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.. _chapter-device-node-requirements: Device Node Requirements ======================== Base Device Node Types ---------------------- The sections that follow specify the requirements for the base set of device nodes required in a |spec|-compliant devicetree. All devicetrees shall have a root node and the following nodes shall be present at the root of all devicetrees: * One ``/cpus`` node * At least one ``/memory`` node Root node --------- The devicetree has a single root node of which all other device nodes are descendants. The full path to the root node is ``/``. .. tabularcolumns:: | p{4cm} p{0.75cm} p{4cm} p{6.5cm} | .. table:: Root Node Properties =================== ===== ================= =============================================== Property Name Usage Value Type Definition =================== ===== ================= =============================================== ``#address-cells`` R ``<u32>`` Specifies the number of ``<u32>`` cells to represent the address in the ``reg`` property in children of root. ``#size-cells`` R ``<u32>`` Specifies the number of ``<u32>`` cells to represent the size in the ``reg`` property in children of root. ``model`` R ``<string>`` Specifies a string that uniquely identifies the model of the system board. The recommended format is "manufacturer,model-number". ``compatible`` R ``<stringlist>`` Specifies a list of platform architectures with which this platform is compatible. This property can be used by operating systems in selecting platform specific code. The recommended form of the property value is: ``"manufacturer,model"`` For example: ``compatible = "fsl,mpc8572ds"`` Usage legend: R=Required, O=Optional, OR=Optional but Recommended, SD=See Definition =========================================================================================== .. note:: All other standard properties (section :ref:`sect-standard-properties`) are allowed but are optional. ``/aliases`` node ----------------- A devicetree may have an aliases node (``/aliases``) that defines one or more alias properties. The alias node shall be at the root of the devicetree and have the node name ``/aliases``. Each property of the ``/aliases`` node defines an alias. The property name specifies the alias name. The property value specifies the full path to a node in the devicetree. For example, the property serial0 = ``"/simple-bus@fe000000/serial@llc500"`` defines the alias ``serial0``. Alias names shall be a lowercase text strings of 1 to 31 characters from the following set of characters. .. tabularcolumns:: | c p{8cm} | .. table:: Valid characters for alias names ========= ================ Character Description ========= ================ 0-9 digit a-z lowercase letter \- dash ========= ================ An alias value is a device path and is encoded as a string. The value represents the full path to a node, but the path does not need to refer to a leaf node. A client program may use an alias property name to refer to a full device path as all or part of its string value. A client program, when considering a string as a device path, shall detect and use the alias. **Example** .. code-block:: dts aliases { serial0 = "/simple-bus@fe000000/serial@llc500"; ethernet0 = "/simple-bus@fe000000/ethernet@31c000"; }; Given the alias ``serial0``, a client program can look at the ``/aliases`` node and determine the alias refers to the device path ``/simple-bus@fe000000/serial@llc500``. ``/memory`` node ---------------- A memory device node is required for all devicetrees and describes the physical memory layout for the system. If a system has multiple ranges of memory, multiple memory nodes can be created, or the ranges can be specified in the *reg* property of a single memory node. The *unit-name* component of the node name (see section :ref:`sect-node-names`) shall be ``memory``. The client program may access memory not covered by any memory reservations (see section :ref:`sect-fdt-memory-reservation-block`) using any storage attributes it chooses. However, before changing the storage attributes used to access a real page, the client program is responsible for performing actions required by the architecture and implementation, possibly including flushing the real page from the caches. The boot program is responsible for ensuring that, without taking any action associated with a change in storage attributes, the client program can safely access all memory (including memory covered by memory reservations) as WIMG = 0b001x. That is: * not Write Through Required * not