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v3.13.15
Doc/library/tkinter.rst
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Serhiy Storchaka
[3.13] gh-153550: Modernize the older prose sections of the tkinter documentation (GH-153647) (GH-153775)
15 июл 2026, 19:51
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:mod:`!tkinter` --- Python interface to Tcl/Tk ============================================== .. module:: tkinter :synopsis: Interface to Tcl/Tk for graphical user interfaces .. moduleauthor:: Guido van Rossum <guido@Python.org> **Source code:** :source:`Lib/tkinter/__init__.py` -------------- The :mod:`tkinter` package ("Tk interface") is the standard Python interface to the Tcl/Tk GUI toolkit. Both Tk and :mod:`tkinter` are available on most Unix platforms, including macOS, as well as on Windows systems. Running ``python -m tkinter`` from the command line should open a window demonstrating a simple Tk interface, letting you know that :mod:`tkinter` is properly installed on your system, and also showing what version of Tcl/Tk is installed, so you can read the Tcl/Tk documentation specific to that version. Tkinter supports a range of Tcl/Tk versions, built either with or without thread support. Tcl/Tk 8.5.12 is the minimum supported version; the official Python binary release bundles Tcl/Tk 8.6. See the source code for the :mod:`_tkinter` module for more information about supported versions. .. versionchanged:: 3.11 Support for Tcl/Tk versions older than 8.5.12 was removed. Tkinter is not a thin wrapper, but adds a fair amount of its own logic to make the experience more pythonic. This documentation will concentrate on these additions and changes, and refer to the official Tcl/Tk documentation for details that are unchanged. .. note:: Tcl/Tk 8.5 (2007) introduced a modern set of themed user interface components along with a new API to use them (see :mod:`tkinter.ttk`). Both old and new APIs are still available. Most documentation you will find online still uses the old API and can be woefully outdated. .. seealso:: * `TkDocs <https://tkdocs.com/>`_ Extensive tutorial on creating user interfaces with Tkinter. Explains key concepts, and illustrates recommended approaches using the modern API. * `Tkinter 8.5 reference: a GUI for Python <https://www.tkdocs.com/shipman/>`_ Reference documentation for Tkinter 8.5 detailing available classes, methods, and options. Tcl/Tk Resources: * `Tk commands <https://www.tcl-lang.org/man/tcl9.0/TkCmd/index.html>`_ Comprehensive reference to each of the underlying Tcl/Tk commands used by Tkinter. * `Tcl/Tk Home Page <https://www.tcl.tk>`_ Additional documentation, and links to Tcl/Tk core development. Books: * `Modern Tkinter for Busy Python Developers <https://tkdocs.com/book.html>`_ By Mark Roseman. (ISBN 978-1999149567) * `Python GUI programming with Tkinter <https://www.packtpub.com/en-us/product/python-gui-programming-with-tkinter-9781788835886>`_ By Alan D. Moore. (ISBN 978-1788835886) * `Programming Python <https://learning-python.com/about-pp4e.html>`_ By Mark Lutz; has excellent coverage of Tkinter. (ISBN 978-0596158101) * `Tcl and the Tk Toolkit (2nd edition) <https://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/032133633X>`_ By John Ousterhout, inventor of Tcl/Tk, and Ken Jones; does not cover Tkinter. (ISBN 978-0321336330) Architecture ------------ Tcl/Tk is not a single library but rather consists of a few distinct modules, each with separate functionality and its own official documentation. Python's binary releases also ship an add-on module together with it. Tcl Tcl is a dynamic interpreted programming language, just like Python. Though it can be used on its own as a general-purpose programming language, it is most commonly embedded into C applications as a scripting engine or an interface to the Tk toolkit. The Tcl library has a C interface to create and manage one or more instances of a Tcl interpreter, run Tcl commands and scripts in those instances, and add custom commands implemented in either Tcl or C. Each interpreter has an event queue, and there are facilities to send events to it and process them. Unlike Python, Tcl's execution model is designed around cooperative multitasking, and Tkinter bridges this difference (see `Threading model`_ for details). Tk Tk is a `Tcl package <https://wiki.tcl-lang.org/37432>`_ implemented in C that adds custom commands to create and manipulate GUI widgets. Each :class:`Tk` object embeds its own Tcl interpreter instance with Tk loaded into it. Tk's widgets are very customizable, though at the cost of a dated appearance. Tk uses Tcl's event queue to generate and process GUI events. Ttk Themed Tk (Ttk) is a newer family of Tk widgets that provide a much better appearance on different platforms than many of the classic Tk widgets. Ttk is distributed as part of Tk, starting with Tk version 8.5. Python bindings are provided in a separate module, :mod:`tkinter.ttk`. Internally, Tk and Ttk use facilities of the underlying operating system, that is, Xlib on Unix/X11, Cocoa on macOS, GDI on Windows. When your Python application uses a class in Tkinter, for example, to create a widget, the :mod:`!tkinter` module first assembles a Tcl/Tk command string. It passes that Tcl command string to an internal :mod:`_tkinter` binary module, which then calls the Tcl interpreter to evaluate it. The Tcl interpreter will then call into the Tk and/or Ttk packages, which will in turn make calls to Xlib, Cocoa, or GDI. Tkinter modules --------------- Support for Tkinter is spread across several modules. Most applications will need the main :mod:`tkinter` module, as well as the :mod:`tkinter.ttk` module, which provides the modern themed widget set and API:: from tkinter import * from tkinter import ttk The modules that provide Tk support include: :mod:`tkinter` Main Tkinter module. :mod:`tkinter.colorchooser` Dialog to let the user choose a color. :mod:`tkinter.commondialog` Base class for the dialogs defined in the other modules listed here. :mod:`tkinter.filedialog` Common dialogs to allow the user to specify a file to open or save. :mod:`tkinter.font` Utilities to help work with fonts. :mod:`tkinter.messagebox` Access to standard Tk dialog boxes. :mod:`tkinter.scrolledtext` Text widget with a vertical scroll bar built in. :mod:`tkinter.simpledialog` Basic dialogs and convenience functions. :mod:`tkinter.ttk` Themed widget set introduced in Tk 8.5, providing modern alternatives for many of the classic widgets in the main :mod:`tkinter` module. Additional modules: .. module:: _tkinter :synopsis: A binary module that contains the low-level interface to Tcl/Tk. :mod:`_tkinter` A binary module that contains the low-level interface to Tcl/Tk. It is automatically imported by the main :mod:`tkinter` module, and should never be used directly by application programmers. It is usually a shared library (or DLL), but might in some cases be statically linked with the Python interpreter. :mod:`idlelib` Python's Integrated Development and Learning Environment (IDLE). Based on :mod:`tkinter`. :mod:`!tkinter.constants` Symbolic constants that can be used in place of strings when passing various parameters to Tkinter calls. Automatically imported by the main :mod:`tkinter` module. :mod:`tkinter.dnd` (experimental) Drag-and-drop support for :mod:`tkinter`. This will become deprecated when it is replaced with the Tk DND. :mod:`turtle` Turtle graphics in a Tk window. .. currentmodule:: tkinter Tkinter life preserver ---------------------- This section is not designed to be an exhaustive tutorial on either Tk or Tkinter. For that, refer to one of the external resources noted earlier. Instead, this section provides a very quick orientation to what a Tkinter application looks like, identifies foundational Tk concepts, and explains how the Tkinter wrapper is structured. The remainder of this section will help you to identify the classes, methods, and options you'll need in your Tkinter application, and where to find more detailed documentation on them, including in the official Tcl/Tk reference manual. A Hello World program ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ We'll start by walking through a "Hello World" application in Tkinter. This isn't the smallest one we could write, but has enough to illustrate some key concepts you'll need to know. :: from tkinter import * from tkinter import ttk root = Tk() frm = ttk.Frame(root, padding=10) frm.grid() ttk.Label(frm, text="Hello World!").grid(column=0, row=0) ttk.Button(frm, text="Quit", command=root.destroy).grid(column=1, row=0) root.mainloop() After the imports, the next line creates an instance of the :class:`Tk` class, which initializes Tk and creates its associated Tcl interpreter. It also creates a toplevel window, known as the root window, which serves as the main window of the application. The following line creates a frame widget, which in this case will contain a label and a button we'll create next. The frame is fit inside the root window. The next line creates a label widget holding a static text string. The :meth:`~Grid.grid` method is used to specify the relative layout (position) of the label within its containing frame widget, similar to how tables in HTML work. A button widget is then created, and placed to the right of the label. When pressed, it will call the :meth:`~Misc.destroy` method of the root window. Finally, the :meth:`mainloop` method puts everything on the display, and responds to user input until the program terminates. Important Tk concepts ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ Even this simple program illustrates the following key Tk concepts: widgets A Tkinter user interface is made up of individual *widgets*. Each widget is represented as a Python object, instantiated from classes like :class:`ttk.Frame`, :class:`ttk.Label`, and :class:`ttk.Button`. widget hierarchy Widgets are arranged in a *hierarchy*. The label and button were contained within a frame, which in turn was contained within the root window. When creating each *child* widget, its *parent* widget is passed as the first argument to the widget constructor. configuration options Widgets have *configuration options*, which modify their appearance and behavior, such as the text to display in a label or button. Different classes of widgets will have different sets of options. geometry management Widgets aren't automatically added to the user interface when they are created. A *geometry manager* like ``grid`` controls where in the user interface they are placed. event loop Tkinter reacts to user input, changes from your program, and even refreshes the display only when actively running an *event loop*. If your program isn't running the event loop, your user interface won't update. Understanding how Tkinter wraps Tcl/Tk ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ When your application uses Tkinter's classes and methods, internally Tkinter is assembling strings representing Tcl/Tk commands, and executing those commands in the Tcl interpreter attached to your application's :class:`Tk` instance. Whether it's trying to navigate reference documentation, trying to find the right method or option, adapting some existing code, or debugging your Tkinter application, there are times that it will be useful to understand what those underlying Tcl/Tk commands look like. To illustrate, here is the Tcl/Tk equivalent of the main part of the Tkinter script above. :: ttk::frame .frm -padding 10 grid .frm grid [ttk::label .frm.lbl -text "Hello World!"] -column 0 -row 0 grid [ttk::button .frm.btn -text "Quit" -command "destroy ."] -column 1 -row 0 Tcl's syntax is similar to many shell languages, where the first word is the command to be executed, with arguments to that command following it, separated by spaces. Without getting into too many details, notice the following: * The commands used to create widgets (like ``ttk::frame``) correspond to widget classes in Tkinter. * Tcl widget options (like ``-text``) correspond to keyword arguments in Tkinter. * Widgets are referred to by a *pathname* in Tcl (like ``.frm.btn``), whereas Tkinter doesn't use names but object references. * A widget's place in the widget hierarchy is encoded in its (hierarchical) pathname, which uses a ``.`` (dot) as a path separator. The pathname for the root window is just ``.`` (dot). In Tkinter, the hierarchy is defined not by pathname but by specifying the parent widget when creating each child widget. * Operations which are implemented as separate *commands* in Tcl (like ``grid`` or ``destroy``) are represented as *methods* on Tkinter widget objects. As you'll see shortly, at other times Tcl uses what appear to be method calls on widget objects, which more closely mirror what is used in Tkinter. How do I...? What option does...? ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ If you're not sure how to do something in Tkinter, and you can't immediately find it in the tutorial or reference documentation you're using, there are a few strategies that can be helpful. First, remember that the details of how individual widgets work may vary across different versions of both Tkinter and Tcl/Tk. If you're searching documentation, make sure it corresponds to the Python and Tcl/Tk versions installed on your system. When searching for how to use an API, it helps to know the exact name of the class, option, or method that you're using. Introspection, either in an interactive Python shell or with :func:`print`, can help you identify what you need. To find out what configuration options are available on any widget, call its :meth:`~Misc.configure` method, which returns a dictionary containing a variety of information about each object, including its default and current values. Use :meth:`~Misc.keys` to get just the names of each option. :: btn = ttk.Button(frm, ...) print(btn.configure().keys()) As most widgets have many configuration options in common, it can be useful to find out which are specific to a particular widget class. Comparing the list of options to that of a simpler widget, like a frame, is one way to do that. :: print(set(btn.configure().keys()) - set(frm.configure().keys())) Similarly, you can find the available methods for a widget object using the standard :func:`dir` function. If you try it, you'll see there are over 200 common widget methods, so again identifying those specific to a widget class is helpful. :: print(dir(btn)) print(set(dir(btn)) - set(dir(frm))) Navigating the Tcl/Tk reference manual ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ As noted, the official `Tk commands <https://www.tcl-lang.org/man/tcl9.0/TkCmd/index.html>`_ reference manual (man pages) is often the most accurate description of what specific operations on widgets do. Even when you know the name of the option or method that you need, you may still have a few places to look. While all operations in Tkinter are implemented as method calls on widget objects, you've seen that many Tcl/Tk operations appear as commands that take a widget pathname as its first parameter, followed by optional parameters, for example :: destroy . grid .frm.btn -column 0 -row 0 Others, however, look more like methods called on a widget object (in fact, when you create a widget in Tcl/Tk, it creates a Tcl command with the name of the widget pathname, with the first parameter to that command being the name of a method to call). :: .frm.btn invoke .frm.lbl configure -text "Goodbye" In the official Tcl/Tk reference documentation, you'll find most operations that look like method calls on the man page for a specific widget (for example, you'll find the :meth:`~tkinter.ttk.Button.invoke` method on the `ttk::button <https://www.tcl-lang.org/man/tcl9.0/TkCmd/ttk_button.html>`_ man page), while functions that take a widget as a parameter often have their own man page (for example, `grid <https://www.tcl-lang.org/man/tcl9.0/TkCmd/grid.html>`_). You'll find many common options and methods in the `options <https://www.tcl-lang.org/man/tcl9.0/TkCmd/options.html>`_ or `ttk::widget <https://www.tcl-lang.org/man/tcl9.0/TkCmd/ttk_widget.html>`_ man pages, while others are found in the man page for a specific widget class. You'll also find that many Tkinter methods have compound names, for example, :meth:`~Misc.winfo_x`, :meth:`~Misc.winfo_height`, :meth:`~Misc.winfo_viewable`. You'd find documentation for all of these in the `winfo <https://www.tcl-lang.org/man/tcl9.0/TkCmd/winfo.html>`_ man page. .. note:: Somewhat confusingly, there are also methods on all Tkinter widgets that don't actually operate on the widget, but operate at a global scope, independent of any widget. Examples are methods for accessing the clipboard or the system bell. (They happen to be implemented as methods in the base :class:`Widget` class that all Tkinter widgets inherit from). Threading model --------------- Python and Tcl/Tk have very different threading models, which :mod:`tkinter` tries to bridge. If you use threads, you may need to be aware of this. A Python interpreter may have many threads associated with it. In Tcl, multiple threads can be created, but each thread has a separate Tcl interpreter instance associated with it. Threads can also create more than one interpreter instance, though each interpreter instance can be used only by the one thread that created it. Each :class:`Tk` object created by :mod:`tkinter` contains a Tcl interpreter. It also keeps track of which thread created that interpreter. Calls to :mod:`tkinter` can be made from any Python thread. Internally, if a call comes from a thread other than the one that created the :class:`Tk` object, an event is posted to the interpreter's event queue, and when executed, the result is returned to the calling Python thread. Tcl/Tk applications are normally event-driven, meaning that after initialization, the interpreter runs an event loop (that is, :meth:`Tk.mainloop <Misc.mainloop>`) and responds to events. Because it is single-threaded, event handlers must respond quickly, otherwise they will block other events from being processed. To avoid this, any long-running computations should not run in an event handler, but are either broken into smaller pieces using timers, or run in another thread. This is different from many GUI toolkits where the GUI runs in a completely separate thread from all application code including event handlers. If the Tcl interpreter is not running the event loop and processing events, any :mod:`tkinter` calls made from threads other than the one running the Tcl interpreter will fail. A number of special cases exist: * Tcl/Tk libraries built without thread support are now rare: the bundled Tcl/Tk 8.6 is built with thread support, so this case only arises with some older non-threaded builds. When the library is not thread-aware, :mod:`!tkinter` calls the library from the originating Python thread, even if this is different than the thread that created the Tcl interpreter. A global lock ensures only one call occurs at a time. * While :mod:`tkinter` allows you to create more than one instance of a :class:`Tk` object (with its own interpreter), all interpreters that are part of the same thread share a common event queue, which gets ugly fast. In practice, don't create more than one instance of :class:`Tk` at a time. Otherwise, it's best to create them in separate threads and ensure you're running a thread-aware Tcl/Tk build. * Blocking event handlers are not the only way to prevent the Tcl interpreter from reentering the event loop. It is even possible to run multiple nested event loops or abandon the event loop entirely. If you're doing anything tricky when it comes to events or threads, be aware of these possibilities. * There are a few select :mod:`tkinter` functions that presently work only when called from the thread that created the Tcl interpreter. Handy reference --------------- .. _tkinter-setting-options: Setting options ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ Options control things like the color and border width of a widget. Options can be set in three ways: At object creation time, using keyword arguments :: fred = Button(self, fg="red", bg="blue") After object creation, treating the option name like a dictionary index :: fred["fg"] = "red" fred["bg"] = "blue" Use the config() method to update multiple attrs subsequent to object creation :: fred.config(fg="red", bg="blue") .. note:: The ``fg`` and ``bg`` options used here, and other options that control a widget's appearance, belong to the classic :mod:`!tkinter` widgets. The themed :mod:`tkinter.ttk` widgets recommended in the introduction do not accept them; style a themed widget through the :class:`ttk.Style <tkinter.ttk.Style>` class instead. The three ways of setting an option shown above apply to both widget sets. For a complete explanation of a given option and its behavior, see the Tk man pages for the widget in question. Note that the man pages list "STANDARD OPTIONS" and "WIDGET SPECIFIC OPTIONS" for each widget. The former is a list of options that are common to many widgets, the latter are the options that are idiosyncratic to that particular widget. The Standard Options are documented on the :manpage:`options(3)` man page. No distinction between standard and widget-specific options is made in this document. Some options don't apply to some kinds of widgets. Whether a given widget responds to a particular option depends on the class of the widget; buttons have a ``command`` option, labels do not. The options supported by a given widget are listed in that widget's man page, or can be queried at runtime by calling the :meth:`~Misc.config` method without arguments, or by calling the :meth:`~Misc.keys` method on that widget. The return value of these calls is a dictionary whose key is the name of the option as a string (for example, ``'relief'``) and whose values are 5-tuples. Some options, like ``bg``, are synonyms for common options with long names (``bg`` is shorthand for "background"). +-------+---------------------------------+--------------+ | Index | Meaning | Example | +=======+=================================+==============+ | 0 | option name | ``'relief'`` | +-------+---------------------------------+--------------+ | 1 | option name for database lookup | ``'relief'`` | +-------+---------------------------------+--------------+ | 2 | option class for database | ``'Relief'`` | | | lookup | | +-------+---------------------------------+--------------+ | 3 | default value | ``'raised'`` | +-------+---------------------------------+--------------+ | 4 | current value | ``'groove'`` | +-------+---------------------------------+--------------+ Example:: >>> print(fred.config()) {'relief': ('relief', 'relief', 'Relief', 'raised', 'groove')} Of course, the dictionary printed will include all the options available and their values. This is meant only as an example. .. _pack-the-packer: .. _tkinter-geometry-management: .. _the-packer: .. _packer-options: Geometry management ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ .. index:: single: geometry management (widgets) single: packing (widgets) Creating a widget does not display it. A widget appears only after it has been handed to a *geometry manager*, which works out its size and position inside its container and keeps the layout up to date as the container is resized or its content changes. Forgetting to call a geometry manager is a common early mistake: the widget is created, but nothing shows up. Tk provides three geometry managers. Each is inherited by every widget, so any widget can be managed by any of them (but see the warning below about the incompatibility of grid and pack). The choice depends on the kind of layout you want. :meth:`grid <Grid.grid_configure>` Arranges widgets in a two-dimensional table of rows and columns. It is the most flexible manager and the one to reach for by default: layouts that would otherwise need several nested frames can often be expressed as a single grid, and rows and columns can be told how to absorb extra space. :: ttk.Label(frm, text="Name:").grid(column=0, row=0, sticky="w") ttk.Entry(frm).grid(column=1, row=0) ttk.Button(frm, text="OK").grid(column=1, row=1, sticky="e") :meth:`pack <Pack.pack_configure>` Stacks widgets against one side of their container -- ``"top"`` (the default), ``"bottom"``, ``"left"`` or ``"right"`` -- and can make them fill or expand into the space that is left. It is convenient for simple arrangements, such as a single row or column of widgets or a content area framed by a toolbar and a status bar. :: toolbar.pack(side="top", fill="x") status.pack(side="bottom", fill="x") body.pack(side="left", expand=True, fill="both") :meth:`place <Place.place_configure>` Positions each widget at an explicit spot, given either as absolute screen distances or as a fraction of the container's size. It offers the most control but the least automatic behavior, and is used the least; it suits special cases such as overlapping widgets or precise custom layouts. :: background.place(x=0, y=0, relwidth=1.0, relheight=1.0) badge.place(relx=1.0, rely=0.0, anchor="ne") Layouts are built up by nesting: grid or pack widgets, including frames, inside a frame or toplevel. Toplevels are managed by the OS window manager. Classic and themed :mod:`tkinter.ttk` widgets can be managed interchangeably. .. warning:: Do not apply :meth:`!pack` and :meth:`!grid` to two widgets that share the same container. The two managers negotiate sizes in incompatible ways, and the application can hang as they repeatedly resize the container against each other. To combine them, keep each manager's widgets in a separate frame. The full set of options accepted by each manager, with their values and defaults, is documented under :meth:`Grid.grid_configure`, :meth:`Pack.pack_configure` and :meth:`Place.place_configure`; see also the :manpage:`grid(3tk)`, :manpage:`pack(3tk)` and :manpage:`place(3tk)` man pages. .. _coupling-widget-variables: Coupling widget variables ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ Some widgets can tie their current value directly to a program variable, so that the two stay in sync. Options such as ``variable``, ``textvariable``, ``value``, ``onvalue`` and ``offvalue`` set up this connection: when the user changes the widget the variable is updated, and when the variable is set the widget redraws to match. A widget can be linked only to a :class:`Variable` object, not to an ordinary Python variable. This is not a limitation of :mod:`!tkinter` but a consequence of how the two languages differ: the link relies on Tcl being notified every time the value changes, and Python offers no way to react when a plain variable is reassigned. A :class:`Variable` sidesteps this by keeping its value inside the Tcl interpreter and exposing it through explicit :meth:`~Variable.get` and :meth:`~Variable.set` methods. Ready-made subclasses cover the common types: :class:`StringVar`, :class:`IntVar`, :class:`DoubleVar` and :class:`BooleanVar`. Pass one as a widget's ``textvariable`` (or ``variable``) option, then read and update it with :meth:`~Variable.get` and :meth:`~Variable.set`; the widget tracks it with no further work on your part. Keep a reference to the variable for as long as the widget uses it -- for example by storing it as an attribute. A :class:`Variable` that is garbage collected removes its underlying Tcl variable, breaking the connection to the widget (see :class:`Variable`). For example:: import tkinter as tk from tkinter import ttk root = tk.Tk() # Create the application variable and give it an initial value. contents = tk.StringVar(value="this is a variable") # Tell the entry widget to track the variable. entry = ttk.Entry(root, textvariable=contents) entry.pack() # Print the current value whenever the user presses Return. def print_contents(event): print("The current entry content is:", contents.get()) entry.bind("<Return>", print_contents) # Setting the variable from the program updates the entry through the # same link. def clear(): contents.set("") ttk.Button(root, text="Clear", command=clear).pack() root.mainloop() .. _tkinter-window-manager: