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v3.11.15
Doc/using/windows.rst
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Miss Islington (bot)
[3.11] gh-115872: Doc: remove obsolete reference to MSI packages (GH-115873) (#115877)
24 фев 2024, 11:17
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.. highlight:: none .. _using-on-windows: ************************* Using Python on Windows ************************* .. sectionauthor:: Robert Lehmann <lehmannro@gmail.com> .. sectionauthor:: Steve Dower <steve.dower@microsoft.com> This document aims to give an overview of Windows-specific behaviour you should know about when using Python on Microsoft Windows. Unlike most Unix systems and services, Windows does not include a system supported installation of Python. To make Python available, the CPython team has compiled Windows installers with every `release <https://www.python.org/downloads/>`_ for many years. These installers are primarily intended to add a per-user installation of Python, with the core interpreter and library being used by a single user. The installer is also able to install for all users of a single machine, and a separate ZIP file is available for application-local distributions. As specified in :pep:`11`, a Python release only supports a Windows platform while Microsoft considers the platform under extended support. This means that Python |version| supports Windows 8.1 and newer. If you require Windows 7 support, please install Python 3.8. There are a number of different installers available for Windows, each with certain benefits and downsides. :ref:`windows-full` contains all components and is the best option for developers using Python for any kind of project. :ref:`windows-store` is a simple installation of Python that is suitable for running scripts and packages, and using IDLE or other development environments. It requires Windows 10 and above, but can be safely installed without corrupting other programs. It also provides many convenient commands for launching Python and its tools. :ref:`windows-nuget` are lightweight installations intended for continuous integration systems. It can be used to build Python packages or run scripts, but is not updateable and has no user interface tools. :ref:`windows-embeddable` is a minimal package of Python suitable for embedding into a larger application. .. _windows-full: The full installer ================== Installation steps ------------------ Four Python |version| installers are available for download - two each for the 32-bit and 64-bit versions of the interpreter. The *web installer* is a small initial download, and it will automatically download the required components as necessary. The *offline installer* includes the components necessary for a default installation and only requires an internet connection for optional features. See :ref:`install-layout-option` for other ways to avoid downloading during installation. After starting the installer, one of two options may be selected: .. image:: win_installer.png If you select "Install Now": * You will *not* need to be an administrator (unless a system update for the C Runtime Library is required or you install the :ref:`launcher` for all users) * Python will be installed into your user directory * The :ref:`launcher` will be installed according to the option at the bottom of the first page * The standard library, test suite, launcher and pip will be installed * If selected, the install directory will be added to your :envvar:`PATH` * Shortcuts will only be visible for the current user Selecting "Customize installation" will allow you to select the features to install, the installation location and other options or post-install actions. To install debugging symbols or binaries, you will need to use this option. To perform an all-users installation, you should select "Customize installation". In this case: * You may be required to provide administrative credentials or approval * Python will be installed into the Program Files directory * The :ref:`launcher` will be installed into the Windows directory * Optional features may be selected during installation * The standard library can be pre-compiled to bytecode * If selected, the install directory will be added to the system :envvar:`PATH` * Shortcuts are available for all users .. _max-path: Removing the MAX_PATH Limitation -------------------------------- Windows historically has limited path lengths to 260 characters. This meant that paths longer than this would not resolve and errors would result. In the latest versions of Windows, this limitation can be expanded to approximately 32,000 characters. Your administrator will need to activate the "Enable Win32 long paths" group policy, or set ``LongPathsEnabled`` to ``1`` in the registry key ``HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Control\FileSystem``. This allows the :func:`open` function, the :mod:`os` module and most other path functionality to accept and return paths longer than 260 characters. After changing the above option, no further configuration is required. .. versionchanged:: 3.6 Support for long paths was enabled in Python. .. _install-quiet-option: Installing Without UI --------------------- All of the options available in the installer UI can also be specified from the command line, allowing scripted installers to replicate an installation on many machines without user interaction. These options may also be set without suppressing the UI in order to change some of the defaults. To completely hide the installer UI and install Python silently, pass the ``/quiet`` option. To skip past the user interaction but still display progress and errors, pass the ``/passive`` option. The ``/uninstall`` option may be passed to immediately begin removing Python - no confirmation prompt will be displayed. All other options are passed as ``name=value``, where the value is usually ``0`` to disable a feature, ``1`` to enable a feature, or a path. The full list of available options is shown below. +---------------------------+--------------------------------------+--------------------------+ | Name | Description | Default | +===========================+======================================+==========================+ | InstallAllUsers | Perform a system-wide installation. | 0 | +---------------------------+--------------------------------------+--------------------------+ | TargetDir | The installation directory | Selected based on | | | | InstallAllUsers | +---------------------------+--------------------------------------+--------------------------+ | DefaultAllUsersTargetDir | The default installation directory | :file:`%ProgramFiles%\\\ | | | for all-user installs | Python X.Y` or :file:`\ | | | | %ProgramFiles(x86)%\\\ | | | | Python X.Y` | +---------------------------+--------------------------------------+--------------------------+ | DefaultJustForMeTargetDir | The default install directory