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v3.14.5
Doc/c-api/set.rst
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Kumar Aditya
[3.14] gh-142518: add thread safety docs for dict and set APIs (#148392)
11 апр 2026, 19:22
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11 апр 2026, 19:22
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.. highlight:: c .. _setobjects: Set Objects ----------- .. sectionauthor:: Raymond D. Hettinger <python@rcn.com> .. index:: pair: object; set pair: object; frozenset This section details the public API for :class:`set` and :class:`frozenset` objects. Any functionality not listed below is best accessed using either the abstract object protocol (including :c:func:`PyObject_CallMethod`, :c:func:`PyObject_RichCompareBool`, :c:func:`PyObject_Hash`, :c:func:`PyObject_Repr`, :c:func:`PyObject_IsTrue`, :c:func:`PyObject_Print`, and :c:func:`PyObject_GetIter`) or the abstract number protocol (including :c:func:`PyNumber_And`, :c:func:`PyNumber_Subtract`, :c:func:`PyNumber_Or`, :c:func:`PyNumber_Xor`, :c:func:`PyNumber_InPlaceAnd`, :c:func:`PyNumber_InPlaceSubtract`, :c:func:`PyNumber_InPlaceOr`, and :c:func:`PyNumber_InPlaceXor`). .. c:type:: PySetObject This subtype of :c:type:`PyObject` is used to hold the internal data for both :class:`set` and :class:`frozenset` objects. It is like a :c:type:`PyDictObject` in that it is a fixed size for small sets (much like tuple storage) and will point to a separate, variable sized block of memory for medium and large sized sets (much like list storage). None of the fields of this structure should be considered public and all are subject to change. All access should be done through the documented API rather than by manipulating the values in the structure. .. c:var:: PyTypeObject PySet_Type This is an instance of :c:type:`PyTypeObject` representing the Python :class:`set` type. .. c:var:: PyTypeObject PyFrozenSet_Type This is an instance of :c:type:`PyTypeObject` representing the Python :class:`frozenset` type. The following type check macros work on pointers to any Python object. Likewise, the constructor functions work with any iterable Python object. .. c:function:: int PySet_Check(PyObject *p) Return true if *p* is a :class:`set` object or an instance of a subtype. This function always succeeds. .. c:function:: int PyFrozenSet_Check(PyObject *p) Return true if *p* is a :class:`frozenset` object or an instance of a subtype. This function always succeeds. .. c:function:: int PyAnySet_Check(PyObject *p) Return true if *p* is a :class:`set` object, a :class:`frozenset` object, or an instance of a subtype. This function always succeeds. .. c:function:: int PySet_CheckExact(PyObject *p) Return true if *p* is a :class:`set` object but not an instance of a subtype. This function always succeeds. .. versionadded:: 3.10 .. c:function:: int PyAnySet_CheckExact(PyObject *p) Return true if *p* is a :class:`set` object or a :class:`frozenset` object but not an instance of a subtype. This function always succeeds. .. c:function:: int PyFrozenSet_CheckExact(PyObject *p) Return true if *p* is a :class:`frozenset` object but not an instance of a subtype. This function always succeeds. .. c:function:: PyObject* PySet_New(PyObject *iterable) Return a new :class:`set` containing objects returned by the *iterable*. The *iterable* may be ``NULL`` to create a new empty set. Return the new set on success or ``NULL`` on failure. Raise :exc:`TypeError` if *iterable* is not actually iterable. The constructor is also useful for copying a set (``c=set(s)``). .. note:: The operation is atomic on :term:`free threading <free-threaded build>` when *iterable* is a :class:`set`, :class:`frozenset` or :class:`dict`. .. c:function:: PyObject* PyFrozenSet_New(PyObject *iterable) Return a new :class:`frozenset` containing objects returned by the *iterable*. The *iterable* may be ``NULL`` to create a new empty frozenset. Return the new set on success or ``NULL`` on failure. Raise :exc:`TypeError` if *iterable* is not actually iterable. .. note:: The operation is