Caching Inhibited * Memory Coherence * Required either not Guarded or Guarded If the VLE storage attribute is supported, with VLE=0. .. tabularcolumns:: | p{4cm} p{0.75cm} p{4cm} p{6.5cm} | .. table:: ``/memory`` Node Properties ======================= ===== ========================= =============================================== Property Name Usage Value Type Definition ======================= ===== ========================= =============================================== ``device_type`` R ``<string>`` Value shall be "memory" ``reg`` R ``<prop-encoded-array>`` Consists of an arbitrary number of address and size pairs that specify the physical address and size of the memory ranges. ``initial-mapped-area`` O ``<prop-encoded-array>`` Specifies the address and size of the Initial Mapped Area Is a prop-encoded-array consisting of a triplet of (effective address, physical address, size). The effective and physical address shall each be 64-bit (``<u64>`` value), and the size shall be 32-bits (``<u32>`` value). Usage legend: R=Required, O=Optional, OR=Optional but Recommended, SD=See Definition ======================================================================================================= .. note:: All other standard properties (section :ref:`sect-standard-properties`) are allowed but are optional. **Examples** Given a 64-bit Power system with the following physical memory layout: * RAM: starting address 0x0, length 0x80000000 (2 GB) * RAM: starting address 0x100000000, length 0x100000000 (4 GB) Memory nodes could be defined as follows, assuming ``#address-cells = <2>`` and ``#size-cells = <2>``. **Example #1** .. code-block:: dts memory@0 { device_type = "memory"; reg = <0x000000000 0x00000000 0x00000000 0x80000000 0x000000001 0x00000000 0x00000001 0x00000000>; }; **Example #2** .. code-block:: dts memory@0 { device_type = "memory"; reg = <0x000000000 0x00000000 0x00000000 0x80000000>; }; memory@100000000 { device_type = "memory"; reg = <0x000000001 0x00000000 0x00000001 0x00000000>; }; The ``reg`` property is used to define the address and size of the two memory ranges. The 2 GB I/O region is skipped. Note that the ``#address-cells`` and ``#size-cells`` properties of the root node specify a value of 2, which means that two 32-bit cells are required to define the address and length for the ``reg`` property of the memory node. ``/chosen`` Node ---------------- The ``/chosen`` node does not represent a real device in the system but describes parameters chosen or specified by the system firmware at run time. It shall be a child of the root node. .. tabularcolumns:: | p{4cm} p{0.75cm} p{4cm} p{6.5cm} | .. table:: ``/chosen`` Node Properties ======================= ===== ===================== =============================================== Property Name Usage Value Type Definition ======================= ===== ===================== =============================================== ``bootargs`` O ``<string>`` A string that specifies the boot arguments for the client program. The value could potentially be a null string if no boot arguments are required. ``stdout-path`` O ``<string>`` A string that specifies the full path to the node representing the device to be used for boot console output. If the character ":" is present in the value it terminates the path. The value may be an alias. If the stdin-path property is not specified, stdout-path should be assumed to define the input device. ``stdin-path`` O ``<string>`` A string that specifies the full path to the node representing the device to be used for boot console input. If the character ":" is present in the value it terminates the path. The value may be an alias. Usage legend: R=Required, O=Optional, OR=Optional but Recommended, SD=See Definition =================================================================================================== .. note:: All other standard properties (section :ref:`sect-standard-properties`) are allowed but are optional. **Example** .. code-block:: dts chosen { bootargs = "root=/dev/nfs rw nfsroot=192.168.1.1 console=ttyS0,115200"; }; Older versions of devicetrees may be encountered that contain a deprecated form of the *stdout-path* property called *linux,stdout-path*. For compatibility, a client program might want to support *linux,stdout-path* if a *stdout-path* property is not present. The meaning and use of the two properties is identical. ``/cpus`` Node Properties ------------------------- A ``/cpus`` node is required for all devicetrees. It does not represent a real device in the system, but acts as a container for child ``cpu`` nodes which represent the systems CPUs. .. tabularcolumns:: | p{4cm} p{0.75cm} p{4cm} p{6.5cm} | .. table:: ``/cpus`` Node Properties ======================= ===== ===================== =============================================== Property Name Usage Value Type Definition ======================= ===== ===================== =============================================== ``#address-cells`` R ``<u32>`` The value specifies how many cells each element of the ``reg`` property array takes in children of this node. ``#size-cells`` R ``<u32>`` Value shall be 0. Specifies that no size is required in the ``reg`` property in children of this node. Usage legend: R=Required, O=Optional, OR=Optional but Recommended, SD=See Definition =================================================================================================== .. note:: All other standard properties (section :ref:`sect-standard-properties`) are allowed but are optional. The ``/cpus`` node may contain properties that are common across ``cpu`` nodes. See section :ref:`sect-cpus-cpu-node-properties` for details. For an example, see section :ref:`sect-cpu-node-example`. .. _sect-cpus-cpu-node-properties: ``/cpus/cpu*`` Node Properties ------------------------------ A ``cpu`` node represents a hardware execution block that is sufficiently independent that it is capable of running an operating system without interfering with other CPUs possibly running other operating systems. Hardware threads that share an MMU would generally be represented under one ``cpu`` node. If other more complex CPU topographies are designed, the binding for the CPU must describe the topography (e.g. threads that don’t share an MMU). CPUs and threads are numbered through a unified number-space that should match as closely as possible the interrupt controller’s numbering of CPUs/threads. Properties that have identical values across ``cpu`` nodes may be placed in the ``/cpus`` node instead. A client program must first examine a specific ``cpu`` node, but if an expected property is not found then it should look at the parent ``/cpus`` node. This results in a less verbose representation of properties which are identical across all CPUs. The node name for every CPU node should be ``cpu``. General Properties of ``/cpus/cpu*`` nodes ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ The following table describes the general properties of ``cpu`` nodes. Some of the properties described in :numref:`table-cpu-node-props` are select standard properties with specific applicable detail. .. tabularcolumns:: | p{4cm} p{0.75cm} p{4cm} p{6.5cm} | .. _table-cpu-node-props: .. table:: ``/cpus/cpu*`` Node General Properties :class: longtable ====================== ===== ================== =============================================== Property Name Usage Value Type Definition ====================== ===== ================== =============================================== ``device_type`` | R | ``<string>`` Value shall be ``"cpu"``. ``reg`` R array The value of *reg* is a ``<prop-encoded-array>`` that defines a unique CPU/thread id for the CPU/threads represented by the CPU node. If a CPU supports more than one thread (i.e. multiple streams of execution) the *reg* property is an array with 1 element per thread. The *#address-cells* on the ``/cpus`` node specifies how many cells each element of the array takes. Software can determine the number of threads by dividing the size of *reg* by the parent node's *#address-cells*. If a CPU/thread can be the target of an external interrupt the *reg* property value must be a unique CPU/thread id that is addressable by the interrupt controller. If a CPU/thread cannot be the target of an external interrupt, then *reg* must be unique and out of bounds of the range addressed by the interrupt controller If a CPU/thread's PIR (pending interrupt register) is modifiable, a client program should modify PIR to match the *reg* property value. If PIR cannot be modified and the PIR value is distinct from the interrupt controller number space, the CPUs binding may define a binding-specific representation of PIR values if desired. ``clock-frequency`` | R | array Specifies the current clock speed of the CPU in Hertz. The value is a ``<prop-encoded-array>`` in one of two forms: * A 32-bit integer consisting of one ``<u32>`` specifying the frequency. * A 64-bit integer represented as a ``<u64>`` specifying the frequency. ``timebase-frequency`` | R | array Specifies the current frequency at which the timebase and decrementer registers are updated (in Hertz). The value is a <prop-encoded-array> in one of two forms: * A 32-bit integer consisting of one ``<u32>`` specifying the frequency. * A 64-bit integer represented as a ``<u64>``. ``status`` SD ``<string>`` A standard property describing the state of a CPU. This property shall be present for nodes representing CPUs in a symmetric multiprocessing (SMP) configuration. For a CPU node the meaning of the ``"okay"`` and ``"disabled"`` values are as follows: ``"okay"`` : The CPU is running. ``"disabled"`` : The CPU is in a quiescent state. A quiescent CPU is in a state where it cannot interfere with the normal operation of other CPUs, nor can its state be affected by the normal operation of other running CPUs, except by an explicit method for enabling or re-enabling the quiescent CPU (see the enable-method property). In particular, a running CPU shall be able to issue broadcast TLB invalidates without affecting a quiescent CPU. Examples: A quiescent CPU could be in a spin loop, held in reset, and electrically isolated from the system bus or in another implementation dependent state. ``enable-method`` | SD | ``<stringlist>`` Describes the method by which a CPU in a disabled state is enabled. This property is required for CPUs with a status property with a value of ``"disabled"``. The value consists of one or more strings that define the method to release this CPU. If a client program recognizes any of the methods, it may use it. The value shall be one of the following: ``"spin-table"`` : The CPU is enabled with the spin table method defined in the |spec|. ``"[vendor],[method]"`` : Implementation dependent string that describes the method by which a CPU is released from a ``"disabled"`` state. The required format is: ``"[vendor],[method]"``, where vendor is a string describing the name of the manufacturer and method is a string describing the vendor specific mechanism. Example: ``"fsl,MPC8572DS"`` .. note:: Other methods may be added to later revisions of the |spec| specification. ``cpu-release-addr`` | SD | ``<u64>`` The cpu-release-addr property is required for cpu nodes that have an enable-method property value of ``"spin-table"``. The value specifies the physical address of a spin table entry that releases a secondary CPU from its spin loop. Usage legend: R=Required, O=Optional, OR=Optional but Recommended, SD=See Definition =============================================================================================== .. note:: All other standard properties (section :ref:`sect-standard-properties`) are allowed but are optional. .. tabularcolumns:: | p{4cm} p{0.75cm} p{4cm} p{6.5cm} | .. table:: ``/cpus/cpu*`` Node Power ISA Properties :class: longtable ============================ ===== ============== =============================================== Property Name Usage Value Type Definition ============================ ===== ============== =============================================== ``power-isa-version`` | O | ``<string>`` A string that specifies the numerical portion of the Power ISA version string. For example, for an implementation complying with Power ISA Version 2.06, the value of this property would be ``"2.06"``. ``power-isa-*`` | O | ``<empty>`` If the ``power-isa-version`` property exists, then for each category from the Categories section of Book I of the Power ISA version indicated, the existence of a property named ``power-isa-[CAT]``, where ``[CAT]`` is the abbreviated category name with all uppercase letters converted to lowercase, indicates that the category is supported by the implementation. For example, if the power-isa-version property exists and its value is ``"2.06"`` and the power-isa-e.hv property exists, then the implementation supports [Category:Embedded.Hypervisor] as defined in Power ISA Version 2.06. ``cache-op-block-size`` | SD | ``<u32>`` Specifies the block size in bytes upon which cache block instructions operate (e.g., dcbz). Required if different than the L1 cache block size. ``reservation-granule-size`` | SD | ``<u32>`` Specifies the reservation granule size supported by this processor in bytes. ``mmu-type`` O ``<string>`` Specifies the CPU’s MMU type. Valid values are shown below: * ``"mpc8xx"`` * ``"ppc40x"`` * ``"ppc440"`` * ``"ppc476"`` * ``"power-embedded"`` * ``"powerpc-classic"`` * ``"power-server-stab"`` * ``"power-server-slb"`` * ``"none"`` Usage legend: R=Required, O=Optional, OR=Optional but Recommended, SD=See Definition ================================================================================================= .. note:: All other standard properties (section :ref:`sect-standard-properties`) are