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	<title>Функции в Питоне | Программирование на Питоне</title>
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				<h1 class="entry-title">Функции в Питоне</h1>
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<p class="has-light-gray-color has-text-color"><a href="https://www.dmitrymakarov.ru/">Все курсы</a> &gt; <a href="https://www.dmitrymakarov.ru/python/">Программирование на Питоне</a> &gt; Занятие 6</p>



<p>Функция в программировании не совсем то же самое, что функция в математике. В математике функция принимает одно значение и возвращает другое. В программировании &#8212; это программа в программе, отдельный участок кода, к которому можно обратиться по имени.</p>


<div class="wp-block-image">
<figure class="aligncenter size-large"><img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" width="1024" height="568" src="https://www.dmitrymakarov.ru/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/f_math_prog-1024x568.jpg" alt="функции в математике и программировании" class="wp-image-6920" srcset="https://www.dmitrymakarov.ru/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/f_math_prog-1024x568.jpg 1024w, https://www.dmitrymakarov.ru/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/f_math_prog-300x166.jpg 300w, https://www.dmitrymakarov.ru/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/f_math_prog-768x426.jpg 768w, https://www.dmitrymakarov.ru/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/f_math_prog-1536x852.jpg 1536w, https://www.dmitrymakarov.ru/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/f_math_prog-1200x666.jpg 1200w, https://www.dmitrymakarov.ru/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/f_math_prog-600x333.jpg 600w, https://www.dmitrymakarov.ru/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/f_math_prog.jpg 1948w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></figure></div>


<p>Зачем это нужно? Если у вас есть код, который используется несколько раз в рамках программы, то функция позволяет написать код один раз, а потом просто <em>вызывать</em> его (call a function) при необходимости. Так мы не дублируем код и лучше его структурируем.</p>


<div class="wp-block-ub-table-of-contents-block ub_table-of-contents" id="ub_table-of-contents-9d89a00d-4f15-42ac-9d1f-5197522d2e73" data-linktodivider="false" data-showtext="show" data-hidetext="hide" data-scrolltype="auto" data-initiallyhideonmobile="false"
                    data-initiallyshow="true"><div class="ub_table-of-contents-header-container"><div class="ub_table-of-contents-header">
                    <div class="ub_table-of-contents-title"><strong>Содержание занятия</strong></div></div></div><div class="ub_table-of-contents-extra-container"><div class="ub_table-of-contents-container ub_table-of-contents-1-column "><ul><li><a href=https://www.dmitrymakarov.ru/python/functions-06/#0-vstroennye-funktsii>Встроенные функции</a><ul><li><a href=https://www.dmitrymakarov.ru/python/functions-06/#1-parametry-i-argumenty-funktsii>Параметры и аргументы функции</a></li><li><a href=https://www.dmitrymakarov.ru/python/functions-06/#2-funktsii-i-metody>Функции и методы</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=https://www.dmitrymakarov.ru/python/functions-06/#3-sobstvennye-funktsii-v-pitone>Собственные функции в Питоне</a><ul><li><a href=https://www.dmitrymakarov.ru/python/functions-06/#4-obyavlenie-i-vyzov-funktsii>Объявление и вызов функции</a></li><li><a href=https://www.dmitrymakarov.ru/python/functions-06/#5-pustoe-telo-funktsii>Пустое тело функции</a></li><li><a href=https://www.dmitrymakarov.ru/python/functions-06/#6-funktsiya-print-vmesto-return>Функция print() вместо return</a></li><li><a href=https://www.dmitrymakarov.ru/python/functions-06/#7-parametry-sobstvennykh-funktsiy>Параметры собственных функций</a></li><li><a href=https://www.dmitrymakarov.ru/python/functions-06/#8-annotatsiya-funktsii>Аннотация функции</a></li><li><a href=https://www.dmitrymakarov.ru/python/functions-06/#9-dopolnitelnye-vozmozhnosti-funktsiy>Дополнительные возможности функций</a></li><li><a href=https://www.dmitrymakarov.ru/python/functions-06/#10-rezultat-vyzova-funktsii>Результат вызова функции</a></li><li><a href=https://www.dmitrymakarov.ru/python/functions-06/#11-ispolzovanie-bibliotek>Использование библиотек</a></li><li><a href=https://www.dmitrymakarov.ru/python/functions-06/#12-globalnye-i-lokalnye-peremennye>Глобальные и локальные переменные</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=https://www.dmitrymakarov.ru/python/functions-06/#13-anonimnye-ili-lambda-funktsii>Анонимные или lambda-функции</a><ul><li><a href=https://www.dmitrymakarov.ru/python/functions-06/#14-lambda-funktsiya-vnutri-funktsii-filter>Lambda-функция внутри функции filter()</a></li><li><a href=https://www.dmitrymakarov.ru/python/functions-06/#15-lambda-funktsiya-vnutri-funktsii-sorted>Lambda-функция внутри функции sorted()</a></li><li><a href=https://www.dmitrymakarov.ru/python/functions-06/#16-nemedlenno-vyzyvaemye-funktsii>Немедленно вызываемые функции</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=https://www.dmitrymakarov.ru/python/functions-06/#17-args-i-kwargs>*args и **kwargs</a><ul><li><a href=https://www.dmitrymakarov.ru/python/functions-06/#18-args>*args</a></li><li><a href=https://www.dmitrymakarov.ru/python/functions-06/#19-kwargs>**kwargs</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=https://www.dmitrymakarov.ru/python/functions-06/#20-podvedem-itog>Подведем итог</a><ul><li><a href=https://www.dmitrymakarov.ru/python/functions-06/#21-voprosy-dlya-zakrepleniya>Вопросы для закрепления</a></li><li><a href=https://www.dmitrymakarov.ru/python/functions-06/#22-otvety-na-voprosy>Ответы на вопросы</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div>


<p class="has-text-align-center has-white-color has-text-color has-background" style="background-color:#004235"><a href="https://colab.research.google.com/drive/1sf87FVup1-g8WKI14JimRglUXefh1dJx?usp=sharing" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Откроем блокнот к этому занятию</a>⧉</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="0-vstroennye-funktsii">Встроенные функции</h2>



<p>В Питоне есть множество встроенных в (1) стандартный функционал (built-in functions) и (2) дополнительные библиотеки (library functions) функций, и мы много раз их использовали.</p>



<p>Рассмотрим функцию для создания гистограммы <strong>plt.hist()</strong>. Вначале импортируем библиотеки.</p>



<div class="wp-block-urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code-block"><!-- Urvanov Syntax Highlighter v2.8.37 -->

		<div id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d64333441965" class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-syntax crayon-theme-familiar-my-copy urvanov-syntax-highlighter-font-consolas urvanov-syntax-highlighter-os-pc print-yes notranslate" data-settings=" minimize scroll-always" style=" margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px; font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;">
		
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					<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-nums-content" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d64333441965-1">1</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d64333441965-2">2</div></div>
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						<td class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d64333441965-1"><span class="crayon-r">import</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">matplotlib</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-e">pyplot </span><span class="crayon-st">as</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">plt</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d64333441965-2"><span class="crayon-r">import</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">numpy </span><span class="crayon-st">as</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">np</span></div></div></td>
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<p>Сгенерируем данные, которые передадим этой функции (эти же данные мы создавали и использовали на <a href="https://www.dmitrymakarov.ru/intro/stats-08/">восьмом занятии</a> вводного курса).</p>



<div class="wp-block-urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code-block"><!-- Urvanov Syntax Highlighter v2.8.37 -->

		<div id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d6d308801911" class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-syntax crayon-theme-familiar-my-copy urvanov-syntax-highlighter-font-consolas urvanov-syntax-highlighter-os-pc print-yes notranslate" data-settings=" minimize scroll-always" style=" margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px; font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;">
		
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				<table class="crayon-table">
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					<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-nums-content" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d6d308801911-1">1</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d6d308801911-2">2</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d6d308801911-3">3</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d6d308801911-4">4</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d6d308801911-5">5</div></div>
				</td>
						<td class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d6d308801911-1"><span class="crayon-c"># установим точку отсчета для воспроизведения такого же результата</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d6d308801911-2"><span class="crayon-v">np</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-k ">random</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-e">seed</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-cn">42</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d6d308801911-3">&nbsp;</div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d6d308801911-4"><span class="crayon-c"># и сгенерируем данные о росте</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d6d308801911-5"><span class="crayon-v">height</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-k ">list</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">np</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-k ">round</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">np</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-k ">random</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-e">normal</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-cn">180</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">10</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">1000</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div></div></td>
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<p>Теперь построим гистограмму, передав ей в качестве параметров и аргументов наши данные и количество интервалов.</p>



<div class="wp-block-urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code-block"><!-- Urvanov Syntax Highlighter v2.8.37 -->

		<div id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d6f418299974" class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-syntax crayon-theme-familiar-my-copy urvanov-syntax-highlighter-font-consolas urvanov-syntax-highlighter-os-pc print-yes notranslate" data-settings=" minimize scroll-always" style=" margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px; font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;">
		
			<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-plain-wrap"></div>
			<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-main" style="">
				<table class="crayon-table">
					<tr class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-row">
				<td class="crayon-nums " data-settings="show">
					<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-nums-content" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d6f418299974-1">1</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d6f418299974-2">2</div></div>
				</td>
						<td class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d6f418299974-1"><span class="crayon-v">plt</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-e">hist</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">height</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">bins</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">10</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d6f418299974-2"><span class="crayon-v">plt</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-e">show</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div></div></td>
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<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img decoding="async" width="375" height="248" src="https://www.dmitrymakarov.ru/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/builtin_hist.png" alt="параметры функции plt.hist()" class="wp-image-6925" srcset="https://www.dmitrymakarov.ru/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/builtin_hist.png 375w, https://www.dmitrymakarov.ru/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/builtin_hist-300x198.png 300w" sizes="(max-width: 375px) 100vw, 375px" /></figure>



<p>Как мы видим, достаточно обратиться к соответствующей библиотеке (
			<span id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d70730052124" class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-syntax urvanov-syntax-highlighter-syntax-inline  crayon-theme-familiar-my-copy crayon-theme-familiar-my-copy-inline urvanov-syntax-highlighter-font-consolas" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;font-size: 16px !important;"><span class="crayon-pre urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;font-size: 16px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><span class="crayon-v">plt</span></span></span>), вызвать эту функцию по имени (
			<span id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d71328949939" class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-syntax urvanov-syntax-highlighter-syntax-inline  crayon-theme-familiar-my-copy crayon-theme-familiar-my-copy-inline urvanov-syntax-highlighter-font-consolas" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;font-size: 16px !important;"><span class="crayon-pre urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;font-size: 16px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><span class="crayon-v">hist</span></span></span>) и задать параметры и их аргументы (
			<span id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d72455702840" class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-syntax urvanov-syntax-highlighter-syntax-inline  crayon-theme-familiar-my-copy crayon-theme-familiar-my-copy-inline urvanov-syntax-highlighter-font-consolas" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;font-size: 16px !important;"><span class="crayon-pre urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;font-size: 16px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><span class="crayon-v">height</span></span></span>и 
			<span id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d73338225839" class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-syntax urvanov-syntax-highlighter-syntax-inline  crayon-theme-familiar-my-copy crayon-theme-familiar-my-copy-inline urvanov-syntax-highlighter-font-consolas" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;font-size: 16px !important;"><span class="crayon-pre urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;font-size: 16px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><span class="crayon-v">bins</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">10</span></span></span>), и будет исполнен тот код, который заложили в нее создатели библиотеки Matplotlib.</p>



<p>Теперь несколько слов про параметры и аргументы функции.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="1-parametry-i-argumenty-funktsii">Параметры и аргументы функции</h3>



<p>Для начала определимся с терминами:</p>



<ul class="wp-block-list">
<li><strong>параметр</strong> &#8212; это то, что запрашивает функция при вызове (например, 
			<span id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d75206997320" class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-syntax urvanov-syntax-highlighter-syntax-inline  crayon-theme-familiar-my-copy crayon-theme-familiar-my-copy-inline urvanov-syntax-highlighter-font-consolas" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;font-size: 16px !important;"><span class="crayon-pre urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;font-size: 16px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><span class="crayon-v">bins</span></span></span>, количество интервалов) </li>



<li><strong>аргумент</strong> &#8212; значение этого параметра (в нашем случае, 
			<span id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d76485808423" class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-syntax urvanov-syntax-highlighter-syntax-inline  crayon-theme-familiar-my-copy crayon-theme-familiar-my-copy-inline urvanov-syntax-highlighter-font-consolas" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;font-size: 16px !important;"><span class="crayon-pre urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;font-size: 16px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><span class="crayon-cn">10</span></span></span>).</li>
</ul>



<p>Возникает вопрос, что же такое 
			<span id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d77075063057" class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-syntax urvanov-syntax-highlighter-syntax-inline  crayon-theme-familiar-my-copy crayon-theme-familiar-my-copy-inline urvanov-syntax-highlighter-font-consolas" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;font-size: 16px !important;"><span class="crayon-pre urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;font-size: 16px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><span class="crayon-v">height</span></span></span>? Логично предположить, что это аргумент (ведь это наши данные). Но тогда как функция узнает, какому параметру он соответствует?</p>



<p>Все дело в том, что параметры и их аргументы могут быть <strong>позиционными</strong> (positional) и <strong>именованными</strong> (keyword).</p>


<div class="wp-block-image">
<figure class="aligncenter size-large is-resized"><img decoding="async" width="1024" height="350" src="https://www.dmitrymakarov.ru/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/pos-key-1024x350.jpg" alt="позиционные и именованные аргументы функции" class="wp-image-7007" style="width:547px;height:187px" srcset="https://www.dmitrymakarov.ru/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/pos-key-1024x350.jpg 1024w, https://www.dmitrymakarov.ru/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/pos-key-300x103.jpg 300w, https://www.dmitrymakarov.ru/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/pos-key-768x263.jpg 768w, https://www.dmitrymakarov.ru/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/pos-key-1200x410.jpg 1200w, https://www.dmitrymakarov.ru/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/pos-key-600x205.jpg 600w, https://www.dmitrymakarov.ru/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/pos-key.jpg 1503w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></figure></div>


<p>В первом случае, достаточно указать аргумент и поставить его в правильном порядке (позиции). Функция сама поймет, какой параметр ей передают. Во втором случае, нужно указать и название параметра, и аргумент.</p>



<p>Позиционный параметр можно сделать именованным, и тогда порядок важен не будет.</p>



<div class="wp-block-urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code-block"><!-- Urvanov Syntax Highlighter v2.8.37 -->

		<div id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d78466740937" class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-syntax crayon-theme-familiar-my-copy urvanov-syntax-highlighter-font-consolas urvanov-syntax-highlighter-os-pc print-yes notranslate" data-settings=" minimize scroll-always" style=" margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px; font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;">
		
			<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-plain-wrap"></div>
			<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-main" style="">
				<table class="crayon-table">
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				<td class="crayon-nums " data-settings="show">
					<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-nums-content" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d78466740937-1">1</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d78466740937-2">2</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d78466740937-3">3</div></div>
				</td>
						<td class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d78466740937-1"><span class="crayon-c"># данные в этой функции обозначаются через x</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d78466740937-2"><span class="crayon-v">plt</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-e">hist</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">bins</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">10</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">x</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">height</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d78466740937-3"><span class="crayon-v">plt</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-e">show</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div></div></td>
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<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="375" height="248" src="https://www.dmitrymakarov.ru/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/builtin_hist.png" alt="использование именованных параметров функции plt.hist()" class="wp-image-6925" srcset="https://www.dmitrymakarov.ru/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/builtin_hist.png 375w, https://www.dmitrymakarov.ru/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/builtin_hist-300x198.png 300w" sizes="(max-width: 375px) 100vw, 375px" /></figure>



