {@code localhost|127.*|[::1]})<BR>
	        Indicates the hosts that should be accessed without going
	        through the proxy. Typically this defines internal hosts.
	        The value of this property is a list of hosts,
		separated by the '|' character. In addition, the wildcard
	        character '*' can be used for pattern matching. For example,
		{@code -Dhttp.nonProxyHosts="*.example.com|localhost"}
		will indicate that every host in the example.com domain (including sub-domains)
		and the localhost should be accessed directly even if a proxy server is
		specified.</P>
                <P>The default value excludes all common variations of the loopback address.</P>
        </UL>
	<LI><P>HTTPS</P>
	<P>The following properties are used to configure the proxy
		that is {@linkplain java.net.ProxySelector#select(URI) selected}
		for URIs with the {@code https://} scheme.</P>
	<UL>
		<LI><P><B>{@systemProperty https.proxyHost}</B> (default: &lt;none&gt;)<BR>
	        The hostname, or address, of the proxy server.
		</P>
		<LI><P><B>{@systemProperty https.proxyPort}</B> (default: {@code 443})<BR>
	        The port number of the proxy server.</P>
		<P>The HTTPS protocol uses the same nonProxyHosts
		property as the HTTP protocol.</P>
	</UL>
	<LI><P>FTP</P>
	<P>The following properties are used to configure the proxy
		that is {@linkplain java.net.ProxySelector#select(URI) selected}
		for URIs with the {@code ftp://} scheme.</P>
	<UL>
		<LI><P><B>{@systemProperty ftp.proxyHost}</B> (default: &lt;none&gt;)<BR>
	        The hostname, or address, of the proxy server.
		</P>
		<LI><P><B>{@systemProperty ftp.proxyPort}</B> (default: {@code 80})<BR>
	        The port number of the proxy server.</P>
		<LI><P><B>{@systemProperty ftp.nonProxyHosts}</B> (default: {@code localhost|127.*|[::1]})<BR>
	        Indicates the hosts that should be accessed without going
	        through the proxy. Typically this defines internal hosts.
	        The value of this property is a list of hosts, separated by
	        the '|' character. In addition, the wildcard character
		'*' can be used for pattern matching. For example,
		{@code -Dftp.nonProxyHosts="*.example.com|localhost"}
		will indicate that every host in the example.com domain (including sub-domains)
		and the localhost should be accessed directly even if a proxy server is
		specified.</P>
                <P>The default value excludes all common variations of the loopback address.</P>
	</UL>
	<LI><P>SOCKS</P>
	<P>This is a lower-level proxy that is
		{@linkplain java.net.ProxySelector#select(URI) selected}
		for all of the above URI schemes unless a scheme-specific proxy
		is configured. It is also selected for the {@code socket://} URI scheme.</P>
	<UL>
		<LI><P><B>{@systemProperty socksProxyHost}</B> (default: &lt;none&gt;)<BR>
	        The hostname, or address, of the proxy server.</P>
		<LI><P><B>{@systemProperty socksProxyPort}</B> (default: {@code 1080})<BR>
	        The port number of the proxy server.</P>
		<LI><P><B>{@systemProperty socksNonProxyHosts}</B> (default: {@code localhost|127.*|[::1]})<BR>
			Indicates the hosts that should be accessed without going
			through the proxy. Typically this defines internal hosts.
