docs/patterns/packages.rst - main - githubmirror/flask

docs/patterns/packages.rst
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David Lord
switch docs to flit
28 июн 2023, 00:13
28 июн 2023, 00:136b9acd5
Large Applications as Packages
==============================

Imagine a simple flask application structure that looks like this::

    /yourapplication
        yourapplication.py
        /static
            style.css
        /templates
            layout.html
            index.html
            login.html
            ...

While this is fine for small applications, for larger applications
it's a good idea to use a package instead of a module.
The :doc:`/tutorial/index` is structured to use the package pattern,
see the :gh:`example code <examples/tutorial>`.

Simple Packages
---------------

To convert that into a larger one, just create a new folder
:file:`yourapplication` inside the existing one and move everything below it.
Then rename :file:`yourapplication.py` to :file:`__init__.py`.  (Make sure to delete
all ``.pyc`` files first, otherwise things would most likely break)

You should then end up with something like that::

    /yourapplication
        /yourapplication
            __init__.py
            /static
                style.css
            /templates
                layout.html
                index.html
                login.html
                ...

But how do you run your application now?  The naive ``python
yourapplication/__init__.py`` will not work.  Let's just say that Python
does not want modules in packages to be the startup file.  But that is not
a big problem, just add a new file called :file:`pyproject.toml` next to the inner
:file:`yourapplication` folder with the following contents:

.. code-block:: toml

    [project]
    name = "yourapplication"
    dependencies = [
        "flask",
    ]

    [build-system]
    requires = ["flit_core<4"]
    build-backend = "flit_core.buildapi"

Install your application so it is importable:

.. code-block:: text

    $ pip install -e .

To use the ``flask`` command and run your application you need to set
the ``--app`` option that tells Flask where to find the application
instance:

.. code-block:: text

    $ flask --app yourapplication run

What did we gain from this?  Now we can restructure the application a bit
into multiple modules.  The only thing you have to remember is the
following quick checklist:

1. the `Flask` application object creation has to be in the
   :file:`__init__.py` file.  That way each module can import it safely and the
   `__name__` variable will resolve to the correct package.
2. all the view functions (the ones with a :meth:`~flask.Flask.route`
   decorator on top) have to be imported in the :file:`__init__.py` file.
   Not the object itself, but the module it is in. Import the view module
   **after the application object is created**.

Here's an example :file:`__init__.py`::

    from flask import Flask
    app = Flask(__name__)

    import yourapplication.views

And this is what :file:`views.py` would look like::

    from yourapplication import app

    @app.route('/')
    def index():
        return 'Hello World!'

You should then end up with something like that::

    /yourapplication
        pyproject.toml
        /yourapplication
            __init__.py
            views.py
            /static
                style.css
            /templates
                layout.html
                index.html
                login.html
                ...

.. admonition:: Circular Imports

   Every Python programmer hates them, and yet we just added some:
   circular imports (That's when two modules depend on each other.  In this
   case :file:`views.py` depends on :file:`__init__.py`).  Be advised that this is a
   bad idea in general but here it is actually fine.  The reason for this is
   that we are not actually using the views in :file:`__init__.py` and just
   ensuring the module is imported and we are doing that at the bottom of
   the file.


Working with Blueprints
-----------------------

If you have larger applications it's recommended to divide them into
smaller groups where each group is implemented with the help of a
blueprint.  For a gentle introduction into this topic refer to the
:doc:`/blueprints` chapter of the documentation.