atomic on :term:`free threading <free-threaded build>` when *iterable* is a :class:`set`, :class:`frozenset` or :class:`dict`. The following functions and macros are available for instances of :class:`set` or :class:`frozenset` or instances of their subtypes. .. c:function:: Py_ssize_t PySet_Size(PyObject *anyset) .. index:: pair: built-in function; len Return the length of a :class:`set` or :class:`frozenset` object. Equivalent to ``len(anyset)``. Raises a :exc:`SystemError` if *anyset* is not a :class:`set`, :class:`frozenset`, or an instance of a subtype. .. c:function:: Py_ssize_t PySet_GET_SIZE(PyObject *anyset) Macro form of :c:func:`PySet_Size` without error checking. .. c:function:: int PySet_Contains(PyObject *anyset, PyObject *key) Return ``1`` if found, ``0`` if not found, and ``-1`` if an error is encountered. Unlike the Python :meth:`~object.__contains__` method, this function does not automatically convert unhashable sets into temporary frozensets. Raise a :exc:`TypeError` if the *key* is unhashable. Raise :exc:`SystemError` if *anyset* is not a :class:`set`, :class:`frozenset`, or an instance of a subtype. .. note:: The operation is atomic on :term:`free threading <free-threaded build>` when *key* is :class:`str`, :class:`int`, :class:`float`, :class:`bool` or :class:`bytes`. .. c:function:: int PySet_Add(PyObject *set, PyObject *key) Add *key* to a :class:`set` instance. Also works with :class:`frozenset` instances (like :c:func:`PyTuple_SetItem` it can be used to fill in the values of brand new frozensets before they are exposed to other code). Return ``0`` on success or ``-1`` on failure. Raise a :exc:`TypeError` if the *key* is unhashable. Raise a :exc:`MemoryError` if there is no room to grow. Raise a :exc:`SystemError` if *set* is not an instance of :class:`set` or its subtype. .. note:: The operation is atomic on :term:`free threading <free-threaded build>` when *key* is :class:`str`, :class:`int`, :class:`float`, :class:`bool` or :class:`bytes`. The following functions are available for instances of :class:`set` or its subtypes but not for instances of :class:`frozenset` or its subtypes. .. c:function:: int PySet_Discard(PyObject *set, PyObject *key) Return ``1`` if found and removed, ``0`` if not found (no action taken), and ``-1`` if an error is encountered. Does not raise :exc:`KeyError` for missing keys. Raise a :exc:`TypeError` if the *key* is unhashable. Unlike the Python :meth:`~set.discard` method, this function does not automatically convert unhashable sets into temporary frozensets. Raise :exc:`SystemError` if *set* is not an instance of :class:`set` or its subtype. .. note:: The operation is atomic on :term:`free threading <free-threaded build>` when *key* is :class:`str`, :class:`int`, :class:`float`, :class:`bool` or :class:`bytes`. .. c:function:: PyObject* PySet_Pop(PyObject *set) Return a new reference to an arbitrary object in the *set*, and removes the object from the *set*. Return ``NULL`` on failure. Raise :exc:`KeyError` if the set is empty. Raise a :exc:`SystemError` if *set* is not an instance of :class:`set` or its subtype. .. c:function:: int PySet_Clear(PyObject *set) Empty an existing set of all elements. Return ``0`` on success. Return ``-1`` and raise :exc:`SystemError` if *set* is not an instance of :class:`set` or its subtype. .. note:: In the :term:`free-threaded build`, the set is emptied before its entries are cleared, so other threads will observe an empty set rather than intermediate states. Deprecated API ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ .. c:macro:: PySet_MINSIZE A :term:`soft deprecated` constant representing the size of an internal preallocated table inside :c:type:`PySetObject` instances. This is documented solely for completeness, as there are no guarantees that a given version of CPython uses preallocated tables with a fixed size. In code that does not deal with unstable set internals, :c:macro:`!PySet_MINSIZE` can be replaced with a small constant like ``8``. If looking for the size of a set, use :c:func:`PySet_Size` instead.