<p>Кроме того, функция может иметь параметры с <strong>аргументами по умолчанию</strong>. Это делает такой параметр <em>не обязательным</em>, а значит <em>упрощает</em> и <em>ускоряет</em> вызов функции.</p>



<div class="wp-block-urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code-block"><!-- Urvanov Syntax Highlighter v2.8.37 -->

		<div id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d79964468658" class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-syntax crayon-theme-familiar-my-copy urvanov-syntax-highlighter-font-consolas urvanov-syntax-highlighter-os-pc print-yes notranslate" data-settings=" minimize scroll-always" style=" margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px; font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;">
		
			<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-plain-wrap"></div>
			<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-main" style="">
				<table class="crayon-table">
					<tr class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-row">
				<td class="crayon-nums " data-settings="show">
					<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-nums-content" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d79964468658-1">1</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d79964468658-2">2</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d79964468658-3">3</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d79964468658-4">4</div></div>
				</td>
						<td class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d79964468658-1"><span class="crayon-c"># у параметра bins есть аргумент по умолчанию (как раз 10 интервалов)</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d79964468658-2"><span class="crayon-c"># а значит, этот параметр можно не указывать</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d79964468658-3"><span class="crayon-v">plt</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-e">hist</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">height</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d79964468658-4"><span class="crayon-v">plt</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-e">show</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div></div></td>
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<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="375" height="248" src="https://www.dmitrymakarov.ru/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/builtin_hist.png" alt="аргументы по умолчанию функции plt.hist()" class="wp-image-6925" srcset="https://www.dmitrymakarov.ru/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/builtin_hist.png 375w, https://www.dmitrymakarov.ru/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/builtin_hist-300x198.png 300w" sizes="(max-width: 375px) 100vw, 375px" /></figure>



<p>Как вы видите, результат во всех трех случаях совершенно одинаковый.</p>



<p class="has-background" style="background-color:#ffe8c4">Если вы сомневаетесь в том, какие параметры принимает функция и что является результатом ее работы, полезно обратиться к документации в Интернете. Например, по <strong>функции plt.hist()</strong> ее можно <a href="https://matplotlib.org/stable/api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.hist.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">найти вот здесь</a>⧉.</p>



<p>Стоит отметить, что функция может как принимать один, два или несколько параметров, так и <strong>не принимать их вовсе</strong>. Например, <strong>функция print()</strong>, если не указывать параметры, выдает пустую строку.</p>



<div class="wp-block-urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code-block"><!-- Urvanov Syntax Highlighter v2.8.37 -->

		<div id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d7a556755436" class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-syntax crayon-theme-familiar-my-copy urvanov-syntax-highlighter-font-consolas urvanov-syntax-highlighter-os-pc print-yes notranslate" data-settings=" minimize scroll-always" style=" margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px; font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;">
		
			<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-plain-wrap"></div>
			<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-main" style="">
				<table class="crayon-table">
					<tr class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-row">
				<td class="crayon-nums " data-settings="show">
					<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-nums-content" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d7a556755436-1">1</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d7a556755436-2">2</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d7a556755436-3">3</div></div>
				</td>
						<td class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d7a556755436-1"><span class="crayon-k ">print</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-s">'Первая строка'</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d7a556755436-2"><span class="crayon-k ">print</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d7a556755436-3"><span class="crayon-k ">print</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-s">'Третья строка'</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div></div></td>
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<div class="wp-block-urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code-block"><!-- Urvanov Syntax Highlighter v2.8.37 -->

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					<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-nums-content" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d7b015457067-1">1</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d7b015457067-2">2</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d7b015457067-3">3</div></div>
				</td>
						<td class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d7b015457067-1">Первая строка</div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d7b015457067-2">&nbsp;</div><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d7b015457067-3">Третья строка</div></div></td>
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<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="2-funktsii-i-metody">Функции и методы</h3>



<p>Некоторые функции называются методами. Методы &#8212; это функции, которые можно применить только к конкретному объекту. Другими словами, если обычная функция будет выполнена &#171;сама по себе&#187;, это просто участок кода, которому дали имя, то методу для исполнения нужен объект (например, строка, список или словарь). При этом, что важно, у каждого объекта свои методы.</p>



<p>Предположим, у нас есть строка, и мы хотим сделать первую букву каждого слова заглавной. Для этого у строки есть <strong>метод .title()</strong>.</p>



<div class="wp-block-urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code-block"><!-- Urvanov Syntax Highlighter v2.8.37 -->

		<div id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d7d704964766" class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-syntax crayon-theme-familiar-my-copy urvanov-syntax-highlighter-font-consolas urvanov-syntax-highlighter-os-pc print-yes notranslate" data-settings=" minimize scroll-always" style=" margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px; font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;">
		
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				</td>
						<td class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d7d704964766-1"><span class="crayon-c"># создаем строковый объект и</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d7d704964766-2"><span class="crayon-v">some_string</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-s">'machine learning'</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d7d704964766-3">&nbsp;</div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d7d704964766-4"><span class="crayon-c"># применяем к нему метод .title()</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d7d704964766-5"><span class="crayon-v">some_string</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-e">title</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div></div></td>
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<div class="wp-block-urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code-block"><!-- Urvanov Syntax Highlighter v2.8.37 -->

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						<td class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d7e247213311-1">'Machine Learning'</div></div></td>
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<p>А теперь попробуем применить этот метод к списку, состоящему из тех же слов, что и строка.</p>



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					<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-nums-content" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d7f856221504-1">1</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d7f856221504-2">2</div></div>
				</td>
						<td class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d7f856221504-1"><span class="crayon-v">some_list</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-sy">[</span><span class="crayon-s">'machine'</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-s">'learning'</span><span class="crayon-sy">]</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d7f856221504-2"><span class="crayon-v">some_list</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-e">title</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div></div></td>
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<figure class="wp-block-image size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="892" height="263" src="https://www.dmitrymakarov.ru/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/m-error.jpg" alt="ошибка при применении строкового метода .title() к списку" class="wp-image-7026" style="width:708px;height:208px" srcset="https://www.dmitrymakarov.ru/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/m-error.jpg 892w, https://www.dmitrymakarov.ru/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/m-error-300x88.jpg 300w, https://www.dmitrymakarov.ru/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/m-error-768x226.jpg 768w, https://www.dmitrymakarov.ru/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/m-error-600x177.jpg 600w" sizes="(max-width: 892px) 100vw, 892px" /></figure>



<p>Как мы видим, Питон выдал ошибку.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="3-sobstvennye-funktsii-v-pitone">Собственные функции в Питоне</h2>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="4-obyavlenie-i-vyzov-funktsii">Объявление и вызов функции</h3>



<p>Функции не обязательно должны быть встроены в базовый функционал или библиотеки. Мы вполне можем объявлять (т.е. создавать) собственные функции (user-defined functions). Рассмотрим пример.</p>



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		<div id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d80746580076" class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-syntax crayon-theme-familiar-my-copy urvanov-syntax-highlighter-font-consolas urvanov-syntax-highlighter-os-pc print-yes notranslate" data-settings=" minimize scroll-always" style=" margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px; font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;">
		
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					<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-nums-content" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d80746580076-1">1</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d80746580076-2">2</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d80746580076-3">3</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d80746580076-4">4</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d80746580076-5">5</div></div>
				</td>
						<td class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d80746580076-1"><span class="crayon-c"># создадим функцию, которая удваивает </span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d80746580076-2"><span class="crayon-c"># любое передаваемое ей значение</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d80746580076-3"><span class="crayon-r">def</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">double</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">x</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d80746580076-4"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-v">res</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">x</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">*</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">2</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d80746580076-5"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-st">return</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">res</span></div></div></td>
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					<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-nums-content" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d81093513300-1">1</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d81093513300-2">2</div></div>
				</td>
						<td class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d81093513300-1"><span class="crayon-c"># и вызовем ее, передав число 2</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d81093513300-2"><span class="crayon-e">double</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-cn">2</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div></div></td>
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				</td>
						<td class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d82304408623-1">4</div></div></td>
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<p>Теперь давайте разберем каждый элемент этого кода. Вначале посмотрим как <strong>объявить функцию</strong> (declare a function). </p>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="527" src="https://www.dmitrymakarov.ru/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/create_f-1024x527.jpg" alt="синтаксис собственной функции" class="wp-image-7059" style="width:772px;height:397px" srcset="https://www.dmitrymakarov.ru/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/create_f-1024x527.jpg 1024w, https://www.dmitrymakarov.ru/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/create_f-300x154.jpg 300w, https://www.dmitrymakarov.ru/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/create_f-768x395.jpg 768w, https://www.dmitrymakarov.ru/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/create_f-1536x790.jpg 1536w, https://www.dmitrymakarov.ru/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/create_f-1200x617.jpg 1200w, https://www.dmitrymakarov.ru/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/create_f-600x309.jpg 600w, https://www.dmitrymakarov.ru/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/create_f.jpg 1814w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></figure>



<ul class="wp-block-list">
<li>ключевое слово <strong>def</strong> необходимо для объявления функции;</li>



<li>далее идут <strong>название функции</strong>, которое вы сами определяете; и</li>



<li><strong>параметры</strong>, которые может принимать ваша функция;</li>



<li>после двоеточия на новой строке с отступом идет так называемое <strong>тело функции</strong>, то есть то, что будет исполняться при вызове функции;</li>



<li>в конце ставится ключевое слово <strong>return</strong>, возвращающее результат работы функции.</li>
</ul>



<p>Затем, когда это необходимо, мы можем <strong>вызвать функцию</strong> (call a function), указав ее имя и передав, при их наличии, соответствующие аргументы внутри круглых скобок.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="985" height="490" src="https://www.dmitrymakarov.ru/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/call_f.jpg" alt="вызов собственной функции" class="wp-image-7067" style="width:404px;height:200px" srcset="https://www.dmitrymakarov.ru/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/call_f.jpg 985w, https://www.dmitrymakarov.ru/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/call_f-300x149.jpg 300w, https://www.dmitrymakarov.ru/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/call_f-768x382.jpg 768w, https://www.dmitrymakarov.ru/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/call_f-600x298.jpg 600w" sizes="(max-width: 985px) 100vw, 985px" /></figure>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="5-pustoe-telo-funktsii">Пустое тело функции</h3>



<p>Оставлять тело функции совсем пустым нельзя. Нужно как минимум указать ключевое слово <strong>return</strong> или оператор <strong>pass</strong>.</p>



<div class="wp-block-urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code-block"><!-- Urvanov Syntax Highlighter v2.8.37 -->

		<div id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d83023513945" class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-syntax crayon-theme-familiar-my-copy urvanov-syntax-highlighter-font-consolas urvanov-syntax-highlighter-os-pc print-yes notranslate" data-settings=" minimize scroll-always" style=" margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px; font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;">
		
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					<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-nums-content" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d83023513945-1">1</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d83023513945-2">2</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d83023513945-3">3</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d83023513945-4">4</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d83023513945-5">5</div></div>
				</td>
						<td class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d83023513945-1"><span class="crayon-c"># тело функции не может быть пустым</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d83023513945-2"><span class="crayon-r">def</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">only_return</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d83023513945-3">&nbsp;</div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d83023513945-4"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-c"># нужно либо указать ключевое слово return</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d83023513945-5"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-st">return</span></div></div></td>
					</tr>
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<div class="wp-block-urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code-block"><!-- Urvanov Syntax Highlighter v2.8.37 -->

		<div id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d84107731464" class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-syntax crayon-theme-familiar-my-copy urvanov-syntax-highlighter-font-consolas urvanov-syntax-highlighter-os-pc print-yes notranslate" data-settings=" minimize scroll-always" style=" margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px; font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;">
		
			<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-plain-wrap"></div>
			<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-main" style="">
				<table class="crayon-table">
					<tr class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-row">
				<td class="crayon-nums " data-settings="show">
					<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-nums-content" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d84107731464-1">1</div></div>
				</td>
						<td class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d84107731464-1"><span class="crayon-e">only_return</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div></div></td>
					</tr>
				</table>
			</div>
		</div>
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</div>



<div class="wp-block-urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code-block"><!-- Urvanov Syntax Highlighter v2.8.37 -->

		<div id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d86339031744" class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-syntax crayon-theme-familiar-my-copy urvanov-syntax-highlighter-font-consolas urvanov-syntax-highlighter-os-pc print-yes notranslate" data-settings=" minimize scroll-always" style=" margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px; font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;">
		
			<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-plain-wrap"></div>
			<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-main" style="">
				<table class="crayon-table">
					<tr class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-row">
				<td class="crayon-nums " data-settings="show">
					<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-nums-content" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d86339031744-1">1</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d86339031744-2">2</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d86339031744-3">3</div></div>
				</td>
						<td class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d86339031744-1"><span class="crayon-c"># либо оператор pass</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d86339031744-2"><span class="crayon-r">def</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">only_pass</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d86339031744-3"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-r">pass</span></div></div></td>
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<div class="wp-block-urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code-block"><!-- Urvanov Syntax Highlighter v2.8.37 -->

		<div id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d87518540962" class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-syntax crayon-theme-familiar-my-copy urvanov-syntax-highlighter-font-consolas urvanov-syntax-highlighter-os-pc print-yes notranslate" data-settings=" minimize scroll-always" style=" margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px; font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;">
		
			<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-plain-wrap"></div>
			<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-main" style="">
				<table class="crayon-table">
					<tr class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-row">
				<td class="crayon-nums " data-settings="show">
					<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-nums-content" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d87518540962-1">1</div></div>
				</td>
						<td class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d87518540962-1"><span class="crayon-e">only_pass</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div></div></td>
					</tr>
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<p>Хотя может показаться, что в этом случае функция ничего не выдает, на самом деле это не так. И в том, и в другом случае функция возвращает особый тип данных <strong>None</strong> (отсутствие значения).</p>



<div class="wp-block-urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code-block"><!-- Urvanov Syntax Highlighter v2.8.37 -->

		<div id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d88159212242" class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-syntax crayon-theme-familiar-my-copy urvanov-syntax-highlighter-font-consolas urvanov-syntax-highlighter-os-pc print-yes notranslate" data-settings=" minimize scroll-always" style=" margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px; font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;">
		
			<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-plain-wrap"></div>
			<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-main" style="">
				<table class="crayon-table">
					<tr class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-row">
				<td class="crayon-nums " data-settings="show">
					<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-nums-content" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d88159212242-1">1</div></div>
				</td>
						<td class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d88159212242-1"><span class="crayon-k ">print</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-e">only_return</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div></div></td>
					</tr>
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<div class="wp-block-urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code-block"><!-- Urvanov Syntax Highlighter v2.8.37 -->

		<div id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d89224943634" class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-syntax crayon-theme-familiar-my-copy urvanov-syntax-highlighter-font-consolas urvanov-syntax-highlighter-os-pc print-yes notranslate" data-settings=" minimize scroll-always" style=" margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px; font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;">
		
			<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-plain-wrap"></div>
			<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-main" style="">
				<table class="crayon-table">
					<tr class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-row">
				<td class="crayon-nums " data-settings="show">
					<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-nums-content" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d89224943634-1">1</div></div>
				</td>
						<td class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d89224943634-1">None</div></div></td>
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<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="6-funktsiya-print-vmesto-return">Функция print() вместо return</h3>