for | :file:`%LocalAppData%\\\ | | | just-for-me installs | Programs\\Python\\\ | | | | PythonXY` or | | | | :file:`%LocalAppData%\\\ | | | | Programs\\Python\\\ | | | | PythonXY-32` or | | | | :file:`%LocalAppData%\\\ | | | | Programs\\Python\\\ | | | | PythonXY-64` | +---------------------------+--------------------------------------+--------------------------+ | DefaultCustomTargetDir | The default custom install directory | (empty) | | | displayed in the UI | | +---------------------------+--------------------------------------+--------------------------+ | AssociateFiles | Create file associations if the | 1 | | | launcher is also installed. | | +---------------------------+--------------------------------------+--------------------------+ | CompileAll | Compile all ``.py`` files to | 0 | | | ``.pyc``. | | +---------------------------+--------------------------------------+--------------------------+ | PrependPath | Prepend install and Scripts | 0 | | | directories to :envvar:`PATH` and | | | | add ``.PY`` to :envvar:`PATHEXT` | | +---------------------------+--------------------------------------+--------------------------+ | AppendPath | Append install and Scripts | 0 | | | directories to :envvar:`PATH` and | | | | add ``.PY`` to :envvar:`PATHEXT` | | +---------------------------+--------------------------------------+--------------------------+ | Shortcuts | Create shortcuts for the interpreter,| 1 | | | documentation and IDLE if installed. | | +---------------------------+--------------------------------------+--------------------------+ | Include_doc | Install Python manual | 1 | +---------------------------+--------------------------------------+--------------------------+ | Include_debug | Install debug binaries | 0 | +---------------------------+--------------------------------------+--------------------------+ | Include_dev | Install developer headers and | 1 | | | libraries. Omitting this may lead to | | | | an unusable installation. | | +---------------------------+--------------------------------------+--------------------------+ | Include_exe | Install :file:`python.exe` and | 1 | | | related files. Omitting this may | | | | lead to an unusable installation. | | +---------------------------+--------------------------------------+--------------------------+ | Include_launcher | Install :ref:`launcher`. | 1 | +---------------------------+--------------------------------------+--------------------------+ | InstallLauncherAllUsers | Installs the launcher for all | 1 | | | users. Also requires | | | | ``Include_launcher`` to be set to 1 | | +---------------------------+--------------------------------------+--------------------------+ | Include_lib | Install standard library and | 1 | | | extension modules. Omitting this may | | | | lead to an unusable installation. | | +---------------------------+--------------------------------------+--------------------------+ | Include_pip | Install bundled pip and setuptools | 1 | +---------------------------+--------------------------------------+--------------------------+ | Include_symbols | Install debugging symbols (``*.pdb``)| 0 | +---------------------------+--------------------------------------+--------------------------+ | Include_tcltk | Install Tcl/Tk support and IDLE | 1 | +---------------------------+--------------------------------------+--------------------------+ | Include_test | Install standard library test suite | 1 | +---------------------------+--------------------------------------+--------------------------+ | Include_tools | Install utility scripts | 1 | +---------------------------+--------------------------------------+--------------------------+ | LauncherOnly | Only installs the launcher. This | 0 | | | will override most other options. | | +---------------------------+--------------------------------------+--------------------------+ | SimpleInstall | Disable most install UI | 0 | +---------------------------+--------------------------------------+--------------------------+ | SimpleInstallDescription | A custom message to display when the | (empty) | | | simplified install UI is used. | | +---------------------------+--------------------------------------+--------------------------+ For example, to silently install a default, system-wide Python installation, you could use the following command (from an elevated command prompt):: python-3.9.0.exe /quiet InstallAllUsers=1 PrependPath=1 Include_test=0 To allow users to easily install a personal copy of Python without the test suite, you could provide a shortcut with the following command. This will display a simplified initial page and disallow customization:: python-3.9.0.exe InstallAllUsers=0 Include_launcher=0 Include_test=0 SimpleInstall=1 SimpleInstallDescription="Just for me, no test suite." (Note that omitting the launcher also omits file associations, and is only recommended for per-user installs when there is also a system-wide installation that included the launcher.) The options listed above can also be provided in a file named ``unattend.xml`` alongside the executable. This file specifies a list of options and values. When a value is provided as an attribute, it will be converted to a number if possible. Values provided as element text are always left as strings. This example file sets the same options as the previous example: .. code-block:: xml <Options> <Option Name="InstallAllUsers" Value="no" /> <Option Name="Include_launcher" Value="0" /> <Option Name="Include_test" Value="no" /> <Option Name="SimpleInstall" Value="yes" /> <Option Name="SimpleInstallDescription">Just for me, no test suite</Option> </Options> .. _install-layout-option: Installing Without Downloading ------------------------------ As some features of Python are not included in the initial installer download, selecting those features may require an internet connection. To avoid this need, all possible components may be downloaded on-demand to create a complete *layout* that will no longer require an internet connection regardless of the selected features. Note that this download may be bigger than required, but where a large number of installations are going to be performed it is very useful to have a locally cached copy. Execute the following command from Command Prompt to download all possible required files. Remember to substitute ``python-3.9.0.exe`` for the actual name of your installer, and to create layouts in their own directories to avoid collisions between files with the same name. :: python-3.9.0.exe /layout [optional target directory] You may also specify the ``/quiet`` option to hide the progress display. Modifying an install -------------------- Once Python has been installed, you can add or remove features through the Programs and Features tool that is part of Windows. Select the Python entry and choose "Uninstall/Change" to open the installer in maintenance mode. "Modify" allows you to add or remove features