The window manager ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ .. index:: single: window manager (widgets) The *window manager* is the part of the desktop responsible for the title bar, border and controls drawn around each top-level window, and for such things as its title, position, size and icon. Tk gives access to these through the :class:`Wm` mixin, which is inherited by the :class:`Tk` root window and by every :class:`Toplevel`. You therefore call the window-manager methods directly on a top-level window. Each has a short name and an equivalent ``wm_``-prefixed name, for example :meth:`~Wm.title` and :meth:`~Wm.wm_title`. These methods act on the top-level window whether its content is built from the classic widgets or the themed :mod:`tkinter.ttk` widgets. To reach the top-level window containing an arbitrary widget, call its :meth:`~Misc.winfo_toplevel` method. For example:: import tkinter as tk from tkinter import ttk root = tk.Tk() root.title("My Application") root.geometry("640x480") root.minsize(320, 240) ttk.Label(root, text="Hello").pack(padx=20, pady=20) root.mainloop() See :class:`Wm` for the full set of window-manager methods. .. _Tk-option-data-types: Tk option data types ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ .. index:: single: Tk Option Data Types Many widget options documented in the reference accept values of a small number of common types, described here. anchor Legal values are points of the compass: ``"n"``, ``"ne"``, ``"e"``, ``"se"``, ``"s"``, ``"sw"``, ``"w"``, ``"nw"``, and also ``"center"``. bitmap There are ten built-in, named bitmaps: ``'error'``, ``'gray12'``, ``'gray25'``, ``'gray50'``, ``'gray75'``, ``'hourglass'``, ``'info'``, ``'questhead'``, ``'question'``, ``'warning'``. To specify an X bitmap filename, give the full path to the file, preceded with an ``@``, as in ``"@/usr/contrib/bitmap/gumby.bit"``. boolean You can pass integers 0 or 1 or the strings ``"yes"`` or ``"no"``. callback This is any Python function that takes no arguments. For example:: def print_it(): print("hi there") fred["command"] = print_it color Colors can be given as the names of X colors in the rgb.txt file, or as strings representing RGB values in 4 bit: ``"#RGB"``, 8 bit: ``"#RRGGBB"``, 12 bit: ``"#RRRGGGBBB"``, or 16 bit: ``"#RRRRGGGGBBBB"`` ranges, where R,G,B here represent any legal hex digit. See the :manpage:`colors(3tk)` man page for the list of named colors. cursor The name of the mouse cursor to display while the pointer is over the widget. Tk provides a portable set of cursor names available on all platforms (for example ``"arrow"``, ``"watch"``, ``"cross"``, or ``"hand2"``); the standard X cursor names from :file:`cursorfont.h` may also be used, without the ``XC_`` prefix (so ``XC_hand2`` becomes ``"hand2"``). The full list of names, including the platform-specific ones, is given in the :manpage:`cursors(3tk)` manual page. You can also specify a bitmap and mask file of your own. On Windows a cursor file (:file:`.cur` or :file:`.ani`) may be used directly, giving its path preceded with an ``@``, as in ``"@C:/cursors/bart.ani"``. distance Screen distances can be specified in either pixels or absolute distances. Pixels are given as numbers and absolute distances as strings, with the trailing character denoting units: ``c`` for centimetres, ``i`` for inches, ``m`` for millimetres, ``p`` for printer's points. For example, 3.5 inches is expressed as ``"3.5i"``. font Tk uses a font description such as ``{courier 10 bold}``; in :mod:`!tkinter` this is most naturally passed as a tuple of ``(family, size, *styles)`` (or as the equivalent string ``"Courier 10 bold"``). Font sizes with positive numbers are measured in points; sizes with negative numbers are measured in pixels. geometry This is a string of the form ``widthxheight``, where width and height are measured in pixels for most widgets (in characters for widgets displaying text). For example: ``fred["geometry"] = "200x100"``. justify Legal values are the strings: ``"left"``, ``"center"``, and ``"right"``. region This is a string with four space-delimited elements, each of which is a legal distance (see above). For example: ``"2 3 4 5"`` and ``"3i 2i 4.5i 2i"`` and ``"3c 2c 4c 10.43c"`` are all legal regions. relief Determines what the border style of a widget will be. Legal values are: ``"raised"``, ``"sunken"``, ``"flat"``, ``"groove"``, ``"ridge"``, and ``"solid"``. scrollcommand This is almost always the :meth:`!set` method of some scrollbar widget, but can be any widget method that takes a single argument. wrap Must be one of: ``"none"``, ``"char"``, or ``"word"``. .. _Bindings-and-Events: Bindings and events ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ .. index:: single: bind (widgets) single: events (widgets) The bind method from the widget command allows you to watch for certain events and to have a callback function trigger when that event type occurs. The form of the bind method is:: def bind(self, sequence, func, add=''): where: sequence is a string that denotes the target kind of event. Physical events use the ``<modifier-modifier-type-detail>`` form (for example ``"<Enter>"`` or ``"<Control-Button-1>"``); application-defined virtual events use double angle brackets, as in ``"<<Paste>>"``. (See the :manpage:`bind(3tk)` man page for details.) func is a Python function, taking one argument, to be invoked when the event occurs. An Event instance will be passed as the argument. (Functions deployed this way are commonly known as *callbacks*.) add is optional, either ``''`` or ``'+'``. Passing an empty string denotes that this binding is to replace any other bindings that this event is associated with. Passing a ``'+'`` means that this function is to be added to the list of functions bound to this event type. For example:: def turn_red(self, event): event.widget["activeforeground"] = "red" self.button.bind("<Enter>", self.turn_red) Notice how the widget field of the event is being accessed in the ``turn_red()`` callback. This field contains the widget that caught the X event. The following table lists the other event fields you can access, and how they are denoted in Tk, which can be useful when referring to the Tk man pages. +----+---------------------+----+---------------------+ | Tk | Tkinter Event Field | Tk | Tkinter Event Field | +====+=====================+====+=====================+ | %f | focus | %A | char | +----+---------------------+----+---------------------+ | %h | height | %E | send_event | +----+---------------------+----+---------------------+ | %k | keycode | %K | keysym | +----+---------------------+----+---------------------+ | %s | state | %N | keysym_num | +----+---------------------+----+---------------------+ | %t | time | %T | type | +----+---------------------+----+---------------------+ | %w | width | %W | widget | +----+---------------------+----+---------------------+ | %x | x | %X | x_root | +----+---------------------+----+---------------------+ | %y | y | %Y | y_root | +----+---------------------+----+---------------------+ | %# | serial | %b | num | +----+---------------------+----+---------------------+ | %d | detail | %D | delta | +----+---------------------+----+---------------------+ The ``add`` parameter above only affects the bindings you make yourself. Every widget also inherits *class bindings* that implement its standard behavior -- for example a :class:`Text` widget binds :kbd:`Control-t` to transpose two characters. These are described in the bindings section of the widget's Tk man page (such as :manpage:`text(3tk)` or :manpage:`entry(3tk)`). Class bindings are processed separately from your own, so binding an event yourself does not replace the default; both run. To suppress an unwanted default binding, bind the event on the widget and return the string ``"break"`` from your callback. The index parameter ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ A number of widgets require "index" parameters to be passed. These are used to point at a specific place in a Text widget, or to particular characters in an Entry widget, or to particular menu items in a Menu widget. Entry widget indexes (index, view index, etc.) Entry widgets have methods and options that refer to character positions in the text being displayed. Anytime an index is needed, you may pass in: * an integer which refers to the numeric position of a character, counted from the beginning of the text, starting with 0; * the string ``"anchor"``, which refers to the anchor point of the selection, set with the widget's selection methods; * the string ``"end"``, which refers to the position just after the last character; * the string ``"insert"``, which refers to the character just after the insertion cursor; * the strings ``"sel.first"`` and ``"sel.last"``, which refer to the first character in the selection and the position just after the last (it is an error to use these if there is no selection); * a string consisting of ``@`` followed by an integer, as in ``"@6"``, where the integer is interpreted as an x pixel coordinate in the entry's coordinate system, selecting the character spanning that point. Text widget indexes The index notation for Text widgets is very rich and is best described in the Tk man pages. Menu indexes (menu.invoke(), menu.entryconfig(), etc.) Some options and methods for menus manipulate specific menu entries. Anytime a menu index is needed for an option or a parameter, you may pass in: * an integer which refers to the numeric position of the entry in the widget, counted from the top, starting with 0; * the string ``"active"``, which refers to the menu position that is currently under the cursor; * the string ``"last"`` which refers to the last menu item; * a string consisting of ``@`` followed by an integer, as in ``"@6"``, where the integer is interpreted as a y pixel coordinate in the menu's coordinate system; * the string ``"none"``, which indicates no menu entry at all, most often used with menu.activate() to deactivate all entries, and finally, * a text string that is pattern matched against the label of the menu entry, as scanned from the top of the menu to the bottom. Note that this index type is considered after all the others, which means that matches for menu items labelled ``last``, ``active``, or ``none`` may be interpreted as the above literals, instead. Images ^^^^^^ Images of different formats can be created through the corresponding subclass of :class:`tkinter.Image`: * :class:`BitmapImage` for images in XBM format. * :class:`PhotoImage` for images in PGM, PPM, GIF and PNG formats. The latter is supported starting with Tk 8.6. Either type of image is created through either the ``file`` or the ``data`` option (other options are available as well). .. versionchanged:: 3.13 Added the :class:`!PhotoImage` method :meth:`!copy_replace` to copy a region from one image to other image, possibly with pixel zooming and/or subsampling. Add *from_coords* parameter to :class:`!PhotoImage` methods :meth:`!copy`, :meth:`!zoom` and :meth:`!subsample`. Add *zoom* and *subsample* parameters to :class:`!PhotoImage` method :meth:`!copy`. The image object can then be used wherever an ``image`` option is supported by some widget (for example, labels, buttons, menus). In these cases, Tk will not keep a reference to the image. When the last Python reference to the image object is deleted, the image data is deleted as well, and Tk will display an empty box wherever the image was used. .. seealso:: The `Pillow <https://python-pillow.org/>`_ package adds support for formats such as BMP, JPEG, TIFF, and WebP, among others. Reference --------- .. currentmodule:: tkinter This section documents the classes, methods, functions and constants of the :mod:`!tkinter` module. Most of them wrap Tcl/Tk commands; consult the official Tcl/Tk manual pages for the full list of widget options and further details. .. exception:: TclError The exception raised when a call into the Tcl interpreter fails, for example when a widget is given an unknown option or an invalid value. Base and mixin classes ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ .. class:: Misc() The :class:`!Misc` class is a mix-in inherited by :class:`Tk` and, through :class:`BaseWidget`, by every widget. It provides the large set of methods common to all Tk objects: querying window information, managing event bindings and the event loop, controlling the keyboard focus and pointer grabs, accessing the selection, clipboard and option database, and assorted utility and introspection services. Because they are inherited, these methods are available on every widget and on the :class:`Tk` application object, and are documented here once rather than repeated for each widget. .. method:: cget(key) Return the current value of the configuration option named *key* for this widget, as a string. The expression ``widget[key]`` is equivalent and may be used instead. .. method:: config(cnf=None, **kw) :no-typesetting: .. method:: configure(cnf=None, **kw) Query or modify the configuration options of the widget. With no arguments, return a dictionary mapping every available option name to a tuple describing it (its name, X resource name, X resource class, default value and current value). If a single option name is given as a string, return the tuple for just that option. If one or more keyword arguments are given, or a dictionary is passed as *cnf*, set each named option to the corresponding value; the expression ``widget[key] = value`` sets a single option in the same way. :meth:`config` is an alias of :meth:`!configure`. .. method:: keys() Return a list of the names of all configuration options of this widget. .. method:: getboolean(s) Interpret the string *s* as a Tcl boolean and return the corresponding :class:`bool`. Tcl accepts values such as ``'1'``, ``'0'``, ``'yes'``, ``'no'``, ``'true'`` and ``'false'``. Raise :exc:`ValueError` if *s* is not a valid boolean. .. method:: getdouble(s) Interpret the string *s* as a Tcl floating-point number and return it as a :class:`float`. Raise :exc:`ValueError` if *s* is not a valid number. .. versionadded:: 3.5 .. method:: getint(s) Interpret the string *s* as a Tcl integer and return it as an :class:`int`. Raise :exc:`ValueError` if *s* is not a valid integer. .. method:: getvar(name) Return the value of the Tcl global variable named *name*. .. method:: setvar(name, value) Set the Tcl global variable named *name* to *value*. The :meth:`!getvar` and :meth:`!setvar` methods give direct access to Tcl variables. In most code you will instead use a :class:`Variable` subclass such as :class:`StringVar` or :class:`IntVar`, which wraps a Tcl variable and converts its value to and from a Python type. .. method:: register(func, subst=None, needcleanup=1) Register the Python callable *func* as a Tcl command and return the name of the new command as a string. Whenever Tcl invokes that command, *func* is called; if *subst* is given, it is applied to the command's arguments first. This is the mechanism used internally to turn Python callbacks into the command names passed to Tk options such as *command*. Unless *needcleanup* is false, the command is deleted automatically when the widget is destroyed. .. versionchanged:: 3.13 The arguments passed to *func* are no longer converted to strings. .. method:: deletecommand(name) Delete the Tcl command named *name*, such as one previously returned by :meth:`register`. .. method:: nametowidget(name) Return the widget instance corresponding to the Tk pathname *name*. .. method:: send(interp, cmd, *args) Send the Tcl command *cmd*, with the given *args*, to the Tcl interpreter registered under the name *interp*, and return its result. This is not available on all platforms. .. method:: destroy() Destroy this widget and all of its descendant widgets, and delete the Tcl commands associated with them. .. method:: lift(aboveThis=None) :no-typesetting: .. method:: tkraise(aboveThis=None) Raise this widget in the stacking order so that it is drawn on top of its siblings. If *aboveThis* is given, the widget is moved to be just above it in the stacking order instead. :meth:`lift` is an alias of :meth:`!tkraise`. .. method:: lower(belowThis=None) Lower this widget in the stacking order so that it is drawn beneath its siblings. If *belowThis* is given, the widget is moved to be just below it in the stacking order instead. :meth:`tkraise`/:meth:`lift` and :meth:`lower` are overridden by the :class:`Canvas` widget, where they restack canvas items instead. .. method:: image_names() Return the names of all images that currently exist in the Tcl interpreter. This is overridden by the :class:`Text` widget, where :meth:`!image_names` returns the names of its embedded images instead. .. method:: image_types() Return the available image types, such as ``'photo'`` and ``'bitmap'``. .. method:: anchor(anchor=None) :no-typesetting: .. method:: grid_anchor(anchor=None) Set the anchor that controls where the grid is placed inside this container when the container is larger than the grid and no row or column has a non-zero weight. *anchor* is one of the usual anchor strings, such as ``'nw'`` (the default) or ``'center'``. Called with no argument, this method has no effect. :meth:`anchor` is an alias of :meth:`!grid_anchor`. .. versionadded:: 3.3 .. method:: bbox(column=None, row=None, col2=None, row2=None) :no-typesetting: .. method:: grid_bbox(column=None, row=None, col2=None, row2=None) Return the bounding box, in pixels, of a region of the grid laid out in this container, as a 4-tuple ``(xoffset, yoffset, width, height)``. With no arguments the bounding box of the whole grid is returned. If *column* and *row* are given, the box spans from the cell at row and column 0 to that cell; if *col2* and *row2* are also given, it spans from the cell (*column*, *row*) to the cell (*col2*, *row2*). :meth:`bbox` is an alias of :meth:`!grid_bbox`, except on :class:`Canvas`, :class:`Listbox`, :class:`Spinbox`, :class:`Text`, :class:`ttk.Entry <tkinter.ttk.Entry>` and :class:`ttk.Treeview <tkinter.ttk.Treeview>`, which provide their own :meth:`!bbox` method. .. method:: columnconfigure(index, cnf={}, **kw) :no-typesetting: .. method:: grid_columnconfigure(index, cnf={}, **kw) Query or set the properties of the column (or columns) *index* of the grid managed by this container. *index* may be a column number; when setting options it may also be a list of column numbers, the string ``'all'`` to affect every column, or a child widget whose occupied columns are affected. The supported options are: *minsize* The column's minimum size, in pixels. *weight* An integer setting how much of any extra space is apportioned to the column. A weight of ``0`` keeps the column at its requested size, and a column of weight two grows twice as fast as a column of weight one. *uniform* The name of a uniform group. Columns sharing a non-empty group name are kept in sizes that are strictly proportional to their weights. *pad* Extra space, in pixels, added to the largest widget in the column when computing the column's size. With a single option name, return that option's value; with no options, return a dictionary of all of them. :meth:`columnconfigure` is an alias of :meth:`!grid_columnconfigure`. .. method:: rowconfigure(index, cnf={}, **kw) :no-typesetting: .. method:: grid_rowconfigure(index, cnf={}, **kw) Query or set the properties of the row (or rows) *index* of the grid managed by this container. *index* is interpreted as for :meth:`grid_columnconfigure`, and the supported options (*minsize*, *weight*, *uniform* and *pad*) are the same, applied to a row instead of a column. :meth:`rowconfigure` is an alias of :meth:`!grid_rowconfigure`. .. method:: grid_location(x, y) Return the ``(column, row)`` of the grid cell that contains the pixel at position (*x*, *y*), given in pixels relative to this container. For locations above or to the left of the grid, ``-1`` is returned for the corresponding coordinate. .. method:: grid_propagate() grid_propagate(flag) Enable or disable geometry propagation for this container when it manages its children with the grid geometry manager. When *flag* is true, the container resizes itself to fit the requested sizes of its children; when it is false, its size is left under your control. Called with no argument, return the current setting as a boolean. .. method:: size() :no-typesetting: .. method:: grid_size() Return the size of the grid managed by this container as a ``(columns, rows)`` tuple. :meth:`size` is an alias of :meth:`!grid_size`, except on the :class:`Listbox` widget, which provides its own :meth:`!size` method. .. method:: grid_slaves(row=None, column=None) Return a list of the child widgets managed in this container's grid, most recently managed first. If *row* or *column* is given, only the children in that row or column are returned. .. method:: propagate() propagate(flag) :no-typesetting: .. method:: pack_propagate() pack_propagate(flag) Enable or disable geometry propagation for this container when it manages its children with the pack geometry manager. When *flag* is true, the container resizes itself to fit the requested sizes of its children; when it is false, its size is left under your control. Called with no argument, return the current setting as a boolean. :meth:`propagate` is an alias of :meth:`!pack_propagate`. .. method:: slaves() :no-typesetting: .. method:: pack_slaves() Return a list of the child widgets managed by this container with the pack geometry manager, in packing order. :meth:`slaves` is an alias of :meth:`!pack_slaves`. .. method:: place_slaves() Return a list of the child widgets managed by this container with the place geometry manager. The methods with the ``bind`` and ``unbind`` prefixes associate event patterns with callbacks and remove those associations. .. method:: bind(sequence=None, func=None, add=None) Bind the event pattern *sequence* on this widget to the callable *func*. *sequence* is an event pattern, such as ``'<Button-1>'`` (a mouse click) or ``'<KeyPress-a>'``, optionally a concatenation of several such patterns that must occur shortly after one another. When the event occurs, *func* is called with an :class:`Event` instance describing it as its only argument; if *func* returns the string ``'break'``, no further bindings for the event are invoked. If *add* is true, *func* is added to any functions already bound to *sequence*; otherwise it replaces them. The binding applies only to this widget. :meth:`!bind` returns a string identifier (a *funcid*) that can later be passed to :meth:`unbind` to remove the binding without leaking the associated Tcl command. If *func* is omitted, return the binding currently associated with *sequence*; if *sequence* is also omitted, return a list of all the sequences for which bindings exist on this widget. .. method:: bind_class(className, sequence=None, func=None, add=None) Like :meth:`bind`, but bind *func* to the binding tag *className* rather than to a single widget, so that the binding applies to every widget having that tag. *className* is usually the name of a widget class, such as ``'Button'``, in which case the binding affects all widgets of that class. The set of binding tags for a widget can be inspected and changed with :meth:`bindtags`. The remaining arguments and the return value are as for :meth:`bind`. .. method:: bind_all(sequence=None, func=None, add=None) Like :meth:`bind`, but bind *func* to the special binding tag ``'all'``, so that the binding applies to every widget in the application. The remaining arguments and the return value are as for :meth:`bind`. .. method:: unbind(sequence, funcid=None) Remove bindings for the event pattern *sequence* on this widget. If *funcid* is given, only the function identified by it (a value returned from a previous call to :meth:`bind`) is removed, and its associated Tcl command is deleted. Otherwise all bindings for *sequence* are destroyed, leaving it unbound. .. versionchanged:: 3.13 If *funcid* is given, only that callback is unbound; other callbacks bound to *sequence* are kept. .. method:: unbind_class(className, sequence) Remove all bindings for the event pattern *sequence* from the binding tag *className*. See :meth:`bind_class`. .. method:: unbind_all(sequence) Remove all bindings for the event pattern *sequence* from the special binding tag ``'all'``. See :meth:`bind_all`. .. method:: bindtags(tagList=None) If *tagList* is omitted, return a tuple of the binding tags associated with this widget. When an event occurs in a widget, it is applied to each of the widget's binding tags in order, and for each tag the most specific matching binding is executed. By default a widget has four binding tags: its own pathname, its widget class, the pathname of its nearest toplevel ancestor, and ``'all'``, in that order. If *tagList* is given, it must be a sequence of strings; the widget's binding tags are set to its elements, which determines the order in which bindings are evaluated. The methods with the ``event_`` prefix define virtual events and generate events programmatically. .. method:: event_add(virtual, *sequences) Associate the virtual event *virtual*, whose name has the form ``'<<Paste>>'``, with each of the physical event patterns given by *sequences*, so that the virtual event triggers whenever any of them occurs. If *virtual* is already defined, the new sequences are added to its existing ones. .. method:: event_delete(virtual, *sequences) Remove each of *sequences* from those associated with the virtual event *virtual*. Sequences that are not currently associated with *virtual* are ignored. If no *sequences* are given, all physical event sequences are removed, so that *virtual* no longer triggers. .. method:: event_generate(sequence, **kw) Generate the event *sequence* on this widget and arrange for it to be processed just as if it had come from the window system. *sequence* must be a single event pattern, such as ``'<Button-1>'`` or ``'<<Paste>>'``, not a concatenation of several. Keyword arguments specify additional fields of the event, for example *x* and *y* for the pointer position, or *when* to control when the event is processed; refer to the Tk ``event`` manual page for the full list. .. method:: event_info(virtual=None) If *virtual* is omitted, return a tuple of all the virtual events that are currently defined. If *virtual* is given, return a tuple of the physical event sequences currently associated with it, or an empty tuple if it is not defined. The methods with the ``after`` prefix schedule callbacks to run after a delay or when the application is idle. .. method:: after(ms, func=None, *args) Schedule the callable *func* to be called after *ms* milliseconds, with *args* passed to it as positional arguments. Return an identifier that can be passed to :meth:`after_cancel` to cancel the call. If *func* is omitted, sleep for *ms* milliseconds instead, processing no events during that time, and return ``None``. .. versionchanged:: 3.10 *func* can now be any callable object, not only a function. .. method:: after_cancel(id) Cancel a callback previously scheduled with :meth:`after` or :meth:`after_idle`. *id* must be an identifier returned by one of those methods; passing a value that is not such an identifier raises :exc:`ValueError`. If the callback has already run or been cancelled, this has no effect. .. versionchanged:: 3.7 Passing ``None`` (or any false value) as *id* now raises :exc:`ValueError`. .. method:: after_idle(func, *args) Schedule the callable *func* to be called, with *args* passed to it, when the Tk main loop next becomes idle, that is, when it has no other events to process. Return an identifier that can be passed to :meth:`after_cancel` to cancel the call. .. method:: after_info(id=None) If *id* is omitted, return a tuple of the identifiers of all callbacks currently scheduled with :meth:`after` and :meth:`after_idle` for this interpreter. If *id* is given, it must identify a callback that has not yet run or been cancelled, and the return value is a tuple ``(script, type)``, where *script* refers to the function to be called and *type* is either ``'idle'`` or ``'timer'``. A :exc:`TclError` is raised if *id* does not exist. .. versionadded:: 3.13 .. method:: mainloop(n=0) Enter the Tk event loop, which processes events until all windows are destroyed. This is normally called once, on the root window, to run the application. .. method:: quit() Quit the Tcl interpreter, causing :meth:`mainloop` to return. .. method:: update() Enter the event loop until all pending events, including idle callbacks, have been processed. This brings the display up to date and handles any events that are already queued, then returns. .. method:: update_idletasks() Enter the event loop until all pending idle callbacks have been called. This updates the display of windows, for example after geometry changes, but does not process events caused by the user. .. method:: waitvar(name) :no-typesetting: .. method:: wait_variable(name) Wait until the Tcl variable *name* is modified, continuing to process events in the meantime so that the application stays responsive. *name* is usually a :class:`Variable` instance, such as an :class:`IntVar` or :class:`StringVar`. :meth:`waitvar` is an alias of :meth:`!wait_variable`. .. method:: wait_window(window=None) Wait until *window* is destroyed, continuing to process events in the meantime. If *window* is omitted, this widget is used. This is typically used to wait for the user to finish interacting with a dialog box. .. method:: wait_visibility(window=None) Wait until the visibility state of *window* changes, for example when it first appears on the screen, continuing to process events in the meantime. If *window* is omitted, this widget is used. This is typically used to wait for a newly created window to become visible before acting on it. The methods with the ``focus_`` prefix manage the keyboard focus. .. method:: focus_set() :no-typesetting: .. method:: focus() Direct the keyboard input focus for this widget's display to this widget. If the application does not currently have the input focus on this widget's display, the widget is remembered as the focus window for its top level, and the focus will be redirected to it the next time the window manager gives the focus to the top level. :meth:`focus` is an alias of :meth:`!focus_set`, except on the :class:`Canvas` and :class:`ttk.Treeview <tkinter.ttk.Treeview>` widgets, which provide their own :meth:`!focus` method. .. method:: focus_force() Direct the keyboard input focus to this widget even if the application does not currently have the input focus for the widget's display. This method should be used sparingly, if at all; normally an application should wait for the window manager to give it the focus rather than claiming it. .. method:: focus_get() Return the widget that currently has the keyboard focus in the application, or ``None`` if no widget in the application has the focus. Use :meth:`focus_displayof` to work correctly with several displays. .. method:: focus_displayof() Return the widget that currently has the keyboard focus on the display where this widget is located, or ``None`` if no widget in the application has the focus on that display. .. method:: focus_lastfor() Return the most recent widget to have had the keyboard focus among all the widgets in the same top level as this widget; this is the widget that will receive the focus the next time the window manager gives the focus to the top level. If no widget in that top level has ever had the focus, or if the most recent focus widget has been deleted, the top level itself is returned. .. method:: tk_focusFollowsMouse() Reconfigure Tk to use an implicit focus model in which the focus is set to a widget whenever the mouse pointer enters it. This cannot easily be disabled once enabled. .. method:: tk_focusNext() Return the next widget after this one in the keyboard traversal order, or ``None`` if there is none. The traversal order goes first to the next child, then recursively to the children of that child, and then to the next sibling higher in the stacking order. A widget is skipped if its ``takefocus`` option is set to ``0``. This method is used in the default bindings for the :kbd:`Tab` key. .. method:: tk_focusPrev() Return the previous widget before this one in the keyboard traversal order, or ``None`` if there is none. See :meth:`tk_focusNext` for how the order is defined. This method is used in the default bindings for the :kbd:`Shift-Tab` key. The methods with the ``grab_`` prefix set and query the input grab, which directs all input events to a single widget. .. method:: grab_set() Set a local grab on this widget. A grab confines pointer events to this widget and its descendants: while the pointer is outside the widget's subtree, button presses and releases and pointer motion are reported to the grab widget, and windows outside the subtree become insensitive until the grab is released. A local grab affects only the grabbing application. Any grab previously set by this application on the widget's display is automatically released. Setting a grab is the usual way to make a dialog modal: while the grab is in effect the user cannot interact with the other windows of the application. .. method:: grab_set_global() Set a global grab on this widget. A global grab is like the local grab set by :meth:`grab_set`, but it locks out all other applications on the screen, so that only this widget's subtree is sensitive to pointer events, and it also grabs the keyboard. Use with caution: it is easy to render a display unusable with a global grab, since other applications stop receiving events until it is released. .. method:: grab_release() Release the grab on this widget if there is one; otherwise do nothing. .. method:: grab_current() Return the widget that currently holds the grab in this application for this widget's display, or ``None`` if there is no such widget. .. method:: grab_status() Return ``None`` if no grab is currently set on this widget, ``"local"`` if a local grab is set, or ``"global"`` if a global grab is set. The methods with the ``selection_`` prefix retrieve and manage the X selection. .. method:: selection_clear(**kw) Clear the X selection, so that no window owns it anymore. The selection to clear is given by the keyword argument *selection*, an atom name such as ``'PRIMARY'`` or ``'CLIPBOARD'``; it defaults to ``PRIMARY``. The *displayof* keyword argument names a widget that determines the display on which to operate, and defaults to this widget. This is overridden by the :class:`Entry`, :class:`Listbox` and :class:`Spinbox` widgets, where :meth:`!selection_clear` clears the widget's own selection instead. .. method:: selection_get(**kw) Return the contents of the current X selection. The keyword argument *selection* names the selection and defaults to ``PRIMARY``. The keyword argument *type* specifies the form in which the data is to be returned (the desired conversion target), an atom name such as ``'STRING'`` or ``'FILE_NAME'``; it defaults to ``STRING``, except on X11, where ``UTF8_STRING`` is tried first and ``STRING`` is used as a fallback. The *displayof* keyword argument names a widget that determines the display from which to retrieve the selection, and defaults to this widget. .. method:: selection_handle(command, **kw) Register *command* as a handler to supply the X selection owned by this widget when another application requests it. When the selection is retrieved, *command* is called with two arguments, the starting character offset and the maximum number of characters to return, and must return at most that many characters of the selection starting at that offset; for very long selections it is called repeatedly with increasing offsets. The keyword argument *selection* names the selection (default ``PRIMARY``) and the keyword argument *type* gives the form of the selection that the handler supplies (such as ``'STRING'`` or ``'FILE_NAME'``, default ``STRING``). .. method:: selection_own(**kw) Make this widget the owner of the X selection on its display. The previous owner, if any, is notified that it has lost the selection. The keyword argument *selection* names the selection and defaults to ``PRIMARY``. .. method:: selection_own_get(**kw) Return the widget in this application that owns the X selection on the display containing this widget, or ``None`` if no widget in this application owns the selection. The keyword argument *selection* names the selection and defaults to ``PRIMARY``. The *displayof* keyword argument names a widget that determines the display to query, and defaults to this widget. The methods with the ``clipboard_`` prefix manage the clipboard. .. method:: clipboard_append(string, **kw) Append *string* to the Tk clipboard and claim ownership of the clipboard on this widget's display. Before appending, the clipboard should be emptied with :meth:`clipboard_clear`; all appends should be completed before returning to the event loop so that the clipboard is updated atomically. The keyword argument *type* specifies the form of the data, an atom name such as ``'STRING'`` or ``'FILE_NAME'`` (default ``STRING``), and the keyword argument *format* specifies the representation used to transmit it (default ``STRING``). The *displayof* keyword argument names a widget that determines the target display, and defaults to this widget. The contents can be retrieved with :meth:`clipboard_get` or :meth:`selection_get`. .. method:: clipboard_clear(**kw) Claim ownership of the clipboard on this widget's display and remove any previous contents. The *displayof* keyword argument names a widget that determines the target display, and defaults to this widget. .. method:: clipboard_get(**kw) Retrieve data from the clipboard on this widget's display. The keyword argument *type* specifies the form in which the data is to be returned, an atom name such as ``'STRING'`` or ``'FILE_NAME'``; it defaults to ``STRING``, except on X11, where ``UTF8_STRING`` is tried first and ``STRING`` is used as a fallback. The *displayof* keyword argument names a widget that determines the display, and defaults to the root window of the application. This is equivalent to ``selection_get(selection='CLIPBOARD')``. The methods with the ``option_`` prefix query and modify the Tk option database. .. method:: option_add(pattern, value, priority=None) Add an option to the Tk option database that associates *value* with *pattern*. *pattern* consists of names and/or classes separated by asterisks or dots, in the usual X format. *priority* is an integer between 0 and 100, or one of the symbolic names ``'widgetDefault'`` (20), ``'startupFile'`` (40), ``'userDefault'`` (60), or ``'interactive'`` (80); it defaults to ``interactive``. .. method:: option_clear() Clear the Tk option database. Default options from the :envvar:`!RESOURCE_MANAGER` property or the :file:`.Xdefaults` file are reloaded automatically the next time an option is added to or removed from the database. .. method:: option_get(name, className) Return the value of the option matching this widget under *name* and *className* from the Tk option database, or an empty string if there is no matching entry. When several entries match, the one with the highest priority is returned, and among entries of equal priority the most recently added one. .. method:: option_readfile(fileName, priority=None) Read the file named *fileName*, which should have the standard format for an X resource database such as :file:`.Xdefaults`, and add all the options it specifies to the Tk option database. *priority* is interpreted as for :meth:`option_add` and defaults to ``interactive``. .. method:: bell(displayof=0) Ring the bell on the display for this widget, using the display's current bell-related settings, and reset the screen saver for the screen. If *displayof* is given as a widget, the bell is rung on that widget's display instead. .. method:: tk_setPalette(background, /) tk_setPalette(*args, **kw) Set a new color scheme for all Tk widget elements. Existing widgets are updated and the option database is changed so that future widgets use the new colors. A single color argument is taken as the normal background color, from which a complete palette is computed. Alternatively, the arguments may be given as keyword *name*/*value* pairs naming individual options in the option database. The recognized option names are ``activeBackground``, ``activeForeground``, ``background``, ``disabledForeground``, ``foreground``, ``highlightBackground``, ``highlightColor``, ``insertBackground``, ``selectColor``, ``selectBackground``, ``selectForeground``, and ``troughColor``; reasonable defaults are computed for any that are not specified. .. method:: tk_bisque() Restore the application's colors to the light brown (bisque) color scheme used in Tk 3.6 and earlier versions. Provided for backward compatibility. .. method:: tk_strictMotif(boolean=None) Query or set whether Tk's look and feel should strictly adhere to Motif. A true *boolean* value enables strict Motif compliance (for example, no color change when the mouse passes over a slider). Return the resulting setting. The methods with the ``busy_`` prefix manage the busy state of a window, which shows a busy cursor and ignores user input. .. method:: busy(**kw) :no-typesetting: .. method:: busy_hold(**kw) :no-typesetting: .. method:: tk_busy(**kw) :no-typesetting: .. method:: tk_busy_hold(**kw) Make this widget appear busy. A transparent window is placed in front of the widget, so that it and all of its descendants in the widget hierarchy are blocked from pointer events and display a busy cursor. Normally :meth:`update` should be called immediately afterwards to ensure that the hold operation is in effect before the application starts its processing. The only supported configuration option is *cursor*, the cursor to be displayed while the widget is busy; it may have any of the values accepted by :meth:`!configure`. :meth:`busy_hold`, :meth:`busy` and :meth:`tk_busy` are aliases of :meth:`!tk_busy_hold`. .. versionadded:: 3.13 .. method:: busy_configure(cnf=None, **kw) :no-typesetting: .. method:: busy_config(cnf=None, **kw) :no-typesetting: .. method:: tk_busy_config(cnf=None, **kw) :no-typesetting: .. method:: tk_busy_configure(cnf=None, **kw) Query or modify the configuration options of the busy window. The widget must have been previously made busy by :meth:`tk_busy_hold`. With no arguments, return a dictionary describing all of the available options; if *cnf* is the name of an option, return a tuple describing that one option. Otherwise set the given options to the given values. Options may have any of the values accepted by :meth:`tk_busy_hold`. The option database is referenced through the widget name or class. For example, if a :class:`Frame` widget named ``frame`` is to be made busy, the busy cursor can be specified for it by either of the calls:: w.option_add('*frame.busyCursor', 'gumby') w.option_add('*Frame.BusyCursor', 'gumby') :meth:`busy_configure`, :meth:`busy_config` and :meth:`tk_busy_config` are aliases of :meth:`!tk_busy_configure`. .. versionadded:: 3.13 .. method:: busy_cget(option) :no-typesetting: .. method:: tk_busy_cget(option) Return the current value of the busy configuration *option*. The widget must have been previously made busy by :meth:`tk_busy_hold`, and *option* may have any of the values accepted by that method. :meth:`busy_cget` is an alias of :meth:`!tk_busy_cget`. .. versionadded:: 3.13 .. method:: busy_forget() :no-typesetting: .. method:: tk_busy_forget() Make this widget no longer busy, releasing the resources (including the transparent window) allocated when it was made busy. User events will again be received by the widget. These resources are also released when the widget is destroyed. :meth:`busy_forget` is an alias of :meth:`!tk_busy_forget`. .. versionadded:: 3.13 .. method:: busy_status() :no-typesetting: .. method:: tk_busy_status() Return ``True`` if the widget is currently busy, ``False`` otherwise. :meth:`busy_status` is an alias of :meth:`!tk_busy_status`. .. versionadded:: 3.13 .. method:: busy_current(pattern=None) :no-typesetting: .. method:: tk_busy_current(pattern=None) Return a list of widgets that are currently busy. If *pattern* is given, only busy widgets whose path names match the pattern are returned. :meth:`busy_current` is an alias of :meth:`!tk_busy_current`. .. versionadded:: 3.13 The methods with the ``winfo_`` prefix retrieve information about windows managed by Tk. .. method:: winfo_atom(name, displayof=0) Return the integer identifier for the atom whose name is *name*, creating a new atom if none exists. If *displayof* is given, the atom is looked up on the display of that window; otherwise it is looked up on the display of the application's main window. .. method:: winfo_atomname(id, displayof=0) Return the textual name for the atom whose integer identifier is *id*. This is the inverse of :meth:`winfo_atom`. If *displayof* is given, the identifier is looked up on the display of that window; otherwise it is looked up on the display of the application's main window. .. method:: winfo_cells() Return the number of cells in the colormap for the widget. .. method:: winfo_children() Return a list containing the widgets that are children of the widget, in stacking order from lowest to highest. Toplevel windows are returned as children of their logical parents. .. method:: winfo_class() Return the class name of the widget. .. method:: winfo_colormapfull() Return ``True`` if the colormap for the widget is known to be full, ``False`` otherwise. .. method:: winfo_containing(rootX, rootY, displayof=0) Return the widget containing the point given by *rootX* and *rootY*, or ``None`` if no window in this application contains the point. The coordinates are in screen units in the coordinate system of the root window. If *displayof* is given, the coordinates refer to the screen containing that window; otherwise they refer to the screen of the application's main window. .. method:: winfo_depth() Return the depth of the widget, that is, the number of bits per pixel. .. method:: winfo_exists() Return true if the widget exists, false otherwise. .. method:: winfo_fpixels(number) Return a floating-point value giving the number of pixels in the widget corresponding to the screen distance *number* (for example, ``"2.0c"`` or ``"1i"``). The result may be fractional; for a rounded integer value use :meth:`winfo_pixels`. .. method:: winfo_geometry() Return the geometry of the widget, in the form ``widthxheight+x+y``. All dimensions are in pixels. An offset can be negative; see :meth:`~Wm.geometry`. .. method:: winfo_height() Return the height of the widget in pixels. When a window is first created its height is 1 pixel; it is eventually changed by a geometry manager. See also :meth:`winfo_reqheight`. .. method:: winfo_id() Return a low-level platform-specific identifier for the widget. On Unix this is the X window identifier, and on Windows it is the window handle. .. method:: winfo_interps(displayof=0) Return a tuple of the names of all Tcl interpreters currently registered for a particular display. If *displayof* is given, the return value refers to the display of that window; otherwise it refers to the display of the application's main window. .. method:: winfo_ismapped() Return true if the widget is currently mapped, false otherwise. .. method:: winfo_manager() Return the name of the geometry manager currently responsible for the widget, or an empty string if it is not managed by any geometry manager. .. method:: winfo_name() Return the widget's name within its parent, as opposed to its full path name. .. method:: winfo_parent() Return the path name of the widget's parent, or an empty string if the widget is the main window of the application. .. method:: winfo_pathname(id, displayof=0) Return the path name of the window whose identifier is *id*. If *displayof* is given, the identifier is looked up on the display of that window; otherwise it is looked up on the display of the application's main window. .. method:: winfo_pixels(number) Return the number of pixels in the widget corresponding to the screen distance *number* (for example, ``"2.0c"`` or ``"1i"``). The result is rounded to the nearest integer; for a fractional result use :meth:`winfo_fpixels`. .. method:: winfo_pointerx() Return the pointer's *x* coordinate, in pixels, relative to the screen's root window (or virtual root, if one is in use). Return ``-1`` if the pointer is not on the same screen as the widget. .. method:: winfo_pointerxy() Return the pointer's coordinates as an ``(x, y)`` tuple, in pixels, relative to the screen's root window (or virtual root, if one is in use). Both coordinates are ``-1`` if the pointer is not on the same screen as the widget. .. method:: winfo_pointery() Return the pointer's *y* coordinate, in pixels, relative to the screen's root window (or virtual root, if one is in use). Return ``-1`` if the pointer is not on the same screen as the widget. .. method:: winfo_reqheight() Return the widget's requested height in pixels. This is the value used by the widget's geometry manager to compute its geometry. .. method:: winfo_reqwidth() Return the widget's requested width in pixels. This is the value used by the widget's geometry manager to compute its geometry. .. method:: winfo_rgb(color) Return an ``(r, g, b)`` tuple of the red, green, and blue intensities, in the range 0 to 65535, that correspond to *color* in the widget. *color* may be specified in any of the forms acceptable for a color option. .. method:: winfo_rootx() Return the *x* coordinate, in the root window of the screen, of the upper-left corner of the widget's border (or of the widget itself if it has no border). .. method:: winfo_rooty() Return the *y* coordinate, in the root window of the screen, of the upper-left corner of the widget's border (or of the widget itself if it has no border). .. method:: winfo_screen() Return the name of the screen associated with the widget, in the form ``displayName.screenIndex``. .. method:: winfo_screencells() Return the number of cells in the default colormap for the widget's screen. .. method:: winfo_screendepth() Return the depth of the root window of the widget's screen, that is, the number of bits per pixel. .. method:: winfo_screenheight() Return the height of the widget's screen in pixels. .. method:: winfo_screenmmheight() Return the height of the widget's screen in millimeters. .. method:: winfo_screenmmwidth() Return the width of the widget's screen in millimeters. .. method:: winfo_screenvisual() Return the default visual class for the widget's screen, one of ``"directcolor"``, ``"grayscale"``, ``"pseudocolor"``, ``"staticcolor"``, ``"staticgray"``, or ``"truecolor"``. .. method:: winfo_screenwidth() Return the width of the widget's screen in pixels. .. method:: winfo_server() Return a string containing information about the server for the widget's display. The exact format of this string may vary from platform to platform. .. method:: winfo_toplevel() Return the top-of-hierarchy window containing the widget. In standard Tk this is always a :class:`Toplevel` widget. .. method:: winfo_viewable() Return true if the widget and all of its ancestors up through the nearest toplevel window are mapped, false otherwise. .. method:: winfo_visual() Return the visual class for the widget, one of ``"directcolor"``, ``"grayscale"``, ``"pseudocolor"``, ``"staticcolor"``, ``"staticgray"``, or ``"truecolor"``. .. method:: winfo_visualid() Return the X identifier for the visual for the widget. .. method:: winfo_visualsavailable(includeids=False) Return a list describing the visuals available for the widget's screen. Each item consists of a visual class (see :meth:`winfo_visual`) followed by an integer depth. If *includeids* is true, the X identifier for the visual is also included. .. method:: winfo_vrootheight() Return the height of the virtual root window associated with the widget if there is one; otherwise return the height of the widget's screen. .. method:: winfo_vrootwidth() Return the width of the virtual root window associated with the widget if there is one; otherwise return the width of the widget's screen. .. method:: winfo_vrootx() Return the *x* offset of the virtual root window associated with the widget, relative to the root window of its screen. This is normally zero or negative, and is ``0`` if there is no virtual root window. .. method:: winfo_vrooty() Return the *y* offset of the virtual root window associated with the widget, relative to the root window of its screen. This is normally zero or negative, and is ``0`` if there is no virtual root window. .. method:: winfo_width() Return the width of the widget in pixels. When a window is first created its width is 1 pixel; it is eventually changed by a geometry manager. See also :meth:`winfo_reqwidth`. .. method:: winfo_x() Return the *x* coordinate, in the widget's parent, of the upper-left corner of the widget's border (or of the widget itself if it has no border). .. method:: winfo_y() Return the *y* coordinate, in the widget's parent, of the upper-left corner of the widget's border (or of the widget itself if it has no border). .. method:: info_patchlevel() Return the Tcl/Tk patch level as a named tuple with the same five fields as :data:`sys.version_info`: *major*, *minor*, *micro*, *releaselevel* and *serial*. *releaselevel* is ``'alpha'``, ``'beta'`` or ``'final'``. Converting it to a string gives the version in the usual Tcl/Tk notation, for example ``'9.0.3'`` for a final release or ``'9.1b2'`` for a pre-release. .. versionadded:: 3.11 .. class:: Wm() The :class:`!Wm` mixin provides access to the window manager, allowing an application to control such things as the title, geometry and icon of a top-level window, the way it is resized, and how it responds to window manager protocols. It is mixed into :class:`Tk` and :class:`Toplevel`, so its methods are available on every top-level window. Each method has two equivalent spellings: a short name and a ``wm_``-prefixed name (for example, :meth:`title` and :meth:`wm_title`). See also :ref:`tkinter-window-manager`. .. method:: wm_aspect(minNumer=None, minDenom=None, maxNumer=None, maxDenom=None) :no-typesetting: .. method:: aspect(minNumer=None, minDenom=None, maxNumer=None, maxDenom=None) Constrain the aspect ratio (the ratio of width to height) of the window. If all four arguments are given, the window manager keeps the ratio between ``minNumer/minDenom`` and ``maxNumer/maxDenom``; passing empty strings removes any existing restriction. With no arguments, return a tuple of the four current values, or ``None`` if no aspect restriction is in effect. :meth:`wm_aspect` is an alias of :meth:`!aspect`. .. method:: wm_attributes(*args, return_python_dict=False, **kwargs) :no-typesetting: .. method:: attributes(*args, return_python_dict=False, **kwargs) Query or set platform-specific attributes of the window. With no arguments, return the platform-specific flags and their values; pass *return_python_dict* as true to get them as a dictionary. A single option name such as ``'alpha'`` returns the value of that option, and options are set using keyword arguments (``alpha=0.5``). The available attributes differ by platform. All platforms support: *alpha* The window's opacity, from ``0.0`` (fully transparent) to ``1.0`` (opaque). Where transparency is unsupported the value stays at ``1.0``. *appearance* Whether the window is rendered in dark mode on Windows and macOS: ``'auto'``, ``'light'`` or ``'dark'`` (this has no effect on X11). *fullscreen* Whether the window takes up the entire screen and has no borders. *topmost* Whether the window is displayed above all other windows. Windows additionally supports: *disabled* Whether the window is in a disabled state. *toolwindow* Whether the window uses the tool window style. *transparentcolor* The color that is made fully transparent, or an empty string for none. macOS additionally supports: *class* Whether the underlying Aqua window is an ``nswindow`` or an ``nspanel``; this can only be set before the