<p>Помимо ключевого слова <strong>return</strong>, результат работы функции можно вывести с помощью <strong>print()</strong>.</p>



<div class="wp-block-urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code-block"><!-- Urvanov Syntax Highlighter v2.8.37 -->

		<div id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d8a066222439" class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-syntax crayon-theme-familiar-my-copy urvanov-syntax-highlighter-font-consolas urvanov-syntax-highlighter-os-pc print-yes notranslate" data-settings=" minimize scroll-always" style=" margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px; font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;">
		
			<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-plain-wrap"></div>
			<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-main" style="">
				<table class="crayon-table">
					<tr class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-row">
				<td class="crayon-nums " data-settings="show">
					<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-nums-content" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d8a066222439-1">1</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d8a066222439-2">2</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d8a066222439-3">3</div></div>
				</td>
						<td class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d8a066222439-1"><span class="crayon-r">def</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">double_print</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">x</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d8a066222439-2"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-v">res</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">x</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">*</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">2</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d8a066222439-3"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-k ">print</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">res</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div></div></td>
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<div class="wp-block-urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code-block"><!-- Urvanov Syntax Highlighter v2.8.37 -->

		<div id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d8b948953248" class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-syntax crayon-theme-familiar-my-copy urvanov-syntax-highlighter-font-consolas urvanov-syntax-highlighter-os-pc print-yes notranslate" data-settings=" minimize scroll-always" style=" margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px; font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;">
		
			<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-plain-wrap"></div>
			<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-main" style="">
				<table class="crayon-table">
					<tr class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-row">
				<td class="crayon-nums " data-settings="show">
					<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-nums-content" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d8b948953248-1">1</div></div>
				</td>
						<td class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d8b948953248-1"><span class="crayon-e">double_print</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-cn">5</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div></div></td>
					</tr>
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<div class="wp-block-urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code-block"><!-- Urvanov Syntax Highlighter v2.8.37 -->

		<div id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d8c344094581" class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-syntax crayon-theme-familiar-my-copy urvanov-syntax-highlighter-font-consolas urvanov-syntax-highlighter-os-pc print-yes notranslate" data-settings=" minimize scroll-always" style=" margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px; font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;">
		
			<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-plain-wrap"></div>
			<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-main" style="">
				<table class="crayon-table">
					<tr class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-row">
				<td class="crayon-nums " data-settings="show">
					<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-nums-content" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d8c344094581-1">1</div></div>
				</td>
						<td class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d8c344094581-1">10</div></div></td>
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<p>Хотя визуально вывод идентичен, отличие все-таки есть:</p>



<ul class="wp-block-list">
<li>Использование <strong>return</strong> возвращает значение функции (в нашем случае значение переменной res) и прерывает ее работу;</li>



<li>Функция <strong>print()</strong> просто выводит это значение пользователю и не влияет на дальнейшее исполнение кода, если он есть.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="7-parametry-sobstvennykh-funktsiy">Параметры собственных функций</h3>



<p>С точки зрения параметров, у собственных функций те же самые возможности, что и у встроенных функций. В частности, параметры могут быть позиционными и именованными.</p>



<div class="wp-block-urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code-block"><!-- Urvanov Syntax Highlighter v2.8.37 -->

		<div id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d8d469180119" class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-syntax crayon-theme-familiar-my-copy urvanov-syntax-highlighter-font-consolas urvanov-syntax-highlighter-os-pc print-yes notranslate" data-settings=" minimize scroll-always" style=" margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px; font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;">
		
			<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-plain-wrap"></div>
			<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-main" style="">
				<table class="crayon-table">
					<tr class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-row">
				<td class="crayon-nums " data-settings="show">
					<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-nums-content" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d8d469180119-1">1</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d8d469180119-2">2</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d8d469180119-3">3</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d8d469180119-4">4</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d8d469180119-5">5</div></div>
				</td>
						<td class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d8d469180119-1"><span class="crayon-c"># объявим функцию с параметрами x и y,</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d8d469180119-2"><span class="crayon-r">def</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">calc_sum</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">x</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">y</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d8d469180119-3">&nbsp;</div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d8d469180119-4"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-c"># которая возвращает их сумму</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d8d469180119-5"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-st">return</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">x</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">+</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">y</span></div></div></td>
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<div class="wp-block-urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code-block"><!-- Urvanov Syntax Highlighter v2.8.37 -->

		<div id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d8e070080440" class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-syntax crayon-theme-familiar-my-copy urvanov-syntax-highlighter-font-consolas urvanov-syntax-highlighter-os-pc print-yes notranslate" data-settings=" minimize scroll-always" style=" margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px; font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;">
		
			<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-plain-wrap"></div>
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				<table class="crayon-table">
					<tr class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-row">
				<td class="crayon-nums " data-settings="show">
					<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-nums-content" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d8e070080440-1">1</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d8e070080440-2">2</div></div>
				</td>
						<td class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d8e070080440-1"><span class="crayon-c"># вызовем эту функцию с одним позиционным и одним именованным параметром</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d8e070080440-2"><span class="crayon-e">calc_sum</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-cn">1</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">y</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">2</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div></div></td>
					</tr>
				</table>
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<div class="wp-block-urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code-block"><!-- Urvanov Syntax Highlighter v2.8.37 -->

		<div id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d8f417266924" class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-syntax crayon-theme-familiar-my-copy urvanov-syntax-highlighter-font-consolas urvanov-syntax-highlighter-os-pc print-yes notranslate" data-settings=" minimize scroll-always" style=" margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px; font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;">
		
			<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-plain-wrap"></div>
			<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-main" style="">
				<table class="crayon-table">
					<tr class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-row">
				<td class="crayon-nums " data-settings="show">
					<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-nums-content" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d8f417266924-1">1</div></div>
				</td>
						<td class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d8f417266924-1">3</div></div></td>
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<p>Параметры собственной функции также могут быть заданы по умолчанию. В этом случае при вызове функции их указывать не обязательно.</p>



<div class="wp-block-urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code-block"><!-- Urvanov Syntax Highlighter v2.8.37 -->

		<div id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d90633275419" class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-syntax crayon-theme-familiar-my-copy urvanov-syntax-highlighter-font-consolas urvanov-syntax-highlighter-os-pc print-yes notranslate" data-settings=" minimize scroll-always" style=" margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px; font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;">
		
			<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-plain-wrap"></div>
			<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-main" style="">
				<table class="crayon-table">
					<tr class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-row">
				<td class="crayon-nums " data-settings="show">
					<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-nums-content" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d90633275419-1">1</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d90633275419-2">2</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d90633275419-3">3</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d90633275419-4">4</div></div>
				</td>
						<td class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d90633275419-1"><span class="crayon-r">def</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">calc_sum_default</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">x</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">1</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">y</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">2</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d90633275419-2"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-st">return</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">x</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">+</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-i">y</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d90633275419-3">&nbsp;</div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d90633275419-4"><span class="crayon-e">calc_sum_default</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div></div></td>
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<div class="wp-block-urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code-block"><!-- Urvanov Syntax Highlighter v2.8.37 -->

		<div id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d91220293752" class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-syntax crayon-theme-familiar-my-copy urvanov-syntax-highlighter-font-consolas urvanov-syntax-highlighter-os-pc print-yes notranslate" data-settings=" minimize scroll-always" style=" margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px; font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;">
		
			<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-plain-wrap"></div>
			<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-main" style="">
				<table class="crayon-table">
					<tr class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-row">
				<td class="crayon-nums " data-settings="show">
					<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-nums-content" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d91220293752-1">1</div></div>
				</td>
						<td class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d91220293752-1">3</div></div></td>
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<p>И конечно функция может изначально не иметь параметров.</p>



<div class="wp-block-urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code-block"><!-- Urvanov Syntax Highlighter v2.8.37 -->

		<div id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d92938751949" class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-syntax crayon-theme-familiar-my-copy urvanov-syntax-highlighter-font-consolas urvanov-syntax-highlighter-os-pc print-yes notranslate" data-settings=" minimize scroll-always" style=" margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px; font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;">
		
			<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-plain-wrap"></div>
			<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-main" style="">
				<table class="crayon-table">
					<tr class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-row">
				<td class="crayon-nums " data-settings="show">
					<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-nums-content" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d92938751949-1">1</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d92938751949-2">2</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d92938751949-3">3</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d92938751949-4">4</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d92938751949-5">5</div></div>
				</td>
						<td class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d92938751949-1"><span class="crayon-c"># эта функция просто выводит текст 'Some string'</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d92938751949-2"><span class="crayon-r">def</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">print_string</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d92938751949-3"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-k ">print</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-s">'Some string'</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d92938751949-4">&nbsp;</div><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d92938751949-5"><span class="crayon-e">print_string</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div></div></td>
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<div class="wp-block-urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code-block"><!-- Urvanov Syntax Highlighter v2.8.37 -->

		<div id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d93343841408" class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-syntax crayon-theme-familiar-my-copy urvanov-syntax-highlighter-font-consolas urvanov-syntax-highlighter-os-pc print-yes notranslate" data-settings=" minimize scroll-always" style=" margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px; font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;">
		
			<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-plain-wrap"></div>
			<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-main" style="">
				<table class="crayon-table">
					<tr class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-row">
				<td class="crayon-nums " data-settings="show">
					<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-nums-content" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d93343841408-1">1</div></div>
				</td>
						<td class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d93343841408-1">Some string</div></div></td>
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<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="8-annotatsiya-funktsii">Аннотация функции</h3>



<p>Аннотация функции (function annotation) позволяет явно прописать тип данных <em>параметров</em> (parameter annotation) и <em>возвращаемых значений</em> (return annotation).</p>



<div class="wp-block-urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code-block"><!-- Urvanov Syntax Highlighter v2.8.37 -->

		<div id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d94587060018" class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-syntax crayon-theme-familiar-my-copy urvanov-syntax-highlighter-font-consolas urvanov-syntax-highlighter-os-pc print-yes notranslate" data-settings=" minimize scroll-always" style=" margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px; font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;">
		
			<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-plain-wrap"></div>
			<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-main" style="">
				<table class="crayon-table">
					<tr class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-row">
				<td class="crayon-nums " data-settings="show">
					<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-nums-content" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d94587060018-1">1</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d94587060018-2">2</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d94587060018-3">3</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d94587060018-4">4</div></div>
				</td>
						<td class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d94587060018-1"><span class="crayon-c"># укажем, что на входе функция принимает тип float, а возвращает int</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d94587060018-2"><span class="crayon-c"># значение 3,5 - это значение параметра x по умолчанию</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d94587060018-3"><span class="crayon-r">def</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">f</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">x</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-k ">float</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">3.5</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">-&gt;</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-k ">int</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d94587060018-4"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-st">return</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-k ">int</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">x</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div></div></td>
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<div class="wp-block-urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code-block"><!-- Urvanov Syntax Highlighter v2.8.37 -->

		<div id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d95436788242" class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-syntax crayon-theme-familiar-my-copy urvanov-syntax-highlighter-font-consolas urvanov-syntax-highlighter-os-pc print-yes notranslate" data-settings=" minimize scroll-always" style=" margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px; font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;">
		
			<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-plain-wrap"></div>
			<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-main" style="">
				<table class="crayon-table">
					<tr class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-row">
				<td class="crayon-nums " data-settings="show">
					<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-nums-content" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d95436788242-1">1</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d95436788242-2">2</div></div>
				</td>
						<td class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d95436788242-1"><span class="crayon-c"># желаемый тип данных можно посмотреть через атрибут __annotations__</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d95436788242-2"><span class="crayon-v">f</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-v">__annotations__</span></div></div></td>
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<div class="wp-block-urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code-block"><!-- Urvanov Syntax Highlighter v2.8.37 -->

		<div id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d96803770314" class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-syntax crayon-theme-familiar-my-copy urvanov-syntax-highlighter-font-consolas urvanov-syntax-highlighter-os-pc print-yes notranslate" data-settings=" minimize scroll-always" style=" margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px; font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;">
		
			<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-plain-wrap"></div>
			<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-main" style="">
				<table class="crayon-table">
					<tr class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-row">
				<td class="crayon-nums " data-settings="show">
					<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-nums-content" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d96803770314-1">1</div></div>
				</td>
						<td class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d96803770314-1">{'return': int, 'x': float}</div></div></td>
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<div class="wp-block-urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code-block"><!-- Urvanov Syntax Highlighter v2.8.37 -->

		<div id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d97152736570" class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-syntax crayon-theme-familiar-my-copy urvanov-syntax-highlighter-font-consolas urvanov-syntax-highlighter-os-pc print-yes notranslate" data-settings=" minimize scroll-always" style=" margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px; font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;">
		
			<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-plain-wrap"></div>
			<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-main" style="">
				<table class="crayon-table">
					<tr class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-row">
				<td class="crayon-nums " data-settings="show">
					<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-nums-content" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d97152736570-1">1</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d97152736570-2">2</div></div>
				</td>
						<td class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d97152736570-1"><span class="crayon-c"># вызовем функцию без параметров</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d97152736570-2"><span class="crayon-e">f</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div></div></td>
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<div class="wp-block-urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code-block"><!-- Urvanov Syntax Highlighter v2.8.37 -->

		<div id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d98776609264" class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-syntax crayon-theme-familiar-my-copy urvanov-syntax-highlighter-font-consolas urvanov-syntax-highlighter-os-pc print-yes notranslate" data-settings=" minimize scroll-always" style=" margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px; font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;">
		
			<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-plain-wrap"></div>
			<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-main" style="">
				<table class="crayon-table">
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				<td class="crayon-nums " data-settings="show">
					<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-nums-content" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d98776609264-1">1</div></div>
				</td>
						<td class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d98776609264-1">3</div></div></td>
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<p>Аннотация не является обязательной и никак не вляет на выполнение кода.</p>



<div class="wp-block-urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code-block"><!-- Urvanov Syntax Highlighter v2.8.37 -->

		<div id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d99016756045" class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-syntax crayon-theme-familiar-my-copy urvanov-syntax-highlighter-font-consolas urvanov-syntax-highlighter-os-pc print-yes notranslate" data-settings=" minimize scroll-always" style=" margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px; font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;">
		
			<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-plain-wrap"></div>
			<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-main" style="">
				<table class="crayon-table">
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				<td class="crayon-nums " data-settings="show">
					<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-nums-content" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d99016756045-1">1</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d99016756045-2">2</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d99016756045-3">3</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d99016756045-4">4</div></div>
				</td>
						<td class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d99016756045-1"><span class="crayon-c"># сохраним аннотации, но изменим суть функции</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d99016756045-2"><span class="crayon-r">def</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">f</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">x</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-k ">float</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">-&gt;</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-k ">int</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d99016756045-3"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-c"># теперь вместо int она будет возвращать float</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d99016756045-4"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-st">return</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-k ">float</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">x</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div></div></td>
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<div class="wp-block-urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code-block"><!-- Urvanov Syntax Highlighter v2.8.37 -->

		<div id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d9a515952150" class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-syntax crayon-theme-familiar-my-copy urvanov-syntax-highlighter-font-consolas urvanov-syntax-highlighter-os-pc print-yes notranslate" data-settings=" minimize scroll-always" style=" margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px; font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;">
		
			<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-plain-wrap"></div>
			<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-main" style="">
				<table class="crayon-table">
					<tr class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-row">
				<td class="crayon-nums " data-settings="show">
					<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-nums-content" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d9a515952150-1">1</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d9a515952150-2">2</div></div>
				</td>
						<td class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d9a515952150-1"><span class="crayon-c"># вновь вызовем функцию, передав ей на входе int, и ожидая на выходе получить float</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d9a515952150-2"><span class="crayon-e">f</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-cn">3</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div></div></td>
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<div class="wp-block-urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code-block"><!-- Urvanov Syntax Highlighter v2.8.37 -->