by modifying the checkboxes - unchanged checkboxes will not install or remove anything. Some options cannot be changed in this mode, such as the install directory; to modify these, you will need to remove and then reinstall Python completely. "Repair" will verify all the files that should be installed using the current settings and replace any that have been removed or modified. "Uninstall" will remove Python entirely, with the exception of the :ref:`launcher`, which has its own entry in Programs and Features. .. _windows-store: The Microsoft Store package =========================== .. versionadded:: 3.7.2 The Microsoft Store package is an easily installable Python interpreter that is intended mainly for interactive use, for example, by students. To install the package, ensure you have the latest Windows 10 updates and search the Microsoft Store app for "Python |version|". Ensure that the app you select is published by the Python Software Foundation, and install it. .. warning:: Python will always be available for free on the Microsoft Store. If you are asked to pay for it, you have not selected the correct package. After installation, Python may be launched by finding it in Start. Alternatively, it will be available from any Command Prompt or PowerShell session by typing ``python``. Further, pip and IDLE may be used by typing ``pip`` or ``idle``. IDLE can also be found in Start. All three commands are also available with version number suffixes, for example, as ``python3.exe`` and ``python3.x.exe`` as well as ``python.exe`` (where ``3.x`` is the specific version you want to launch, such as |version|). Open "Manage App Execution Aliases" through Start to select which version of Python is associated with each command. It is recommended to make sure that ``pip`` and ``idle`` are consistent with whichever version of ``python`` is selected. Virtual environments can be created with ``python -m venv`` and activated and used as normal. If you have installed another version of Python and added it to your ``PATH`` variable, it will be available as ``python.exe`` rather than the one from the Microsoft Store. To access the new installation, use ``python3.exe`` or ``python3.x.exe``. The ``py.exe`` launcher will detect this Python installation, but will prefer installations from the traditional installer. To remove Python, open Settings and use Apps and Features, or else find Python in Start and right-click to select Uninstall. Uninstalling will remove all packages you installed directly into this Python installation, but will not remove any virtual environments Known issues ------------ Redirection of local data, registry, and temporary paths ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ Because of restrictions on Microsoft Store apps, Python scripts may not have full write access to shared locations such as :envvar:`TEMP` and the registry. Instead, it will write to a private copy. If your scripts must modify the shared locations, you will need to install the full installer. At runtime, Python will use a private copy of well-known Windows folders and the registry. For example, if the environment variable :envvar:`%APPDATA%` is :file:`c:\\Users\\<user>\\AppData\\`, then when writing to :file:`C:\\Users\\<user>\\AppData\\Local` will write to :file:`C:\\Users\\<user>\\AppData\\Local\\Packages\\PythonSoftwareFoundation.Python.3.8_qbz5n2kfra8p0\\LocalCache\\Local\\`. When reading files, Windows will return the file from the private folder, or if that does not exist, the real Windows directory. For example reading :file:`C:\\Windows\\System32` returns the contents of :file:`C:\\Windows\\System32` plus the contents of :file:`C:\\Program Files\\WindowsApps\\package_name\\VFS\\SystemX86`. You can find the real path of any existing file using :func:`os.path.realpath`: .. code-block:: python >>> import os >>> test_file = 'C:\\Users\\example\\AppData\\Local\\test.txt' >>> os.path.realpath(test_file) 'C:\\Users\\example\\AppData\\Local\\Packages\\PythonSoftwareFoundation.Python.3.8_qbz5n2kfra8p0\\LocalCache\\Local\\test.txt' When writing to the Windows Registry, the following behaviors exist: * Reading from ``HKLM\\Software`` is allowed and results are merged with the :file:`registry.dat` file in the package. * Writing to ``HKLM\\Software`` is not allowed if the corresponding key/value exists, i.e. modifying existing keys. * Writing to ``HKLM\\Software`` is allowed as long as a corresponding key/value does not exist in the package and the user has the correct access permissions. For more detail on the technical basis for these limitations, please consult Microsoft's documentation on packaged full-trust apps, currently available at `docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/msix/desktop/desktop-to-uwp-behind-the-scenes <https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/msix/desktop/desktop-to-uwp-behind-the-scenes>`_ .. _windows-nuget: The nuget.org packages ====================== .. versionadded:: 3.5.2 The nuget.org package is a reduced size Python environment intended for use on continuous integration and build systems that do not have a system-wide install of Python. While nuget is "the package manager for .NET", it also works perfectly fine for packages containing build-time tools. Visit `nuget.org <https://www.nuget.org/>`_ for the most up-to-date information on using nuget. What follows is a summary that is sufficient for Python developers. The ``nuget.exe`` command line tool may be downloaded directly from ``https://aka.ms/nugetclidl``, for example, using curl or PowerShell. With the tool, the latest version of Python for 64-bit or 32-bit machines is installed using:: nuget.exe install python -ExcludeVersion -OutputDirectory . nuget.exe install pythonx86 -ExcludeVersion -OutputDirectory . To select a particular version, add a ``-Version 3.x.y``. The output directory may be changed from ``.``, and the package will be installed into a subdirectory. By default, the subdirectory is named the same as the package, and without the ``-ExcludeVersion`` option this name will include the specific version installed. Inside the subdirectory is a ``tools`` directory that contains the Python installation: .. code-block:: doscon # Without -ExcludeVersion > .\python.3.5.2\tools\python.exe -V Python 3.5.2 # With -ExcludeVersion > .