window is created. *modified* The modification state shown by the window's close button and proxy icon. *notify* Whether the application's dock icon bounces to request attention. *stylemask* The style mask of the underlying Aqua window, given as a list of bit names such as ``titled`` or ``resizable``. *tabbingid* The identifier of the tab group that the window belongs to. *tabbingmode* Whether the window may be opened as a tab: ``'auto'``, ``'preferred'`` or ``'disallowed'``. *titlepath* The path of the file represented by the window's proxy icon. *transparent* Whether the content area is transparent and the window shadow is turned off. X11 additionally supports: *type* The window type, or a list of types in order of preference, that the window manager should use to interpret the window, such as ``'dialog'`` or ``'splash'``. *zoomed* Whether the window is maximized. .. note:: Tk 8.6 added the *type* attribute, and Tk 9.0 added the *appearance*, *class*, *stylemask*, *tabbingid* and *tabbingmode* attributes. On X11 changes are applied asynchronously, so a queried value may not yet reflect the most recent request. :meth:`wm_attributes` is an alias of :meth:`!attributes`. .. versionchanged:: 3.13 A single attribute may now be queried by name without the leading ``-``, and attributes may be set using keyword arguments. The *return_python_dict* parameter was added. .. deprecated:: 3.13 Setting an attribute by passing the option name (with a leading ``-``) and its value as two positional arguments, as in ``w.attributes('-alpha', 0.5)``, is deprecated; use keyword arguments instead. .. method:: wm_client(name=None) :no-typesetting: .. method:: client(name=None) Store *name*, which should be the name of the host on which the application is running, in the window's ``WM_CLIENT_MACHINE`` property for use by the window or session manager. An empty string deletes the property. With no argument, return the last name set, or an empty string. :meth:`wm_client` is an alias of :meth:`!client`. .. method:: wm_colormapwindows(*wlist) :no-typesetting: .. method:: colormapwindows(*wlist) Manipulate the ``WM_COLORMAP_WINDOWS`` property, which tells the window manager about windows that have private colormaps. If *wlist* is given, overwrite the property with those windows (their order is a priority order for installing colormaps). With no arguments, return the list of windows currently named in the property. :meth:`wm_colormapwindows` is an alias of :meth:`!colormapwindows`. .. method:: wm_command(value=None) :no-typesetting: .. method:: command(value=None) Store *value* in the window's ``WM_COMMAND`` property for use by the window or session manager; it should be a list giving the words of the command used to invoke the application. An empty string deletes the property. With no argument, return the last value set, or an empty string. :meth:`wm_command` is an alias of :meth:`!command`. .. method:: wm_deiconify() :no-typesetting: .. method:: deiconify() Display the window in normal (non-iconified) form by mapping it. If the window has never been mapped, this ensures it appears de-iconified when it is first mapped. On Windows the window is also raised and given the focus. :meth:`wm_deiconify` is an alias of :meth:`!deiconify`. .. method:: wm_focusmodel(model=None) :no-typesetting: .. method:: focusmodel(model=None) Set or query the focus model for the window. *model* is either ``'active'`` (the window claims the input focus for itself or its descendants, even when the focus is in another application) or ``'passive'`` (the window relies on the window manager to give it the focus). With no argument, return the current model. The default is ``'passive'``, which is what the :meth:`!focus` command assumes. :meth:`wm_focusmodel` is an alias of :meth:`!focusmodel`. .. method:: wm_forget(window) :no-typesetting: .. method:: forget(window) Unmap *window* from the screen so that it is no longer managed by the window manager. A :class:`Toplevel` is then treated like a :class:`Frame`, although its ``-menu`` configuration is remembered and the menu reappears if the widget is managed again. :meth:`wm_forget` is an alias of :meth:`!forget`. Not to be confused with :meth:`Pack.forget`. .. versionadded:: 3.3 .. method:: wm_frame() :no-typesetting: .. method:: frame() Return the platform-specific window identifier for the outermost decorative frame containing the window, if the window manager has reparented it into such a frame; otherwise return the identifier of the window itself. :meth:`wm_frame` is an alias of :meth:`!frame`. .. method:: wm_geometry(newGeometry=None) :no-typesetting: .. method:: geometry(newGeometry=None) Set or query the geometry of the window. *newGeometry* has the form ``=widthxheight+x+y``, where any of ``=``, ``widthxheight`` and the ``+x+y`` position may be omitted. *width* and *height* are in pixels (or grid units for a gridded window); a position preceded by ``+`` is measured from the left or top edge of the screen and one preceded by ``-`` from the right or bottom edge. An offset can be negative, as in ``'200x100+-9+-8'``, when the window edge is positioned beyond the corresponding screen edge. An empty string cancels any user-specified geometry, letting the window revert to its natural size. With no argument, return the current geometry as a string of the form ``'200x200+10+10'``. :meth:`wm_geometry` is an alias of :meth:`!geometry`. .. method:: wm_grid(baseWidth=None, baseHeight=None, widthInc=None, heightInc=None) :no-typesetting: .. method:: grid(baseWidth=None, baseHeight=None, widthInc=None, heightInc=None) Manage the window as a gridded window and define the relationship between grid units and pixels. *baseWidth* and *baseHeight* are the numbers of grid units for the window's internally requested size, and *widthInc* and *heightInc* are the pixel sizes of a horizontal and vertical grid unit. Empty strings turn off gridded management. With no arguments, return a tuple of the four current values, or ``None`` if the window is not gridded. :meth:`wm_grid` is an alias of :meth:`!grid`. Not to be confused with the grid geometry manager :meth:`Grid.grid`. .. method:: wm_group(pathName=None) :no-typesetting: .. method:: group(pathName=None) Set or query the leader of a group of related windows. *pathName* gives the path name of the group leader; the window manager may, for example, unmap all windows in the group when the leader is iconified. An empty string removes the window from any group. With no argument, return the path name of the current group leader, or an empty string. :meth:`wm_group` is an alias of :meth:`!group`. .. method:: wm_iconbitmap(bitmap=None, default=None) :no-typesetting: .. method:: iconbitmap(bitmap=None, default=None) Set or query the bitmap used by the window manager for the window's icon. *bitmap* names a bitmap in one of the standard forms accepted by Tk; an empty string cancels the current icon bitmap. With no argument, return the name of the current icon bitmap, or an empty string. On Windows the *default* argument names an icon (for example an ``.ico`` file) applied to all top-level windows that have no icon of their own. :meth:`wm_iconbitmap` is an alias of :meth:`!iconbitmap`. .. method:: wm_iconify() :no-typesetting: .. method:: iconify() Iconify the window. If the window has not yet been mapped for the first time, arrange for it to appear in the iconified state when it is eventually mapped. :meth:`wm_iconify` is an alias of :meth:`!iconify`. .. method:: wm_iconmask(bitmap=None) :no-typesetting: .. method:: iconmask(bitmap=None) Set or query the bitmap used as a mask for the icon (see :meth:`iconbitmap`). Where the mask is zero no icon is displayed; where it is one, the corresponding bits of the icon bitmap are shown. An empty string cancels the current mask. With no argument, return the name of the current icon mask, or an empty string. :meth:`wm_iconmask` is an alias of :meth:`!iconmask`. .. method:: wm_iconname(newName=None) :no-typesetting: .. method:: iconname(newName=None) Set or query the name displayed by the window manager inside the window's icon. With no argument, return the current icon name, or an empty string if none has been set (in which case the window manager normally displays the window's title). :meth:`wm_iconname` is an alias of :meth:`!iconname`. .. method:: wm_iconphoto(default=False, *images) :no-typesetting: .. method:: iconphoto(default=False, *images) Set the titlebar icon for the window from one or more :class:`PhotoImage` objects given in *images*. Several images of different sizes (for example 16x16 and 32x32) may be supplied so that the window manager can choose an appropriate one. The image data is taken as a snapshot at the time of the call; later changes to the images are not reflected. If *default* is true, the icon is also applied to all top-level windows created in the future. On macOS only the first image is used. :meth:`wm_iconphoto` is an alias of :meth:`!iconphoto`. .. versionadded:: 3.3 .. method:: wm_iconposition(x=None, y=None) :no-typesetting: .. method:: iconposition(x=None, y=None) Set or query a hint to the window manager about where the window's icon should be positioned. Empty strings cancel an existing hint. With no arguments, return a tuple of the two current values, or ``None`` if no hint is in effect. :meth:`wm_iconposition` is an alias of :meth:`!iconposition`. .. method:: wm_iconwindow(pathName=None) :no-typesetting: .. method:: iconwindow(pathName=None) Set or query the window used as the icon for the window. When the window is iconified, *pathName* is mapped to serve as its icon and unmapped again when it is de-iconified. An empty string cancels the association. With no argument, return the path name of the current icon window, or an empty string. Not all window managers support icon windows, and the concept is meaningless on non-X11 platforms. :meth:`wm_iconwindow` is an alias of :meth:`!iconwindow`. .. method:: wm_manage(widget) :no-typesetting: .. method:: manage(widget) Make *widget* a stand-alone top-level window, decorated by the window manager with a title bar and so on. Only :class:`Frame`, :class:`LabelFrame` and :class:`Toplevel` widgets may be used (the :mod:`tkinter.ttk` versions are **not** accepted); passing any other widget type raises an error. :meth:`wm_manage` is an alias of :meth:`!manage`. .. versionadded:: 3.3 .. method:: wm_maxsize(width=None, height=None) :no-typesetting: .. method:: maxsize(width=None, height=None) Set or query the maximum permissible dimensions of the window, in pixels (or grid units for a gridded window). The window manager restricts the window to be no larger than *width* and *height*. With no arguments, return a tuple of the current maximum width and height. The maximum size defaults to the size of the screen. :meth:`wm_maxsize` is an alias of :meth:`!maxsize`. .. method:: wm_minsize(width=None, height=None) :no-typesetting: .. method:: minsize(width=None, height=None) Set or query the minimum permissible dimensions of the window, in pixels (or grid units for a gridded window). The window manager restricts the window to be no smaller than *width* and *height*. With no arguments, return a tuple of the current minimum width and height. The minimum size defaults to one pixel in each dimension. :meth:`wm_minsize` is an alias of :meth:`!minsize`. .. method:: wm_overrideredirect(boolean=None) :no-typesetting: .. method:: overrideredirect(boolean=None) Set or query the override-redirect flag for the window. When this flag is set, the window is ignored by the window manager: it is not reparented into a decorative frame and the user cannot manipulate it through the usual window manager controls. With no argument, return a boolean indicating whether the flag is set, or ``None`` if it has not been set. The flag is reliably honored only when the window is first mapped or remapped from the withdrawn state. :meth:`wm_overrideredirect` is an alias of :meth:`!overrideredirect`. .. method:: wm_positionfrom(who=None) :no-typesetting: .. method:: positionfrom(who=None) Set or query the source of the window's current position. *who* is either ``'program'`` or ``'user'`` and indicates whether the position was requested by the program or by the user; an empty string cancels the current source. With no argument, return the current source, or an empty string if none has been set. Tk automatically sets the source to ``'user'`` when :meth:`geometry` is called, unless it has been set explicitly to ``'program'``. :meth:`wm_positionfrom` is an alias of :meth:`!positionfrom`. .. method:: wm_protocol(name=None, func=None) :no-typesetting: .. method:: protocol(name=None, func=None) Register *func* as the handler for the window manager protocol *name*, an atom such as ``'WM_DELETE_WINDOW'``, ``'WM_SAVE_YOURSELF'`` or ``'WM_TAKE_FOCUS'``; *func* is then called whenever the window manager sends a message of that protocol. Tk installs a default ``WM_DELETE_WINDOW`` handler that destroys the window, which this method can replace. If *func* is an empty string, the handler is removed. With only *name*, return the name of its registered handler command, or an empty string if none is set (the default ``WM_DELETE_WINDOW`` handler is not reported); with no arguments, return a tuple of the protocols that currently have handlers. :meth:`wm_protocol` is an alias of :meth:`!protocol`. .. method:: wm_resizable(width=None, height=None) :no-typesetting: .. method:: resizable(width=None, height=None) Control whether the user may interactively resize the window. *width* and *height* are boolean values that determine whether the window's width and height may be changed. With no arguments, return a tuple of two ``0``/``1`` values indicating whether each dimension is currently resizable. By default a window is resizable in both dimensions. :meth:`wm_resizable` is an alias of :meth:`!resizable`. .. method:: wm_sizefrom(who=None) :no-typesetting: .. method:: sizefrom(who=None) Set or query the source of the window's current size. *who* is either ``'program'`` or ``'user'`` and indicates whether the size was requested by the program or by the user; an empty string cancels the current source. With no argument, return the current source, or an empty string if none has been set. :meth:`wm_sizefrom` is an alias of :meth:`!sizefrom`. .. method:: wm_state(newstate=None) :no-typesetting: .. method:: state(newstate=None) Set or query the state of the window. With no argument, return the current state: one of ``'normal'``, ``'iconic'``, ``'withdrawn'``, ``'icon'`` or, on Windows and macOS only, ``'zoomed'``. ``'iconic'`` refers to a window that has been iconified, while ``'icon'`` refers to a window serving as the icon for another window (see :meth:`iconwindow`); the ``'icon'`` state cannot be set. :meth:`wm_state` is an alias of :meth:`!state`. Not to be confused with :meth:`ttk.Widget.state <tkinter.ttk.Widget.state>`. .. method:: wm_title(string=None) :no-typesetting: .. method:: title(string=None) Set or query the title for the window, which the window manager should display in the window's title bar. With no argument, return the current title. The title defaults to the window's name. :meth:`wm_title` is an alias of :meth:`!title`. .. method:: wm_transient(master=None) :no-typesetting: .. method:: transient(master=None) Mark the window as a transient window (such as a pull-down menu or dialog) working on behalf of *master*, the path name of another top-level window. An empty string clears the transient status. With no argument, return the path name of the current master, or an empty string. A transient window mirrors state changes in its master and may be decorated differently by the window manager; it is an error to make a window a transient of itself. :meth:`wm_transient` is an alias of :meth:`!transient`. .. method:: wm_withdraw() :no-typesetting: .. method:: withdraw() Withdraw the window from the screen, unmapping it and causing the window manager to forget about it. If the window has never been mapped, it is instead mapped in the withdrawn state. It is sometimes necessary to withdraw a window and then re-map it (for example with :meth:`deiconify`) to make some window managers notice changes to window attributes. :meth:`wm_withdraw` is an alias of :meth:`!withdraw`. .. class:: Pack() Geometry manager that arranges widgets by packing them against the sides of their container. The :class:`!Pack` mix-in is inherited by all widgets (through :class:`Widget`) and provides the methods for managing a widget with the *pack* geometry manager. See also :ref:`tkinter-geometry-management`. .. note:: :class:`Pack`, :class:`Place` and :class:`Grid` all define the short method names :meth:`!forget`, :meth:`!info`, :meth:`!slaves`, :meth:`!content` and :meth:`!propagate`. On a widget the bare names resolve to the *pack* manager's versions, since :class:`Pack` and :class:`Misc` precede :class:`Place` and :class:`Grid` in the method resolution order, whatever manager actually manages the widget; and :meth:`!configure`/:meth:`!config` configure the widget's options, not its geometry. Use the explicit ``pack_*``, ``grid_*`` and ``place_*`` methods (and ``pack``, ``grid``, ``place`` for geometry configuration) to act on a specific geometry manager. .. method:: configure(cnf={}, **kw) :no-typesetting: .. method:: config(cnf={}, **kw) :no-typesetting: .. method:: pack_configure(cnf={}, **kw) pack(cnf={}, **kw) Pack the widget inside its container, positioning it relative to the siblings already packed there. The supported options are: *side* Which side of the container to pack the widget against: ``'top'`` (the default), ``'bottom'``, ``'left'`` or ``'right'``. *fill* Whether to stretch the widget to fill its parcel: ``'none'`` (the default), ``'x'``, ``'y'`` or ``'both'``. *expand* Whether the widget should expand to consume any extra space in its container (a boolean, default false). *anchor* Where to position the widget in its parcel when the parcel is larger than the widget: an anchor such as ``'n'`` or ``'sw'`` (default ``'center'``). *ipadx*, *ipady* Internal padding added on the left and right (*ipadx*) or top and bottom (*ipady*) of the widget, as a screen distance (default ``0``). *padx*, *pady* External padding left on the left and right (*padx*) or top and bottom (*pady*) of the widget, as a screen distance or a pair of two distances for the two sides (default ``0``). *after* Pack the widget after the given widget in the packing order, using the same container. *before* Pack the widget before the given widget in the packing order, using the same container. *in_* The container in which to pack the widget; it defaults to the parent widget. :meth:`pack`, :meth:`configure` and :meth:`config` are aliases of :meth:`!pack_configure`. .. method:: forget() :no-typesetting: .. method:: pack_forget() Unmap the widget and remove it from the packing order, forgetting its packing options. It can be packed again later with :meth:`pack_configure`. :meth:`forget` is an alias of :meth:`!pack_forget`, except on :class:`PanedWindow`, :class:`ttk.Notebook <tkinter.ttk.Notebook>` and :class:`ttk.PanedWindow <tkinter.ttk.PanedWindow>`, which provide their own :meth:`!forget` method. Not to be confused with :meth:`Wm.forget`. .. method:: info() :no-typesetting: .. method:: pack_info() Return a dictionary of the widget's current packing options. :meth:`info` is an alias of :meth:`!pack_info`. .. method:: propagate() propagate(flag) :no-typesetting: .. method:: pack_propagate() pack_propagate(flag) Same as :meth:`Misc.pack_propagate`, treating this widget as a container: enable or disable geometry propagation. :meth:`propagate` is an alias of :meth:`!pack_propagate`. .. method:: slaves() :no-typesetting: .. method:: pack_slaves() Same as :meth:`Misc.pack_slaves`: return the list of widgets packed in this widget. :meth:`slaves` is an alias of :meth:`!pack_slaves`. .. class:: Place() Geometry manager that places widgets at explicit positions and sizes within their container. The :class:`!Place` mix-in is inherited by all widgets (through :class:`Widget`). See also :ref:`tkinter-geometry-management`. .. method:: configure(cnf={}, **kw) :no-typesetting: .. method:: config(cnf={}, **kw) :no-typesetting: .. method:: place_configure(cnf={}, **kw) place(cnf={}, **kw) Place the widget inside its container at an absolute or relative position. The supported options are: *x*, *y* The absolute horizontal and vertical position of the widget's anchor point, as a screen distance (default ``0``). *relx*, *rely* The horizontal and vertical position of the widget's anchor point as a fraction of the container's width and height, where ``0.0`` is the left or top edge and ``1.0`` is the right or bottom edge. If both the absolute and the relative option are given, their values are summed. *anchor* Which point of the widget is placed at the given position: an anchor such as ``'n'`` or ``'se'`` (default ``'nw'``). *width*, *height* The absolute width and height of the widget, as a screen distance. By default the widget's requested size is used. *relwidth*, *relheight* The width and height of the widget as a fraction of the container's width and height. If both the absolute and the relative option are given, their values are summed. *bordermode* How the container's border affects placement: ``'inside'`` (the default) measures the area inside the border, ``'outside'`` measures the area including the border, and ``'ignore'`` uses the official X area. *in_* The container relative to which the widget is placed; it must be the widget's parent or a descendant of the parent, and defaults to the parent. :meth:`place`, :meth:`configure` and :meth:`config` are aliases of :meth:`!place_configure`. .. method:: forget() :no-typesetting: .. method:: place_forget() Unmap the widget and remove it from the placement, forgetting its place options. .. method:: info() :no-typesetting: .. method:: place_info() Return a dictionary of the widget's current place options. .. method:: slaves() :no-typesetting: .. method:: place_slaves() Same as :meth:`Misc.place_slaves`: return the list of widgets placed in this widget. .. class:: Grid() Geometry manager that arranges widgets in a two-dimensional grid of rows and columns within their container. The :class:`!Grid` mix-in is inherited by all widgets (through :class:`Widget`). See also :ref:`tkinter-geometry-management`. .. method:: configure(cnf={}, **kw) :no-typesetting: .. method:: config(cnf={}, **kw) :no-typesetting: .. method:: grid_configure(cnf={}, **kw) grid(cnf={}, **kw) Position the widget in a cell of its container's grid. Not to be confused with :meth:`Wm.grid`. The supported options are: *row*, *column* The row and column of the cell to place the widget in, counting from ``0``. *column* defaults to the column after the previous widget placed in the same :meth:`!grid_configure` call (or ``0``), and *row* defaults to the next empty row. *rowspan*, *columnspan* The number of rows and columns the widget should span (default ``1``). *sticky* How to position or stretch the widget when its cell is larger than the widget: a string containing zero or more of the characters ``'n'``, ``'s'``, ``'e'`` and ``'w'``, naming the cell sides the widget sticks to. Specifying both ``'n'`` and ``'s'`` (or ``'e'`` and ``'w'``) stretches the widget to fill the height (or width) of the cell. The default is ``''``, which centers the widget at its requested size. *ipadx*, *ipady* Internal padding added on the left and right (*ipadx*) or top and bottom (*ipady*) of the widget, as a screen distance (default ``0``). *padx*, *pady* External padding left on the left and right (*padx*) or top and bottom (*pady*) of the widget, as a screen distance or a pair of two distances for the two sides (default ``0``). *in_* The container in whose grid to place the widget; it defaults to the parent widget. :meth:`grid`, :meth:`configure` and :meth:`config` are aliases of :meth:`!grid_configure`. .. method:: forget() :no-typesetting: .. method:: grid_forget() Unmap the widget and remove it from the grid, forgetting its grid options. .. method:: grid_remove() Unmap the widget and remove it from the grid, but remember its grid options so that it is restored to the same cell if it is gridded again. .. method:: info() :no-typesetting: .. method:: grid_info() Return a dictionary of the widget's current grid options. .. method:: bbox(column=None, row=None, col2=None, row2=None) :no-typesetting: .. method:: grid_bbox(column=None, row=None, col2=None, row2=None) Same as :meth:`Misc.grid_bbox`. :meth:`bbox` is an alias of :meth:`!grid_bbox`, except on :class:`Canvas`, :class:`Listbox`, :class:`Spinbox`, :class:`Text`, :class:`ttk.Entry <tkinter.ttk.Entry>` and :class:`ttk.Treeview <tkinter.ttk.Treeview>`, which provide their own :meth:`!bbox` method. .. method:: columnconfigure(index, cnf={}, **kw) :no-typesetting: .. method:: grid_columnconfigure(index, cnf={}, **kw) Same as :meth:`Misc.grid_columnconfigure`: query or set the options (such as *weight*, *minsize*, *pad* and *uniform*) of a grid column. :meth:`columnconfigure` is an alias of :meth:`!grid_columnconfigure`. .. method:: rowconfigure(index, cnf={}, **kw) :no-typesetting: .. method:: grid_rowconfigure(index, cnf={}, **kw) Same as :meth:`Misc.grid_rowconfigure`: query or set the options of a grid row. :meth:`rowconfigure` is an alias of :meth:`!grid_rowconfigure`. .. method:: location(x, y) :no-typesetting: .. method:: grid_location(x, y) Same as :meth:`Misc.grid_location`: return the ``(column, row)`` of the cell that covers the pixel at *x*, *y*. :meth:`location` is an alias of :meth:`!grid_location`. .. method:: size() :no-typesetting: .. method:: grid_size() Same as :meth:`Misc.grid_size`: return a ``(columns, rows)`` tuple giving the size of the grid. :meth:`size` is an alias of :meth:`!grid_size`, except on the :class:`Listbox` widget, which provides its own :meth:`!size` method. .. method:: propagate() propagate(flag) :no-typesetting: .. method:: grid_propagate() grid_propagate(flag) Same as :meth:`Misc.grid_propagate`. .. method:: slaves(row=None, column=None) :no-typesetting: .. method:: grid_slaves(row=None, column=None) Same as :meth:`Misc.grid_slaves`: return the widgets managed in the grid, optionally restricted to a *row* and/or *column*. .. class:: XView() Mix-in providing the horizontal-scrolling interface shared by widgets such as :class:`Entry`, :class:`Canvas`, :class:`Listbox`, :class:`Text` and :class:`Spinbox`. A widget's :meth:`xview` method is registered as the *command* of a horizontal :class:`Scrollbar`. .. method:: xview(*args) Query or change the horizontal position of the view. With no arguments, return a tuple ``(first, last)`` of two fractions between 0 and 1 giving the portion of the document that is currently visible. Otherwise the arguments are passed to the Tk ``xview`` widget command and are usually generated by a scrollbar; :meth:`xview_moveto` and :meth:`xview_scroll` provide a more convenient interface. .. method:: xview_moveto(fraction) Adjust the view so that *fraction* of the total width of the document is off-screen to the left. *fraction* is a number between 0 and 1. .. method:: xview_scroll(number, what) Shift the view left or right by *number* units. *what* is either ``'units'`` or ``'pages'``; a negative *number* scrolls left and a positive one scrolls right. .. class:: YView() Mix-in providing the vertical-scrolling interface shared by widgets such as :class:`Canvas`, :class:`Listbox` and :class:`Text`. A widget's :meth:`yview` method is registered as the *command* of a vertical :class:`Scrollbar`. .. method:: yview(*args) Query or change the vertical position of the view. With no arguments, return a tuple ``(first, last)`` of two fractions between 0 and 1 giving the portion of the document that is currently visible. Otherwise the arguments are passed to the Tk ``yview`` widget command, usually generated by a scrollbar; :meth:`yview_moveto` and :meth:`yview_scroll` provide a more convenient interface. .. method:: yview_moveto(fraction) Adjust the view so that *fraction* of the total height of the document is off-screen above the top. *fraction* is a number between 0 and 1. .. method:: yview_scroll(number, what) Shift the view up or down by *number* units. *what* is either ``'units'`` or ``'pages'``; a negative *number* scrolls up and a positive one scrolls down. .. class:: BaseWidget(master, widgetName, cnf={}, kw={}, extra=()) Internal base class for all widgets. It inherits from :class:`Misc` and adds the machinery that creates the underlying Tk widget; application code normally uses :class:`Widget` or a concrete widget class rather than instantiating :class:`!BaseWidget` directly. .. method:: destroy() Destroy this widget and all of its children, removing the corresponding Tk widgets and deleting the associated Tcl commands. .. class:: Widget(master, widgetName, cnf={}, kw={}, extra=()) Internal base class for the standard widgets. It combines :class:`BaseWidget` with the geometry-manager mix-ins :class:`Pack`, :class:`Place` and :class:`Grid`, so that every widget can be managed by any of the three geometry managers. The concrete widget classes (:class:`Button`, :class:`Label`, and so on) derive from :class:`!Widget`. Toplevel widgets ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ .. class:: Tk(screenName=None, baseName=None, className='Tk', useTk=True, sync=False, use=None) Construct a toplevel Tk widget, which is usually the main window of an application, and initialize a Tcl interpreter for this widget. Each instance has its own associated Tcl interpreter. Inherits from :class:`Misc` and :class:`Wm`. To create a Tcl interpreter without initializing the Tk subsystem, use the :func:`Tcl` factory function instead. The :class:`Tk` class is typically instantiated using all default values. However, the following keyword arguments are currently recognized: *screenName* When given (as a string), sets the :envvar:`DISPLAY` environment variable. (X11 only) *baseName* Name of the profile file. By default, *baseName* is derived from the program name (``sys.argv[0]``). *className* Name of the widget class. Used as a profile file and also as the name with which Tcl is invoked (*argv0* in *interp*). *useTk* If ``True``, initialize the Tk subsystem. The :func:`tkinter.Tcl() <Tcl>` function sets this to ``False``. *sync* If ``True``, execute all X server commands synchronously, so that errors are reported immediately. Can be used for debugging. (X11 only) *use* Specifies the *id* of the window in which to embed the application, instead of it being created as an independent toplevel window. *id* must be specified in the same way as the value for the -use option for toplevel widgets (that is, it has a form like that returned by :meth:`~Misc.winfo_id`). Note that on some platforms this will only work correctly if *id* refers to a Tk frame or toplevel that has its -container option enabled. :class:`Tk` reads and interprets profile files, named :file:`.