evo/Gtk4-tutorial: GTK 4 tutorial for beginners

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Toshio Sekiya
Update section 17 to 21.
03 янв 2023, 09:30
03 янв 2023, 09:30d4317f1
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<h1 id="stateful-action">Stateful action</h1>
<p>Some actions have states. The typical values of states is boolean or
string. However, other types of states are possible if you want.</p>
<p>Actions which have states are called stateful.</p>
<h2 id="stateful-action-without-a-parameter">Stateful action without a
parameter</h2>
<p>Some menus are called toggle menu. For example, fullscreen menu has a
state which has two values – fullscreen and non-fullscreen. The value of
the state is changed every time the menu is clicked. An action
corresponds to the fullscreen menu also have a state. Its value is TRUE
or FALSE and it is called boolean value. TRUE corresponds to fullscreen
and FALSE to non-fullscreen.</p>
<p>The following is an example code to implement a fullscreen menu
except the signal handler. The signal handler will be shown later.</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb1"><pre class="sourceCode c"><code class="sourceCode c"><span id="cb1-1"><a href="#cb1-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>GSimpleAction <span class="op">*</span>act_fullscreen <span class="op">=</span> g_simple_action_new_stateful <span class="op">(</span><span class="st">&quot;fullscreen&quot;</span><span class="op">,</span></span>
<span id="cb1-2"><a href="#cb1-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>                                NULL<span class="op">,</span> g_variant_new_boolean <span class="op">(</span>FALSE<span class="op">));</span></span>
<span id="cb1-3"><a href="#cb1-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>g_signal_connect <span class="op">(</span>act_fullscreen<span class="op">,</span> <span class="st">&quot;change-state&quot;</span><span class="op">,</span> G_CALLBACK <span class="op">(</span>fullscreen_changed<span class="op">),</span> win<span class="op">);</span></span>
<span id="cb1-4"><a href="#cb1-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>g_action_map_add_action <span class="op">(</span>G_ACTION_MAP <span class="op">(</span>win<span class="op">),</span> G_ACTION <span class="op">(</span>act_fullscreen<span class="op">));</span></span>
<span id="cb1-5"><a href="#cb1-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="op">...</span> <span class="op">...</span> <span class="op">...</span></span>
<span id="cb1-6"><a href="#cb1-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>GMenuItem <span class="op">*</span>menu_item_fullscreen <span class="op">=</span> g_menu_item_new <span class="op">(</span><span class="st">&quot;Full Screen&quot;</span><span class="op">,</span> <span class="st">&quot;win.fullscreen&quot;</span><span class="op">);</span></span></code></pre></div>
<ul>
<li><code>act_fullscreen</code> is a GSimpleAction instance. It is
created with <code>g_simple_action_new_stateful</code>. The function has
three arguments. The first argument “fullscreen” is the name of the
action. The second argument is a parameter type. <code>NULL</code> means
the action doesn’t have a parameter. The third argument is the initial
state of the action. It is a GVariant value. GVariant will be explained
in the next subsection. The function
<code>g_variant_new_boolean (FALSE)</code> returns a GVariant value
which is the boolean value <code>FALSE</code>. If there are two or more
top level windows, each window has its own <code>act_fullscreen</code>
action. So, the number of the actions is the same as the number of the
windows.</li>
<li>connects the action <code>act_fullscreen</code> and the
“change-state” signal handler <code>fullscreen_changed</code>. If the
fullscreen menu is clicked, then the corresponding action
<code>act_fullscreen</code> is activated. But no handler is connected to
the “activate” signal. Then, the default behavior for boolean-stated
actions with a NULL parameter type like <code>act_fullscreen</code> is
to toggle them via the “change-state” signal.</li>
<li>The action is added to the GtkWindow <code>win</code>. Therefore,
the scope of the action is “win” – window.</li>
<li><code>menu_item_fullscreen</code> is a GMenuItem instance. There are
two arguments. The first argument “Full Screen” is the label of
<code>menu_item_fullscreen</code>. The second argument is an action. The
action “win.fullscreen” has a prefix “win” and an action name
“fullscreen”. The prefix says that the action belongs to the
window.</li>
</ul>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb2"><pre
class="sourceCode numberSource C numberLines"><code class="sourceCode c"><span id="cb2-1"><a href="#cb2-1"></a><span class="dt">static</span> <span class="dt">void</span></span>