\python\tools\python.exe -V Python 3.5.2 In general, nuget packages are not upgradeable, and newer versions should be installed side-by-side and referenced using the full path. Alternatively, delete the package directory manually and install it again. Many CI systems will do this automatically if they do not preserve files between builds. Alongside the ``tools`` directory is a ``build\native`` directory. This contains a MSBuild properties file ``python.props`` that can be used in a C++ project to reference the Python install. Including the settings will automatically use the headers and import libraries in your build. The package information pages on nuget.org are `www.nuget.org/packages/python <https://www.nuget.org/packages/python>`_ for the 64-bit version and `www.nuget.org/packages/pythonx86 <https://www.nuget.org/packages/pythonx86>`_ for the 32-bit version. .. _windows-embeddable: The embeddable package ====================== .. versionadded:: 3.5 The embedded distribution is a ZIP file containing a minimal Python environment. It is intended for acting as part of another application, rather than being directly accessed by end-users. When extracted, the embedded distribution is (almost) fully isolated from the user's system, including environment variables, system registry settings, and installed packages. The standard library is included as pre-compiled and optimized ``.pyc`` files in a ZIP, and ``python3.dll``, ``python37.dll``, ``python.exe`` and ``pythonw.exe`` are all provided. Tcl/tk (including all dependents, such as Idle), pip and the Python documentation are not included. .. note:: The embedded distribution does not include the `Microsoft C Runtime <https://docs.microsoft.com/en-US/cpp/windows/latest-supported-vc-redist#visual-studio-2015-2017-2019-and-2022>`_ and it is the responsibility of the application installer to provide this. The runtime may have already been installed on a user's system previously or automatically via Windows Update, and can be detected by finding ``ucrtbase.dll`` in the system directory. Third-party packages should be installed by the application installer alongside the embedded distribution. Using pip to manage dependencies as for a regular Python installation is not supported with this distribution, though with some care it may be possible to include and use pip for automatic updates. In general, third-party packages should be treated as part of the application ("vendoring") so that the developer can ensure compatibility with newer versions before providing updates to users. The two recommended use cases for this distribution are described below. Python Application ------------------ An application written in Python does not necessarily require users to be aware of that fact. The embedded distribution may be used in this case to include a private version of Python in an install package. Depending on how transparent it should be (or conversely, how professional it should appear), there are two options. Using a specialized executable as a launcher requires some coding, but provides the most transparent experience for users. With a customized launcher, there are no obvious indications that the program is running on Python: icons can be customized, company and version information can be specified, and file associations behave properly. In most cases, a custom launcher should simply be able to call ``Py_Main`` with a hard-coded command line. The simpler approach is to provide a batch file or generated shortcut that directly calls the ``python.exe`` or ``pythonw.exe`` with the required command-line arguments. In this case, the application will appear to be Python and not its actual name, and users may have trouble distinguishing it from other running Python processes or file associations. With the latter approach, packages should be installed as directories alongside the Python executable to ensure they are available on the path. With the specialized launcher, packages can be located in other locations as there is an opportunity to specify the search path before launching the application. Embedding Python ---------------- Applications written in native code often require some form of scripting language, and the embedded Python distribution can be used for this purpose. In general, the majority of the application is in native code, and some part will either invoke ``python.exe`` or directly use ``python3.dll``. For either case, extracting the embedded distribution to a subdirectory of the application installation is sufficient to provide a loadable Python interpreter. As with the application use, packages can be installed to any location as there is an opportunity to specify search paths before initializing the interpreter. Otherwise, there is no fundamental differences between using the embedded distribution and a regular installation. Alternative bundles =================== Besides the standard CPython distribution, there are modified packages including additional functionality. The following is a list of popular versions and their key features: `ActivePython <https://www.activestate.com/products/python/>`_ Installer with multi-platform compatibility, documentation, PyWin32 `Anaconda <https://www.anaconda.com/download/>`_ Popular scientific modules (such as numpy, scipy and pandas) and the ``conda`` package manager. `Enthought Deployment Manager <https://www.enthought.com/edm/>`_ "The Next Generation Python Environment and Package Manager". Previously Enthought provided Canopy, but it `reached end of life in 2016 <https://support.enthought.com/hc/en-us/articles/360038600051-Canopy-GUI-end-of-life-transition-to-the-Enthought-Deployment-Manager-EDM-and-Visual-Studio-Code>`_. `WinPython <https://winpython.github.io/>`_ Windows-specific distribution with prebuilt scientific packages and tools for building packages. Note that these packages may not include the latest versions of Python or other libraries, and are not maintained or supported by the core Python team. Configuring Python ================== To run Python conveniently from a command prompt, you might consider changing some default environment variables in Windows. While the installer provides an option to configure the PATH and PATHEXT variables for you, this is only reliable for a single, system-wide installation. If you regularly use multiple versions of Python, consider using the :ref:`launcher`. .. _setting-envvars: Excursus: Setting environment variables --------------------------------------- Windows allows environment variables to be configured permanently at both the User level and the System level, or temporarily in a command prompt. To temporarily set environment variables, open Command Prompt and use the :command:`set` command: .. code-block:: doscon C:\>set PATH=C:\Program Files\Python 3.9;%PATH% C:\>set PYTHONPATH=%PYTHONPATH%;C:\My_python_lib C:\>python These changes will apply to any further commands executed in that console, and will be inherited by any applications started from the console. Including the variable name within percent signs will expand to the existing value, allowing you to add your new value at either the start or the end. Modifying :envvar:`PATH` by adding the directory containing :program:`python.exe` to the start is a common way to ensure the correct version of Python is launched. To permanently modify the default environment variables, click Start and search for 'edit environment variables', or open System properties, :guilabel:`Advanced system settings` and click the :guilabel:`Environment Variables` button. In