		<div id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d9b960444820" class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-syntax crayon-theme-familiar-my-copy urvanov-syntax-highlighter-font-consolas urvanov-syntax-highlighter-os-pc print-yes notranslate" data-settings=" minimize scroll-always" style=" margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px; font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;">
		
			<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-plain-wrap"></div>
			<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-main" style="">
				<table class="crayon-table">
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				<td class="crayon-nums " data-settings="show">
					<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-nums-content" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d9b960444820-1">1</div></div>
				</td>
						<td class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d9b960444820-1">3.0</div></div></td>
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<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="9-dopolnitelnye-vozmozhnosti-funktsiy">Дополнительные возможности функций</h3>



<p>Вызов функции можно совмещать с арифметическими операциями.</p>



<div class="wp-block-urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code-block"><!-- Urvanov Syntax Highlighter v2.8.37 -->

		<div id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d9c699125243" class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-syntax crayon-theme-familiar-my-copy urvanov-syntax-highlighter-font-consolas urvanov-syntax-highlighter-os-pc print-yes notranslate" data-settings=" minimize scroll-always" style=" margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px; font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;">
		
			<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-plain-wrap"></div>
			<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-main" style="">
				<table class="crayon-table">
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				<td class="crayon-nums " data-settings="show">
					<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-nums-content" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d9c699125243-1">1</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d9c699125243-2">2</div></div>
				</td>
						<td class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d9c699125243-1"><span class="crayon-c"># вызовем объявленную выше функцию и умножим ее вывод на два</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d9c699125243-2"><span class="crayon-e">calc_sum</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-cn">1</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">2</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">*</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">2</span></div></div></td>
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<div class="wp-block-urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code-block"><!-- Urvanov Syntax Highlighter v2.8.37 -->

		<div id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d9d377263187" class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-syntax crayon-theme-familiar-my-copy urvanov-syntax-highlighter-font-consolas urvanov-syntax-highlighter-os-pc print-yes notranslate" data-settings=" minimize scroll-always" style=" margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px; font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;">
		
			<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-plain-wrap"></div>
			<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-main" style="">
				<table class="crayon-table">
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				<td class="crayon-nums " data-settings="show">
					<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-nums-content" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d9d377263187-1">1</div></div>
				</td>
						<td class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d9d377263187-1">6</div></div></td>
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<p>Доступны и логические операции.</p>



<div class="wp-block-urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code-block"><!-- Urvanov Syntax Highlighter v2.8.37 -->

		<div id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d9e451291676" class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-syntax crayon-theme-familiar-my-copy urvanov-syntax-highlighter-font-consolas urvanov-syntax-highlighter-os-pc print-yes notranslate" data-settings=" minimize scroll-always" style=" margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px; font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;">
		
			<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-plain-wrap"></div>
			<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-main" style="">
				<table class="crayon-table">
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				<td class="crayon-nums " data-settings="show">
					<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-nums-content" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d9e451291676-1">1</div></div>
				</td>
						<td class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d9e451291676-1"><span class="crayon-e">calc_sum</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-cn">1</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">2</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">&gt;</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">2</span></div></div></td>
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<div class="wp-block-urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code-block"><!-- Urvanov Syntax Highlighter v2.8.37 -->

		<div id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d9f048848391" class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-syntax crayon-theme-familiar-my-copy urvanov-syntax-highlighter-font-consolas urvanov-syntax-highlighter-os-pc print-yes notranslate" data-settings=" minimize scroll-always" style=" margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px; font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;">
		
			<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-plain-wrap"></div>
			<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-main" style="">
				<table class="crayon-table">
					<tr class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-row">
				<td class="crayon-nums " data-settings="show">
					<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-nums-content" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d9f048848391-1">1</div></div>
				</td>
						<td class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2d9f048848391-1">True</div></div></td>
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<p>Если результатом вывода является строка, то у этой строки также есть индекс.</p>



<div class="wp-block-urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code-block"><!-- Urvanov Syntax Highlighter v2.8.37 -->

		<div id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2da0887490835" class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-syntax crayon-theme-familiar-my-copy urvanov-syntax-highlighter-font-consolas urvanov-syntax-highlighter-os-pc print-yes notranslate" data-settings=" minimize scroll-always" style=" margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px; font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;">
		
			<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-plain-wrap"></div>
			<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-main" style="">
				<table class="crayon-table">
					<tr class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-row">
				<td class="crayon-nums " data-settings="show">
					<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-nums-content" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2da0887490835-1">1</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2da0887490835-2">2</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2da0887490835-3">3</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2da0887490835-4">4</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2da0887490835-5">5</div></div>
				</td>
						<td class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2da0887490835-1"><span class="crayon-r">def</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">first_letter</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2da0887490835-2"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-st">return</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-s">'Python'</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2da0887490835-3">&nbsp;</div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2da0887490835-4"><span class="crayon-c"># обратимся к первой букве слова Python</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2da0887490835-5"><span class="crayon-e">first_letter</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-sy">[</span><span class="crayon-cn">0</span><span class="crayon-sy">]</span></div></div></td>
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<div class="wp-block-urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code-block"><!-- Urvanov Syntax Highlighter v2.8.37 -->

		<div id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2da1938820518" class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-syntax crayon-theme-familiar-my-copy urvanov-syntax-highlighter-font-consolas urvanov-syntax-highlighter-os-pc print-yes notranslate" data-settings=" minimize scroll-always" style=" margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px; font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;">
		
			<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-plain-wrap"></div>
			<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-main" style="">
				<table class="crayon-table">
					<tr class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-row">
				<td class="crayon-nums " data-settings="show">
					<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-nums-content" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2da1938820518-1">1</div></div>
				</td>
						<td class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2da1938820518-1">'P'</div></div></td>
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<p>Функция может не использовать параметры, но получать данные от пользователя через <strong>input()</strong>.</p>



<div class="wp-block-urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code-block"><!-- Urvanov Syntax Highlighter v2.8.37 -->

		<div id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2da2328857514" class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-syntax crayon-theme-familiar-my-copy urvanov-syntax-highlighter-font-consolas urvanov-syntax-highlighter-os-pc print-yes notranslate" data-settings=" minimize scroll-always" style=" margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px; font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;">
		
			<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-plain-wrap"></div>
			<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-main" style="">
				<table class="crayon-table">
					<tr class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-row">
				<td class="crayon-nums " data-settings="show">
					<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-nums-content" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2da2328857514-1">1</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2da2328857514-2">2</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2da2328857514-3">3</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2da2328857514-4">4</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2da2328857514-5">5</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2da2328857514-6">6</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2da2328857514-7">7</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2da2328857514-8">8</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2da2328857514-9">9</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2da2328857514-10">10</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2da2328857514-11">11</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2da2328857514-12">12</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2da2328857514-13">13</div></div>
				</td>
						<td class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2da2328857514-1"><span class="crayon-r">def</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">use_input</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2da2328857514-2">&nbsp;</div><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2da2328857514-3"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-c"># запросим у пользователя число и переведем его в тип данных int</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2da2328857514-4"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-v">user_inp</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-k ">int</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-k ">input</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-s">'Введите число: '</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2da2328857514-5">&nbsp;</div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2da2328857514-6"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-c"># возведем число в квадрат</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2da2328857514-7"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-v">result</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">user_inp</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">*</span><span class="crayon-o">*</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">2</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2da2328857514-8">&nbsp;</div><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2da2328857514-9"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-c"># вернем результат</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2da2328857514-10"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-st">return</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-i">result</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2da2328857514-11">&nbsp;</div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2da2328857514-12"><span class="crayon-c"># вызовем функцию</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2da2328857514-13"><span class="crayon-e">use_input</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div></div></td>
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<p>Появится окно для ввода числа.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="511" height="71" src="https://www.dmitrymakarov.ru/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/inp_f.jpg" alt="функция может получать данные от пользователя" class="wp-image-7046" style="width:338px;height:47px" srcset="https://www.dmitrymakarov.ru/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/inp_f.jpg 511w, https://www.dmitrymakarov.ru/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/inp_f-300x42.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 511px) 100vw, 511px" /></figure>



<p>Введем число 5 и посмотрим на результат.</p>



<div class="wp-block-urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code-block"><!-- Urvanov Syntax Highlighter v2.8.37 -->

		<div id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2da3823643820" class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-syntax crayon-theme-familiar-my-copy urvanov-syntax-highlighter-font-consolas urvanov-syntax-highlighter-os-pc print-yes notranslate" data-settings=" minimize scroll-always" style=" margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px; font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;">
		
			<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-plain-wrap"></div>
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					<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-nums-content" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2da3823643820-1">1</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2da3823643820-2">2</div></div>
				</td>
						<td class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2da3823643820-1">Введите число: 5</div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2da3823643820-2">25</div></div></td>
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<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="10-rezultat-vyzova-funktsii">Результат вызова функции</h3>



<p>Функция не обязательно возвращает только число или строку, это может быть, в частности, список, кортеж или словарь. Рассмотрим несколько примеров.</p>



<div class="wp-block-urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code-block"><!-- Urvanov Syntax Highlighter v2.8.37 -->

		<div id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2da4028069694" class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-syntax crayon-theme-familiar-my-copy urvanov-syntax-highlighter-font-consolas urvanov-syntax-highlighter-os-pc print-yes notranslate" data-settings=" minimize scroll-always" style=" margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px; font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;">
		
			<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-plain-wrap"></div>
			<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-main" style="">
				<table class="crayon-table">
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					<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-nums-content" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2da4028069694-1">1</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2da4028069694-2">2</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2da4028069694-3">3</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2da4028069694-4">4</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2da4028069694-5">5</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2da4028069694-6">6</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2da4028069694-7">7</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2da4028069694-8">8</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2da4028069694-9">9</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2da4028069694-10">10</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2da4028069694-11">11</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2da4028069694-12">12</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2da4028069694-13">13</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2da4028069694-14">14</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2da4028069694-15">15</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2da4028069694-16">16</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2da4028069694-17">17</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2da4028069694-18">18</div></div>
				</td>
						<td class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2da4028069694-1"><span class="crayon-c"># объявим функцию, которая на входе получает число,</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2da4028069694-2"><span class="crayon-c"># а на выходе формирует список чисел от 0 до числа, </span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2da4028069694-3"><span class="crayon-c"># предшествующего заданному</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2da4028069694-4"><span class="crayon-r">def</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">create_list</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">x</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2da4028069694-5">&nbsp;</div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2da4028069694-6"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-c"># создадим пустой список</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2da4028069694-7"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-v">l</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-sy">[</span><span class="crayon-sy">]</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2da4028069694-8">&nbsp;</div><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2da4028069694-9"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-c"># в цикле for создадим последовательность</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2da4028069694-10"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-st">for</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-i">i</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-st">in</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-k ">range</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">x</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2da4028069694-11">&nbsp;</div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2da4028069694-12"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-c"># и поместим ее в список</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2da4028069694-13"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-v">l</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-e">append</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">i</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2da4028069694-14">&nbsp;</div><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2da4028069694-15"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-st">return</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-i">l</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2da4028069694-16">&nbsp;</div><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2da4028069694-17"><span class="crayon-c"># результатом вызова этой функции будет список</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2da4028069694-18"><span class="crayon-e">create_list</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-cn">5</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div></div></td>
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<div class="wp-block-urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code-block"><!-- Urvanov Syntax Highlighter v2.8.37 -->

		<div id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2da5899313232" class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-syntax crayon-theme-familiar-my-copy urvanov-syntax-highlighter-font-consolas urvanov-syntax-highlighter-os-pc print-yes notranslate" data-settings=" minimize scroll-always" style=" margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px; font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;">
		
			<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-plain-wrap"></div>
			<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-main" style="">
				<table class="crayon-table">
					<tr class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-row">
				<td class="crayon-nums " data-settings="show">
					<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-nums-content" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2da5899313232-1">1</div></div>
				</td>
						<td class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2da5899313232-1">[0, 1, 2, 3, 4]</div></div></td>
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<p>Функция может возвращать сразу несколько значений.</p>



<div class="wp-block-urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code-block"><!-- Urvanov Syntax Highlighter v2.8.37 -->

		<div id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2da6598894313" class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-syntax crayon-theme-familiar-my-copy urvanov-syntax-highlighter-font-consolas urvanov-syntax-highlighter-os-pc print-yes notranslate" data-settings=" minimize scroll-always" style=" margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px; font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;">
		
			<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-plain-wrap"></div>
			<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-main" style="">
				<table class="crayon-table">
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					<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-nums-content" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2da6598894313-1">1</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2da6598894313-2">2</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2da6598894313-3">3</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2da6598894313-4">4</div></div>
				</td>
						<td class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2da6598894313-1"><span class="crayon-r">def</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">tuple_f</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2da6598894313-2"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-k ">string</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-s">'Python'</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2da6598894313-3"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-v">x</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">42</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2da6598894313-4"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-st">return</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-k ">string</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">x</span></div></div></td>
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<p>Если результат вызова этой функции записать в две переменных, то ожидаемо в них окажется строка и число.</p>



<div class="wp-block-urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code-block"><!-- Urvanov Syntax Highlighter v2.8.37 -->

		<div id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2da7863228911" class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-syntax crayon-theme-familiar-my-copy urvanov-syntax-highlighter-font-consolas urvanov-syntax-highlighter-os-pc print-yes notranslate" data-settings=" minimize scroll-always" style=" margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px; font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;">
		
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					<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-nums-content" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2da7863228911-1">1</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2da7863228911-2">2</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2da7863228911-3">3</div></div>
				</td>
						<td class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2da7863228911-1"><span class="crayon-v">a</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">b</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">tuple_f</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2da7863228911-2"><span class="crayon-k ">print</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">a</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">b</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2da7863228911-3"><span class="crayon-k ">print</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-k ">type</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">a</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-k ">type</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">b</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div></div></td>
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					<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-nums-content" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2da8603316297-1">1</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2da8603316297-2">2</div></div>
				</td>
						<td class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2da8603316297-1">Python 42</div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2da8603316297-2">&lt;class 'str'&gt; &lt;class 'int'&gt;</div></div></td>
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<p>Если записать в одну, то получится кортеж.</p>



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					<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-nums-content" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2da9473145682-1">1</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2da9473145682-2">2</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2da9473145682-3">3</div></div>
				</td>
						<td class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2da9473145682-1"><span class="crayon-v">c</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">tuple_f</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2da9473145682-2"><span class="crayon-k ">print</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">c</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2da9473145682-3"><span class="crayon-k ">print</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-k ">type</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">c</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div></div></td>
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					<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-nums-content" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2daa366189119-1">1</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2daa366189119-2">2</div></div>
				</td>
						<td class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2daa366189119-1">('Python', 42)</div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2daa366189119-2">&lt;class 'tuple'&gt;</div></div></td>
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<p>Функция может возвращать и логическое значение. Давайте объявим функцию, которая проверяет четное ли ей передали число (и в этом случае вернет True) или нечетное (и тогда False).</p>