allowed but are optional. Older versions of devicetree may be encountered that contain a bus-frequency property on CPU nodes. For compatibility, a client-program might want to support bus-frequency. The format of the value is identical to that of clock-frequency. The recommended practice is to represent the frequency of a bus on the bus node using a clock-frequency property. TLB Properties ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ The following properties of a cpu node describe the translate look-aside buffer in the processor’s MMU. .. tabularcolumns:: | p{4cm} p{0.75cm} p{4cm} p{6.5cm} | .. table:: ``/cpu/cpu*`` Node Power ISA TLB Properties ============== ===== =========== =============================================== Property Name Usage Value Type Definition ============== ===== =========== =============================================== ``tlb-split`` SD ``<empty>`` If present specifies that the TLB has a split configuration, with separate TLBs for instructions and data. If absent, specifies that the TLB has a unified configuration. Required for a CPU with a TLB in a split configuration. ``tlb-size`` SD ``<u32>`` Specifies the number of entries in the TLB. Required for a CPU with a unified TLB for instruction and data addresses. ``tlb-sets`` SD ``<u32>`` Specifies the number of associativity sets in the TLB. Required for a CPU with a unified TLB for instruction and data addresses. ``d-tlb-size`` SD ``<u32>`` Specifies the number of entries in the data TLB. Required for a CPU with a split TLB configuration. ``d-tlb-sets`` SD ``<u32>`` Specifies the number of associativity sets in the data TLB. Required for a CPU with a split TLB configuration. ``i-tlb-size`` SD ``<u32>`` Specifies the number of entries in the instruction TLB. Required for a CPU with a split TLB configuration. ``i-tlb-sets`` SD ``<u32>`` Specifies the number of associativity sets in the instruction TLB. Required for a CPU with a split TLB configuration. Usage legend: R=Required, O=Optional, OR=Optional but Recommended, SD=See Definition ================================================================================ .. note:: All other standard properties (section :ref:`sect-standard-properties`) are allowed but are optional. Internal (L1) Cache Properties ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ The following properties of a cpu node describe the processor’s internal (L1) cache. .. tabularcolumns:: | p{4cm} p{0.75cm} p{4cm} p{6.5cm} | .. table:: ``/cpu/cpu*`` Node Power ISA Cache Properties ======================= ===== ============= =============================================== Property Name Usage Value Type Definition ======================= ===== ============= =============================================== ``cache-unified`` SD ``<empty>`` If present, specifies the cache has a unified organization. If not present, specifies that the cache has a Harvard architecture with separate caches for instructions and data. ``cache-size`` SD ``<u32>`` Specifies the size in bytes of a unified cache. Required if the cache is unified (combined instructions and data). ``cache-sets`` SD ``<u32>`` Specifies the number of associativity sets in a unified cache. Required if the cache is unified (combined instructions and data) ``cache-block-size`` SD ``<u32>`` Specifies the block size in bytes of a unified cache. Required if the processor has a unified cache (combined instructions and data) ``cache-line-size`` SD ``<u32>`` Specifies the line size in bytes of a unified cache, if different than the cache block size Required if the processor has a unified cache (combined instructions and data). ``i-cache-size`` SD ``<u32>`` Specifies the size in bytes of the instruction cache. Required if the cpu has a separate cache for instructions. ``i-cache-sets`` SD ``<u32>`` Specifies the number of associativity sets in the instruction cache. Required if the cpu has a separate cache for instructions. ``i-cache-block-size`` SD ``<u32>`` Specifies the block size in bytes of the instruction cache. Required if the cpu has a separate cache for instructions. ``i-cache-line-size`` SD ``<u32>`` Specifies the line size in bytes of the instruction cache, if different than the cache block size. Required if the cpu has a separate cache for instructions. ``d-cache-size`` SD ``<u32>`` Specifies the size in bytes of the data cache. Required if the cpu has a separate cache for data. ``d-cache-sets`` SD ``<u32>`` Specifies the number of associativity sets in the data cache. Required if the cpu has a separate cache for data. ``d-cache-block-size`` SD ``<u32>`` Specifies the block size in bytes of the data cache. Required if the cpu has a separate cache for data. ``d-cache-line-size`` SD ``<u32>`` Specifies the line size in bytes of the data cache, if different than the cache block size. Required if the cpu has a separate cache for data. ``next-level-cache`` SD ``<phandle>`` If present, indicates that another level of cache exists. The value is the phandle of the next level of cache. The phandle value type is fully described in section :ref:`sect-standard-properties-phandle`. Usage legend: R=Required, O=Optional, OR=Optional but Recommended, SD=See Definition =========================================================================================== .. note:: All other standard properties (section :ref:`sect-standard-properties`) are allowed but are optional. Older versions of devicetrees may be encountered that contain a deprecated form of the next-level-cache property called ``l2-cache``. For compatibility, a client-program may wish to support ``l2-cache`` if a next-level-cache property is not present. The meaning and use of the two properties is identical. .. _sect-cpu-node-example: Example ~~~~~~~ Here is an example of a ``/cpus`` node with one child cpu node: .. code-block:: dts cpus { #address-cells = <1>; #size-cells = <0>; cpu@0 { device_type = "cpu"; reg = <0>; d-cache-block-size = <32>; // L1 - 32 bytes i-cache-block-size = <32>; // L1 - 32 bytes d-cache-size = <0x8000>; // L1, 32K i-cache-size = <0x8000>; // L1, 32K timebase-frequency = <82500000>; // 82.5 MHz clock-frequency = <825000000>; // 825 MHz }; }; Multi-level and Shared Cache Nodes (``/cpus/cpu*/l?-cache``) ------------------------------------------------------------ Processors and systems may implement additional levels of cache hierarchy. For example, second-level (L2) or third-level (L3) caches. These caches can potentially be tightly integrated to the CPU or possibly shared between multiple CPUs. A device node with a compatible value of ``"cache"`` describes these types of caches. The cache node shall define a phandle property, and all cpu nodes or cache nodes that are associated with or share the cache each shall contain a next-level-cache property that specifies the phandle to the cache node. A cache node may be represented under a CPU node or any other appropriate location in the devicetree. Multiple-level and shared caches are represented with the properties in Table 3-9. The L1 cache properties are described in Table 3-8. .. tabularcolumns:: | p{4cm} p{0.75cm} p{4cm} p{6.5cm} | .. table:: ``/cpu/cpu*/l?-cache`` Node Power ISA Multiple-level and Shared Cache Properties =============== ===== ============ =============================================== Property Name Usage Value Type Definition =============== ===== ============ =============================================== ``compatible`` R ``<string>`` A standard property. The value shall include the string ``"cache"``. ``cache-level`` R ``<u32>`` Specifies the level in the cache hierarchy. For example, a level 2 cache has a value of 2. Usage legend: R=Required, O=Optional, OR=Optional but Recommended, SD=See Definition ================================================================================== .. note:: All other standard properties (section :ref:`sect-standard-properties`) are allowed but are optional. Example ~~~~~~~ See the following example of a devicetree representation of two CPUs, each with their own on-chip L2 and a shared L3. .. code-block:: dts cpus { #address-cells = <1>; #size-cells = <0>; cpu@0 { device_type = "cpu"; reg = <0>; cache-unified; cache-size = <0x8000>; // L1, 32 KB cache-block-size = <32>; timebase-frequency = <82500000>; // 82.5 MHz next-level-cache = <&L2_0>; // phandle to L2 L2_0:l2-cache { compatible = "cache"; cache-unified; cache-size = <0x40000>; // 256 KB cache-sets = <1024>; cache-block-size = <32>; cache-level = <2>; next-level-cache = <&L3>; // phandle to L3 L3:l3-cache { compatible = "cache"; cache-unified; cache-size = <0x40000>; // 256 KB cache-sets = <0x400>; // 1024 cache-block-size = <32>; cache-level = <3>; }; }; }; cpu@1 { device_type = "cpu"; reg = <1>; cache-unified; cache-block-size = <32>; cache-size = <0x8000>; // L1, 32 KB timebase-frequency = <82500000>; // 82.5 MHz clock-frequency = <825000000>; // 825 MHz cache-level = <2>; next-level-cache = <&L2_1>; // phandle to L2 L2_1:l2-cache { compatible = "cache"; cache-unified; cache-size = <0x40000>; // 256 KB cache-sets = <0x400>; // 1024 cache-line-size = <32>; // 32 bytes next-level-cache = <&L3>; // phandle to L3 }; }; };