{className}.tcl` and :file:`.{baseName}.tcl`, into the Tcl interpreter and calls :func:`exec` on the contents of :file:`.{className}.py` and :file:`.{baseName}.py`. The path for the profile files is the :envvar:`HOME` environment variable or, if that isn't defined, then :data:`os.curdir`. .. note:: On Windows, creating a Tcl interpreter (by instantiating :class:`Tk` or calling :func:`Tcl`) sets the :envvar:`HOME` environment variable for the process, if it is not already set, to ``%HOMEDRIVE%%HOMEPATH%`` (or :envvar:`USERPROFILE`, or ``c:\``). This is done by Tcl and can affect other code that reads :envvar:`HOME`. .. attribute:: tk The Tk application object created by instantiating :class:`Tk`. This provides access to the Tcl interpreter. Each widget that is attached the same instance of :class:`Tk` has the same value for its :attr:`tk` attribute. .. attribute:: master The widget object that contains this widget. For :class:`Tk`, the :attr:`!master` is :const:`None` because it is the main window. The terms *master* and *parent* are similar and sometimes used interchangeably as argument names; however, calling :meth:`~Misc.winfo_parent` returns a string of the widget name whereas :attr:`!master` returns the object. *parent*/*child* reflects the tree-like relationship while *master* (or *container*)/*content* reflects the container structure. .. attribute:: children The immediate descendants of this widget as a :class:`dict` with the child widget names as the keys and the child instance objects as the values. .. method:: destroy() Destroy this and all descendant widgets and, for the main window, end the connection to the underlying Tcl interpreter. .. method:: loadtk() Finish loading and initializing the Tk subsystem. This is needed only when the interpreter was created without Tk (for example through :func:`Tcl`); it is called automatically when *useTk* is true. .. method:: readprofile(baseName, className) Read and source the user's profile files :file:`.{className}.tcl` and :file:`.{baseName}.tcl` into the Tcl interpreter, and execute the corresponding :file:`.{className}.py` and :file:`.{baseName}.py` files. This is called during initialization; see the description of the constructor above. .. method:: report_callback_exception(exc, val, tb) Report a callback exception. This is called when an exception propagates out of a Tkinter callback; *exc*, *val* and *tb* are the exception type, value and traceback as returned by :func:`sys.exc_info`. The default implementation prints a traceback to :data:`sys.stderr`. It can be overridden to customize error handling, for example to display the traceback in a dialog. .. class:: Toplevel(master=None, cnf={}, **kw) A :class:`!Toplevel` widget is a top-level window, similar to a :class:`Frame` except that its X parent is the root window of a screen rather than its logical parent. Its primary purpose is to serve as a container for dialog boxes and other collections of widgets; its only visible features are its background and an optional 3-D border. Notable options include *menu*, which installs a :class:`Menu` as the window's menubar. Inherits from :class:`BaseWidget` and :class:`Wm`, so a toplevel is managed by the window manager. Refer to the Tk ``toplevel`` manual page for the full list of options. Widget classes ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ .. class:: Button(master=None, cnf={}, **kw) A :class:`!Button` widget displays a textual string, bitmap or image and invokes a command when the user presses it (by clicking mouse button 1 over the button or, when the button has focus, by pressing the space key). Inherits from :class:`Widget`. In addition to the standard widget options, a button accepts the options documented in the Tk ``button`` manual page, such as *command* (the callback invoked when the button is pressed), *textvariable*, *state* and *default*. .. method:: invoke() Invoke the command associated with the button, if there is one, and return its result, or an empty string if no command is associated with the button. This is ignored if the button's state is ``disabled``. .. method:: flash() Flash the button by redisplaying it several times, alternating between the active and normal colors. At the end of the flash the button is left in the same normal or active state as when the method was called. This is ignored if the button's state is ``disabled``. .. class:: Canvas(master=None, cnf={}, **kw) A :class:`!Canvas` widget implements structured graphics. It displays any number of *items*, such as arcs, lines, ovals, polygons, rectangles, text, bitmaps, images and embedded windows, which may be drawn, moved, re-colored and bound to events. Inherits from :class:`Widget`, :class:`XView` and :class:`YView`, so the view can be scrolled horizontally and vertically with :meth:`~XView.xview` and :meth:`~YView.yview`. Refer to the Tk ``canvas`` manual page for the full list of widget and item options. Each item has a unique integer *id*, assigned when it is created, and zero or more string *tags*. A tag is an arbitrary string that does not have the form of an integer; the same tag may be shared by many items, which makes tags convenient for grouping items. The special tag ``'all'`` matches every item in the canvas, and ``'current'`` matches the topmost item under the mouse pointer. Most methods take a *tagOrId* argument that may be an integer id naming a single item, or a tag naming zero or more items; as described in the Tk ``canvas`` manual page, a tag may also be a logical expression of tags combined with the operators ``&&``, ``||``, ``^``, ``!`` and parentheses. When a method that operates on a single item is given a *tagOrId* matching several items, it normally uses the lowest matching item in the display list. The items are kept in a *display list* that determines drawing order: items later in the list are drawn on top of earlier ones. A newly created item is placed at the top of the list; the order can be changed with :meth:`tag_raise` and :meth:`tag_lower`. .. method:: create_arc(*args, **kw) create_bitmap(*args, **kw) create_image(*args, **kw) create_line(*args, **kw) create_oval(*args, **kw) create_polygon(*args, **kw) create_rectangle(*args, **kw) create_text(*args, **kw) create_window(*args, **kw) Create a new item of the corresponding type and return its integer id. Each method is called as ``create_TYPE(coord..., **options)``: the leading positional arguments give the coordinates that define the item (as separate numbers, as a single sequence of numbers, or as coordinate pairs), and the keyword arguments set item-specific options. Coordinates and screen distances may be given as numbers (interpreted as pixels) or as strings with a unit suffix (``'m'``, ``'c'``, ``'i'`` or ``'p'`` for millimetres, centimetres, inches or printer's points), but are always stored and returned in pixels. The item types are: ``arc`` (an arc-shaped region that is a section of an oval, defined by two diagonally opposite corners ``x1, y1, x2, y2`` of the enclosing rectangle); ``bitmap`` (a two-color bitmap positioned at a point ``x, y``); ``image`` (a Tk image positioned at a point ``x, y``); ``line`` (a line or curve through the points ``x1, y1, ..., xn, yn``); ``oval`` (a circle or ellipse inscribed in the rectangle ``x1, y1, x2, y2``); ``polygon`` (a closed polygon through the points ``x1, y1, ..., xn, yn``); ``rectangle`` (a rectangle with corners ``x1, y1, x2, y2``); ``text`` (a string of text positioned at a point ``x, y``); and ``window`` (a child widget embedded in the canvas at a point ``x, y``, specified with the *window* option). Most item types accept a common set of *standard item options*, plus a few options specific to each type. Option names are passed as keyword arguments, without the leading hyphen. The standard item options are: *fill* The color used to fill the item's interior, or to draw a *line* item or the characters of a *text* item. An empty string (the default for all types except *line* and *text*) leaves the item unfilled. *outline* The color used to draw the item's outline. An empty string draws no outline. *width* The width of the outline, defaulting to ``1.0``. Has no effect if *outline* is empty. *dash* A dash pattern for the outline, given either as a sequence of segment lengths in pixels or as a string of the characters ``'.'``, ``','``, ``'-'``, ``'_'`` and space. An empty pattern (the default) draws a solid outline. *dashoffset* The starting offset in pixels into the *dash* pattern. Ignored if there is no *dash* pattern. *stipple* A bitmap used as a stipple pattern when filling the item. Only well supported on X11. *outlinestipple* A bitmap used as a stipple pattern when drawing the outline. Has no effect if *outline* is empty. *offset*, *outlineoffset* The offset of the fill and outline stipple patterns, given as ``'x,y'`` or as a side such as ``'n'``, ``'se'`` or ``'center'``. Stipple offsets are only supported on X11. *state* Overrides the canvas state for this item; one of ``'normal'``, ``'disabled'`` or ``'hidden'``. *tags* A single tag or a sequence of tags to associate with the item, replacing any existing tags. Many of these options have *active...* and *disabled...* variants (such as *activefill*, *disabledfill*, *activewidth*, *disableddash*, *activeoutline*, *disabledstipple*) that override the base option when the item is the active item (under the mouse pointer) or is in the disabled state. The following item types support additional options. For ``arc`` items: *start* The start of the arc's angular range, in degrees measured counter-clockwise from the 3-o'clock position. *extent* The size of the angular range, in degrees counter-clockwise from *start*. *style* How the arc is drawn: ``'pieslice'`` (the default), ``'chord'`` or ``'arc'``. For ``line`` items: *arrow* Where to draw arrowheads: ``'none'`` (the default), ``'first'``, ``'last'`` or ``'both'``. *arrowshape* A sequence of three distances describing the shape of the arrowheads. *capstyle* How line ends are drawn: ``'butt'`` (the default), ``'projecting'`` or ``'round'``. *joinstyle* How line vertices are drawn: ``'round'`` (the default), ``'bevel'`` or ``'miter'``. *smooth* The smoothing method: a false value (the default) for no smoothing, or ``'true'``/``'bezier'`` or ``'raw'`` to draw the line as a curve. *splinesteps* The number of line segments approximating each spline when *smooth* is enabled. For ``polygon`` items: *joinstyle*, *smooth*, *splinesteps* As for ``line`` items, applied to the polygon's outline. For ``text`` items: *text* The string to display; newline characters start new lines. *font* The font used for the text. *justify* How lines are justified: ``'left'`` (the default), ``'right'`` or ``'center'``. *anchor* How the text is positioned relative to its point, defaulting to ``'center'``. *width* The maximum line length; if non-zero, lines are wrapped at spaces. *angle* How many degrees to rotate the text counter-clockwise about its positioning point, from ``0.0`` to ``360.0`` (default ``0.0``). *underline* The index of a character to underline, or ``-1`` for none. For ``bitmap`` items: *bitmap* The bitmap to display. *anchor* How the bitmap is positioned relative to its point. *background*, *foreground* The colors used for the bitmap's ``0`` and ``1`` pixels; an empty *background* makes the ``0`` pixels transparent. Both have *active...* and *disabled...* variants, and *bitmap* has *activebitmap* and *disabledbitmap* variants. For ``image`` items: *image* The Tk image to display, previously created with the image protocols. *anchor* How the image is positioned relative to its point. Both options have *active...* and *disabled...* variants (*activeimage*, *disabledimage*) used in the active and disabled states. For ``window`` items: *window* The widget to embed; it must be a child of the canvas or of one of its ancestors, and may not be a top-level window. *anchor* How the window is positioned relative to its point. *width*, *height* The size to assign to the window; if zero (the default), the window is given its requested size. ``oval`` and ``rectangle`` items have no type-specific options; they use only the standard item options. .. note:: Tk 8.6 added the *angle* option and Tk 9.0 added the *underline* option for ``text`` items. .. method:: coords(tagOrId) coords(tagOrId, coordList, /) coords(tagOrId, /, *coordList) Query or modify the coordinates of an item. With only *tagOrId*, return a list of the floating-point coordinates of the item given by *tagOrId* (the first matching item if it matches several). Given new coordinates, replace the coordinates of that item with them; like the ``create_*`` methods, the coordinates may be given as separate numbers, as a single sequence, or as coordinate pairs. The returned coordinates are always in pixels, regardless of the units used to specify them; for rectangles, ovals and arcs they are ordered left, top, right, bottom. .. versionchanged:: 3.12 The arguments are now flattened: the coordinates may be given as separate arguments, as a single sequence, or grouped in pairs, like the ``create_*`` methods. .. method:: move(tagOrId, xAmount, yAmount, /) Move each of the items given by *tagOrId* in the canvas coordinate space by adding *xAmount* to every x-coordinate and *yAmount* to every y-coordinate of the item. .. method:: moveto(tagOrId, x='', y='') Move the items given by *tagOrId* so that the first coordinate pair (the upper-left corner of the bounding box) of the lowest matching item is at position (*x*, *y*). *x* or *y* may be an empty string, in which case the corresponding coordinate is unchanged. All matching items keep their positions relative to each other. .. versionadded:: 3.8 .. method:: scale(tagOrId, xOrigin, yOrigin, xScale, yScale, /) Rescale the coordinates of all items given by *tagOrId* in canvas coordinate space. Each x-coordinate is adjusted so that its distance from *xOrigin* changes by a factor of *xScale*, and each y-coordinate so that its distance from *yOrigin* changes by a factor of *yScale* (a factor of ``1.0`` leaves the coordinate unchanged). .. method:: delete(*tagOrIds) Delete each of the items given by the *tagOrIds* arguments. .. method:: dchars(tagOrId, first, /) dchars(tagOrId, first, last, /) Delete from each of the items given by *tagOrId* the characters (for text items) or coordinates (for line and polygon items) in the range from *first* to *last* inclusive; *last* defaults to *first*. Items that do not support indexing ignore this operation. .. method:: insert(tagOrId, beforeThis, string, /) Insert *string* into each of the items given by *tagOrId* just before the character or coordinate whose index is *beforeThis*. For line and polygon items *string* must be a valid sequence of coordinates. .. method:: itemcget(tagOrId, option) Return the current value of the configuration option *option* for the item given by *tagOrId* (the lowest matching item if it matches several). This is like :meth:`~Misc.cget` but applies to an individual item. .. method:: itemconfig(tagOrId, cnf=None, **kw) :no-typesetting: .. method:: itemconfigure(tagOrId, cnf=None, **kw) Query or modify the configuration options of the items given by *tagOrId*. This mirrors :meth:`~Misc.configure`, except that it applies to individual items rather than to the canvas as a whole. With no options, it returns a dictionary describing the current options of the first matching item; otherwise it sets the given options on every matching item. The legal options are those accepted by the corresponding ``create_*`` method. :meth:`itemconfig` is an alias of :meth:`!itemconfigure`. .. method:: type(tagOrId) Return the type of the item given by *tagOrId* (the first matching item if it matches several), such as ``'rectangle'`` or ``'text'``, or ``None`` if *tagOrId* does not match any item. .. method:: gettags(tagOrId, /) Return a tuple of the tags associated with the item given by *tagOrId* (the first matching item in display-list order if it matches several). Return an empty tuple if no item matches or the item has no tags. .. method:: dtag(tagOrId, /) dtag(tagOrId, tagToDelete, /) Remove the tag *tagToDelete* (which defaults to *tagOrId*) from each of the items given by *tagOrId*. Items that do not have that tag are unaffected. .. method:: addtag(newtag, searchSpec, /, *args) Add the tag *newtag* to each item selected by the search specification *searchSpec* (and any further *args*). *searchSpec* is one of ``'above'``, ``'all'``, ``'below'``, ``'closest'``, ``'enclosed'``, ``'overlapping'`` or ``'withtag'``; the ``addtag_*`` methods below are convenient wrappers that supply each of these forms. .. method:: addtag_above(newtag, tagOrId) Add the tag *newtag* to the item just above (after) *tagOrId* in the display list. .. method:: addtag_all(newtag) Add the tag *newtag* to all items in the canvas. .. method:: addtag_below(newtag, tagOrId) Add the tag *newtag* to the item just below (before) *tagOrId* in the display list. .. method:: addtag_closest(newtag, x, y, halo=None, start=None) Add the tag *newtag* to the item closest to the point (*x*, *y*). If *halo* is given, any item within that distance of the point is treated as overlapping it. If *start* is given (a tag or id), select the topmost closest item that lies below *start* in the display list, which can be used to step through all the closest items. .. method:: addtag_enclosed(newtag, x1, y1, x2, y2) Add the tag *newtag* to every item completely enclosed within the rectangle (*x1*, *y1*, *x2*, *y2*), where *x1* <= *x2* and *y1* <= *y2*. .. method:: addtag_overlapping(newtag, x1, y1, x2, y2) Add the tag *newtag* to every item that overlaps or is enclosed within the rectangle (*x1*, *y1*, *x2*, *y2*), where *x1* <= *x2* and *y1* <= *y2*. .. method:: addtag_withtag(newtag, tagOrId) Add the tag *newtag* to every item given by *tagOrId*. .. method:: find(searchSpec, /, *args) Return a tuple of the ids of all items selected by the search specification *searchSpec* (and any further *args*), in stacking order with the lowest item first. The search specification has any of the forms accepted by :meth:`addtag`. The ``find_*`` methods below are more convenient wrappers around it. .. method:: find_above(tagOrId) Return a tuple containing the id of the item just above *tagOrId* in the display list. .. method:: find_all() Return a tuple of the ids of all items in the canvas, in stacking order. .. method:: find_below(tagOrId) Return a tuple containing the id of the item just below *tagOrId* in the display list. .. method:: find_closest(x, y, halo=None, start=None) Return a tuple containing the id of the item closest to the point (*x*, *y*). *halo* and *start* are interpreted as for :meth:`addtag_closest`. .. method:: find_enclosed(x1, y1, x2, y2) Return a tuple of the ids of all items completely enclosed within the rectangle (*x1*, *y1*, *x2*, *y2*). .. method:: find_overlapping(x1, y1, x2, y2) Return a tuple of the ids of all items that overlap or are enclosed within the rectangle (*x1*, *y1*, *x2*, *y2*). .. method:: find_withtag(tagOrId) Return a tuple of the ids of all items given by *tagOrId*. .. method:: lift(tagOrId, aboveThis=None, /) :no-typesetting: .. method:: tkraise(tagOrId, aboveThis=None, /) :no-typesetting: .. method:: tag_raise(tagOrId, aboveThis=None, /) Move all items given by *tagOrId* to a new position in the display list just above the item given by *aboveThis*, or to the top of the display list if *aboveThis* is omitted. When several items are moved their relative order is preserved. This has no effect on embedded window items, whose stacking order is controlled by :meth:`Misc.tkraise` and :meth:`Misc.lower` instead. :meth:`lift` and :meth:`tkraise` are aliases of :meth:`!tag_raise`. .. method:: lower(tagOrId, belowThis=None, /) :no-typesetting: .. method:: tag_lower(tagOrId, belowThis=None, /) Move all items given by *tagOrId* to a new position in the display list just below the item given by *belowThis*, or to the bottom of the display list if *belowThis* is omitted. When several items are moved their relative order is preserved. This has no effect on embedded window items. :meth:`lower` is an alias of :meth:`!tag_lower`. .. note:: On a :class:`Canvas`, :meth:`tkraise`/:meth:`lift` and :meth:`lower` restack canvas items, shadowing the inherited :meth:`Misc.tkraise`/:meth:`Misc.lift` and :meth:`Misc.lower` methods that restack the widget itself, which are therefore not available. .. method:: tag_bind(tagOrId, sequence=None, func=None, add=None) Bind the callback *func* to the event *sequence* for all items given by *tagOrId*, so that *func* is invoked whenever that event occurs for one of the items. This is like :meth:`Widget.bind <Misc.bind>` but operates on canvas items rather than on whole widgets; only mouse, keyboard and virtual events may be bound. Mouse events are directed to the current item and keyboard events to the focus item (see :meth:`focus`). If *add* is true the new binding is added to any existing bindings for the same sequence, rather than replacing them. Return the identifier of the bound function, which can be passed to :meth:`tag_unbind`. .. method:: tag_unbind(tagOrId, sequence, funcid=None) Remove for all items given by *tagOrId* the binding for the event *sequence*. If *funcid* is given, only that callback (as returned by :meth:`tag_bind`) is unbound and deregistered. .. versionchanged:: 3.13 If *funcid* is given, only that callback is unbound. .. method:: bbox(tagOrId, /, *tagOrIds) Return a 4-tuple ``(x1, y1, x2, y2)`` giving an approximate bounding box, in pixels, that encloses all the items given by *tagOrId* and any further *tagOrIds*. The result may overestimate the true bounding box by a few pixels. Return ``None`` if no item matches or the matching items have nothing to display. This shadows the inherited :meth:`!Misc.bbox`; use :meth:`~Misc.grid_bbox` for the grid bounding box. .. method:: canvasx(screenx, gridspacing=None) Given a window x-coordinate *screenx*, return the canvas x-coordinate displayed at that location. If *gridspacing* is given, the result is rounded to the nearest multiple of *gridspacing* units. .. method:: canvasy(screeny, gridspacing=None) Given a window y-coordinate *screeny*, return the canvas y-coordinate displayed at that location. If *gridspacing* is given, the result is rounded to the nearest multiple of *gridspacing* units. .. method:: focus() focus(tagOrId, /) With *tagOrId*, set the keyboard focus for the canvas to the first item given by *tagOrId* that supports the insertion cursor; the focus is left unchanged if no such item exists. If *tagOrId* is an empty string, reset the focus so that no item has it. With no argument, return the id of the item that currently has the focus, or an empty string if none does. An item only displays the insertion cursor when both it is the focus item and its canvas has the input focus. This shadows the inherited :meth:`!Misc.focus`; use :meth:`~Misc.focus_set` to focus the widget itself. .. method:: icursor(tagOrId, index, /) Set the insertion cursor of the items given by *tagOrId* to just before the character given by *index*. Items that do not support an insertion cursor are unaffected. The cursor is only displayed when the item has the focus, but its position may be set at any time. .. method:: index(tagOrId, index, /) Return as an integer the numerical index within *tagOrId* corresponding to *index*, which is a textual description of a position (for text items an index into the characters, for line and polygon items an index into the coordinates). If *tagOrId* matches several items, the first one that supports indexing is used. .. method:: select_adjust(tagOrId, index) Adjust the end of the selection in *tagOrId* nearest to *index* so that it is at *index*, and make the other end the anchor point for future :meth:`select_to` calls. If the selection is not currently in *tagOrId*, this behaves like :meth:`select_to`. .. method:: select_clear() Clear the selection if it is in this canvas; otherwise do nothing. .. method:: select_from(tagOrId, index) Set the selection anchor point to just before the character given by *index* in the item given by *tagOrId*. This does not change the selection itself; it sets the fixed end for future :meth:`select_to` calls. .. method:: select_item() Return the id of the item that holds the selection, or ``None`` if the selection is not in this canvas. Unlike :meth:`find` and the ``find_*`` methods, this returns the id as a string rather than an integer. .. method:: select_to(tagOrId, index) Set the selection to the characters of *tagOrId* between the selection anchor point and *index*, inclusive of *index*. The anchor point is the one set by the most recent :meth:`select_adjust` or :meth:`select_from` call. .. method:: scan_mark(x, y) Record *x*, *y* and the current view, for use with later :meth:`scan_dragto` calls. This is typically bound to a mouse button press in the widget. .. method:: scan_dragto(x, y, gain=10) Scroll the canvas by *gain* times the difference between *x*, *y* and the coordinates passed to the last :meth:`scan_mark` call. This is typically bound to mouse motion events in the widget, producing the effect of dragging the canvas at high speed through its