this dialog, you can add or modify User and System variables. To change System variables, you need non-restricted access to your machine (i.e. Administrator rights). .. note:: Windows will concatenate User variables *after* System variables, which may cause unexpected results when modifying :envvar:`PATH`. The :envvar:`PYTHONPATH` variable is used by all versions of Python, so you should not permanently configure it unless the listed paths only include code that is compatible with all of your installed Python versions. .. seealso:: https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/procthread/environment-variables Overview of environment variables on Windows https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-server/administration/windows-commands/set_1 The ``set`` command, for temporarily modifying environment variables https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-server/administration/windows-commands/setx The ``setx`` command, for permanently modifying environment variables .. _windows-path-mod: Finding the Python executable ----------------------------- .. versionchanged:: 3.5 Besides using the automatically created start menu entry for the Python interpreter, you might want to start Python in the command prompt. The installer has an option to set that up for you. On the first page of the installer, an option labelled "Add Python to PATH" may be selected to have the installer add the install location into the :envvar:`PATH`. The location of the :file:`Scripts\\` folder is also added. This allows you to type :command:`python` to run the interpreter, and :command:`pip` for the package installer. Thus, you can also execute your scripts with command line options, see :ref:`using-on-cmdline` documentation. If you don't enable this option at install time, you can always re-run the installer, select Modify, and enable it. Alternatively, you can manually modify the :envvar:`PATH` using the directions in :ref:`setting-envvars`. You need to set your :envvar:`PATH` environment variable to include the directory of your Python installation, delimited by a semicolon from other entries. An example variable could look like this (assuming the first two entries already existed):: C:\WINDOWS\system32;C:\WINDOWS;C:\Program Files\Python 3.9 .. _win-utf8-mode: UTF-8 mode ========== .. versionadded:: 3.7 Windows still uses legacy encodings for the system encoding (the ANSI Code Page). Python uses it for the default encoding of text files (e.g. :func:`locale.getencoding`). This may cause issues because UTF-8 is widely used on the internet and most Unix systems, including WSL (Windows Subsystem for Linux). You can use the :ref:`Python UTF-8 Mode <utf8-mode>` to change the default text encoding to UTF-8. You can enable the :ref:`Python UTF-8 Mode <utf8-mode>` via the ``-X utf8`` command line option, or the ``PYTHONUTF8=1`` environment variable. See :envvar:`PYTHONUTF8` for enabling UTF-8 mode, and :ref:`setting-envvars` for how to modify environment variables. When the :ref:`Python UTF-8 Mode <utf8-mode>` is enabled, you can still use the system encoding (the ANSI Code Page) via the "mbcs" codec. Note that adding ``PYTHONUTF8=1`` to the default environment variables will affect all Python 3.7+ applications on your system. If you have any Python 3.7+ applications which rely on the legacy system encoding, it is recommended to set the environment variable temporarily or use the ``-X utf8`` command line option. .. note:: Even when UTF-8 mode is disabled, Python uses UTF-8 by default on Windows for: * Console I/O including standard I/O (see :pep:`528` for details). * The :term:`filesystem encoding <filesystem encoding and error handler>` (see :pep:`529` for details). .. _launcher: Python Launcher for Windows =========================== .. versionadded:: 3.3 The Python launcher for Windows is a utility which aids in locating and executing of different Python versions. It allows scripts (or the command-line) to indicate a preference for a specific Python version, and will locate and execute that version. Unlike the :envvar:`PATH` variable, the launcher will correctly select the most appropriate version of Python. It will prefer per-user installations over system-wide ones, and orders by language version rather than using the most recently installed version. The launcher was originally specified in :pep:`397`. Getting started --------------- From the command-line ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ .. versionchanged:: 3.6 System-wide installations of Python 3.3 and later will put the launcher on your :envvar:`PATH`. The launcher is compatible with all available versions of Python, so it does not matter which version is installed. To check that the launcher is available, execute the following command in Command Prompt:: py You should find that the latest version of Python you have installed is started - it can be exited as normal, and any additional command-line arguments specified will be sent directly to Python. If you have multiple versions of Python installed (e.g., 3.7 and |version|) you will have noticed that Python |version| was started - to launch Python 3.7, try the command:: py -3.7 If you want the latest version of Python 2 you have installed, try the command:: py -2 If you see the following error, you do not have the launcher installed:: 'py' is not recognized as an internal or external command, operable program or batch file. The command:: py --list displays the currently installed version(s) of Python. The ``-x.y`` argument is the short form of the ``-V:Company/Tag`` argument, which allows selecting a specific Python runtime, including those that may have come from somewhere other than python.org. Any runtime registered by following :pep:`514` will be discoverable. The ``--list`` command lists all available runtimes using the ``-V:`` format. When using the ``-V:`` argument, specifying the Company will limit selection to runtimes from that provider, while specifying only the Tag will select from all providers. Note that omitting the slash implies a tag:: # Select any '3.