<span id="cb2-2"><a href="#cb2-2"></a>fullscreen_changed<span class="op">(</span>GSimpleAction <span class="op">*</span>action<span class="op">,</span> GVariant <span class="op">*</span>value<span class="op">,</span> GtkWindow <span class="op">*</span>win<span class="op">)</span> <span class="op">{</span></span>
<span id="cb2-3"><a href="#cb2-3"></a>  <span class="cf">if</span> <span class="op">(</span>g_variant_get_boolean <span class="op">(</span>value<span class="op">))</span></span>
<span id="cb2-4"><a href="#cb2-4"></a>    gtk_window_maximize <span class="op">(</span>win<span class="op">);</span></span>
<span id="cb2-5"><a href="#cb2-5"></a>  <span class="cf">else</span></span>
<span id="cb2-6"><a href="#cb2-6"></a>    gtk_window_unmaximize <span class="op">(</span>win<span class="op">);</span></span>
<span id="cb2-7"><a href="#cb2-7"></a>  g_simple_action_set_state <span class="op">(</span>action<span class="op">,</span> value<span class="op">);</span></span>
<span id="cb2-8"><a href="#cb2-8"></a><span class="op">}</span></span></code></pre></div>
<ul>
<li>The handler <code>fullscreen_changed</code> has three parameters.
The first parameter is the action which emits the “change-state” signal.
The second parameter is the value of the new state of the action. The
third parameter is a user data which is set in
<code>g_signal_connect</code>.</li>
<li>If the value is boolean type and <code>TRUE</code>, then it
maximizes the window. Otherwise unmaximizes.</li>
<li>Sets the state of the action with <code>value</code>. Note: the
second argument was the toggled state value, but at this stage the state
of the action has the original value. So, you need to set the state with
the new value by <code>g_simple_action_set_state</code>.</li>
</ul>
<p>You can use “activate” signal instead of “change-state” signal, or
both signals. But the way above is the simplest and the best.</p>
<h3 id="gvariant">GVariant</h3>
<p>GVarient can contain boolean, string or other type values. For
example, the following program assigns TRUE to <code>value</code> whose
type is GVariant.</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb3"><pre class="sourceCode c"><code class="sourceCode c"><span id="cb3-1"><a href="#cb3-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>GVariant <span class="op">*</span>value <span class="op">=</span> g_variant_new_boolean <span class="op">(</span>TRUE<span class="op">);</span></span></code></pre></div>
<p>Another example is:</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb4"><pre class="sourceCode c"><code class="sourceCode c"><span id="cb4-1"><a href="#cb4-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>GVariant <span class="op">*</span>value2 <span class="op">=</span> g_variant_new_string <span class="op">(</span><span class="st">&quot;Hello&quot;</span><span class="op">);</span></span></code></pre></div>
<p><code>value2</code> is a GVariant and it has a string type value
“Hello”. GVariant can contain other types like int16, int32, int64,
double and so on.</p>
<p>If you want to get the original value, use g_variant_get series
functions. For example, you can get the boolean value with
g_variant_get_boolean.</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb5"><pre class="sourceCode c"><code class="sourceCode c"><span id="cb5-1"><a href="#cb5-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>gboolean <span class="dt">bool</span> <span class="op">=</span> g_variant_get_boolean <span class="op">(</span>value<span class="op">);</span></span></code></pre></div>
<p>Because <code>value</code> has been created as a boolean type
GVariant and <code>TRUE</code> value, <code>bool</code> equals
<code>TRUE</code>. In the same way, you can get a string from
<code>value2</code></p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb6"><pre class="sourceCode c"><code class="sourceCode c"><span id="cb6-1"><a href="#cb6-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="dt">const</span> <span class="dt">char</span> <span class="op">*</span>str <span class="op">=</span> g_variant_get_string <span class="op">(</span>value2<span class="op">,</span> NULL<span class="op">);</span></span></code></pre></div>
<p>The second parameter is a pointer to gsize type variable (gsize is
defined as unsigned long). If it isn’t NULL, then the length of the
string will be set by the function. If it is NULL, nothing happens. The
returned string <code>str</code> can’t be changed.</p>
<h2 id="stateful-action-with-a-parameter">Stateful action with a
parameter</h2>
<p>Another example of stateful actions is an action corresponds to color
select menus. For example, there are three menus and each menu has red,