window. .. method:: postscript(cnf={}, **kw) Generate a PostScript (Encapsulated PostScript, version 3.0) representation of part or all of the canvas. If the *file* or *channel* option is given, the PostScript is written there and an empty string is returned; otherwise it is returned as a string. By default only the area currently visible in the window is generated, so it is usually necessary either to call :meth:`~Misc.update` first or to use the *width* and *height* options. Supported options include *colormap*, *colormode*, *file*, *fontmap*, *height*, *pageanchor*, *pageheight*, *pagewidth*, *pagex*, *pagey*, *rotate*, *width*, *x* and *y*. .. class:: Checkbutton(master=None, cnf={}, **kw) A :class:`!Checkbutton` widget displays a textual string, bitmap or image together with a square indicator, and toggles a boolean selection when pressed. It has all the behavior of a simple button and, in addition, can be selected: when selected the indicator is drawn with a check mark and the associated variable is set to the ``onvalue``, and when deselected the indicator is drawn empty and the variable is set to the ``offvalue``. Inherits from :class:`Widget`. In addition to the standard widget options, a checkbutton accepts the options documented in the Tk ``checkbutton`` manual page, such as *variable*, *onvalue*, *offvalue* and *command*. .. method:: invoke() Do just what would happen if the user pressed the checkbutton with the mouse: toggle the selection state of the button and invoke the associated command, if there is one. Return the result of the command, or an empty string if no command is associated with the checkbutton. This is ignored if the checkbutton's state is ``disabled``. .. method:: select() Select the checkbutton and set the associated variable to its ``onvalue``. .. method:: deselect() Deselect the checkbutton and set the associated variable to its ``offvalue``. .. method:: toggle() Toggle the selection state of the button, redisplaying it and modifying its associated variable to reflect the new state. .. method:: flash() Flash the checkbutton by redisplaying it several times, alternating between the active and normal colors. At the end of the flash the checkbutton is left in the same normal or active state as when the method was called. This is ignored if the checkbutton's state is ``disabled``. .. class:: Entry(master=None, cnf={}, **kw) An :class:`!Entry` widget displays a single line of text and lets the user edit it. Inherits from :class:`Widget` and :class:`XView`; since entries can hold strings too long to fit in the window, they support horizontal scrolling through :meth:`~XView.xview`. In addition to the standard widget options, an entry accepts the options documented in the Tk ``entry`` manual page. Notable ones are *textvariable* (the name of a variable kept in sync with the entry's contents), *show* (if set, each character is displayed as the given character rather than its true value, useful for password entry), *validate* and *validatecommand* (which together let a callback accept or reject edits), and *state* (one of ``'normal'``, ``'disabled'`` or ``'readonly'``). Many of the methods below take an *index* argument that selects a character in the entry's string. As described in the Tk ``entry`` manual page, *index* may be a number (counting from 0), ``'insert'`` (the character just after the insertion cursor), ``'end'`` (just after the last character), ``'anchor'`` (the selection anchor point), ``'sel.first'`` and ``'sel.last'`` (the ends of the selection), or ``@x`` (the character covering pixel x-coordinate *x* in the window). Out-of-range indices are rounded to the nearest legal value. .. method:: delete(first, last=None) Delete the characters from index *first* up to but not including index *last*. If *last* is omitted, only the single character at *first* is deleted. .. method:: get() Return the entry's current string. .. method:: insert(index, string) Insert *string* just before the character given by *index*. .. method:: icursor(index) Arrange for the insertion cursor to be displayed just before the character given by *index*. .. method:: index(index) Return the numerical index corresponding to *index*. .. method:: select_adjust(index) :no-typesetting: .. method:: selection_adjust(index) Locate the end of the selection nearest to the character given by *index*, and adjust that end to be at *index* (including but not going beyond it); the other end becomes the anchor point for future :meth:`selection_to` calls. If there is no selection in the entry, a new one is created between *index* and the most recent anchor point, inclusive. :meth:`select_adjust` is an alias of :meth:`!selection_adjust`. .. method:: select_clear() :no-typesetting: .. method:: selection_clear() Clear the selection if it is currently in this widget. If the selection is not in this widget the method has no effect. :meth:`select_clear` is an alias of :meth:`!selection_clear`. .. note:: This shadows the inherited :meth:`Misc.selection_clear`, which clears the X selection; that method is not available on an :class:`Entry`. .. method:: select_from(index) :no-typesetting: .. method:: selection_from(index) Set the selection anchor point to just before the character given by *index*, without changing the selection. :meth:`select_from` is an alias of :meth:`!selection_from`. .. method:: select_present() :no-typesetting: .. method:: selection_present() Return ``True`` if there are characters selected in the entry, ``False`` otherwise. :meth:`select_present` is an alias of :meth:`!selection_present`. .. method:: select_range(start, end) :no-typesetting: .. method:: selection_range(start, end) Set the selection to include the characters starting with the one indexed by *start* and ending with the one just before *end*. If *end* refers to the same character as *start* or an earlier one, the selection is cleared. :meth:`select_range` is an alias of :meth:`!selection_range`. .. method:: select_to(index) :no-typesetting: .. method:: selection_to(index) Set the selection between the anchor point and *index*: if *index* is before the anchor point, the selection runs from *index* up to but not including the anchor; if *index* is after it, from the anchor up to but not including *index*; if they coincide, nothing happens. The anchor point is the one set by the most recent :meth:`selection_from` or :meth:`selection_adjust` call. If there is no selection in the entry, a new one is created using the most recent anchor point. :meth:`select_to` is an alias of :meth:`!selection_to`. .. method:: scan_mark(x) Record *x* and the current view in the entry window, for use with later :meth:`scan_dragto` calls. Typically associated with a mouse button press in the widget. .. method:: scan_dragto(x) Compute the difference between *x* and the *x* given to the last :meth:`scan_mark` call, and adjust the view left or right by 10 times that difference. Typically associated with mouse motion events, to produce the effect of dragging the entry at high speed through the window. .. class:: Frame(master=None, cnf={}, **kw) A :class:`!Frame` widget is a simple container. Its primary purpose is to act as a spacer or container for complex window layouts; its only features are its background and an optional 3-D border to make the frame appear raised or sunken. Inherits from :class:`Widget`. Refer to the Tk ``frame`` manual page for the full list of options. .. class:: Label(master=None, cnf={}, **kw) A :class:`!Label` widget displays a non-interactive textual string, bitmap or image. The displayed text is set with the *text* option or linked to a variable through *textvariable*, and an image can be shown using the *image* option. Text must all be in a single font but may occupy multiple lines, and one character may be underlined with the *underline* option. Inherits from :class:`Widget`. Refer to the Tk ``label`` manual page for the full list of options. .. class:: LabelFrame(master=None, cnf={}, **kw) A :class:`!LabelFrame` widget is a container that has the features of a :class:`Frame` plus the ability to display a label. The label text is set with the *text* option and positioned with *labelanchor*, or an arbitrary widget may be used as the label by giving it as the *labelwidget* option. Inherits from :class:`Widget`. Refer to the Tk ``labelframe`` manual page for the full list of options. .. class:: Listbox(master=None, cnf={}, **kw) A :class:`!Listbox` widget displays a list of single-line text items, one per line, of which the user can select one or more. The way the selection behaves is governed by the *selectmode* option, which is one of ``browse`` (the default; at most one item, which may be dragged with the mouse), ``single`` (at most one item), ``multiple`` (any number of items, toggled individually), or ``extended`` (any number of items, including discontiguous ranges, selected by clicking and dragging). Inherits from :class:`Widget`, :class:`XView` and :class:`YView`, so the view can be scrolled horizontally and vertically with :meth:`~XView.xview` and :meth:`~YView.yview`. Refer to the Tk ``listbox`` manual page for the full list of options. Many of the methods take an *index* argument identifying a particular item. As described in the Tk ``listbox`` manual page, *index* may be a numeric index (counting from 0 at the top), ``'active'`` (the item with the location cursor, set with :meth:`activate`), ``'anchor'`` (the selection anchor, set with :meth:`selection_anchor`), ``'end'`` (the last item, or for :meth:`index` and :meth:`insert` the position just after it), or ``@x,y`` (the item covering pixel coordinates *x*, *y* in the listbox window). Arguments named *first* and *last* are indices of the same forms. .. method:: insert(index, *elements) Insert the given *elements* as new items just before the item given by *index*. If *index* is ``'end'``, the new items are appended to the end of the list. .. method:: delete(first, last=None) Delete the items in the range from *first* to *last* inclusive. If *last* is omitted, it defaults to *first*, so that a single item is deleted. .. method:: get(first, last=None) If *last* is omitted, return the contents of the item given by *first*, or an empty string if *first* refers to a non-existent item. If *last* is given, return a tuple of all the items in the range from *first* to *last* inclusive. .. method:: size() Return the total number of items in the listbox. This shadows the inherited :meth:`!Misc.size`; use :meth:`~Misc.grid_size` for the grid size. .. method:: index(index) Return the integer index value corresponding to *index*, or ``None`` if *index* is out of range. If *index* is ``'end'``, the result is a count of the number of items in the listbox (not the index of the last item). .. method:: bbox(index) Return a tuple ``(x, y, width, height)`` describing the bounding box, in pixels relative to the widget, of the text of the item given by *index*. Return ``None`` if no part of that item is visible on the screen, or if *index* refers to a non-existent item; if the item is only partly visible, the result still gives the full area of the item, including the parts that are not visible. This shadows the inherited :meth:`!Misc.bbox`; use :meth:`~Misc.grid_bbox` for the grid bounding box. .. method:: nearest(y) Given a y-coordinate within the listbox window, return the index of the visible item nearest to that y-coordinate. .. method:: see(index) Adjust the view so that the item given by *index* is visible. If the item is already visible the method has no effect; if it is near an edge of the window the listbox scrolls just enough to bring it into view at that edge, otherwise the listbox scrolls to center the item. .. method:: activate(index) Set the active item to the one given by *index*. If *index* is outside the range of items, the closest item is activated instead. The active item is drawn as specified by the *activestyle* option when the widget has the input focus, and its index may be retrieved with the ``'active'`` index. .. method:: curselection() Return a tuple containing the numerical indices of all of the items that are currently selected, or an empty tuple if no items are selected. .. method:: select_anchor(index) :no-typesetting: .. method:: selection_anchor(index) Set the selection anchor to the item given by *index*. If *index* refers to a non-existent item, the closest item is used. The selection anchor is the end of the selection that is fixed while dragging out a selection with the mouse, and may afterwards be referred to with the ``'anchor'`` index. :meth:`select_anchor` is an alias of :meth:`!selection_anchor`. .. method:: select_clear(first, last=None) :no-typesetting: .. method:: selection_clear(first, last=None) Deselect any of the items in the range from *first* to *last* inclusive that are selected. The selection state of items outside this range is not changed. :meth:`select_clear` is an alias of :meth:`!selection_clear`. .. note:: This shadows the inherited :meth:`Misc.selection_clear`, which clears the X selection; that method is not available on a :class:`Listbox`. .. method:: select_includes(index) :no-typesetting: .. method:: selection_includes(index) Return ``True`` if the item given by *index* is currently selected, ``False`` otherwise. :meth:`select_includes` is an alias of :meth:`!selection_includes`. .. method:: select_set(first, last=None) :no-typesetting: .. method:: selection_set(first, last=None) Select all of the items in the range from *first* to *last* inclusive, without affecting the selection state of items outside that range. :meth:`select_set` is an alias of :meth:`!selection_set`. .. method:: itemcget(index, option) Return the current value of the configuration option *option* for the item given by *index*. .. method:: itemconfig(index, cnf=None, **kw) :no-typesetting: .. method:: itemconfigure(index, cnf=None, **kw) Query or modify the configuration options of the item given by *index*. This mirrors :meth:`~Misc.configure`, except that it applies to an individual item rather than to the listbox as a whole. With no options, it returns a dictionary describing the current options of the item; otherwise it sets the given options. The supported item options are *background*, *foreground*, *selectbackground* and *selectforeground*. :meth:`itemconfig` is an alias of :meth:`!itemconfigure`. .. method:: scan_mark(x, y) Record *x*, *y* and the current view, for use with later :meth:`scan_dragto` calls. This is typically bound to a mouse button press in the widget. .. method:: scan_dragto(x, y) Scroll the listbox by 10 times the difference between *x*, *y* and the coordinates passed to the last :meth:`scan_mark` call. This is typically bound to mouse motion events in the widget, producing the effect of dragging the list at high speed through the window. .. class:: Menu(master=None, cnf={}, **kw) A :class:`!Menu` widget displays a column of entries, each of which may be a command, a checkbutton, a radiobutton, a cascade (which posts an associated submenu) or a separator. Menus are used as the menubar of a toplevel window, as pulldown menus posted from a cascade entry or menubutton, and as popup menus. Inherits from :class:`Widget`. Many of the entry methods take an *index* argument that selects which entry to operate on. As described in the Tk ``menu`` manual page, *index* may be a numeric index (counting from 0 at the top), ``'active'`` (the currently active entry), ``'end'`` or ``'last'`` (the bottommost entry), ``'none'`` (no entry at all, written ``{}`` in Tcl), ``@y`` (the entry covering pixel y-coordinate *y* in the menu window), or a pattern matched against the labels of the entries from the top down. .. method:: add(itemType, cnf={}, **kw) Add a new entry to the bottom of the menu. *itemType* is one of ``'command'``, ``'cascade'``, ``'checkbutton'``, ``'radiobutton'`` or ``'separator'`` and determines the type of the new entry; the remaining options configure it. The :meth:`!add_command`, :meth:`!add_cascade`, :meth:`!add_checkbutton`, :meth:`!add_radiobutton` and :meth:`!add_separator` convenience methods call this method with the corresponding *itemType*. The entry is configured by the following options, although not every option applies to every entry type (a separator accepts none of them): *label* The text to display in the entry. *command* The function to call when the entry is invoked (command, checkbutton and radiobutton entries). *accelerator* A string displayed at the right of the entry to advertise an accelerator keystroke; it does not itself create the binding. *underline* The index of a character in the label to underline for keyboard traversal. *state* One of ``'normal'``, ``'active'`` or ``'disabled'``. *image* An image to display instead of, or together with, the text label. *compound* Where to show the image relative to the text: ``'none'`` (the default), ``'text'``, ``'image'``, ``'top'``, ``'bottom'``, ``'left'`` or ``'right'``. *bitmap* A bitmap to display instead of the text label. *font* The font to use for the text. *background*, *foreground* The entry's background and foreground colors in its normal state (ignored on macOS). *activebackground*, *activeforeground* The background and foreground colors used when the entry is active (ignored on macOS). *columnbreak* If true, the entry starts a new column instead of being placed below the previous entry. *hidemargin* If true, the standard margin around the entry is omitted, which is useful when a menu is used as a palette. *menu* The submenu posted by a cascade entry; it must be a child of this menu. *variable* The variable associated with a checkbutton or radiobutton entry. *onvalue*, *offvalue* The values stored in *variable* when a checkbutton entry is selected or cleared. *value* The value stored in *variable* when a radiobutton entry is selected. *indicatoron* Whether to display the indicator of a checkbutton or radiobutton entry. *selectcolor* The color of the indicator of a checkbutton or radiobutton entry when it is selected. *selectimage* The image displayed when a checkbutton or radiobutton entry is selected and *image* is also given. .. method:: add_cascade(cnf={}, **kw) Add a new cascade entry to the bottom of the menu. A cascade entry has an associated submenu, given by its *menu* option, which must be a child of this menu; posting the entry posts the submenu next to it. .. method:: add_checkbutton(cnf={}, **kw) Add a new checkbutton entry to the bottom of the menu. When invoked, a checkbutton entry toggles between its *onvalue* and *offvalue*, storing the result in its associated *variable*, and displays an indicator showing whether it is selected. .. method:: add_command(cnf={}, **kw) Add a new command entry to the bottom of the menu. A command entry behaves much like a button: when it is invoked, the callback given by its *command* option is called. .. method:: add_radiobutton(cnf={}, **kw) Add a new radiobutton entry to the bottom of the menu. Radiobutton entries sharing the same *variable* form a group of which only one may be selected at a time; selecting an entry stores its *value* in the variable. .. method:: add_separator(cnf={}, **kw) Add a separator to the bottom of the menu. A separator is displayed as a horizontal dividing line and cannot be activated or invoked. .. method:: insert(index, itemType, cnf={}, **kw) Same as :meth:`add`, except that the new entry is inserted just before the entry given by *index* instead of being appended to the end of the menu. *itemType* is one of ``'command'``, ``'cascade'``, ``'checkbutton'``, ``'radiobutton'`` or ``'separator'``. The :meth:`!insert_command`, :meth:`!insert_cascade`, :meth:`!insert_checkbutton`, :meth:`!insert_radiobutton` and :meth:`!insert_separator` convenience methods call this method with the corresponding *itemType*. .. method:: insert_cascade(index, cnf={}, **kw) Insert a new cascade entry before the entry given by *index* (see :meth:`add_cascade`). .. method:: insert_checkbutton(index, cnf={}, **kw) Insert a new checkbutton entry before the entry given by *index* (see :meth:`add_checkbutton`). .. method:: insert_command(index, cnf={}, **kw) Insert a new command entry before the entry given by *index* (see :meth:`add_command`). .. method:: insert_radiobutton(index, cnf={}, **kw) Insert a new radiobutton entry before the entry given by *index* (see :meth:`add_radiobutton`). .. method:: insert_separator(index, cnf={}, **kw) Insert a separator before the entry given by *index* (see :meth:`add_separator`). .. method:: delete(index1, index2=None) Delete all of the menu entries between *index1* and *index2* inclusive. If *index2* is omitted, it defaults to *index1*, so that a single entry is deleted. Attempts to delete a tear-off entry are ignored; remove it by changing the *tearoff* option instead. .. method:: entrycget(index, option) Return the current value of the configuration option *option* for the entry given by *index*. .. method:: entryconfig(index, cnf=None, **kw) :no-typesetting: .. method:: entryconfigure(index, cnf=None, **kw) Query or modify the configuration options of the entry given by *index*. This mirrors :meth:`~Misc.configure`, except that it applies to an individual entry rather than to the menu as a whole. With no options, it returns a dictionary describing the current options of the entry; otherwise it sets the given options. The supported options are those accepted by :meth:`add` for the entry's type. :meth:`entryconfig` is an alias of :meth:`!entryconfigure`. .. method:: index(index) Return the numerical index corresponding to *index*, or ``None`` if *index* selects no entry. .. method:: type(index) Return the type of the entry given by *index*: one of ``'command'``, ``'cascade'``, ``'checkbutton'``, ``'radiobutton'``, ``'separator'`` or ``'tearoff'`` (for the tear-off entry). .. method:: activate(index) Make the entry given by *index* the active entry, redisplaying it with its active colors, and deactivate any previously active entry. If *index* selects no entry, or the selected entry is disabled, the menu ends up with no active entry. .. method:: invoke(index) Invoke the action of the entry given by *index*, as if it had been clicked. Nothing happens if the entry is disabled. If the entry has a *command* associated with it, the result of that command is returned; otherwise the result is an empty string. .. method:: post(x, y) Display the menu on the screen at the root-window coordinates *x* and *y*, adjusting them if necessary so that the whole menu is visible. If the *postcommand* option has been specified, it is evaluated before the menu is posted. .. method:: tk_popup(x, y, entry='') Post the menu as a popup at the root-window coordinates *x* and *y*. If *entry* is given, the menu is positioned so that this entry is displayed under the pointer. .. method:: unpost() Unmap the menu so that it is no longer displayed, also unposting any posted lower-level cascaded submenu. This has no effect on Windows and macOS, which manage the unposting of menus themselves. .. method:: xposition(index) Return the x-coordinate, within the menu window, of the leftmost pixel of the entry given by *index*. .. versionadded:: 3.3 .. method:: yposition(index) Return the y-coordinate, within the menu window, of the topmost pixel of the entry given by *index*. .. class:: Menubutton(master=None, cnf={}, **kw) A :class:`!Menubutton` widget displays a textual string, bitmap or image and posts an associated :class:`Menu`, given by its *menu* option, when the user presses it. Like a :class:`Label` it can show *text*, a *textvariable*, or an *image*, and the *direction* option controls where the menu appears relative to the button. Inherits from :class:`Widget`. Refer to the Tk ``menubutton`` manual page for the full list of options. .. class:: Message(master=None, cnf={}, **kw) A :class:`!Message` widget displays a non-interactive textual string, given by the *text* option or linked to a variable through *textvariable*. Unlike a :class:`Label`, it breaks the string into multiple lines in order to produce a given aspect ratio, choosing line breaks at word boundaries, and it can justify the text left, centered or right. Inherits from :class:`Widget`. Refer to the Tk ``message`` manual page for the full list of options. .. class:: OptionMenu(master, variable, value, *values, **kwargs) A helper subclass of :class:`Menubutton` that displays a pop-up menu of mutually exclusive choices. *variable* is a :class:`Variable` kept in sync with the selection, *value* is the initial choice, and *values* are the remaining menu entries. The keyword argument *command* may be given a callback that is invoked with the selected value. .. method:: destroy() Destroy the widget, also cleaning up the associated pop-up menu. .. class:: PanedWindow(master=None, cnf={}, **kw) A :class:`!PanedWindow` is a geometry-manager widget that arranges any number of child *panes* in a row (when *orient* is ``'horizontal'``) or a column (when *orient* is ``'vertical'``). Each pane holds one widget, and each pair of adjacent panes is separated by a movable *sash* that the user can drag with the mouse to resize the widgets on either side of it. Inherits from :class:`Widget`. The *orient* option selects the layout direction, *sashwidth* sets the width of each sash and *sashrelief* its relief. When *showhandle* is true a small handle is drawn on each sash that the user can grab to drag it. Refer to the Tk ``panedwindow`` manual page for the full list of options. .. method:: add(child, **kw) Add *child* to the panedwindow as a new pane, placed after any existing panes. The keyword arguments specify per-pane management options for *child*; they may be any of the options accepted by :meth:`paneconfigure`. .. method:: forget(child) :no-typesetting: .. method:: remove(child) Remove the pane containing *child* from the panedwindow. All geometry management options for *child* are forgotten. :meth:`forget` is an alias of :meth:`!remove`. This shadows the inherited geometry-manager :meth:`!forget`; use :meth:`~Pack.pack_forget`, :meth:`~Grid.grid_forget` or :meth:`~Place.place_forget` to remove the widget itself from its manager. .. method:: panes() Return a tuple of the widgets managed by the panedwindow, one per pane, in order. .. method:: panecget(child, option) Return the current value of the management option *option* for the pane containing *child*. *option* may be any value allowed by :meth:`paneconfigure`. .. method:: paneconfig(tagOrId, cnf=None, **kw) :no-typesetting: .. method:: paneconfigure(tagOrId, cnf=None, **kw) Query or modify the management options of the pane containing the widget *tagOrId*. With no options, it returns a dictionary describing all of the available options for the pane; given a single option name as a string, it returns a description of that one option; otherwise it sets the given options. The supported options include *after* and *before* (insert the pane after or before another managed window), *height* and *width* (the outer dimensions of the window, including any border), *minsize* (the minimum size in the paned dimension), *padx* and *pady* (extra space to leave on each side of the window), *sticky* (position or stretch the window within an oversized pane, using a string of the characters ``n``, ``s``, ``e`` and ``w``), *hide* (hide the pane while keeping it in the list of panes) and *stretch* (how extra space is allocated to the pane: one of ``'always'``, ``'first'``, ``'last'``, ``'middle'`` or ``'never'``). :meth:`paneconfig` is an alias of :meth:`!paneconfigure`. .. method:: identify(x, y) Identify the panedwindow component underneath the point given by *x* and *y*, in window coordinates. If the point is over a sash or a sash handle, the result is a two-element tuple containing the index of the sash or handle and a word indicating whether it is over a sash or a handle, such as ``(0, 'sash')`` or ``(2, 'handle')``. If the point is over any other part of the panedwindow, the result is an empty string. .. method:: sash(*args) Query or change the position of the sashes in the panedwindow. This is a thin wrapper around the Tk ``sash`` subcommand; the