*' tagged runtime py -V:3 # Select any 'PythonCore' released runtime py -V:PythonCore/ # Select PythonCore's latest Python 3 runtime py -V:PythonCore/3 The short form of the argument (``-3``) only ever selects from core Python releases, and not other distributions. However, the longer form (``-V:3``) will select from any. The Company is matched on the full string, case-insenitive. The Tag is matched oneither the full string, or a prefix, provided the next character is a dot or a hyphen. This allows ``-V:3.1`` to match ``3.1-32``, but not ``3.10``. Tags are sorted using numerical ordering (``3.10`` is newer than ``3.1``), but are compared using text (``-V:3.01`` does not match ``3.1``). Virtual environments ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ .. versionadded:: 3.5 If the launcher is run with no explicit Python version specification, and a virtual environment (created with the standard library :mod:`venv` module or the external ``virtualenv`` tool) active, the launcher will run the virtual environment's interpreter rather than the global one. To run the global interpreter, either deactivate the virtual environment, or explicitly specify the global Python version. From a script ^^^^^^^^^^^^^ Let's create a test Python script - create a file called ``hello.py`` with the following contents .. code-block:: python #! python import sys sys.stdout.write("hello from Python %s\n" % (sys.version,)) From the directory in which hello.py lives, execute the command:: py hello.py You should notice the version number of your latest Python 2.x installation is printed. Now try changing the first line to be: .. code-block:: python #! python3 Re-executing the command should now print the latest Python 3.x information. As with the above command-line examples, you can specify a more explicit version qualifier. Assuming you have Python 3.7 installed, try changing the first line to ``#! python3.7`` and you should find the 3.7 version information printed. Note that unlike interactive use, a bare "python" will use the latest version of Python 2.x that you have installed. This is for backward compatibility and for compatibility with Unix, where the command ``python`` typically refers to Python 2. From file associations ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ The launcher should have been associated with Python files (i.e. ``.py``, ``.pyw``, ``.pyc`` files) when it was installed. This means that when you double-click on one of these files from Windows explorer the launcher will be used, and therefore you can use the same facilities described above to have the script specify the version which should be used. The key benefit of this is that a single launcher can support multiple Python versions at the same time depending on the contents of the first line. Shebang Lines ------------- If the first line of a script file starts with ``#!``, it is known as a "shebang" line. Linux and other Unix like operating systems have native support for such lines and they are commonly used on such systems to indicate how a script should be executed. This launcher allows the same facilities to be used with Python scripts on Windows and the examples above demonstrate their use. To allow shebang lines in Python scripts to be portable between Unix and Windows, this launcher supports a number of 'virtual' commands to specify which interpreter to use. The supported virtual commands are: * ``/usr/bin/env`` * ``/usr/bin/python`` * ``/usr/local/bin/python`` * ``python`` For example, if the first line of your script starts with .. code-block:: sh #! /usr/bin/python The default Python will be located and used. As many Python scripts written to work on Unix will already have this line, you should find these scripts can be used by the launcher without modification. If you are writing a new script on Windows which you hope will be useful on Unix, you should use one of the shebang lines starting with ``/usr``. Any of the above virtual commands can be suffixed with an explicit version (either just the major version, or the major and minor version). Furthermore the 32-bit version can be requested by adding "-32" after the minor version. I.e. ``/usr/bin/python3.7-32`` will request usage of the 32-bit python 3.7. .. versionadded:: 3.7 Beginning with python launcher 3.7 it is possible to request 64-bit version by the "-64" suffix. Furthermore it is possible to specify a major and architecture without minor (i.e. ``/usr/bin/python3-64``). .. versionchanged:: 3.11 The "-64" suffix is deprecated, and now implies "any architecture that is not provably i386/32-bit". To request a specific environment, use the new :samp:`-V:{TAG}` argument with the complete tag. The ``/usr/bin/env`` form of shebang line has one further special property. Before looking for installed Python interpreters, this form will search the executable :envvar:`PATH` for a Python executable matching the name provided as the first argument. This corresponds to the behaviour of the Unix ``env`` program, which performs a :envvar:`PATH` search. If an executable matching the first argument after the ``env`` command cannot be found, but the argument starts with ``python``, it will be handled as described for the other virtual commands. The environment variable :envvar:`PYLAUNCHER_NO_SEARCH_PATH` may be set (to any value) to skip this search of :envvar:`PATH`. Shebang lines that do not match any of these patterns are looked up in the ``[commands]`` section of the launcher's :ref:`.INI file <launcher-ini>`. This may be used to handle certain commands in a way that makes sense for your system. The name of the command must be a single argument (no spaces in the shebang executable), and the value substituted is the full path to the executable (additional arguments specified in the .INI will be quoted as part of the filename). .. code-block:: ini [commands] /bin/xpython=C:\Program Files\XPython\python.exe Any commands not found in the .INI file are treated as **Windows** executable paths that are absolute or relative to the directory containing the script file. This is a convenience for Windows-only scripts, such as those generated by an installer, since the behavior is not compatible with Unix-style shells. These paths may be quoted, and may include multiple arguments, after which the path to the script and any additional arguments will be appended. Arguments in shebang lines -------------------------- The shebang lines can also specify additional options to be passed to the Python interpreter. For example, if you have a shebang line: .. code-block:: sh #! /usr/bin/python -v Then Python will be started with the ``-v`` option Customization ------------- .. _launcher-ini: Customization via INI files ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ Two .ini files will be searched by the launcher - ``py.ini`` in the current user's application data directory (``%LOCALAPPDATA%`` or ``$env:LocalAppData``) and ``py.ini`` in the same directory as the launcher. The same .ini files are used for both the 'console' version of the launcher (i.e. py.exe) and for the 'windows' version (i.e. pyw.exe). Customization specified in the "application directory" will have precedence over the one next to the executable, so a user, who may not have write access to the .ini file next to the launcher, can override commands in that global .ini file. Customizing default Python versions ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ In some cases, a version qualifier can be included in a command to dictate which version of Python will be used by the command. A version qualifier starts with a major version number and can optionally be followed by a period ('.') and a minor version specifier. Furthermore it is possible to specify if a 32 or 64 bit implementation shall be requested