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					<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-nums-content" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dab523233296-1">1</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dab523233296-2">2</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dab523233296-3">3</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dab523233296-4">4</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dab523233296-5">5</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dab523233296-6">6</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dab523233296-7">7</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dab523233296-8">8</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dab523233296-9">9</div></div>
				</td>
						<td class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dab523233296-1"><span class="crayon-c"># проверим равен ли нулю остаток от деления на два</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dab523233296-2"><span class="crayon-r">def</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">if_divisible</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">x</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dab523233296-3"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-st">if</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">x</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">%</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">2</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">==</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">0</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dab523233296-4"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-st">return</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-t">True</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dab523233296-5"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-st">else</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dab523233296-6"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-st">return</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-t">False</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dab523233296-7">&nbsp;</div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dab523233296-8"><span class="crayon-c"># попробуем с числом 10</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dab523233296-9"><span class="crayon-e">if_divisible</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-cn">10</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div></div></td>
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					<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-nums-content" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dac374616857-1">1</div></div>
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						<td class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dac374616857-1">True</div></div></td>
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<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="11-ispolzovanie-bibliotek">Использование библиотек</h3>



<p>Внутри функций можно использовать дополнительные библиотеки Питона. Например, применим <strong>функцию mean()</strong> библиотеки Numpy для расчета среднего арифметического.</p>



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					<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-nums-content" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dad508266637-1">1</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dad508266637-2">2</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dad508266637-3">3</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dad508266637-4">4</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dad508266637-5">5</div></div>
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						<td class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dad508266637-1"><span class="crayon-c"># на входе функция примет список или массив x,</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dad508266637-2"><span class="crayon-r">def</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">mean_f</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">x</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dad508266637-3">&nbsp;</div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dad508266637-4"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-c"># рассчитает среднее арифметическое и прибавит единицу</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dad508266637-5"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-st">return</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">np</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-e">mean</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">x</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">+</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">1</span></div></div></td>
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					<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-nums-content" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dae507132927-1">1</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dae507132927-2">2</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dae507132927-3">3</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dae507132927-4">4</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dae507132927-5">5</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dae507132927-6">6</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dae507132927-7">7</div></div>
				</td>
						<td class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dae507132927-1"><span class="crayon-c"># перед вызовом функции нужно не забыть импортировать соответствующую библиотеку</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dae507132927-2"><span class="crayon-r">import</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">numpy </span><span class="crayon-st">as</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-i">np</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dae507132927-3">&nbsp;</div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dae507132927-4"><span class="crayon-c"># и подготовить данные</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dae507132927-5"><span class="crayon-v">x</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-sy">[</span><span class="crayon-cn">1</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">2</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">3</span><span class="crayon-sy">]</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dae507132927-6">&nbsp;</div><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dae507132927-7"><span class="crayon-e">mean_f</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">x</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div></div></td>
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<div class="wp-block-urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code-block"><!-- Urvanov Syntax Highlighter v2.8.37 -->

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				</td>
						<td class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2db0246480550-1">3.0</div></div></td>
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<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="12-globalnye-i-lokalnye-peremennye">Глобальные и локальные переменные</h3>



<p>Некоторые переменные существуют (или как еще говорят, видны) только внутри функции, другие во всей программе. В первом случае, говорят про локальные переменные (local variables), во втором &#8212; про глобальные (global variables). Сразу приведем несложный пример.</p>



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					<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-nums-content" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2db1597731731-1">1</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2db1597731731-2">2</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2db1597731731-3">3</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2db1597731731-4">4</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2db1597731731-5">5</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2db1597731731-6">6</div></div>
				</td>
						<td class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2db1597731731-1"><span class="crayon-c"># создадим глобальную переменную ВНЕ функции</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2db1597731731-2"><span class="crayon-v">global_name</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-s">'Петр'</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2db1597731731-3">&nbsp;</div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2db1597731731-4"><span class="crayon-c"># а затем используем ее внутри новой функции</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2db1597731731-5"><span class="crayon-r">def</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">show_name</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2db1597731731-6"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-k ">print</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">global_name</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div></div></td>
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<div class="wp-block-urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code-block"><!-- Urvanov Syntax Highlighter v2.8.37 -->

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						<td class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2db2472805913-1"><span class="crayon-e">show_name</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div></div></td>
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<div class="wp-block-urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code-block"><!-- Urvanov Syntax Highlighter v2.8.37 -->

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						<td class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2db3795616045-1">Петр</div></div></td>
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<p>Здесь никаких проблем не возникло. Мы создали глобальную переменную и потом легко использовали ее внутри очередной функции. Обратное не всегда возможно.</p>



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					<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-nums-content" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2db4352220479-1">1</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2db4352220479-2">2</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2db4352220479-3">3</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2db4352220479-4">4</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2db4352220479-5">5</div></div>
				</td>
						<td class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2db4352220479-1"><span class="crayon-c"># а теперь вначале создадим функцию,</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2db4352220479-2"><span class="crayon-c"># внутри которой объявим локальную переменную</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2db4352220479-3"><span class="crayon-r">def</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">show_local_name</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2db4352220479-4"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-v">local_name</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-s">'Алена'</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2db4352220479-5"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-k ">print</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">local_name</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div></div></td>
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<div class="wp-block-urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code-block"><!-- Urvanov Syntax Highlighter v2.8.37 -->

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					<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-nums-content" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2db5537277631-1">1</div></div>
				</td>
						<td class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2db5537277631-1"><span class="crayon-e">show_local_name</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div></div></td>
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				</td>
						<td class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2db6450582219-1">Алена</div></div></td>
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<p>Функция была вызвана без проблем. При этом если мы попробуем обратиться к переменной local_name вне этой функции, Питон выдаст ошибку.</p>



<div class="wp-block-urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code-block"><!-- Urvanov Syntax Highlighter v2.8.37 -->

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				</td>
						<td class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2db7831831296-1"><span class="crayon-v">local_name</span></div></div></td>
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<figure class="wp-block-image size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="918" height="242" src="https://www.dmitrymakarov.ru/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/local_error.jpg" alt="ошибка при вызове локальной переменной вне своей функции" class="wp-image-7074" style="width:718px;height:189px" srcset="https://www.dmitrymakarov.ru/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/local_error.jpg 918w, https://www.dmitrymakarov.ru/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/local_error-300x79.jpg 300w, https://www.dmitrymakarov.ru/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/local_error-768x202.jpg 768w, https://www.dmitrymakarov.ru/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/local_error-600x158.jpg 600w" sizes="(max-width: 918px) 100vw, 918px" /></figure>



<p>Все дело в том, что область видимости этой переменной ограничена функцией show_local_name(). Для того чтобы она была видна во всей программе, можно использовать ключевое слово <strong>global</strong>.</p>



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		<div id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2db8696679005" class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-syntax crayon-theme-familiar-my-copy urvanov-syntax-highlighter-font-consolas urvanov-syntax-highlighter-os-pc print-yes notranslate" data-settings=" minimize scroll-always" style=" margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px; font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;">
		
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					<tr class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-row">
				<td class="crayon-nums " data-settings="show">
					<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-nums-content" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2db8696679005-1">1</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2db8696679005-2">2</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2db8696679005-3">3</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2db8696679005-4">4</div></div>
				</td>
						<td class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2db8696679005-1"><span class="crayon-r">def</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">make_global</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2db8696679005-2"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-m">global</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">local_name</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2db8696679005-3"><span class="crayon-e">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-v">local_name</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-s">'Алена'</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2db8696679005-4"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-k ">print</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">local_name</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div></div></td>
					</tr>
				</table>
			</div>
		</div>
<!-- [Format Time: 0.0002 seconds] -->
</div>



<div class="wp-block-urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code-block"><!-- Urvanov Syntax Highlighter v2.8.37 -->

		<div id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2db9469216970" class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-syntax crayon-theme-familiar-my-copy urvanov-syntax-highlighter-font-consolas urvanov-syntax-highlighter-os-pc print-yes notranslate" data-settings=" minimize scroll-always" style=" margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px; font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;">
		
			<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-plain-wrap"></div>
			<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-main" style="">
				<table class="crayon-table">
					<tr class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-row">
				<td class="crayon-nums " data-settings="show">
					<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-nums-content" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2db9469216970-1">1</div></div>
				</td>
						<td class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2db9469216970-1"><span class="crayon-e">make_global</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div></div></td>
					</tr>
				</table>
			</div>
		</div>
<!-- [Format Time: 0.0001 seconds] -->
</div>



<div class="wp-block-urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code-block"><!-- Urvanov Syntax Highlighter v2.8.37 -->

		<div id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dba236041322" class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-syntax crayon-theme-familiar-my-copy urvanov-syntax-highlighter-font-consolas urvanov-syntax-highlighter-os-pc print-yes notranslate" data-settings=" minimize scroll-always" style=" margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px; font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;">
		
			<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-plain-wrap"></div>
			<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-main" style="">
				<table class="crayon-table">
					<tr class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-row">
				<td class="crayon-nums " data-settings="show">
					<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-nums-content" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dba236041322-1">1</div></div>
				</td>
						<td class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dba236041322-1">Алена</div></div></td>
					</tr>
				</table>
			</div>
		</div>
<!-- [Format Time: 0.0000 seconds] -->
</div>



<div class="wp-block-urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code-block"><!-- Urvanov Syntax Highlighter v2.8.37 -->

		<div id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dbb206636773" class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-syntax crayon-theme-familiar-my-copy urvanov-syntax-highlighter-font-consolas urvanov-syntax-highlighter-os-pc print-yes notranslate" data-settings=" minimize scroll-always" style=" margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px; font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;">
		
			<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-plain-wrap"></div>
			<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-main" style="">
				<table class="crayon-table">
					<tr class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-row">
				<td class="crayon-nums " data-settings="show">
					<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-nums-content" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dbb206636773-1">1</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dbb206636773-2">2</div></div>
				</td>
						<td class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dbb206636773-1"><span class="crayon-c"># теперь ошибки быть не должно</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dbb206636773-2"><span class="crayon-v">local_name</span></div></div></td>
					</tr>
				</table>
			</div>
		</div>
<!-- [Format Time: 0.0001 seconds] -->
</div>



<div class="wp-block-urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code-block"><!-- Urvanov Syntax Highlighter v2.8.37 -->

		<div id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dbc294255936" class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-syntax crayon-theme-familiar-my-copy urvanov-syntax-highlighter-font-consolas urvanov-syntax-highlighter-os-pc print-yes notranslate" data-settings=" minimize scroll-always" style=" margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px; font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;">
		
			<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-plain-wrap"></div>
			<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-main" style="">
				<table class="crayon-table">
					<tr class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-row">
				<td class="crayon-nums " data-settings="show">
					<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-nums-content" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dbc294255936-1">1</div></div>
				</td>
						<td class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dbc294255936-1"><span class="crayon-s">'Алена'</span></div></div></td>
					</tr>
				</table>
			</div>
		</div>
<!-- [Format Time: 0.0000 seconds] -->
</div>



<p>Давайте посмотрим, что будет, если есть две переменные с одинаковым названием, причем одна из них глобальная, а вторая &#8212; локальная.</p>



<div class="wp-block-urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code-block"><!-- Urvanov Syntax Highlighter v2.8.37 -->

		<div id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dbd859714036" class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-syntax crayon-theme-familiar-my-copy urvanov-syntax-highlighter-font-consolas urvanov-syntax-highlighter-os-pc print-yes notranslate" data-settings=" minimize scroll-always" style=" margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px; font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;">
		
			<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-plain-wrap"></div>
			<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-main" style="">
				<table class="crayon-table">
					<tr class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-row">
				<td class="crayon-nums " data-settings="show">
					<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-nums-content" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dbd859714036-1">1</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dbd859714036-2">2</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dbd859714036-3">3</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dbd859714036-4">4</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dbd859714036-5">5</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dbd859714036-6">6</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dbd859714036-7">7</div></div>
				</td>
						<td class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dbd859714036-1"><span class="crayon-c"># объявим глобальную переменную</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dbd859714036-2"><span class="crayon-v">global_number</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">5</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dbd859714036-3">&nbsp;</div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dbd859714036-4"><span class="crayon-r">def</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">print_number</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dbd859714036-5"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-c"># затем объявим локальную переменную</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dbd859714036-6"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-v">local_number</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">10</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dbd859714036-7"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-k ">print</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-s">'Local number:'</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">local_number</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div></div></td>
					</tr>
				</table>
			</div>
		</div>
<!-- [Format Time: 0.0002 seconds] -->
</div>



<p>Функция всегда &#171;предпочтет&#187; содержащуюся в ней локальную переменную.</p>



<div class="wp-block-urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code-block"><!-- Urvanov Syntax Highlighter v2.8.37 -->

		<div id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dbe563866936" class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-syntax crayon-theme-familiar-my-copy urvanov-syntax-highlighter-font-consolas urvanov-syntax-highlighter-os-pc print-yes notranslate" data-settings=" minimize scroll-always" style=" margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px; font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;">
		
			<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-plain-wrap"></div>
			<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-main" style="">
				<table class="crayon-table">
					<tr class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-row">
				<td class="crayon-nums " data-settings="show">
					<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-nums-content" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dbe563866936-1">1</div></div>
				</td>
						<td class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dbe563866936-1"><span class="crayon-e">print_number</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div></div></td>
					</tr>
				</table>
			</div>
		</div>
<!-- [Format Time: 0.0001 seconds] -->
</div>



<div class="wp-block-urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code-block"><!-- Urvanov Syntax Highlighter v2.8.37 -->

		<div id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dbf557577251" class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-syntax crayon-theme-familiar-my-copy urvanov-syntax-highlighter-font-consolas urvanov-syntax-highlighter-os-pc print-yes notranslate" data-settings=" minimize scroll-always" style=" margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px; font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;">
		
			<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-plain-wrap"></div>
			<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-main" style="">
				<table class="crayon-table">
					<tr class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-row">
				<td class="crayon-nums " data-settings="show">
					<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-nums-content" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dbf557577251-1">1</div></div>
				</td>
						<td class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dbf557577251-1">Local number: 10</div></div></td>
					</tr>
				</table>
			</div>
		</div>
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</div>



<p>При этом значение глобальной переменной для остального кода не изменится.</p>



<div class="wp-block-urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code-block"><!-- Urvanov Syntax Highlighter v2.8.37 -->

		<div id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dc0292589882" class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-syntax crayon-theme-familiar-my-copy urvanov-syntax-highlighter-font-consolas urvanov-syntax-highlighter-os-pc print-yes notranslate" data-settings=" minimize scroll-always" style=" margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px; font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;">
		
			<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-plain-wrap"></div>
			<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-main" style="">
				<table class="crayon-table">
					<tr class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-row">
				<td class="crayon-nums " data-settings="show">
					<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-nums-content" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dc0292589882-1">1</div></div>
				</td>
						<td class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dc0292589882-1"><span class="crayon-k ">print</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-s">'Global number:'</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">global_number</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div></div></td>
					</tr>
				</table>
			</div>
		</div>
<!-- [Format Time: 0.0001 seconds] -->
</div>



<div class="wp-block-urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code-block"><!-- Urvanov Syntax Highlighter v2.8.37 -->

		<div id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dc1111448172" class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-syntax crayon-theme-familiar-my-copy urvanov-syntax-highlighter-font-consolas urvanov-syntax-highlighter-os-pc print-yes notranslate" data-settings=" minimize scroll-always" style=" margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px; font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;">
		
			<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-plain-wrap"></div>
			<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-main" style="">
				<table class="crayon-table">
					<tr class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-row">
				<td class="crayon-nums " data-settings="show">
					<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-nums-content" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dc1111448172-1">1</div></div>
				</td>
						<td class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dc1111448172-1">Global number: 5</div></div></td>
					</tr>
				</table>
			</div>
		</div>
<!-- [Format Time: 0.0000 seconds] -->
</div>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="13-anonimnye-ili-lambda-funktsii">Анонимные или lambda-функции</h2>