convenience methods :meth:`sash_coord`, :meth:`sash_mark` and :meth:`sash_place` should normally be used instead. .. method:: sash_coord(index) Return the current x and y coordinate pair for the sash given by *index*, which must be an integer between 0 and one less than the number of panes in the panedwindow. The coordinates returned are those of the top left corner of the region containing the sash. .. method:: sash_mark(index) Record the current mouse position for the sash given by *index*, for use together with later sash-drag operations to move the sash. .. method:: sash_place(index, x, y) Place the sash given by *index* at the coordinates *x* and *y*. .. method:: proxy(*args) Query or change the position of the sash proxy, the "ghost" sash shown while a sash is being dragged with non-opaque resizing. This is a thin wrapper around the Tk ``proxy`` subcommand; the convenience methods :meth:`proxy_coord`, :meth:`proxy_forget` and :meth:`proxy_place` should normally be used instead. .. method:: proxy_coord() Return a tuple containing the x and y coordinates of the most recent proxy location. .. method:: proxy_forget() Remove the proxy from the display. .. method:: proxy_place(x, y) Place the proxy at the coordinates *x* and *y*. .. class:: Radiobutton(master=None, cnf={}, **kw) A :class:`!Radiobutton` widget displays a textual string, bitmap or image together with a diamond or circular indicator, and selects one choice out of several. It has all the behavior of a simple button and, in addition, can be selected: typically several radiobuttons share a single *variable*, and selecting one sets that variable to the radiobutton's *value*; each radiobutton also monitors the variable and automatically selects or deselects itself when the variable changes. Inherits from :class:`Widget`. In addition to the standard widget options, a radiobutton accepts the options documented in the Tk ``radiobutton`` manual page, such as *variable*, *value* and *command*. .. method:: invoke() Do just what would happen if the user pressed the radiobutton with the mouse: select the button and invoke the associated command, if there is one. Return the result of the command, or an empty string if no command is associated with the radiobutton. This is ignored if the radiobutton's state is ``disabled``. .. method:: select() Select the radiobutton and set the associated variable to the value corresponding to this widget. .. method:: deselect() Deselect the radiobutton and set the associated variable to an empty string. If this radiobutton was not currently selected, this has no effect. .. method:: flash() Flash the radiobutton by redisplaying it several times, alternating between the active and normal colors. At the end of the flash the radiobutton is left in the same normal or active state as when the method was called. This is ignored if the radiobutton's state is ``disabled``. .. class:: Scale(master=None, cnf={}, **kw) A :class:`!Scale` widget lets the user select a numerical value by moving a slider along a trough. It can be oriented vertically or horizontally and can optionally display a label and the current value. Inherits from :class:`Widget`. In addition to the standard widget options, a scale accepts the options documented in the Tk ``scale`` manual page, such as *from_*, *to*, *resolution*, *orient*, *tickinterval*, *variable* and *command*. As elsewhere in :mod:`!tkinter`, the leading ``-`` of the Tk option name is dropped; *from* is spelled ``from_`` because :keyword:`from` is a Python keyword. With a non-integer *resolution*, see :ref:`numeric values and the locale <tkinter-numeric-locale>`. .. method:: get() Return the current value of the scale. The result is an integer if the scale's *resolution* yields whole numbers, and a float otherwise. .. method:: set(value) Set the scale to *value*, moving the slider accordingly. This has no effect if the scale is disabled. .. method:: coords(value=None) Return a tuple ``(x, y)`` giving the pixel coordinates, relative to the widget, of the point on the centerline of the trough that corresponds to *value*. If *value* is omitted, the scale's current value is used. .. method:: identify(x, y) Return a string describing the part of the scale at the pixel coordinates *x*, *y*: ``'slider'``, ``'trough1'`` (the part of the trough above or to the left of the slider), ``'trough2'`` (below or to the right of the slider), or an empty string if the point is not over any of these elements. .. class:: Scrollbar(master=None, cnf={}, **kw) A :class:`!Scrollbar` widget displays a slider and two arrows that let the user scroll an associated widget, such as a :class:`Listbox`, :class:`Text`, :class:`Canvas` or :class:`Entry`. It is connected to the scrolled widget by setting that widget's *xscrollcommand* or *yscrollcommand* option to the scrollbar's :meth:`set` method, and the scrollbar's *command* option to the scrolled widget's :meth:`~XView.xview` or :meth:`~YView.yview` method. Inherits from :class:`Widget`. .. method:: get() Return the current scrollbar settings as a tuple ``(first, last)`` of two fractions between 0 and 1, describing the portion of the document that is currently visible, as last passed to :meth:`set`. .. method:: set(first, last) Set the scrollbar. *first* and *last* are fractions between 0 and 1 giving the positions of the start and end of the visible portion of the associated document. This method is normally registered as the scrolled widget's *xscrollcommand* or *yscrollcommand* and called by that widget. .. method:: activate(index=None) Mark the element *index* (one of ``'arrow1'``, ``'slider'`` or ``'arrow2'``) as active, displaying it according to the *activebackground* and *activerelief* options. If *index* is omitted, return the name of the currently active element, or ``None`` if no element is active. .. versionchanged:: 3.5 The *index* argument is now optional. .. method:: delta(deltax, deltay) Return a float indicating the fractional change in the scrollbar setting that corresponds to moving the slider by *deltax* pixels horizontally (for horizontal scrollbars) or *deltay* pixels vertically (for vertical scrollbars). .. method:: fraction(x, y) Return a float between 0 and 1 indicating where the point at pixel coordinates *x*, *y* lies in the trough: 0 corresponds to the top or left of the trough and 1 to the bottom or right. .. method:: identify(x, y) Return the name of the element under the pixel coordinates *x*, *y* (such as ``'arrow1'``), or an empty string if the point does not lie in any element of the scrollbar. .. class:: Spinbox(master=None, cnf={}, **kw) A :class:`!Spinbox` widget is an :class:`Entry`-like widget with a pair of up/down arrow buttons that let the user step through a range of values in addition to editing the value directly. The set of values may be a numeric range given by the *from_*, *to* and *increment* options, or an explicit list of strings given by the *values* option (which takes precedence over the range). Each time an arrow is invoked the *command* callback, if any, is called; the *wrap* option controls whether stepping past either end of the range wraps around to the other end; the *format* option specifies how numeric values are formatted; and the *validate* option enables validation of the entered text. Inherits from :class:`Widget` and :class:`XView`. With a non-integer *increment*, see :ref:`numeric values and the locale <tkinter-numeric-locale>`. Many of the methods take an *index* argument identifying a character in the spinbox's string. As described in the Tk ``spinbox`` manual page, *index* may be a numeric index (counting from 0), ``'anchor'`` (the selection anchor point), ``'end'`` (just after the last character), ``'insert'`` (the character just after the insertion cursor), ``'sel.first'`` or ``'sel.last'`` (the ends of the selection), or ``@x`` (the character covering pixel x-coordinate *x* in the window). .. method:: get() Return the spinbox's string. .. method:: insert(index, s) Insert the characters of the string *s* just before the character given by *index*. .. method:: delete(first, last=None) Delete one or more characters of the spinbox. *first* is the index of the first character to delete, and *last* is the index of the character just after the last one to delete. If *last* is omitted, a single character at *first* is deleted. .. method:: icursor(index) Arrange for the insertion cursor to be displayed just before the character given by *index*. .. method:: index(index) Return the numerical index corresponding to *index*, as a string. .. method:: bbox(index) Return a tuple of four integers ``(x, y, width, height)`` describing the bounding box of the character given by *index*. *x* and *y* are the pixel coordinates of the upper-left corner of the character relative to the widget, and *width* and *height* are its size in pixels. The bounding box may refer to a region outside the visible area of the window. This shadows the inherited :meth:`!Misc.bbox`; use :meth:`~Misc.grid_bbox` for the grid bounding box. .. method:: identify(x, y) Return the name of the window element at the pixel coordinates *x*, *y*: one of ``'buttondown'``, ``'buttonup'``, ``'entry'`` or ``'none'``. .. method:: invoke(element) Invoke the spin button given by *element*, either ``'buttonup'`` or ``'buttondown'``, triggering the action associated with it. .. method:: scan(*args) A thin wrapper around the Tk ``scan`` widget subcommand, used to implement fast dragging of the view: ``scan('mark', x)`` records *x* and the current view, and ``scan('dragto', x)`` adjusts the view relative to that mark. The :meth:`scan_mark` and :meth:`scan_dragto` methods wrap the two forms. .. method:: scan_mark(x) Record *x* and the current view in the spinbox window, for use with a later :meth:`scan_dragto` call. This is typically associated with a mouse button press in the widget. .. method:: scan_dragto(x) Adjust the view by 10 times the difference between *x* and the *x* passed to the last :meth:`scan_mark` call. This is typically associated with mouse motion events, producing the effect of dragging the spinbox at high speed through the window. .. method:: selection(*args) A thin wrapper around the Tk ``selection`` widget subcommand, used to adjust the selection within the spinbox. It has several forms depending on the first argument, such as ``selection('adjust', index)``, ``selection('clear')``, ``selection('element', ?elem?)``, ``selection('from', index)``, ``selection('present')``, ``selection('range', start, end)`` and ``selection('to', index)``. The :meth:`selection_adjust`, :meth:`selection_clear`, :meth:`selection_element`, :meth:`selection_from`, :meth:`selection_present`, :meth:`selection_range` and :meth:`selection_to` methods wrap these forms. .. method:: selection_adjust(index) Locate the end of the selection nearest to the character given by *index* and adjust that end of the selection to be at *index* (including but not going beyond *index*). The other end becomes the anchor point for future :meth:`selection_to` calls. If the selection is not currently in the spinbox, a new selection is created to include the characters between *index* and the most recent anchor point, inclusive. .. method:: selection_clear() Clear the selection if it is currently in this widget. If the selection is not in this widget, the method has no effect. .. note:: This shadows the inherited :meth:`Misc.selection_clear`, which clears the X selection; that method is not available on a :class:`Spinbox`. .. method:: selection_element(element=None) Set or get the currently selected element. If *element* (one of ``'buttonup'``, ``'buttondown'`` or ``'none'``) is given, that spin button is selected and displayed depressed; otherwise the name of the currently selected element is returned. .. method:: selection_from(index) Set the selection anchor point to just before the character given by *index*, without changing the selection itself. .. versionadded:: 3.8 .. method:: selection_present() Return ``True`` if there are characters selected in the spinbox, ``False`` otherwise. .. versionadded:: 3.8 .. method:: selection_range(start, end) Set the selection to include the characters starting with the one indexed by *start* and ending with the one just before *end*. If *end* refers to the same character as *start* or an earlier one, the selection is cleared. .. versionadded:: 3.8 .. method:: selection_to(index) Set the selection between *index* and the anchor point. If *index* is before the anchor point, the selection runs from *index* up to but not including the anchor point; if it is after, the selection runs from the anchor point up to but not including *index*; if it is the same, nothing happens. The anchor point is the one set by the most recent :meth:`selection_from` or :meth:`selection_adjust` call. If the selection is not in this widget, a new selection is created using the most recent anchor point. .. versionadded:: 3.8 .. class:: Text(master=None, cnf={}, **kw) A :class:`!Text` widget displays and edits multi-line text. Portions of the text may be styled with **tags**, particular positions may be annotated with floating **marks**, and arbitrary images and other widgets may be embedded in the text. The widget also provides an unlimited undo/redo mechanism and supports peer widgets that share the same underlying data. Inherits from :class:`Widget`, :class:`XView` and :class:`YView`, so the view can be scrolled horizontally and vertically with :meth:`~XView.xview` and :meth:`~YView.yview`. Refer to the Tk ``text`` manual page for the full list of options. Most of the methods take one or more *index* arguments that identify a position within the text. As described in the Tk ``text`` manual page, an index is a string consisting of a base, optionally followed by one or more modifiers. The base may be ``'line.char'`` (line *line*, character *char*, where lines are counted from 1 and characters within a line from 0; ``'line.end'`` refers to the newline ending the line), ``'end'`` (the position just after the last newline), the name of a mark, ``'tag.first'`` or ``'tag.last'`` (the first character tagged with *tag*, or the position just after the last such character), the name of an embedded image or window, or ``@x,y`` (the character covering pixel coordinates *x*, *y* in the widget). A modifier such as ``'+5 chars'``, ``'-3 lines'``, ``'linestart'``, ``'lineend'``, ``'wordstart'`` or ``'wordend'`` adjusts the index relative to its base; several modifiers may be combined and are applied from left to right, for example ``'insert wordstart - 1 c'``. .. method:: insert(index, chars, *args) Insert the string *chars* just before the character at *index* (if *index* is ``'end'``, just before the final newline). By default the new text inherits any tags present on both sides of the insertion point. If *args* is given, it consists of alternating *tagList*, *chars* values: the preceding *chars* receives exactly the tags listed (a tag list may be a single tag name or a sequence of names), overriding the surrounding tags. .. method:: delete(index1, index2=None) Delete the range of characters from *index1* up to but not including *index2*. If *index2* is omitted, the single character at *index1* is deleted. The widget always keeps a newline as its last character, so a deletion that would remove it is adjusted accordingly. .. method:: replace(index1, index2, chars, *args) Replace the range of characters from *index1* up to but not including *index2* with *chars*. This is equivalent to a :meth:`delete` followed by an :meth:`insert` at *index1*; *args* is interpreted as for :meth:`insert`. .. versionadded:: 3.3 .. method:: get(index1, index2=None) Return the text from *index1* up to but not including *index2* as a string. If *index2* is omitted, return the single character at *index1*. Embedded images and windows are omitted from the result. .. method:: index(index) Return the position corresponding to *index* in the canonical ``'line.char'`` form. .. method:: compare(index1, op, index2) Compare the positions of *index1* and *index2* using the relational operator *op*, which must be one of ``'<'``, ``'<='``, ``'=='``, ``'>='``, ``'>'`` or ``'!='``, and return the boolean result. .. method:: count(index1, index2, *options, return_ints=False) Count the number of items of the requested kinds between *index1* and *index2*; the count is negative if *index1* is after *index2*. Each of *options* names a kind of item to count: ``'chars'``, ``'displaychars'``, ``'displayindices'``, ``'displaylines'``, ``'indices'``, ``'lines'``, ``'xpixels'`` or ``'ypixels'`` (the default, used when no option is given, is ``'indices'``). The pseudo-option ``'update'`` forces any out-of-date layout information to be recalculated before the following options are evaluated. When *return_ints* is true and a single counting option is given, return a plain integer; otherwise return a tuple with one integer per counting option (or ``None`` if the result is empty). .. versionadded:: 3.3 .. versionchanged:: 3.13 Added the *return_ints* parameter. .. method:: see(index) Adjust the view so that the character given by *index* is visible. If it is already visible the method has no effect; if it is a short distance out of view the widget scrolls just enough to bring it to the nearest edge, otherwise it scrolls to center *index* in the window. .. method:: bbox(index) Return a tuple ``(x, y, width, height)`` giving the bounding box, in pixels, of the visible part of the character at *index*, or ``None`` if that character is not visible on the screen. This shadows the inherited :meth:`!Misc.bbox`; use :meth:`~Misc.grid_bbox` for the grid bounding box. .. method:: dlineinfo(index) Return a tuple ``(x, y, width, height, baseline)`` describing the display line that contains *index*: the first four values give the bounding box of the line in pixels and *baseline* gives the offset of the baseline measured down from the top of the area. Return ``None`` if that display line is not visible on the screen. .. method:: mark_set(markName, index) Set the mark named *markName* to the position just before the character at *index*, creating the mark if it does not already exist. A mark created this way has right gravity by default. .. method:: mark_unset(*markNames) Remove each of the marks named in *markNames*. The special ``insert`` and ``current`` marks may not be removed. .. method:: mark_names() Return a tuple of the names of all marks currently set in the widget. .. method:: mark_gravity(markName, direction=None) If *direction* is omitted, return the gravity of mark *markName*, either ``'left'`` or ``'right'``. Otherwise set its gravity to *direction*. The gravity determines on which side of the mark text inserted at the mark's position appears: a mark with right gravity (the default) stays to the right of such text. .. method:: mark_next(index) Return the name of the first mark at or after *index*, or ``None`` if there is none. When *index* is the name of a mark, the search starts just after that mark. .. method:: mark_previous(index) Return the name of the last mark at or before *index*, or ``None`` if there is none. When *index* is the name of a mark, the search starts just before that mark. .. method:: tag_add(tagName, index1, *args) Add the tag *tagName* to the range of characters from *index1* up to but not including the next index in *args*. Further pairs of indices may follow in *args* to tag additional ranges; a trailing single index tags just the character at that index. .. method:: tag_remove(tagName, index1, index2=None) Remove the tag *tagName* from the characters from *index1* up to but not including *index2* (or from the single character at *index1* if *index2* is omitted). The tag itself continues to exist even if no characters carry it. .. method:: tag_delete(*tagNames) Delete each of the tags named in *tagNames*, removing them from all characters and discarding their options and bindings. .. method:: tag_config(tagName, cnf=None, **kw) :no-typesetting: .. method:: tag_configure(tagName, cnf=None, **kw) Query or modify the configuration options of the tag *tagName*. This mirrors :meth:`~Misc.configure`, except that it applies to a tag rather than to the widget as a whole: with no options it returns a dictionary describing the current options, otherwise it sets the given options. Defining a tag this way also gives it a priority higher than any existing tag. The supported tag options, all controlling the appearance of the tagged text, are: *font* The font to use for the text. *foreground* The color to use for the text. *background* The color to use for the area behind the text. *fgstipple*, *bgstipple* Bitmaps used to stipple the foreground (text) and the background; only well supported on X11. *borderwidth* The width of the border drawn around the text according to *relief* (default ``0``). *relief* The 3-D appearance of the text's border: ``'flat'`` (the default), ``'raised'``, ``'sunken'``, ``'ridge'``, ``'groove'`` or ``'solid'``. *offset* How far the text is raised above (or, if negative, lowered below) the baseline, for superscripts and subscripts. *underline* Whether to underline the text. *underlinefg* The color of the underline; it defaults to the text color. *overstrike* Whether to draw a line through the middle of the text. *overstrikefg* The color of the overstrike line; it defaults to the text color. *elide* Whether the text is elided (hidden). *justify* How to justify the first character of a display line: ``'left'`` (the default), ``'right'`` or ``'center'``. *wrap* How to wrap lines that are too long: ``'char'``, ``'word'`` or ``'none'``. *lmargin1*, *lmargin2* The indentation, in pixels, of the first display line of a logical line and of the remaining display lines. *lmargincolor* The color of the left margin area. *rmargin* The right-hand margin, in pixels. *rmargincolor* The color of the right margin area. *spacing1*, *spacing2*, *spacing3* Extra space, in pixels, above the first display line of a logical line, between its display lines, and below its last display line. *tabs* The set of tab stops, in the same form as the widget's *tabs* option. *tabstyle* How tab stops are interpreted: ``'tabular'`` or ``'wordprocessor'``. *selectbackground*, *selectforeground* The background and foreground colors used for the text while it is selected. .. note:: Tk 8.6 added the *lmargincolor*, *overstrikefg*, *rmargincolor*, *selectbackground*, *selectforeground* and *underlinefg* options. :meth:`tag_config` is an alias of :meth:`!tag_configure`. .. method:: tag_cget(tagName, option) Return the current value of the configuration option *option* for the tag *tagName*. .. method:: tag_names(index=None) If *index* is omitted, return a tuple of the names of all tags defined in the widget; otherwise return only the names of the tags applied to the character at *index*. The names are ordered from lowest to highest priority. .. method:: tag_ranges(tagName) Return a tuple of indices describing all ranges of text tagged with *tagName*. The result alternates start and end indices, so that elements ``2*i`` and ``2*i+1`` bound the *i*-th range. .. method:: tag_nextrange(tagName, index1, index2=None) Search forward from *index1* (up to *index2* if given) for the first range of characters tagged with *tagName*, and return a two-element tuple of its start and end indices, or an empty tuple if there is no such range. .. method:: tag_prevrange(tagName, index1, index2=None) Search backward from *index1* (down to *index2* if given) for the nearest preceding range of characters tagged with *tagName*, and return a two-element tuple of its start and end indices, or an empty tuple if there is no such range. .. method:: tag_raise(tagName, aboveThis=None) Raise the priority of tag *tagName* so that it is just above the priority of *aboveThis*, or to the highest priority of all tags if *aboveThis* is omitted. When the display options of overlapping tags conflict, the higher-priority tag wins. .. method:: tag_lower(tagName, belowThis=None) Lower the priority of tag *tagName* so that it is just below the priority of *belowThis*, or to the lowest priority of all tags if *belowThis* is omitted. .. method:: tag_bind(tagName, sequence, func, add=None) Bind the event *sequence* on characters tagged with *tagName* to the callback *func*, so that *func* is invoked when that event occurs over such a character. If *add* is true the binding is added alongside any existing bindings for *sequence*, otherwise it replaces them. Works like :meth:`~Misc.bind` and returns the identifier of the new binding. .. method:: tag_unbind(tagName, sequence, funcid=None) Remove the bindings of the event *sequence* on characters tagged with *tagName*. If *funcid* is given, only that binding (as returned by :meth:`tag_bind`) is removed and its callback is unregistered. .. versionchanged:: 3.13 If *funcid* is given, only that callback is unbound. .. method:: image_create(index, cnf={}, **kw) Embed an image at *index* and return the name assigned to this image instance, which may then be used as an index or passed to the other ``image_*`` methods. The options, given in *cnf* and *kw*, include *image* (the Tk image to display), *name* (a base name for the instance), *align*, *padx* and *pady*. .. method:: image_cget(index, option) Return the current value of the configuration option *option* for the embedded image at *index*. .. method:: image_configure(index, cnf=None, **kw) Query or modify the configuration options of the embedded image at *index*, like :meth:`~Misc.configure` but applied to that image. .. method:: image_names() Return a tuple of the names of all images embedded in the widget. .. note:: This shadows the inherited :meth:`Misc.image_names`, which returns the names of all images in the Tcl interpreter; that method is not available on a :class:`Text`. .. method:: window_create(index, cnf={}, **kw) Embed a window (any widget) at *index*. The options, given in *cnf* and *kw*, include *window* (the widget to embed), *create* (a callback that creates the widget on demand), *align*, *stretch*, *padx* and *pady*. The embedded widget must be a descendant of the text widget's parent. .. method:: window_cget(index, option) Return the current value of the configuration option *option* for the embedded window at *index*. .. method:: window_config(index, cnf=None, **kw) :no-typesetting: .. method:: window_configure(index, cnf=None, **kw) Query or modify the configuration options of the embedded window at *index*, like :meth:`~Misc.configure` but applied to that window. :meth:`window_config` is an alias of :meth:`!window_configure`. .. method:: window_names() Return a tuple of the names of all windows embedded in the widget. .. method:: edit(*args) Low-level wrapper around the Tk ``edit`` widget command that controls the undo/redo mechanism and the modified flag; *args* is the ``edit`` subcommand and its arguments. The :meth:`!edit_\*` methods below are thin wrappers around it and are usually more convenient. .. method:: edit_modified(arg=None) If *arg* is omitted, return the current state of the modified flag as true or false; the flag is set automatically whenever the text is inserted or deleted. Otherwise set the flag to the boolean *arg*. .. method:: edit_undo() Undo the most recent edit action, that is, all the inserts and deletes recorded on the undo stack since the previous separator, and move it to the redo stack. Raises :exc:`TclError` if the undo stack is empty. Has no effect unless the *undo* option is true. Since Tk 9.0, returns a tuple of indices delimiting the ranges of text that were changed. .. method:: edit_redo() Reapply the most recently undone edit action, provided no further edits have been made since, and move it back to the undo stack. Raises :exc:`TclError` if the redo stack is empty. Has no effect unless the *undo* option is true. Since Tk 9.0, returns a tuple of indices delimiting the ranges of text that were changed. .. method:: edit_reset() Clear the undo and redo stacks. .. method:: edit_separator() Push a separator onto the undo stack, marking a boundary