by adding "-32" or "-64". For example, a shebang line of ``#!python`` has no version qualifier, while ``#!python3`` has a version qualifier which specifies only a major version. If no version qualifiers are found in a command, the environment variable :envvar:`PY_PYTHON` can be set to specify the default version qualifier. If it is not set, the default is "3". The variable can specify any value that may be passed on the command line, such as "3", "3.7", "3.7-32" or "3.7-64". (Note that the "-64" option is only available with the launcher included with Python 3.7 or newer.) If no minor version qualifiers are found, the environment variable ``PY_PYTHON{major}`` (where ``{major}`` is the current major version qualifier as determined above) can be set to specify the full version. If no such option is found, the launcher will enumerate the installed Python versions and use the latest minor release found for the major version, which is likely, although not guaranteed, to be the most recently installed version in that family. On 64-bit Windows with both 32-bit and 64-bit implementations of the same (major.minor) Python version installed, the 64-bit version will always be preferred. This will be true for both 32-bit and 64-bit implementations of the launcher - a 32-bit launcher will prefer to execute a 64-bit Python installation of the specified version if available. This is so the behavior of the launcher can be predicted knowing only what versions are installed on the PC and without regard to the order in which they were installed (i.e., without knowing whether a 32 or 64-bit version of Python and corresponding launcher was installed last). As noted above, an optional "-32" or "-64" suffix can be used on a version specifier to change this behaviour. Examples: * If no relevant options are set, the commands ``python`` and ``python2`` will use the latest Python 2.x version installed and the command ``python3`` will use the latest Python 3.x installed. * The command ``python3.7`` will not consult any options at all as the versions are fully specified. * If ``PY_PYTHON=3``, the commands ``python`` and ``python3`` will both use the latest installed Python 3 version. * If ``PY_PYTHON=3.7-32``, the command ``python`` will use the 32-bit implementation of 3.7 whereas the command ``python3`` will use the latest installed Python (PY_PYTHON was not considered at all as a major version was specified.) * If ``PY_PYTHON=3`` and ``PY_PYTHON3=3.7``, the commands ``python`` and ``python3`` will both use specifically 3.7 In addition to environment variables, the same settings can be configured in the .INI file used by the launcher. The section in the INI file is called ``[defaults]`` and the key name will be the same as the environment variables without the leading ``PY_`` prefix (and note that the key names in the INI file are case insensitive.) The contents of an environment variable will override things specified in the INI file. For example: * Setting ``PY_PYTHON=3.7`` is equivalent to the INI file containing: .. code-block:: ini [defaults] python=3.7 * Setting ``PY_PYTHON=3`` and ``PY_PYTHON3=3.7`` is equivalent to the INI file containing: .. code-block:: ini [defaults] python=3 python3=3.7 Diagnostics ----------- If an environment variable :envvar:`PYLAUNCHER_DEBUG` is set (to any value), the launcher will print diagnostic information to stderr (i.e. to the console). While this information manages to be simultaneously verbose *and* terse, it should allow you to see what versions of Python were located, why a particular version was chosen and the exact command-line used to execute the target Python. It is primarily intended for testing and debugging. Dry Run ------- If an environment variable :envvar:`PYLAUNCHER_DRYRUN` is set (to any value), the launcher will output the command it would have run, but will not actually launch Python. This may be useful for tools that want to use the launcher to detect and then launch Python directly. Note that the command written to standard output is always encoded using UTF-8, and may not render correctly in the console. Install on demand ----------------- If an environment variable :envvar:`PYLAUNCHER_ALLOW_INSTALL` is set (to any value), and the requested Python version is not installed but is available on the Microsoft Store, the launcher will attempt to install it. This may require user interaction to complete, and you may need to run the command again. An additional :envvar:`PYLAUNCHER_ALWAYS_INSTALL` variable causes the launcher to always try to install Python, even if it is detected. This is mainly intended for testing (and should be used with :envvar:`PYLAUNCHER_DRYRUN`). Return codes ------------ The following exit codes may be returned by the Python launcher. Unfortunately, there is no way to distinguish these from the exit code of Python itself. The names of codes are as used in the sources, and are only for reference. There is no way to access or resolve them apart from reading this page. Entries are listed in alphabetical order of names. +-------------------+-------+-----------------------------------------------+ | Name | Value | Description | +===================+=======+===============================================+ | RC_BAD_VENV_CFG | 107 | A :file:`pyvenv.cfg` was found but is corrupt.| +-------------------+-------+-----------------------------------------------+ | RC_CREATE_PROCESS | 101 | Failed to launch Python. | +-------------------+-------+-----------------------------------------------+ | RC_INSTALLING | 111 | An install was started, but the command will | | | | need to be re-run after it completes. | +-------------------+-------+-----------------------------------------------+ | RC_INTERNAL_ERROR | 109 | Unexpected error. Please report a bug. | +-------------------+-------+-----------------------------------------------+ | RC_NO_COMMANDLINE | 108 | Unable to obtain command line from the | | | | operating system. | +-------------------+-------+-----------------------------------------------+ | RC_NO_PYTHON | 103 | Unable to locate the requested version. | +-------------------+-------+-----------------------------------------------+ | RC_NO_VENV_CFG | 106 | A :file:`pyvenv.cfg` was required but not | | | | found. | +-------------------+-------+-----------------------------------------------+ .. _windows_finding_modules: Finding modules =============== These notes supplement the description at :ref:`sys-path-init` with detailed Windows notes. When no ``._pth`` file is found, this is how :data:`sys.path` is populated on Windows: * An empty entry is added at the start, which corresponds to the current directory. * If the environment variable :envvar:`PYTHONPATH` exists, as described in :ref:`using-on-envvars`, its entries are added next. Note that on Windows, paths in this variable must be separated by semicolons, to distinguish them from the colon used in drive identifiers (``C:\`` etc.). * Additional "application paths" can be added in the registry as subkeys of :samp:`\\SOFTWARE\\Python\\PythonCore\\{version}\\PythonPath` under both the ``HKEY_CURRENT_USER`` and ``HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE`` hives. Subkeys which have semicolon-delimited path strings as their default value will cause each path to be added to :data:`sys.path`. (Note that all known installers only use HKLM, so HKCU is typically empty.) * If the environment variable :envvar:`PYTHONHOME` is set, it is assumed as "Python Home". Otherwise, the path of the main Python executable is used to locate a "landmark file" (either ``Lib\os.py`` or ``pythonXY.zip``) to deduce the "Python Home". If a Python home is found, the relevant sub-directories added to :data:`sys.path` (``Lib``, ``plat-win``, etc) are based on that folder. Otherwise, the core Python path is constructed from the PythonPath stored in the registry. * If the Python Home cannot be located, no :envvar:`PYTHONPATH` is specified in the environment, and no registry entries can be found, a default path with relative entries is used (e.g. ``.\Lib;.\plat-win``, etc). If a ``pyvenv.cfg`` file is found alongside the main executable or in the directory one level above the executable, the following variations apply: * If ``home`` is an absolute path and :envvar:`PYTHONHOME` is not set, this path is used instead of the path to the main executable when deducing the home location. The end result of all this is: * When running :file:`python.exe`, or any other .exe in the main Python directory (either an installed version, or directly from the PCbuild directory), the core path is deduced, and the core paths in the registry are ignored. Other "application paths" in the registry are always read. * When Python is hosted in another .exe (different directory, embedded via COM, etc), the "Python Home" will not be deduced, so the core path from the registry is used. Other "application paths" in the registry are always read. * If Python can't find its home and there are no registry value (frozen .exe, some very strange installation setup) you get a path with some default, but relative, paths. For those who want to bundle Python into their application or distribution, the following advice will prevent conflicts with other installations: * Include a ``._pth`` file alongside your executable containing the directories to include. This will ignore paths listed in the registry and environment variables, and also ignore :mod:`site` unless ``import site`` is listed. * If you are loading :file:`python3.dll` or :file:`python37.dll` in your own executable, explicitly call :c:func:`Py_SetPath` or (at least) :c:func:`Py_SetProgramName` before :c:func:`Py_Initialize`. * Clear and/or overwrite :envvar:`PYTHONPATH` and set :envvar:`PYTHONHOME` before launching :file:`python.exe` from your application. * If you cannot use the previous suggestions (for example, you are a distribution that allows people to run :file:`python.exe` directly), ensure that the landmark file (:file:`Lib\\os.py`) exists in your install directory. (Note that it will not be detected inside a ZIP file, but a correctly named ZIP file will be detected instead.) These will ensure that the files in a system-wide installation will not take precedence over the copy of the standard library bundled with your application. Otherwise, your users may experience problems using your application. Note that the first suggestion is the best, as the others may still be susceptible to non-standard paths in the registry and user site-packages. .. versionchanged:: 3.6 Add ``._pth`` file support and removes ``applocal`` option from ``pyvenv.cfg``. .. versionchanged:: 3.6 Add :file:`python{XX}.zip` as a potential landmark when directly adjacent to the executable. .. deprecated:: 3.6 Modules specified in the registry under ``Modules`` (not ``PythonPath``) may be imported by :class:`importlib.machinery.WindowsRegistryFinder`. This finder is enabled on Windows in 3.6.0 and earlier, but may need to be explicitly added to :data:`sys.meta_path` in the future. Additional modules ================== Even though Python aims to be portable among all platforms, there are features that are unique to Windows. A couple of modules, both in the standard library and external, and snippets exist to use these features. The Windows-specific standard modules are documented in :ref:`mswin-specific-services`. PyWin32 ------- The `PyWin32 <https://pypi.org/project/pywin32>`_ module by Mark Hammond is a collection of modules for advanced Windows-specific support. This includes utilities for: * `Component Object Model <https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/com/component-object-model--com--portal>`_ (COM) * Win32 API calls * Registry * Event log * `Microsoft Foundation Classes <https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/cpp/mfc/mfc-desktop-applications>`_ (MFC) user interfaces `PythonWin <https://web.archive.org/web/20060524042422/ https://www.python.org/windows/pythonwin/>`_ is a sample MFC application shipped with PyWin32. It is an embeddable IDE with a built-in debugger. .. seealso:: `Win32 How Do I...? <http://timgolden.me.uk/python/win32_how_do_i.html>`_ by Tim Golden `Python and COM <https://www.boddie.org.uk/python/COM.html>`_ by David and Paul Boddie cx_Freeze --------- `cx_Freeze <https://cx-freeze.readthedocs.io/en/latest/>`_ wraps Python scripts into executable Windows programs (:file:`{*}.exe` files). When you have done this, you can distribute your application without requiring your users to install Python. Compiling Python on Windows =========================== If you want to compile CPython yourself, first thing you should do is get the `source <https://www.python.org/downloads/source/>`_. You can download either the latest release's source or just grab a fresh `checkout <https://devguide.python.org/setup/#get-the-source-code>`_. The source tree contains a build solution and project files for Microsoft Visual Studio, which is the compiler used to build the official Python releases. These files are in the :file:`PCbuild` directory. Check :file:`PCbuild/readme.txt` for general information on the build process. For extension modules, consult :ref:`building-on-windows`. Other Platforms =============== With ongoing development of Python, some platforms that used to be supported earlier are no longer supported (due to the lack of users or developers). Check :pep:`11` for details on all unsupported platforms. * `Windows CE <https://pythonce.sourceforge.net/>`_ is `no longer supported <https://github.com/python/cpython/issues/71542>`__ since Python 3 (if it ever was). * The `Cygwin <https://cygwin.com/>`_ installer offers to install the `Python interpreter <https://cygwin.com/packages/summary/python3.html>`__ as well See `Python for Windows <https://www.python.org/downloads/windows/>`_ for detailed information about platforms with pre-compiled installers.