<p>Функции создают не только через ключевое слово <strong>def</strong> и название функции. Можно использовать слово <strong>lambda</strong> и вообще обойтись без названия (отсюда и второе название &#8212; <strong>анонимная</strong> (anonymous) функция). </p>



<p>Приведем простой пример.</p>



<div class="wp-block-urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code-block"><!-- Urvanov Syntax Highlighter v2.8.37 -->

		<div id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dc2810271616" class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-syntax crayon-theme-familiar-my-copy urvanov-syntax-highlighter-font-consolas urvanov-syntax-highlighter-os-pc print-yes notranslate" data-settings=" minimize scroll-always" style=" margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px; font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;">
		
			<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-plain-wrap"></div>
			<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-main" style="">
				<table class="crayon-table">
					<tr class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-row">
				<td class="crayon-nums " data-settings="show">
					<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-nums-content" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dc2810271616-1">1</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dc2810271616-2">2</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dc2810271616-3">3</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dc2810271616-4">4</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dc2810271616-5">5</div></div>
				</td>
						<td class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dc2810271616-1"><span class="crayon-c"># создадим функцию, которая принимает два числа и перемножает их</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dc2810271616-2"><span class="crayon-v">lf</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-r">lambda</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">a</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">b</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">a</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">*</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-i">b</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dc2810271616-3">&nbsp;</div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dc2810271616-4"><span class="crayon-c"># вызовем функцию и передадим ей числа 2 и 3</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dc2810271616-5"><span class="crayon-e">lf</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-cn">2</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">3</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div></div></td>
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		<div id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dc3089071209" class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-syntax crayon-theme-familiar-my-copy urvanov-syntax-highlighter-font-consolas urvanov-syntax-highlighter-os-pc print-yes notranslate" data-settings=" minimize scroll-always" style=" margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px; font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;">
		
			<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-plain-wrap"></div>
			<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-main" style="">
				<table class="crayon-table">
					<tr class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-row">
				<td class="crayon-nums " data-settings="show">
					<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-nums-content" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dc3089071209-1">1</div></div>
				</td>
						<td class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dc3089071209-1">6</div></div></td>
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<p>Теперь давайте в деталях рассмотрим, как мы получили такой результат.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="396" src="https://www.dmitrymakarov.ru/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/lambda_f-1024x396.jpg" alt="синтаксис (анонимной) lambda-функции" class="wp-image-7140" style="width:543px;height:209px" srcset="https://www.dmitrymakarov.ru/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/lambda_f-1024x396.jpg 1024w, https://www.dmitrymakarov.ru/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/lambda_f-300x116.jpg 300w, https://www.dmitrymakarov.ru/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/lambda_f-768x297.jpg 768w, https://www.dmitrymakarov.ru/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/lambda_f-1200x465.jpg 1200w, https://www.dmitrymakarov.ru/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/lambda_f-600x232.jpg 600w, https://www.dmitrymakarov.ru/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/lambda_f.jpg 1395w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></figure>



<ul class="wp-block-list">
<li>вначале ставится ключевое слово <strong>lambda</strong>;</li>



<li>за ним идут передаваемые <strong>параметры</strong>;</li>



<li>через двоеточие пишется <strong>исполняемое выражение</strong>.</li>
</ul>



<p>Разумеется, ничто не мешает поместить этот же функционал в обычную функцию.</p>



<div class="wp-block-urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code-block"><!-- Urvanov Syntax Highlighter v2.8.37 -->

		<div id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dc4672332274" class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-syntax crayon-theme-familiar-my-copy urvanov-syntax-highlighter-font-consolas urvanov-syntax-highlighter-os-pc print-yes notranslate" data-settings=" minimize scroll-always" style=" margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px; font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;">
		
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				<table class="crayon-table">
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					<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-nums-content" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dc4672332274-1">1</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dc4672332274-2">2</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dc4672332274-3">3</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dc4672332274-4">4</div></div>
				</td>
						<td class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dc4672332274-1"><span class="crayon-r">def</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">normal_f</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">a</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">b</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dc4672332274-2"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-st">return</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">a</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">*</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-i">b</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dc4672332274-3">&nbsp;</div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dc4672332274-4"><span class="crayon-e">normal_f</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-cn">2</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">3</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div></div></td>
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			<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-plain-wrap"></div>
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				<table class="crayon-table">
					<tr class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-row">
				<td class="crayon-nums " data-settings="show">
					<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-nums-content" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dc5965622943-1">1</div></div>
				</td>
						<td class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dc5965622943-1">6</div></div></td>
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<p>Анонимную функции при этом удобно использовать в тех случаях, когда применение обычной функции избыточно. Продемонстрирую на примере.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="14-lambda-funktsiya-vnutri-funktsii-filter">Lambda-функция внутри функции filter()</h3>



<p>Предположим, у нас есть список чисел, и мы хотим оставить в нем только те числа, которые больше 10. Давайте решим эту задачу с помощью функции <strong>filter()</strong> и <strong>lambda</strong>-функции.</p>



<p><strong>Функция filter()</strong> принимает два параметра:</p>



<ul class="wp-block-list">
<li>Во-первых, еще одну функцию, выполняющую роль критерия; она выдает 
			<span id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dc6612371514" class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-syntax urvanov-syntax-highlighter-syntax-inline  crayon-theme-familiar-my-copy crayon-theme-familiar-my-copy-inline urvanov-syntax-highlighter-font-consolas" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;font-size: 16px !important;"><span class="crayon-pre urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;font-size: 16px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><span class="crayon-t">True</span></span></span>, если элемент нужно оставить, и 
			<span id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dc7469271030" class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-syntax urvanov-syntax-highlighter-syntax-inline  crayon-theme-familiar-my-copy crayon-theme-familiar-my-copy-inline urvanov-syntax-highlighter-font-consolas" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;font-size: 16px !important;"><span class="crayon-pre urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;font-size: 16px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><span class="crayon-t">False</span></span></span> &#8212; если убрать;</li>



<li>Во-вторых, набор элементов, которые нужно отфильтровать в виде списка, кортежа или множества.</li>
</ul>



<p>Получив их, <strong>filter()</strong> применяет критерий (функцию) к каждому из элементов набора.</p>



<p>Посмотрим на реализацию на Питоне. Вначале создадим список.</p>



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			<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-plain-wrap"></div>
			<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-main" style="">
				<table class="crayon-table">
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				<td class="crayon-nums " data-settings="show">
					<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-nums-content" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dc8743068835-1">1</div></div>
				</td>
						<td class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dc8743068835-1"><span class="crayon-v">nums</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-sy">[</span><span class="crayon-cn">15</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">27</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">9</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">18</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">3</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">1</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">4</span><span class="crayon-sy">]</span></div></div></td>
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<p>Теперь зададим фильтрующую <strong>lambda</strong>-функцию.</p>



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		<div id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dc9732205541" class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-syntax crayon-theme-familiar-my-copy urvanov-syntax-highlighter-font-consolas urvanov-syntax-highlighter-os-pc print-yes notranslate" data-settings=" minimize scroll-always" style=" margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px; font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;">
		
			<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-plain-wrap"></div>
			<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-main" style="">
				<table class="crayon-table">
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					<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-nums-content" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dc9732205541-1">1</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dc9732205541-2">2</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dc9732205541-3">3</div></div>
				</td>
						<td class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dc9732205541-1"><span class="crayon-c"># буквально мы пишем:</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dc9732205541-2"><span class="crayon-c"># "для каждого n, выдай True, если число больше 10, иначе - False"</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dc9732205541-3"><span class="crayon-v">criterion</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-r">lambda</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">n</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-t">True</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-st">if</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">n</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">&gt;</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">10</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-st">else</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-t">False</span></div></div></td>
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<p>После этого поместим criterion и nums в функцию <strong>filter()</strong>. Так как сама функция <strong>filter()</strong> вернет нам не список, а специальный объект iterator, его в свою очередь нужно преобразовать обратно в список с помощью функции <strong>list()</strong>.</p>



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				<td class="crayon-nums " data-settings="show">
					<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-nums-content" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dca872143560-1">1</div></div>
				</td>
						<td class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dca872143560-1"><span class="crayon-k ">list</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-k ">filter</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">criterion</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">nums</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div></div></td>
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					<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-nums-content" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dcb889613689-1">1</div></div>
				</td>
						<td class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dcb889613689-1">[15, 27, 18]</div></div></td>
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<p>Чаще такой функционал записывают в одну строку.</p>



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				<td class="crayon-nums " data-settings="show">
					<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-nums-content" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dcc556197277-1">1</div></div>
				</td>
						<td class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dcc556197277-1"><span class="crayon-k ">list</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-k ">filter</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-r">lambda</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">n</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-t">True</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-st">if</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">n</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">&gt;</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">10</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-st">else</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-t">False</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">nums</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div></div></td>
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					<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-nums-content" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dcd672246771-1">1</div></div>
				</td>
						<td class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dcd672246771-1">[15, 27, 18]</div></div></td>
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<p>И в этом и заключается удобство lambda-функции, ее не надо объявлять заранее. Через обычную функцию код выглядел бы так.</p>



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				</td>
						<td class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dce081928268-1"><span class="crayon-r">def</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">criterion_2</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">n</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dce081928268-2"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-st">if</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">n</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">&gt;</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">10</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dce081928268-3"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-st">return</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-t">True</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dce081928268-4"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-st">else</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dce081928268-5"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-st">return</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-t">False</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dce081928268-6">&nbsp;</div><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dce081928268-7"><span class="crayon-k ">list</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-k ">filter</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">criterion_2</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">nums</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div></div></td>
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			<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-plain-wrap"></div>
			<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-main" style="">
				<table class="crayon-table">
					<tr class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-row">
				<td class="crayon-nums " data-settings="show">
					<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-nums-content" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dcf055758500-1">1</div></div>
				</td>
						<td class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dcf055758500-1">[15, 27, 18]</div></div></td>
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<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="15-lambda-funktsiya-vnutri-funktsii-sorted">Lambda-функция внутри функции sorted()</h3>



<p>Теперь рассмотрим lambda-функцию в коде, который мы использовали на занятии по <a href="https://www.dmitrymakarov.ru/intro/recommender-17/#ind_dist">рекомендательным системам</a>. Воспроизведем в миниатюре часть решения из того занятия.</p>



<p>В какой-то момент мы получили список из кортежей. И в каждом кортеже был индекс фильма и расстояние до него.</p>



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					<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-nums-content" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dd1003589794-1">1</div></div>
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						<td class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dd1003589794-1"><span class="crayon-v">indices_distances</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-sy">[</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-cn">901</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">0.0</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-cn">1002</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">0.22982440568634488</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-cn">442</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">0.25401128310081567</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-sy">]</span></div></div></td>
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<p>Затем мы захотели отсортировать этот список по расстоянию, то есть по второму элементу кортежа. </p>



<p>Мы взяли <strong>функцию sorted()</strong> и в качестве параметра ключа, по которому сортировать список (key), передали ей lambda-функцию, принимающей кортеж из двух элементов на входе, и выдающей второй его элемент на выходе.</p>



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					<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-nums-content" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dd2230861954-1">1</div></div>
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						<td class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dd2230861954-1"><span class="crayon-k ">sorted</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">indices_distances</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">key</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-r">lambda</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">x</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">x</span><span class="crayon-sy">[</span><span class="crayon-cn">1</span><span class="crayon-sy">]</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">reverse</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-t">False</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div></div></td>
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					<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-nums-content" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dd3403729441-1">1</div></div>
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						<td class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dd3403729441-1">[(901, 0.0), (1002, 0.22982440568634488), (442, 0.25401128310081567)]</div></div></td>
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<p>Параметр 
			<span id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dd4705646725" class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-syntax urvanov-syntax-highlighter-syntax-inline  crayon-theme-familiar-my-copy crayon-theme-familiar-my-copy-inline urvanov-syntax-highlighter-font-consolas" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;font-size: 16px !important;"><span class="crayon-pre urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;font-size: 16px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><span class="crayon-v">reverse</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-t">False</span></span></span>, напомню, задает сортировку по возрастанию. В данном случае, от наименьшего расстояния до искомого фильма к наибольшему.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="16-nemedlenno-vyzyvaemye-funktsii">Немедленно вызываемые функции</h3>



<p>Lambda-функции относятся к так называемым немедленно вызываемым функциям или immediately invoked function expressions (IIFE). Это означает, что мы можем одновременно объявить и вызвать такую функцию.</p>



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					<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-nums-content" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dd5772684761-1">1</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dd5772684761-2">2</div></div>
				</td>
						<td class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dd5772684761-1"><span class="crayon-c"># обратите внимание на использование скобок</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dd5772684761-2"><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-r">lambda</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">x</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">x</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">*</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">x</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-cn">10</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div></div></td>
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				<td class="crayon-nums " data-settings="show">
					<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-nums-content" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dd6055530269-1">1</div></div>
				</td>
						<td class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dd6055530269-1">100</div></div></td>
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<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="17-args-i-kwargs">*args и **kwargs</h2>



<p>Прежде чем завершить, поговорим про еще одну важную тему, а именно про так называемые <strong>*args</strong> (сокращение от arguments) и <strong>**kwargs</strong> (keyword arguments).</p>



<p class="has-background" style="background-color:#ffe8c4">Они позволяют передавать функции <em>различное</em> количество позиционных (*args) или именованных (**kwargs) аргументов.</p>



<p>Рассмотрим на примере. Начнем с <strong>*args</strong>.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="18-args">*args</h3>



<p>Предположим, что у нас есть простая функция, которая принимает два числа и вычисляет их среднее арифметическое значение.</p>



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		<div id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dd7103287875" class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-syntax crayon-theme-familiar-my-copy urvanov-syntax-highlighter-font-consolas urvanov-syntax-highlighter-os-pc print-yes notranslate" data-settings=" minimize scroll-always" style=" margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px; font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;">
		
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					<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-nums-content" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dd7103287875-1">1</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dd7103287875-2">2</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dd7103287875-3">3</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dd7103287875-4">4</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dd7103287875-5">5</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dd7103287875-6">6</div></div>
				</td>
						<td class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dd7103287875-1"><span class="crayon-c"># объявим функцию</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dd7103287875-2"><span class="crayon-r">def</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">mean</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">a</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">b</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dd7103287875-3"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-st">return</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">a</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">+</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">b</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">/</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">2</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dd7103287875-4">&nbsp;</div><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dd7103287875-5"><span class="crayon-c"># и передадим ей числа 1 и 2</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dd7103287875-6"><span class="crayon-e">mean</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-cn">1</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">2</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div></div></td>
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			<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-plain-wrap"></div>
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					<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-nums-content" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dd8326435402-1">1</div></div>
				</td>
						<td class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dd8326435402-1">1.5</div></div></td>
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<p>Все отлично работает, но мы не можем передать этой функции больше двух чисел. Возможным решением станет функция, которая изначально принимает список в качестве аргумента.</p>