			The value of this property is a list of hosts, separated by
			the '|' character. In addition, the wildcard character
			'*' can be used for pattern matching. For example,
			{@code -DsocksNonProxyHosts="*.example.com|localhost"}
			will indicate that every host in the example.com domain (including sub-domains)
			and the localhost should be accessed directly even if a proxy server is
			specified.</P>
			<P>The default value excludes all common variations of the loopback address.</P>
		<LI><P><B>{@systemProperty socksProxyVersion}</B> (default: {@code 5})<BR>
                The version of the SOCKS protocol supported by the server. The
                default is {@code 5} indicating SOCKS V5. Alternatively,
                {@code 4} can be specified for SOCKS V4. Setting the property
                to values other than these leads to unspecified behavior.</P>
	</UL>
	<LI><P><B>{@systemProperty java.net.useSystemProxies}</B> (default: {@code false})<BR>
	On Windows systems, macOS systems, and Gnome systems it is possible to
	tell the java.net stack, setting this property to <B>true</B>, to use
	the system proxy settings (all these systems let you set proxies
	globally through their user interface). Note that this property is
	checked only once at startup.</P>
</UL>
<a id="FileHandler"></a>
<H2>File URL stream protocol handler properties</H2>
<P>The following properties are used to configure the handler for URLs with the {@code file://} scheme:</P>
<UL>
	<LI><P><B>{@systemProperty jdk.net.file.ftpfallback}</B> (default: &lt;false&gt;)<BR>
		The {@code file://} handler by default rejects any non-local file URL (as defined by RFC 8089)
		as invalid. Setting this property to <B>true</B> enables a legacy feature where
		the handler instead opens an FTP connection for such non-local URLs.</P>
		<P>Any modern code should use explicit {@code ftp://} URLs instead and not rely on
			enabling this legacy FTP fallback feature.</P>
</UL>
<a id="MiscHTTP"></a>
<H2>Misc HTTP URL stream protocol handler properties</H2>
<UL>
	<LI><P><B>{@systemProperty http.agent}</B> (default: &ldquo;Java/&lt;version&gt;&rdquo;)<BR>
	Defines the string sent in the User-Agent request header in http
	requests. Note that the string &ldquo;Java/&lt;version&gt;&rdquo; will
	be appended to the one provided in the property (e.g. if
	{@code -Dhttp.agent="foobar"} is used, the User-Agent header will
	contain &ldquo;foobar Java/1.5.0&rdquo; if the version of the VM is
	1.5.0). This property is checked only once at startup.</P>
	<LI><P><B>{@systemProperty http.keepAlive}</B> (default: {@code true})<BR>
	Indicates if persistent connections should be supported. They improve
	performance by allowing the underlying socket connection to be reused
	for multiple HTTP requests. If this is set to true then persistent
	connections will be requested with HTTP 1.1 servers.</P>
	<LI><P><B>{@systemProperty http.maxConnections}</B> (default: {@code 5})<BR>
	If HTTP keepalive is enabled (see above) this value determines the
	maximum number of idle connections that will be simultaneously kept
	alive, per destination.</P>
	<LI><P><B>{@systemProperty http.keepAlive.time.server}</B> and
        <B>{@systemProperty http.keepAlive.time.proxy}</B> </P>
	<P>These properties modify the behavior of the HTTP keepalive cache in the case
        where the server (or proxy) has not specified a keepalive time. If the
        property is set in this case, then idle connections will be closed after the
        specified number of seconds. If the property is set, and the server does
        specify a keepalive time in a "Keep-Alive" response header, then the time specified
        by the server is used. If the property is not set and also the server
        does not specify a keepalive time, then connections are kept alive for an
        implementation defined time, assuming {@code http.keepAlive} is {@code true}.</P>
	<LI><P><B>{@systemProperty http.maxRedirects}</B> (default: {@code 20})<BR>
	This integer value determines the maximum number, for a given request,
	of HTTP redirects that will be automatically followed by the
	protocol handler.</P>
	<LI><P><B>{@systemProperty http.auth.digest.validateServer}</B> (default: {@code false})</P>
	<LI><P><B>{@systemProperty http.auth.digest.validateProxy}</B> (default: {@code false})</P>
	<P>These properties modify the behavior of the HTTP digest
	authentication mechanism. Digest authentication provides a limited
	ability for the server  to authenticate itself to the client (i.e.