between edit actions for undo and redo. Has no effect unless the *undo* option is true. Separators are inserted automatically when the *autoseparators* option is true. .. method:: search(pattern, index, stopindex=None, forwards=None, backwards=None, exact=None, regexp=None, nocase=None, count=None, elide=None) Search for *pattern* starting at *index* and return the index of the first character of the first match, or an empty string if there is no match. Searching stops at *stopindex* if given; otherwise it wraps around the ends of the text until the starting position is reached again. The following boolean keyword flags control the search: *forwards* or *backwards* select the direction (forward is the default); *exact* (the default) or *regexp* select literal or regular-expression matching; *nocase* makes the match case-insensitive; and *elide* causes hidden text to be searched as well. If *count* is a :class:`Variable`, the number of index positions in the match is stored in it. .. method:: scan_mark(x, y) Record *x*, *y* and the current view, for use with later :meth:`scan_dragto` calls. This is typically bound to a mouse button press in the widget. .. method:: scan_dragto(x, y) Scroll the widget by 10 times the difference between *x*, *y* and the coordinates passed to the last :meth:`scan_mark` call. This is typically bound to mouse motion events, producing the effect of dragging the text at high speed through the window. .. method:: debug(boolean=None) If *boolean* is omitted, return whether internal consistency checks of the B-tree data structure are enabled. Otherwise enable or disable them. The setting is shared by all text widgets and may noticeably slow down widgets holding large amounts of text. .. method:: dump(index1, index2=None, command=None, **kw) Return the contents of the widget from *index1* up to but not including *index2* (or just the segment at *index1* if *index2* is omitted), including text and information about marks, tags, images and windows. The result is a list of ``(key, value, index)`` triples, where *key* is one of ``'text'``, ``'mark'``, ``'tagon'``, ``'tagoff'``, ``'image'`` or ``'window'``. By default all kinds are reported; passing any of the keyword arguments *all*, *text*, *mark*, *tag*, *image* or *window* as true restricts the dump to the selected kinds. If *command* is given, it is called once per triple with the three values as arguments and nothing is returned. .. method:: peer_create(newPathName, cnf={}, **kw) Create a peer text widget with the path name *newPathName* that shares this widget's underlying data (text, marks, tags, images and the undo stack). Changes made through any peer are reflected in all of them. By default the peer covers the same lines as this widget; standard text options, including *startline* and *endline*, may be given to override this. .. versionadded:: 3.3 .. method:: peer_names() Return a tuple of the path names of this widget's peers, not including the widget itself. .. versionadded:: 3.3 .. method:: yview_pickplace(*what) Adjust the view so that the location given by *what* is visible. This is an obsolete equivalent of :meth:`see`, which should be used instead. Variable classes ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ .. class:: Variable(master=None, value=None, name=None) The base class for the Tk variable wrappers. A Tk variable is a value stored in the Tcl interpreter that can be linked to widgets through their *variable* or *textvariable* options (see :ref:`coupling-widget-variables`), so that changes propagate both ways: updating the variable updates every widget bound to it, and a user editing such a widget updates the variable. *master* is the widget whose Tcl interpreter owns the variable; if omitted, the default root window is used. *value* is the initial value; if omitted, a type-specific default is used. *name* is the name of the variable in the Tcl interpreter; if omitted, a unique name of the form ``'PY_VARnum'`` is generated. If *name* matches an existing variable and *value* is omitted, the existing value is retained. In most cases you should use one of the typed subclasses below -- :class:`StringVar`, :class:`IntVar`, :class:`DoubleVar` or :class:`BooleanVar` -- rather than :class:`!Variable` directly. .. note:: When a :class:`!Variable` is garbage collected, its Tcl variable is unset. Keep a reference to it for as long as a widget is linked to it, for example by storing it as an attribute rather than in a local variable. Otherwise Tk recreates the Tcl variable to keep the widget working, but it is never unset again, leaking one Tcl variable per dropped wrapper. .. versionchanged:: 3.10 Two variables now compare equal (``==``) only when they have the same name, are of the same class, and belong to the same Tcl interpreter. .. method:: get() Return the current value of the variable. For the base class the value is returned as a string; the typed subclasses convert it to the appropriate Python type. .. method:: initialize(value) :no-typesetting: .. method:: set(value) Set the variable to *value*. :meth:`initialize` is an alias of :meth:`!set`. .. versionadded:: 3.3 The *initialize* spelling. .. method:: trace_add(mode, callback) Register *callback* to be called when the variable is accessed according to *mode*. *mode* is one of the strings ``'array'``, ``'read'``, ``'write'`` or ``'unset'``, or a list or tuple of such strings. When triggered, *callback* is called with three arguments: the name of the Tcl variable, an index (or an empty string if the variable is not an element of an array), and the *mode* that triggered the call. Return the internal name of the registered callback, which can be passed to :meth:`trace_remove`. .. versionadded:: 3.6 .. method:: trace_remove(mode, cbname) Remove a trace callback from the variable. *mode* must match the *mode* that was passed to :meth:`trace_add`, and *cbname* is the callback name returned by :meth:`trace_add`. .. versionadded:: 3.6 .. method:: trace_info() Return a list of ``(modes, cbname)`` pairs describing all traces currently set on the variable, where *modes* is a tuple of mode strings and *cbname* is the internal callback name. .. versionadded:: 3.6 .. method:: trace(mode, callback) :no-typesetting: .. method:: trace_variable(mode, callback) Register *callback* to be called when the variable is accessed according to *mode*. *mode* is one of the strings ``'r'``, ``'w'`` or ``'u'``, for read, write or unset. Return the internal name of the registered callback. :meth:`trace` is an alias of :meth:`!trace_variable`. .. deprecated:: 3.6 Use :meth:`trace_add` instead. This method wraps a Tcl feature that was removed in Tcl 9.0. .. method:: trace_vdelete(mode, cbname) Remove the trace callback named *cbname* registered for *mode* with :meth:`trace_variable`. .. deprecated:: 3.6 Use :meth:`trace_remove` instead. This method wraps a Tcl feature that was removed in Tcl 9.0. .. method:: trace_vinfo() Return a list of ``(mode, cbname)`` pairs for all traces set on the variable with :meth:`trace_variable`. .. deprecated:: 3.6 Use :meth:`trace_info` instead. This method wraps a Tcl feature that was removed in Tcl 9.0. .. class:: StringVar(master=None, value=None, name=None) A :class:`Variable` subclass that holds a string. The default value is ``''``. .. method:: get() Return the value of the variable as a :class:`str`. .. class:: IntVar(master=None, value=None, name=None) A :class:`Variable` subclass that holds an integer. The default value is ``0``. .. method:: get() Return the value of the variable as an :class:`int`. .. class:: DoubleVar(master=None, value=None, name=None) A :class:`Variable` subclass that holds a float. The default value is ``0.0``. .. method:: get() Return the value of the variable as a :class:`float`. .. _tkinter-numeric-locale: .. note:: A floating-point value is always parsed with a period (``.``) as the decimal separator, but :class:`Spinbox`, :class:`Scale` and :class:`ttk.Spinbox <tkinter.ttk.Spinbox>` format it according to the ``LC_NUMERIC`` locale. Under a locale that uses a comma they produce a value that :meth:`get` cannot read, raising :exc:`TclError`. Set ``LC_NUMERIC`` to a locale that uses a period (such as ``'C'``) to avoid this. .. class:: BooleanVar(master=None, value=None, name=None) A :class:`Variable` subclass that holds a boolean. The default value is ``False``. .. method:: get() Return the value of the variable as a :class:`bool`. Raise a :exc:`ValueError` if the value cannot be interpreted as a boolean. .. method:: initialize(value) :no-typesetting: .. method:: set(value) Set the variable to *value*, converting it to a boolean. :meth:`initialize` is an alias of :meth:`!set`. .. versionadded:: 3.3 The *initialize* spelling. Image classes ^^^^^^^^^^^^^ .. class:: Image(imgtype, name=None, cnf={}, master=None, **kw) Base class for Tk images. *imgtype* is the Tk image type, one of ``'photo'`` or ``'bitmap'``. An image is a named object that can be displayed by widgets through their *image* option; deleting all references to the :class:`!Image` object deletes the underlying Tk image. Usually you create a :class:`PhotoImage` or :class:`BitmapImage` rather than an :class:`!Image` directly. The image's configuration options are given by *cnf* and *kw* and may be queried and changed later with the mapping protocol (using ``image[key]``) or with the :meth:`configure` method. .. method:: config(**kw) :no-typesetting: .. method:: configure(**kw) Modify one or more configuration options of the image. The valid options depend on the image type; see :class:`PhotoImage` and :class:`BitmapImage`. :meth:`config` is an alias of :meth:`!configure`. .. method:: height() Return the height of the image, in pixels. .. method:: width() Return the width of the image, in pixels. .. method:: type() Return the type of the image, that is the value of *imgtype* with which it was created (for example ``'photo'`` or ``'bitmap'``). .. class:: PhotoImage(name=None, cnf={}, master=None, **kw) A full-color image (the Tk ``photo`` image type), stored internally with a varying degree of transparency per pixel. It can read and write GIF, PPM/PGM and (in Tk 8.6 and later) PNG files, read SVG files (in Tk 9.0 and later), and be drawn in widgets. Inherits from :class:`Image`. The configuration options include *data* (the image contents as a string), *file* (the name of a file to read the contents from), *format* (the name of the file format handler), *width* and *height* (the size of the image, used when building it up piece by piece), *gamma* and *palette*. .. method:: blank() Blank the image; that is, set the entire image to have no data, so that it is displayed as transparent and the background of whatever window it is displayed in shows through. .. method:: cget(option) Return the current value of the configuration option *option*. .. method:: copy(*, from_coords=None, zoom=None, subsample=None) Return a new :class:`PhotoImage` with a copy of this image. *from_coords* specifies a rectangular sub-region of the source image to be copied. It must be a tuple or a list of 1 to 4 integers ``(x1, y1, x2, y2)``. ``(x1, y1)`` and ``(x2, y2)`` specify diagonally opposite corners of the rectangle. If *x2* and *y2* are not specified, they default to the bottom-right corner of the source image. The pixels copied include the left and top edges of the rectangle but not the bottom or right edges. If *from_coords* is not given, the whole source image is copied. If *zoom* or *subsample* are specified, the image is transformed as in the :meth:`zoom` or :meth:`subsample` methods. The value must be a single integer or a pair of integers. .. versionchanged:: 3.13 Added the *from_coords*, *zoom* and *subsample* parameters. .. method:: copy_replace(sourceImage, *, from_coords=None, to=None, \ shrink=False, zoom=None, subsample=None, \ compositingrule=None) Copy a region from *sourceImage* (which must be a :class:`PhotoImage`) into this image, possibly with pixel zooming and/or subsampling. If no options are specified, the whole of *sourceImage* is copied into this image, starting at coordinates ``(0, 0)``. *from_coords* specifies a rectangular sub-region of the source image to be copied, as in the :meth:`copy` method. *to* specifies a rectangular sub-region of the destination image to be affected. It must be a tuple or a list of 1 to 4 integers ``(x1, y1, x2, y2)``. If *x2* and *y2* are not specified, they default to ``(x1, y1)`` plus the size of the source region (after subsampling and zooming, if specified). If *x2* and *y2* are specified, the source region is replicated if necessary to fill the destination region in a tiled fashion. If *shrink* is true, the size of the destination image is reduced, if necessary, so that the region being copied into is at the bottom-right corner of the image. If *zoom* or *subsample* are specified, the image is transformed as in the :meth:`zoom` or :meth:`subsample` methods. The value must be a single integer or a pair of integers. *compositingrule* specifies how transparent pixels in the source image are combined with the destination image. With ``'overlay'`` (the default), the old contents of the destination image remain visible, as if the source image were printed on a piece of transparent film and placed over the top of the destination. With ``'set'``, the old contents of the destination image are discarded and the source image is used as-is. .. versionadded:: 3.13 .. method:: data(format=None, *, from_coords=None, background=None, \ grayscale=False) Return the image data. *format* specifies the name of the image file format handler to use. If it is not given, the data is returned as a tuple (one element per row) of strings containing space-separated (one element per pixel/column) colors in ``#RRGGBB`` format. *from_coords* specifies a rectangular region of the image to be returned. It must be a tuple or a list of 1 to 4 integers ``(x1, y1, x2, y2)``. If only *x1* and *y1* are specified, the region extends from ``(x1, y1)`` to the bottom-right corner of the image. If all four coordinates are given, they specify diagonally opposite corners of the region, including ``(x1, y1)`` and excluding ``(x2, y2)``. If *from_coords* is not given, the whole image is returned. If *background* is specified, the data does not contain any transparency information; in all transparent pixels the color is replaced by the specified color. If *grayscale* is true, the data does not contain color information; all pixel data is transformed into grayscale. .. versionadded:: 3.13 .. method:: get(x, y) Return the color of the pixel at coordinates (*x*, *y*) as an ``(r, g, b)`` tuple of three integers between 0 and 255, representing the red, green and blue components respectively. .. method:: put(data, to=None) Set pixels of the image to the colors given in *data*, which must be a string or a nested sequence of horizontal rows of pixel colors (for example ``"{red green} {blue yellow}"``). *to* specifies the coordinates of the region of the image into which the data are copied. It must be a tuple or a list of 2 or 4 integers ``(x1, y1)`` or ``(x1, y1, x2, y2)`` giving the top-left corner, and optionally the bottom-right corner, of the region. The default position is ``(0, 0)``. .. method:: read(filename, format=None, *, from_coords=None, to=None, \ shrink=False) Read image data from the file named *filename* into the image. *format* specifies the format of the image data in the file. *from_coords* specifies a rectangular sub-region of the image file data to be copied to the destination image. It must be a tuple or a list of 1 to 4 integers ``(x1, y1, x2, y2)``. If only *x1* and *y1* are specified, the region extends from ``(x1, y1)`` to the bottom-right corner of the image in the file. If all four coordinates are given, they specify diagonally opposite corners of the region. If *from_coords* is not given, the whole of the image in the file is read. *to* specifies the coordinates of the top-left corner of the region of the image into which the data are read. The default is ``(0, 0)``. If *shrink* is true, the size of the image is reduced, if necessary, so that the region into which the file data are read is at the bottom-right corner of the image. .. versionadded:: 3.13 .. method:: subsample(x, y='', *, from_coords=None) Return a new :class:`PhotoImage` based on this image but using only every *x*-th pixel in the X direction and every *y*-th pixel in the Y direction. If *y* is not given, it defaults to the same value as *x*. *from_coords* specifies a rectangular sub-region of the source image to be copied, as in the :meth:`copy` method. .. versionchanged:: 3.13 Added the *from_coords* parameter. .. method:: transparency_get(x, y) Return ``True`` if the pixel at coordinates (*x*, *y*) is fully transparent, ``False`` otherwise. .. versionadded:: 3.8 .. method:: transparency_set(x, y, boolean) Make the pixel at coordinates (*x*, *y*) fully transparent if *boolean* is true, fully opaque otherwise. .. versionadded:: 3.8 .. method:: write(filename, format=None, from_coords=None, *, \ background=None, grayscale=False) Write image data from the image to the file named *filename*. *format* specifies the name of the image file format handler to use. If it is not given, the format is guessed from the file extension. *from_coords* specifies a rectangular region of the image to be written. It must be a tuple or a list of 1 to 4 integers ``(x1, y1, x2, y2)``. If only *x1* and *y1* are specified, the region extends from ``(x1, y1)`` to the bottom-right corner of the image. If all four coordinates are given, they specify diagonally opposite corners of the region. If *from_coords* is not given, the whole image is written. If *background* is specified, the data does not contain any transparency information; in all transparent pixels the color is replaced by the specified color. If *grayscale* is true, the data does not contain color information; all pixel data is transformed into grayscale. .. versionchanged:: 3.13 Added the *background* and *grayscale* parameters. .. method:: zoom(x, y='', *, from_coords=None) Return a new :class:`PhotoImage` with this image magnified by a factor of *x* in the X direction and *y* in the Y direction. If *y* is not given, it defaults to the same value as *x*. *from_coords* specifies a rectangular sub-region of the source image to be copied, as in the :meth:`copy` method. .. versionchanged:: 3.13 Added the *from_coords* parameter. .. class:: BitmapImage(name=None, cnf={}, master=None, **kw) A two-color image (the Tk ``bitmap`` image type) created from an X11 bitmap. Each pixel displays a foreground color, a background color, or nothing (producing a transparent effect). Inherits from :class:`Image`. The configuration options are *data* or *file* (the source bitmap, given as a string in X11 bitmap format or as the name of a file in that format), *maskdata* or *maskfile* (the mask bitmap, in the same forms), and *foreground* and *background* (the two colors). For pixels where the mask is zero the image displays nothing; for other pixels it displays the foreground color where the source is one and the background color where the source is zero. If *background* is set to an empty string, the background pixels are transparent. :class:`!BitmapImage` has no methods of its own beyond those inherited from :class:`Image`. Other classes ^^^^^^^^^^^^^ .. class:: Event() A container for the attributes of an event passed to a callback bound with :meth:`Misc.bind`. An :class:`!Event` instance has the following attributes, each corresponding to a field of the underlying Tk event; depending on the event type, some attributes may be set to the string ``'??'`` to indicate that they are not meaningful. See :ref:`bindings-and-events`. .. attribute:: serial The serial number of the event. .. attribute:: num The mouse button that was pressed or released (for button events). .. attribute:: focus Whether the window has the focus (for ``Enter`` and ``Leave`` events). .. attribute:: height width The new height and width of the window (for ``Configure`` and ``Expose`` events). .. attribute:: keycode The keycode of the key that was pressed or released. .. attribute:: state The state of the event, as a number (for most events) or a string (for ``Visibility`` events). .. attribute:: time The timestamp of the event, in milliseconds. .. attribute:: x y The pointer position relative to the widget, in pixels. .. attribute:: x_root y_root The pointer position relative to the top-left corner of the screen, in pixels. .. attribute:: char The character typed, as a string (for key events). .. attribute:: send_event ``True`` if the event was sent by another application. .. attribute:: keysym The symbolic name of the key that was pressed or released. .. attribute:: keysym_num The numeric value of :attr:`keysym`. .. attribute:: type The :class:`EventType` of the event. .. attribute:: widget The widget on which the event occurred. .. attribute:: delta The amount the mouse wheel was rotated (for ``MouseWheel`` events). .. class:: EventType(*values) An :class:`enum.StrEnum` enumerating the Tk event types, used as the value of :attr:`Event.type`. Its members include, among others, ``KeyPress``, ``KeyRelease``, ``ButtonPress``, ``ButtonRelease``, ``Motion``, ``Enter``, ``Leave``, ``FocusIn``, ``FocusOut``, ``Configure``, ``Map``, ``Unmap``, ``Expose``, ``Destroy`` and ``MouseWheel``. .. versionadded:: 3.6 .. class:: CallWrapper(func, subst, widget) Internal helper that wraps a Python callback so that it can be invoked from Tcl. *func* is the Python function, *subst* is an optional function that pre-processes the Tcl arguments, and *widget* is the widget used for error reporting. Instances are created automatically by :meth:`Misc.register`; this class is not normally used directly. Module-level functions ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ .. function:: Tcl(screenName=None, baseName=None, className='Tk', useTk=False) The :func:`Tcl` function is a factory function which creates an object much like that created by the :class:`Tk` class, except that it does not initialize the Tk subsystem. This is most often useful when driving the Tcl interpreter in an environment where one doesn't want to create extraneous toplevel windows, or where one cannot (such as Unix/Linux systems without an X server). An object created by the :func:`Tcl` object can have a Toplevel window created (and the Tk subsystem initialized) by calling its :meth:`~Tk.loadtk` method. .. function:: NoDefaultRoot() Inhibit the creation of an implicit default root window. Afterwards :mod:`!tkinter` no longer creates a shared default root automatically, and operations that rely on one --- such as constructing a widget without an explicit *master* --- raise a :exc:`RuntimeError`. Call this early in larger applications to make the root window explicit. .. function:: mainloop(n=0) Run the Tk main event loop on the default root window until all windows are destroyed. Equivalent to calling :meth:`Misc.mainloop` on the default root. .. function:: getboolean(s) Convert the Tcl boolean string *s* (one of ``'1'``, ``'true'``, ``'yes'``, ``'on'`` and similar, or their false counterparts) to a Python :class:`bool`. Raise :exc:`TclError` for an invalid value. .. function:: getdouble(s) Convert *s* to a floating-point number. This is the built-in :class:`float`. .. function:: getint(s) Convert *s* to an integer. This is the built-in :class:`int`. .. function:: image_names() Return the names of all existing images in the default root's interpreter. .. function:: image_types() Return the available image types (such as ``'photo'`` and ``'bitmap'``) in the default root's interpreter. .. _tkinter-file-handlers: File handlers ^^^^^^^^^^^^^ Tk allows you to register and unregister a callback function which will be called from the Tk mainloop when I/O is possible on a file descriptor. Only one handler may be registered per file descriptor. Example code:: import tkinter widget = tkinter.Tk() mask = tkinter.READABLE | tkinter.WRITABLE widget.tk.createfilehandler(file, mask, callback) ... widget.tk.deletefilehandler(file) This feature is not available on Windows. Since you don't know how many bytes are available for reading, you may not want to use the :class:`~io.BufferedIOBase` or :class:`~io.TextIOBase` :meth:`~io.BufferedIOBase.read` or :meth:`~io.IOBase.readline` methods, since these will insist on reading a predefined number of bytes. For sockets, the :meth:`~socket.socket.recv` or :meth:`~socket.socket.recvfrom` methods will work fine; for other files, use raw reads or ``os.read(file.fileno(), maxbytecount)``. .. method:: Widget.tk.createfilehandler(file, mask, func) Registers the file handler callback function *func*. The *file* argument may either be an object with a :meth:`~io.IOBase.fileno` method (such as a file or socket object), or an integer file descriptor. The *mask* argument is an ORed combination of any of the three constants below. The callback is called as follows:: callback(file, mask) .. method:: Widget.tk.deletefilehandler(file) Unregisters a file handler. .. data:: READABLE WRITABLE EXCEPTION Constants used in the *mask* arguments. Constants ^^^^^^^^^ The following symbolic constants are available in both the :mod:`!tkinter` and :mod:`!tkinter.constants` namespaces. .. data:: TRUE YES ON Truthy values, all equal to the integer ``1``. .. data:: FALSE NO OFF Falsy values, all equal to the integer ``0``. .. data:: N S E W NE NW SE SW NS EW NSEW CENTER Compass directions (``'n'``, ``'s'``, ``'e'``, ``'w'`` and the diagonals and edges) plus ``CENTER`` (``'center'``), used as values for the *anchor* and *sticky* options and by methods such as :meth:`Misc.grid_anchor`. .. data:: LEFT RIGHT TOP BOTTOM Sides for the *side* option of the packer (see :meth:`Pack.pack_configure`). .. data:: X Y BOTH NONE Values for the *fill* option of the packer: ``'x'``, ``'y'``, ``'both'`` or ``'none'``. .. data:: RAISED SUNKEN FLAT RIDGE GROOVE SOLID Values for the *relief* option, which controls a widget's 3-D border. .. data:: HORIZONTAL VERTICAL Values for the *orient* option of widgets such as :class:`Scale`, :class:`Scrollbar` and :class:`PanedWindow`. .. data:: CHAR WORD Values for the *wrap* option of the :class:`Text` widget, selecting line wrapping on character or word boundaries. .. data:: BASELINE The text-alignment value ``'baseline'``. .. data:: INSIDE OUTSIDE Values for the *bordermode* option of the placer (see :meth:`Place.place_configure`). .. data:: INSERT CURRENT END ANCHOR SEL SEL_FIRST SEL_LAST Symbolic indices used by the :class:`Text`, :class:`Entry`, :class:`Listbox` and :class:`Canvas` widgets, such as ``'insert'`` (the insertion cursor), ``'current'``, ``'end'``, ``'anchor'`` and the bounds of the selection (``'sel.first'`` and ``'sel.last'``). .. data:: ALL The special tag ``'all'``, which matches every item of a :class:`Canvas` or every character of a :class:`Text` (for example ``canvas.delete(ALL)``). .. data:: NORMAL DISABLED ACTIVE HIDDEN Values for the *state* option of various widgets and items. .. data:: CASCADE CHECKBUTTON COMMAND RADIOBUTTON SEPARATOR Menu entry types, used as the *itemType* argument of :meth:`Menu.add` and :meth:`Menu.insert`. .. data:: SINGLE BROWSE MULTIPLE EXTENDED Values for the *selectmode* option of the :class:`Listbox` widget. .. data:: PIESLICE CHORD ARC Values for the *style* option of :class:`Canvas` arc items. .. data:: BUTT PROJECTING ROUND BEVEL MITER Values for the *capstyle* (``'butt'``, ``'projecting'``, ``'round'``) and *joinstyle* (``'round'``, ``'bevel'``, ``'miter'``) options of :class:`Canvas` line items. .. data:: FIRST LAST Values for the *arrow* option of :class:`Canvas` line items, indicating which ends have arrowheads. .. data:: MOVETO SCROLL The first argument passed by a :class:`Scrollbar` to the :meth:`XView.xview` or :meth:`YView.yview` method of the scrolled widget. .. data:: UNITS PAGES Values for the *what* argument of :meth:`XView.xview_scroll` and :meth:`YView.yview_scroll`. .. data:: UNDERLINE NUMERIC DOTBOX Other option values: ``'underline'``, ``'numeric'`` and ``'dotbox'``.