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					<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-nums-content" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dd9971302151-1">1</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dd9971302151-2">2</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dd9971302151-3">3</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dd9971302151-4">4</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dd9971302151-5">5</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dd9971302151-6">6</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dd9971302151-7">7</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dd9971302151-8">8</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dd9971302151-9">9</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dd9971302151-10">10</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dd9971302151-11">11</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dd9971302151-12">12</div></div>
				</td>
						<td class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dd9971302151-1"><span class="crayon-c"># объявим функцию, которой нужно передать список</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dd9971302151-2"><span class="crayon-r">def</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">mean</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">list_</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dd9971302151-3">&nbsp;</div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dd9971302151-4"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-c"># зададим переменную для суммы,</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dd9971302151-5"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-v">total</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">0</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dd9971302151-6">&nbsp;</div><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dd9971302151-7"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-c"># в цикле сложим все числа из списка</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dd9971302151-8"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-st">for</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-i">i</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-st">in</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">list_</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dd9971302151-9"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-v">total</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">+=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-i">i</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dd9971302151-10">&nbsp;</div><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dd9971302151-11"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-c"># и разделим на количество элементов</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dd9971302151-12"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-st">return</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">total</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">/</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-k ">len</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">list_</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div></div></td>
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					<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-nums-content" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dda635116076-1">1</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dda635116076-2">2</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dda635116076-3">3</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dda635116076-4">4</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dda635116076-5">5</div></div>
				</td>
						<td class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dda635116076-1"><span class="crayon-c"># создадим список</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dda635116076-2"><span class="crayon-v">list_</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-sy">[</span><span class="crayon-cn">1</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">2</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">3</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">4</span><span class="crayon-sy">]</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dda635116076-3">&nbsp;</div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dda635116076-4"><span class="crayon-c"># и передадим его в новую функцию</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dda635116076-5"><span class="crayon-e">mean</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">list_</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div></div></td>
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<div class="wp-block-urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code-block"><!-- Urvanov Syntax Highlighter v2.8.37 -->

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					<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-nums-content" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2ddb440031560-1">1</div></div>
				</td>
						<td class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2ddb440031560-1">2.5</div></div></td>
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<p>Все опять же работает, но нам каждый раз нужно создавать список. При попытке передать отдельные числа функция выдаст ошибку.</p>



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					<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-nums-content" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2ddc821482672-1">1</div></div>
				</td>
						<td class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2ddc821482672-1"><span class="crayon-e">mean</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-cn">1</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">2</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div></div></td>
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<figure class="wp-block-image size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="893" height="243" src="https://www.dmitrymakarov.ru/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/argserror.jpg" alt="ошибка при использовании *args" class="wp-image-8617" style="width:759px;height:206px" srcset="https://www.dmitrymakarov.ru/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/argserror.jpg 893w, https://www.dmitrymakarov.ru/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/argserror-300x82.jpg 300w, https://www.dmitrymakarov.ru/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/argserror-768x209.jpg 768w, https://www.dmitrymakarov.ru/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/argserror-600x163.jpg 600w" sizes="(max-width: 893px) 100vw, 893px" /></figure>



<p>*args позволяет передавать функции произвольное количество отдельных чисел.</p>



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					<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-nums-content" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2ddd884216523-1">1</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2ddd884216523-2">2</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2ddd884216523-3">3</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2ddd884216523-4">4</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2ddd884216523-5">5</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2ddd884216523-6">6</div></div>
				</td>
						<td class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2ddd884216523-1"><span class="crayon-c"># объявим функцию с *args</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2ddd884216523-2"><span class="crayon-r">def</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">mean</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-o">*</span><span class="crayon-v">nums</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2ddd884216523-3"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-v">total</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">0</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2ddd884216523-4"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-st">for</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-i">i</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-st">in</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">nums</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2ddd884216523-5"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-v">total</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">+=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-i">i</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2ddd884216523-6"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-st">return</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">total</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">/</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-k ">len</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">nums</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div></div></td>
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<div class="wp-block-urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code-block"><!-- Urvanov Syntax Highlighter v2.8.37 -->

		<div id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dde765234469" class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-syntax crayon-theme-familiar-my-copy urvanov-syntax-highlighter-font-consolas urvanov-syntax-highlighter-os-pc print-yes notranslate" data-settings=" minimize scroll-always" style=" margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px; font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;">
		
			<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-plain-wrap"></div>
			<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-main" style="">
				<table class="crayon-table">
					<tr class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-row">
				<td class="crayon-nums " data-settings="show">
					<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-nums-content" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dde765234469-1">1</div></div>
				</td>
						<td class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dde765234469-1"><span class="crayon-e">mean</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-cn">1</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">2</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">3</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">4</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div></div></td>
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<div class="wp-block-urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code-block"><!-- Urvanov Syntax Highlighter v2.8.37 -->

		<div id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2ddf977326208" class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-syntax crayon-theme-familiar-my-copy urvanov-syntax-highlighter-font-consolas urvanov-syntax-highlighter-os-pc print-yes notranslate" data-settings=" minimize scroll-always" style=" margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px; font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;">
		
			<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-plain-wrap"></div>
			<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-main" style="">
				<table class="crayon-table">
					<tr class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-row">
				<td class="crayon-nums " data-settings="show">
					<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-nums-content" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2ddf977326208-1">1</div></div>
				</td>
						<td class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2ddf977326208-1">2.5</div></div></td>
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<p>Как вы видите, главным элементом здесь является <strong>оператор распаковки *</strong> (unpacking operator). Он принимает все передаваемые в функцию числа и формирует из них кортеж.</p>



<p>Затем мы проходимся по элементам этого кортежа, рассчитываем их сумму и делим на количество элементов. Использовать слово args не обязательно, мы назвали наш позиционный аргумент nums.</p>



<p>Если мы по какой-то причине захотим передать функции список, мы можем это сделать.</p>



<div class="wp-block-urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code-block"><!-- Urvanov Syntax Highlighter v2.8.37 -->

		<div id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2de0424836935" class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-syntax crayon-theme-familiar-my-copy urvanov-syntax-highlighter-font-consolas urvanov-syntax-highlighter-os-pc print-yes notranslate" data-settings=" minimize scroll-always" style=" margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px; font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;">
		
			<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-plain-wrap"></div>
			<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-main" style="">
				<table class="crayon-table">
					<tr class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-row">
				<td class="crayon-nums " data-settings="show">
					<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-nums-content" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2de0424836935-1">1</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2de0424836935-2">2</div></div>
				</td>
						<td class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2de0424836935-1"><span class="crayon-c"># передадим в функцию список</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2de0424836935-2"><span class="crayon-e">mean</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-o">*</span><span class="crayon-v">list_</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div></div></td>
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<div class="wp-block-urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code-block"><!-- Urvanov Syntax Highlighter v2.8.37 -->

		<div id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2de1745452461" class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-syntax crayon-theme-familiar-my-copy urvanov-syntax-highlighter-font-consolas urvanov-syntax-highlighter-os-pc print-yes notranslate" data-settings=" minimize scroll-always" style=" margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px; font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;">
		
			<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-plain-wrap"></div>
			<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-main" style="">
				<table class="crayon-table">
					<tr class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-row">
				<td class="crayon-nums " data-settings="show">
					<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-nums-content" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2de1745452461-1">1</div></div>
				</td>
						<td class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2de1745452461-1">2.5</div></div></td>
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<p>В этом случае мы передаем название списка со звездочкой *.</p>



<p>Для того чтобы убедиться, что отдельные числа и списки преобразуются в кортеж, напишем вот такую несложную функцию.</p>



<div class="wp-block-urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code-block"><!-- Urvanov Syntax Highlighter v2.8.37 -->

		<div id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2de2304461931" class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-syntax crayon-theme-familiar-my-copy urvanov-syntax-highlighter-font-consolas urvanov-syntax-highlighter-os-pc print-yes notranslate" data-settings=" minimize scroll-always" style=" margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px; font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;">
		
			<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-plain-wrap"></div>
			<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-main" style="">
				<table class="crayon-table">
					<tr class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-row">
				<td class="crayon-nums " data-settings="show">
					<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-nums-content" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2de2304461931-1">1</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2de2304461931-2">2</div></div>
				</td>
						<td class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2de2304461931-1"><span class="crayon-r">def</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">test_type</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-o">*</span><span class="crayon-v">nums</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2de2304461931-2"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-k ">print</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">nums</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-k ">type</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">nums</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div></div></td>
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<div class="wp-block-urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code-block"><!-- Urvanov Syntax Highlighter v2.8.37 -->

		<div id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2de3271608056" class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-syntax crayon-theme-familiar-my-copy urvanov-syntax-highlighter-font-consolas urvanov-syntax-highlighter-os-pc print-yes notranslate" data-settings=" minimize scroll-always" style=" margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px; font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;">
		
			<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-plain-wrap"></div>
			<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-main" style="">
				<table class="crayon-table">
					<tr class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-row">
				<td class="crayon-nums " data-settings="show">
					<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-nums-content" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2de3271608056-1">1</div></div>
				</td>
						<td class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2de3271608056-1"><span class="crayon-e">test_type</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-cn">1</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">2</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">3</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">4</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div></div></td>
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<div class="wp-block-urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code-block"><!-- Urvanov Syntax Highlighter v2.8.37 -->

		<div id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2de4868844708" class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-syntax crayon-theme-familiar-my-copy urvanov-syntax-highlighter-font-consolas urvanov-syntax-highlighter-os-pc print-yes notranslate" data-settings=" minimize scroll-always" style=" margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px; font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;">
		
			<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-plain-wrap"></div>
			<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-main" style="">
				<table class="crayon-table">
					<tr class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-row">
				<td class="crayon-nums " data-settings="show">
					<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-nums-content" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2de4868844708-1">1</div></div>
				</td>
						<td class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2de4868844708-1">(1, 2, 3, 4) &lt;class 'tuple'&gt;</div></div></td>
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<div class="wp-block-urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code-block"><!-- Urvanov Syntax Highlighter v2.8.37 -->

		<div id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2de5541761379" class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-syntax crayon-theme-familiar-my-copy urvanov-syntax-highlighter-font-consolas urvanov-syntax-highlighter-os-pc print-yes notranslate" data-settings=" minimize scroll-always" style=" margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px; font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;">
		
			<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-plain-wrap"></div>
			<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-main" style="">
				<table class="crayon-table">
					<tr class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-row">
				<td class="crayon-nums " data-settings="show">
					<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-nums-content" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2de5541761379-1">1</div></div>
				</td>
						<td class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2de5541761379-1"><span class="crayon-e">test_type</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-o">*</span><span class="crayon-v">list_</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div></div></td>
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<div class="wp-block-urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code-block"><!-- Urvanov Syntax Highlighter v2.8.37 -->

		<div id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2de6152146519" class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-syntax crayon-theme-familiar-my-copy urvanov-syntax-highlighter-font-consolas urvanov-syntax-highlighter-os-pc print-yes notranslate" data-settings=" minimize scroll-always" style=" margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px; font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;">
		
			<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-plain-wrap"></div>
			<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-main" style="">
				<table class="crayon-table">
					<tr class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-row">
				<td class="crayon-nums " data-settings="show">
					<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-nums-content" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2de6152146519-1">1</div></div>
				</td>
						<td class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2de6152146519-1">(1, 2, 3, 4) &lt;class 'tuple'&gt;</div></div></td>
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<p>Для наглядности приведем еще один, не относящийся напрямую к работе функции, пример.</p>



<div class="wp-block-urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code-block"><!-- Urvanov Syntax Highlighter v2.8.37 -->

		<div id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2de7577320494" class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-syntax crayon-theme-familiar-my-copy urvanov-syntax-highlighter-font-consolas urvanov-syntax-highlighter-os-pc print-yes notranslate" data-settings=" minimize scroll-always" style=" margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px; font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;">
		
			<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-plain-wrap"></div>
			<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-main" style="">
				<table class="crayon-table">
					<tr class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-row">
				<td class="crayon-nums " data-settings="show">
					<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-nums-content" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2de7577320494-1">1</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2de7577320494-2">2</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2de7577320494-3">3</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2de7577320494-4">4</div></div>
				</td>
						<td class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2de7577320494-1"><span class="crayon-v">a</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-sy">[</span><span class="crayon-cn">1</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">2</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">3</span><span class="crayon-sy">]</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2de7577320494-2"><span class="crayon-v">b</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-sy">[</span><span class="crayon-o">*</span><span class="crayon-v">a</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">4</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">5</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">6</span><span class="crayon-sy">]</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2de7577320494-3">&nbsp;</div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2de7577320494-4"><span class="crayon-k ">print</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">b</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div></div></td>
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					<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-nums-content" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2de8076431869-1">1</div></div>
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						<td class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2de8076431869-1">[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]</div></div></td>
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<p>Как мы видим, здесь распаковка произошла в список.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="19-kwargs">**kwargs</h3>



<p>При использовании <strong>**kwargs</strong> происходит почти то же самое за тем исключением, что мы распаковываем именованные, а не позиционные аргументы. И распаковываем их в словарь, а не в кортеж или список. Сразу посмотрим на примере.</p>



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					<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-nums-content" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2de9396345583-1">1</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2de9396345583-2">2</div></div>
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						<td class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2de9396345583-1"><span class="crayon-r">def</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">f</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-o">*</span><span class="crayon-o">*</span><span class="crayon-v">kwargs</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2de9396345583-2"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-st">return</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">kwargs</span><span class="crayon-sy">.</span><span class="crayon-e">items</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div></div></td>
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			<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-plain-wrap"></div>
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					<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-nums-content" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dea270248025-1">1</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dea270248025-2">2</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dea270248025-3">3</div></div>
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						<td class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dea270248025-1"><span class="crayon-c"># оператор ** примет произвольное количество именованных аргументов</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dea270248025-2"><span class="crayon-c"># и внутри функции сформирует из них словарь</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dea270248025-3"><span class="crayon-e">f</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-v">a</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">1</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">b</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">2</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div></div></td>
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					<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-nums-content" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2deb338345264-1">1</div></div>
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						<td class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2deb338345264-1">dict_items([('a', 1), ('b', 2)])</div></div></td>
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<p>Приведем более сложный пример. Напишем функцию, которая на вход примет произвольное количество чисел (позиционный аргумент), преобразует в кортеж (*args) и рассчитает <a href="https://www.dmitrymakarov.ru/intro/stats-08/#6-srednee-arifmeticheskoe">среднее арифметическое</a> (mean) и <a href="https://www.dmitrymakarov.ru/intro/stats-08/#10-razbros-ili-otklonenie-ot-srednego">среднее квадратическое отклонение</a> (standard deviation).</p>



<p>Для каждой из метрик мы дополнительно создадим именованный параметр, который определит, выводить эту метрику или нет. Параметры мы передадим через **kwargs. Внутри функции из них будет сформирован словарь.</p>



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					<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-nums-content" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dec782773646-1">1</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dec782773646-2">2</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dec782773646-3">3</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dec782773646-4">4</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dec782773646-5">5</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dec782773646-6">6</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dec782773646-7">7</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dec782773646-8">8</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dec782773646-9">9</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dec782773646-10">10</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dec782773646-11">11</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dec782773646-12">12</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dec782773646-13">13</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dec782773646-14">14</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dec782773646-15">15</div></div>
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						<td class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dec782773646-1"><span class="crayon-c"># nums функция преобразует в кортеж, params - в словарь</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dec782773646-2"><span class="crayon-r">def</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">simple_stats</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-o">*</span><span class="crayon-v">nums</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">*</span><span class="crayon-o">*</span><span class="crayon-v">params</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dec782773646-3">&nbsp;</div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dec782773646-4"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-c"># если ключ 'mean' есть в словаре params и его значение == True</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dec782773646-5"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-st">if</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-s">'mean'</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-st">in</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">params </span><span class="crayon-st">and</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">params</span><span class="crayon-sy">[</span><span class="crayon-s">'mean'</span><span class="crayon-sy">]</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">==</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-t">True</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dec782773646-6">&nbsp;</div><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dec782773646-7"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-c"># рассчитаем среднее арифметическое кортежа nums и округлим</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dec782773646-8"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-c"># \t - это символ табуляции</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dec782773646-9"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-k ">print</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-i">f</span><span class="crayon-s">'mean: \t{np.round(np.mean(nums), 3)}'</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dec782773646-10">&nbsp;</div><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dec782773646-11"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-c"># если ключ 'std' есть в словаре params и его значение == True</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dec782773646-12"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-st">if</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-s">'std'</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-st">in</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-e">params </span><span class="crayon-st">and</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">params</span><span class="crayon-sy">[</span><span class="crayon-s">'std'</span><span class="crayon-sy">]</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">==</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-t">True</span><span class="crayon-o">:</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dec782773646-13">&nbsp;</div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dec782773646-14"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-c"># рассчитаем СКО кортежа nums и округлим</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dec782773646-15"><span class="crayon-h">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="crayon-k ">print</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-i">f</span><span class="crayon-s">'std: \t{np.round(np.std(nums), 3)}'</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div></div></td>
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<p>Вызовем функцию simple_stats() и передадим ей числа и именованные аргументы.</p>