	By proving it knows the user's password). However, not all HTTP
	servers support this capability and by default it is turned off. The
	properties can be set to true to enforce this check for
	authentication with either an origin or proxy server, respectively.</P>
	<LI><P><B>{@systemProperty http.auth.ntlm.domain}</B> (default: &lt;none&gt;)<BR>
	NTLM is another authentication scheme. It uses the
	{@code java.net.Authenticator} class to acquire usernames and passwords when
	they are needed. However, NTLM also needs the NT domain name. There are
	3 options for specifying that domain:</P>
	<OL>
	  <LI><P>Do not specify it. In some environments the domain is
	      actually not required and the application does not have to specify
	      it.</P>
	  <LI><P>The domain name can be encoded within the username by
	      prefixing the domain name, followed by a backslash '\' before the
	      username. With this method existing applications that use the
	      authenticator class do not need to be modified, as long as users
	      are made aware that this notation must be used.</P>
	  <LI><P>If a domain name is not specified as in method 2) and this
	      property is defined, then its value will be used as the domain
	      name.</P>
	</OL>
	<LI><P><B>{@systemProperty http.auth.digest.reEnabledAlgorithms}</B> (default: &lt;none&gt;)<BR>
        By default, certain message digest algorithms are disabled for use in HTTP Digest
        authentication due to their proven security limitations. This only applies to proxy
        authentication and plain-text HTTP server authentication. Disabled algorithms are still
        usable for HTTPS server authentication. The default list of disabled algorithms is specified
        in the {@code java.security} properties file and currently comprises {@code MD5} and
        {@code SHA-1}. If it is still required to use one of these algorithms, then they can be
        re-enabled by setting this property to a comma separated list of the algorithm names.</P>
	<LI><P><B>{@systemProperty jdk.https.negotiate.cbt}</B> (default: &lt;never&gt;)<BR>
	This controls the generation and sending of TLS channel binding tokens (CBT) when Kerberos
        or the Negotiate authentication scheme using Kerberos are employed over HTTPS with
        {@code HttpsURLConnection}. There are three possible settings:</P>
        <OL>
          <LI><P>"never". This is also the default value if the property is not set. In this case,
              CBTs are never sent.</P>
          <LI><P>"always". CBTs are sent for all Kerberos authentication attempts over HTTPS.</P>
          <LI><P>"domain:&lt;comma separated domain list&gt;" Each domain in the list specifies destination
          host or hosts for which a CBT is sent. Domains can be single hosts like foo, or foo.com,
          or literal IP addresses as specified in RFC 2732, or wildcards like *.foo.com which matches
          all hosts under foo.com and its sub-domains. CBTs are not sent to any destinations
          that don't match one of the list entries</P>
	</OL>
	<P>The channel binding tokens generated are of the type "tls-server-end-point" as defined in
           RFC 5929.</P>

	<LI><P><B>{@systemProperty jdk.http.maxHeaderSize}</B> (default: 393216 or 384kB)<BR>
	This is the maximum header field section size that a client is prepared to accept.
	This is computed as the sum of the size of the uncompressed header name, plus
	the size of the uncompressed header value, plus an overhead of 32 bytes for
	each field section line. If a peer sends a field section that exceeds this
	size a {@link java.net.ProtocolException ProtocolException} will be raised.
	This applies to all versions of the HTTP protocol. A value of zero or a negative
	value means no limit. If left unspecified, the default value is 393216 bytes.
</UL>
<P>All these properties are checked only once at startup.</P>
<a id="AddressCache"></a>
<H2>Address Cache</H2>
<P>The java.net package, when doing name resolution, uses an address
cache for both security and performance reasons. Any address
resolution attempt, be it forward (name to IP address) or reverse (IP
address to name), will have its result cached, whether it was
successful or not, so that subsequent identical requests will not
have to access the naming service. These properties allow for some
tuning on how the cache is operating.</P>
<UL>
	<LI><P><B>{@code networkaddress.cache.ttl}</B> (default: see below)<BR>
	Value is an integer corresponding to the number of seconds successful
	name lookups will be kept in the cache. A value of -1, or any other
	negative value for that matter,	indicates a &ldquo;cache forever&rdquo;
	policy, while a value of 0 (zero) means no caching. The default value
	is implementation-specific.</P>
	<LI><P><B>{@code networkaddress.cache.stale.ttl}</B> (default: see below)<BR>
	Value is an integer corresponding to the number of seconds that stale names
	will be kept in the cache. A name is considered stale if the TTL has expired
	and an attempt to lookup the host name again was not successful. This
	property is useful if it is preferable to use a stale name rather than
	fail due to an unsuccessful lookup.
	A value of 0 (zero) or if the property is not set means do not use stale
	names. Negative values are ignored.
	The default value is implementation-specific.</P>
	<LI><P><B>{@code networkaddress.cache.negative.ttl}</B> (default: {@code 10})<BR>
	Value is an integer corresponding to the number of seconds an
	unsuccessful name lookup will be kept in the cache. A value of -1,
	or any negative value, means &ldquo;cache forever&rdquo;, while a
	value of 0 (zero) means no caching.</P>
</UL>
<P>Since these 3 properties are part of the security policy, they are
not set by either the -D option or the {@code System.setProperty()} API,
instead they are set as {@linkplain java.security.Security security} properties.</P>
<a id="Unixdomain"></a>
<H2>Unix domain sockets</H2>
<p>
Calling {@link java.nio.channels.ServerSocketChannel#bind(SocketAddress,int) ServerSocketChannel.bind}
with a {@code null} address parameter will bind to an <i>automatically assigned</i> socket address.
For Unix domain sockets, this means a unique path in some predefined system temporary directory.
There are a number of system (and networking) properties that affect this behavior.
<p>
Unix domain socket addresses are limited in length to approximately 100
bytes (depending on the platform), it is important to ensure that the temporary directory's name
together with the filename used for the socket (currently a name similar to
{@code socket_1679697142}) does not exceed this limit. The following properties
can be used to control the selection of this directory:
<ul>
	<li><p><b>{@systemProperty jdk.net.unixdomain.tmpdir}</b> This can be set as
	a networking property in {@code conf/net.properties} If set, this specifies the
	directory to use for automatically bound server socket addresses. On some platforms,
	(eg some Unix systems) this will have a predefined default value. On others,
	(eg Windows) there is no default value. Either way, it is always possible
	to override the networking property with a system property of the same name
	set on the command line. If neither of the networking nor system property
	are set, then some systems (eg Windows)  may check a commonly used environment
	variable as temporary directory.
	<li><p><b>{@systemProperty java.io.tmpdir}</b> If the previous step fails to locate
	a directory to use, then the directory identified by the system property
	{@code java.io.tmpdir} is used.
</ul>
More information about the platform specific behavior can be seen in the
{@code conf/net.properties} configuration file.
<p>
<i>Implicit</i> binding of a {@link java.nio.channels.SocketChannel SocketChannel}
<p>
If a client socket is connected to a remote destination without calling {@code bind} first,
then the socket is <i>implicitly</i> bound. In this case, <i>Unix domain</i> sockets
are <i>unnamed</i> (ie. their path is empty). This behavior is not affected by any
system or networking properties.
<p>
<a id="EnhancedExceptions"></a>
<H2>Enhanced exception messages</H2>
By default, for security reasons, exception messages do not include potentially sensitive
security information such as hostnames or Unix domain socket address paths.
The following property can be used to relax this restriction, for debugging and other
purposes.
<ul>
	<li><p><b>{@systemProperty jdk.includeInExceptions}</b> This is typically set to
	a comma separated list of keywords that refer to exception types whose messages
	may be enhanced with more detailed information. If the value includes the string
	{@code hostInfo} then socket addresses will be included in exception message
	texts (eg hostnames, Unix domain socket address paths).
</ul>

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