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					<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-nums-content" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2ded275958187-1">1</div></div>
				</td>
						<td class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2ded275958187-1"><span class="crayon-e">simple_stats</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-cn">5</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">10</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">15</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">20</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">mean</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-t">True</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">std</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-t">True</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div></div></td>
					</tr>
				</table>
			</div>
		</div>
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</div>



<div class="wp-block-urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code-block"><!-- Urvanov Syntax Highlighter v2.8.37 -->

		<div id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dee700386845" class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-syntax crayon-theme-familiar-my-copy urvanov-syntax-highlighter-font-consolas urvanov-syntax-highlighter-os-pc print-yes notranslate" data-settings=" minimize scroll-always" style=" margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px; font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;">
		
			<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-plain-wrap"></div>
			<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-main" style="">
				<table class="crayon-table">
					<tr class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-row">
				<td class="crayon-nums " data-settings="show">
					<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-nums-content" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dee700386845-1">1</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dee700386845-2">2</div></div>
				</td>
						<td class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dee700386845-1">mean:&nbsp;&nbsp; 12.5</div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2dee700386845-2">std:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;5.59</div></div></td>
					</tr>
				</table>
			</div>
		</div>
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<p>Если для одного из параметров задать значение False, функция не выведет соответствующую метрику.</p>



<div class="wp-block-urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code-block"><!-- Urvanov Syntax Highlighter v2.8.37 -->

		<div id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2def812257893" class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-syntax crayon-theme-familiar-my-copy urvanov-syntax-highlighter-font-consolas urvanov-syntax-highlighter-os-pc print-yes notranslate" data-settings=" minimize scroll-always" style=" margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px; font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;">
		
			<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-plain-wrap"></div>
			<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-main" style="">
				<table class="crayon-table">
					<tr class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-row">
				<td class="crayon-nums " data-settings="show">
					<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-nums-content" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2def812257893-1">1</div></div>
				</td>
						<td class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2def812257893-1"><span class="crayon-e">simple_stats</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-cn">5</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">10</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">15</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">20</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">mean</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-t">True</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">std</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-t">False</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div></div></td>
					</tr>
				</table>
			</div>
		</div>
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<div class="wp-block-urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code-block"><!-- Urvanov Syntax Highlighter v2.8.37 -->

		<div id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2df0659038240" class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-syntax crayon-theme-familiar-my-copy urvanov-syntax-highlighter-font-consolas urvanov-syntax-highlighter-os-pc print-yes notranslate" data-settings=" minimize scroll-always" style=" margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px; font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;">
		
			<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-plain-wrap"></div>
			<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-main" style="">
				<table class="crayon-table">
					<tr class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-row">
				<td class="crayon-nums " data-settings="show">
					<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-nums-content" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2df0659038240-1">1</div></div>
				</td>
						<td class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2df0659038240-1">mean:&nbsp;&nbsp; 12.5</div></div></td>
					</tr>
				</table>
			</div>
		</div>
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</div>



<p>Для того чтобы передать параметры списком и словарем, нам нужно использовать операторы распаковки 
			<span id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2df1561766490" class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-syntax urvanov-syntax-highlighter-syntax-inline  crayon-theme-familiar-my-copy crayon-theme-familiar-my-copy-inline urvanov-syntax-highlighter-font-consolas" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;font-size: 16px !important;"><span class="crayon-pre urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;font-size: 16px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><span class="crayon-o">*</span></span></span> и 
			<span id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2df2283883314" class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-syntax urvanov-syntax-highlighter-syntax-inline  crayon-theme-familiar-my-copy crayon-theme-familiar-my-copy-inline urvanov-syntax-highlighter-font-consolas" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;font-size: 16px !important;"><span class="crayon-pre urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;font-size: 16px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><span class="crayon-o">*</span><span class="crayon-o">*</span></span></span> соответственно.</p>



<div class="wp-block-urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code-block"><!-- Urvanov Syntax Highlighter v2.8.37 -->

		<div id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2df3572760104" class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-syntax crayon-theme-familiar-my-copy urvanov-syntax-highlighter-font-consolas urvanov-syntax-highlighter-os-pc print-yes notranslate" data-settings=" minimize scroll-always" style=" margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px; font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;">
		
			<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-plain-wrap"></div>
			<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-main" style="">
				<table class="crayon-table">
					<tr class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-row">
				<td class="crayon-nums " data-settings="show">
					<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-nums-content" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2df3572760104-1">1</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2df3572760104-2">2</div><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2df3572760104-3">3</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2df3572760104-4">4</div></div>
				</td>
						<td class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2df3572760104-1"><span class="crayon-v">list_</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-sy">[</span><span class="crayon-cn">5</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">10</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">15</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">20</span><span class="crayon-sy">]</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2df3572760104-2"><span class="crayon-v">settings</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-sy">{</span><span class="crayon-s">'mean'</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">:</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-t">True</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-s">'std'</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">:</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-t">True</span><span class="crayon-sy">}</span></div><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2df3572760104-3">&nbsp;</div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2df3572760104-4"><span class="crayon-e">simple_stats</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-o">*</span><span class="crayon-v">list_</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">*</span><span class="crayon-o">*</span><span class="crayon-v">settings</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div></div></td>
					</tr>
				</table>
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<div class="wp-block-urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code-block"><!-- Urvanov Syntax Highlighter v2.8.37 -->

		<div id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2df4960806388" class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-syntax crayon-theme-familiar-my-copy urvanov-syntax-highlighter-font-consolas urvanov-syntax-highlighter-os-pc print-yes notranslate" data-settings=" minimize scroll-always" style=" margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px; font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;">
		
			<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-plain-wrap"></div>
			<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-main" style="">
				<table class="crayon-table">
					<tr class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-row">
				<td class="crayon-nums " data-settings="show">
					<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-nums-content" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2df4960806388-1">1</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2df4960806388-2">2</div></div>
				</td>
						<td class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2df4960806388-1">mean:&nbsp;&nbsp; 12.5</div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2df4960806388-2">std:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;5.59</div></div></td>
					</tr>
				</table>
			</div>
		</div>
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<p>Количество именованных аргументов в **kwargs может быть любым. Ничто не мешает нам добавить еще один параметр.</p>



<div class="wp-block-urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code-block"><!-- Urvanov Syntax Highlighter v2.8.37 -->

		<div id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2df5367452973" class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-syntax crayon-theme-familiar-my-copy urvanov-syntax-highlighter-font-consolas urvanov-syntax-highlighter-os-pc print-yes notranslate" data-settings=" minimize scroll-always" style=" margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px; font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;">
		
			<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-plain-wrap"></div>
			<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-main" style="">
				<table class="crayon-table">
					<tr class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-row">
				<td class="crayon-nums " data-settings="show">
					<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-nums-content" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2df5367452973-1">1</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2df5367452973-2">2</div></div>
				</td>
						<td class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2df5367452973-1"><span class="crayon-c"># добавим параметр median</span></div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2df5367452973-2"><span class="crayon-e">simple_stats</span><span class="crayon-sy">(</span><span class="crayon-cn">5</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">10</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">15</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-cn">20</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">mean</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-t">True</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">std</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-t">True</span><span class="crayon-sy">,</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-v">median</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-o">=</span><span class="crayon-h"> </span><span class="crayon-t">True</span><span class="crayon-sy">)</span></div></div></td>
					</tr>
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<div class="wp-block-urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code-block"><!-- Urvanov Syntax Highlighter v2.8.37 -->

		<div id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2df6994538411" class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-syntax crayon-theme-familiar-my-copy urvanov-syntax-highlighter-font-consolas urvanov-syntax-highlighter-os-pc print-yes notranslate" data-settings=" minimize scroll-always" style=" margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px; font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;">
		
			<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-plain-wrap"></div>
			<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-main" style="">
				<table class="crayon-table">
					<tr class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-row">
				<td class="crayon-nums " data-settings="show">
					<div class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-nums-content" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important;"><div class="crayon-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2df6994538411-1">1</div><div class="crayon-num crayon-striped-num" data-line="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2df6994538411-2">2</div></div>
				</td>
						<td class="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-code"><div class="crayon-pre" style="font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 22px !important; -moz-tab-size:4; -o-tab-size:4; -webkit-tab-size:4; tab-size:4;"><div class="crayon-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2df6994538411-1">mean:&nbsp;&nbsp; 12.5</div><div class="crayon-line crayon-striped-line" id="urvanov-syntax-highlighter-672da50fc2df6994538411-2">std:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;5.59</div></div></td>
					</tr>
				</table>
			</div>
		</div>
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<p>Впрочем, для того чтобы это имело смысл, такой параметр должен быть прописан внутри функции.</p>



<p>В заключение скажу, что все приведенные выше примеры являются учебными и без <strong>*args</strong> и <strong>**kwargs</strong> здесь конечно можно обойтись. На практике, они применяются в более сложных конструкциях, например, в так называемых декораторах, однако эта тема выходит за рамки сегодняшнего занятия.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="20-podvedem-itog">Подведем итог</h2>



<p>Сегодня мы впервые поговорили про функции в программировании и выяснили, чем они отличаются от функций в математике. Кроме того мы узнали, что в Питоне можно:</p>



<ul class="wp-block-list">
<li>использовать <strong>готовые функции</strong>, которые уже встроены либо в базовый функционал, либо в дополнительную библиотеку;</li>



<li>объявлять <strong>собственные функции</strong> через ключевое слово <strong>def</strong> и название функции; а также</li>



<li>создавать <strong>анонимные</strong> или <strong>lambda-функции</strong>, которые очень удобно применять там, где в полноценных собственных функциях нет необходимости.</li>
</ul>



<p>Помимо этого, мы выяснили, что любой функции можно передать <strong>параметры</strong> и <strong>аргументы</strong>, которые в зависимости от способа передачи могут быть <em>позиционными</em> или <em>именованными</em>.</p>



<p>Мы узнали, что у переменной может быть <em>локальная</em> и <em>глобальная</em> области видимости. Наконец, мы поговорили про возможность передачи различного количества позиционных и именованных аргументов через <strong>*args</strong> и <strong>**kwargs</strong>.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="21-voprosy-dlya-zakrepleniya">Вопросы для закрепления</h3>



<p class="has-black-color has-text-color has-background" style="background-color:#ffe8c4">Какие три вида функций мы изучили?</p>


<div class="wp-block-ub-content-toggle" id="ub-content-toggle-5adb461c-ef40-41be-ab28-dca2594c0395" data-mobilecollapse="true" data-desktopcollapse="true">
<div class="wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion" id="ub-content-toggle-panel-block-2a8e7516-1153-4eee-a512-0d99db544a9b">
                <div class="wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-title-wrap"" aria-controls="ub-content-toggle-panel-0-5adb461c-ef40-41be-ab28-dca2594c0395" tabindex="0">
                    <p class="wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-title ub-content-toggle-title-5adb461c-ef40-41be-ab28-dca2594c0395">Посмотреть правильный ответ</p><div class="wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-toggle-wrap left"><span class="wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-state-indicator wp-block-ub-math-plus"></span>
                    </div></div><div role="region" aria-expanded="false" class="wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-content-wrap ub-hide" id="ub-content-toggle-panel-0-5adb461c-ef40-41be-ab28-dca2594c0395">

<p>Ответ: встроенные, собственные, а также анонимные или lambda-функции.</p>

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<p class="has-black-color has-text-color has-background" style="background-color:#ffe8c4">Какие бывают параметры и аргументы функции?</p>


<div class="wp-block-ub-content-toggle" id="ub-content-toggle-f5a0548a-4eb2-478c-856c-7ef81ee85cb6" data-mobilecollapse="true" data-desktopcollapse="true">
<div class="wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion" id="ub-content-toggle-panel-block-f0165add-deea-41b5-8c59-6f060393c8d5">
                <div class="wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-title-wrap"" aria-controls="ub-content-toggle-panel-0-f5a0548a-4eb2-478c-856c-7ef81ee85cb6" tabindex="0">
                    <p class="wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-title ub-content-toggle-title-f5a0548a-4eb2-478c-856c-7ef81ee85cb6">Посмотреть правильный ответ</p><div class="wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-toggle-wrap left"><span class="wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-state-indicator wp-block-ub-math-plus"></span>
                    </div></div><div role="region" aria-expanded="false" class="wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-content-wrap ub-hide" id="ub-content-toggle-panel-0-f5a0548a-4eb2-478c-856c-7ef81ee85cb6">

<p>Ответ: позиционные (в этом случае мы указываем только аргумент, но ставим его в определенном порядке) и именованные (указываем и параметр, и аргумент, но порядок не важен).</p>

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<p class="has-black-color has-text-color has-background" style="background-color:#ffe8c4">Какова область видимости локальной переменной?</p>


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<div class="wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion" id="ub-content-toggle-panel-block-4caf45ed-8fa8-49b3-9e08-b4b2594b4981">
                <div class="wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-title-wrap"" aria-controls="ub-content-toggle-panel-0-a242ec4d-135e-42a8-a357-129012abbcb7" tabindex="0">
                    <p class="wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-title ub-content-toggle-title-a242ec4d-135e-42a8-a357-129012abbcb7">Посмотреть правильный ответ</p><div class="wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-toggle-wrap left"><span class="wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-state-indicator wp-block-ub-math-plus"></span>
                    </div></div><div role="region" aria-expanded="false" class="wp-block-ub-content-toggle-accordion-content-wrap ub-hide" id="ub-content-toggle-panel-0-a242ec4d-135e-42a8-a357-129012abbcb7">

<p>Ответ: область видимости локальной переменной ограничена той функцией, в которой эта переменная была объявлена.</p>

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<p>В следующий раз мы подробнее рассмотрим <a href="https://www.dmitrymakarov.ru/python/list-tuple-set-07/">списки, кортежи и множества</a>.</p>


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<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="22-otvety-na-voprosy">Ответы на вопросы</h3>



<p><strong>Вопрос</strong>. Скажите, а почему используется символ нижнего подчеркивания в названии переменной list_?</p>



<p><strong>Ответ</strong>. Не стоит использовать просто list для <a href="https://www.dmitrymakarov.ru/python/variables-01/">именования переменных</a>, потому что это слово зарезервировано для названия функции <strong>list()</strong>. Аналогично не стоит использовать dict, tuple, set и т.д. При этом некоторые слова использовать в качестве названия переменных просто не получится. Питон выдаст ошибку. Это, например, if, for, True, False, import и т.п.</p>



<p>Символ подчеркивания является одним из вариантов решения.</p>

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