green or blue color respectively. They determine the background color of
a GtkLabel widget. One action is connected to the three menus. The
action has a state whose value is “red”, “green” or “blue”. The values
are string. Those colors are given to the signal handler as a
parameter.</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb7"><pre class="sourceCode c"><code class="sourceCode c"><span id="cb7-1"><a href="#cb7-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="op">...</span> <span class="op">...</span> <span class="op">...</span></span>
<span id="cb7-2"><a href="#cb7-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>GSimpleAction <span class="op">*</span>act_color <span class="op">=</span> g_simple_action_new_stateful <span class="op">(</span><span class="st">&quot;color&quot;</span><span class="op">,</span></span>
<span id="cb7-3"><a href="#cb7-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>                   g_variant_type_new<span class="op">(</span><span class="st">&quot;s&quot;</span><span class="op">),</span> g_variant_new_string <span class="op">(</span><span class="st">&quot;red&quot;</span><span class="op">));</span></span>
<span id="cb7-4"><a href="#cb7-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>GMenuItem <span class="op">*</span>menu_item_red <span class="op">=</span> g_menu_item_new <span class="op">(</span><span class="st">&quot;Red&quot;</span><span class="op">,</span> <span class="st">&quot;app.color::red&quot;</span><span class="op">);</span></span>
<span id="cb7-5"><a href="#cb7-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>GMenuItem <span class="op">*</span>menu_item_green <span class="op">=</span> g_menu_item_new <span class="op">(</span><span class="st">&quot;Green&quot;</span><span class="op">,</span> <span class="st">&quot;app.color::green&quot;</span><span class="op">);</span></span>
<span id="cb7-6"><a href="#cb7-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>GMenuItem <span class="op">*</span>menu_item_blue <span class="op">=</span> g_menu_item_new <span class="op">(</span><span class="st">&quot;Blue&quot;</span><span class="op">,</span> <span class="st">&quot;app.color::blue&quot;</span><span class="op">);</span></span>
<span id="cb7-7"><a href="#cb7-7" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>g_signal_connect <span class="op">(</span>act_color<span class="op">,</span> <span class="st">&quot;activate&quot;</span><span class="op">,</span> G_CALLBACK <span class="op">(</span>color_activated<span class="op">),</span> NULL<span class="op">);</span></span>
<span id="cb7-8"><a href="#cb7-8" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="op">...</span> <span class="op">...</span> <span class="op">...</span></span></code></pre></div>
<ul>
<li><code>act_color</code> is a GSimpleAction instance. It is created
with <code>g_simple_action_new_stateful</code>. The function has three
arguments. The first argument “color” is the name of the action. The
second argument is a parameter type which is GVariantType.
<code>g_variant_type_new("s")</code> creates GVariantType which is a
string type (<code>G_VARIANT_TYPE_STRING</code>). The third argument is
the initial state of the action. It is a GVariant. GVariantType will be
explained in the next subsection. The function
<code>g_variant_new_string ("red")</code> returns a GVariant value which
has the string value “red”.</li>
<li><code>menu_item_red</code> is a GMenuItem instance. There are two
arguments. The first argument “Red” is the label of
<code>menu_item_red</code>. The second argument is a detailed action.
Its prefix is “app”, action name is “color” and target is “red”. Target
is sent to the action as a parameter. The same goes for
<code>menu_item_green</code> and <code>menu_item_blue</code>.</li>
<li>connects the action <code>act_color</code> and the “activate” signal
handler <code>color_activated</code>. If one of the three menus is
clicked, then the action <code>act_color</code> is activated with the
target (parameter) which is given by the menu.</li>
</ul>
<p>The following is the “activate” signal handler.</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb8"><pre class="sourceCode c"><code class="sourceCode c"><span id="cb8-1"><a href="#cb8-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="dt">static</span> <span class="dt">void</span></span>
<span id="cb8-2"><a href="#cb8-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>color_activated<span class="op">(</span>GSimpleAction <span class="op">*</span>action<span class="op">,</span> GVariant <span class="op">*</span>parameter<span class="op">)</span> <span class="op">{</span></span>
<span id="cb8-3"><a href="#cb8-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>  <span class="dt">char</span> <span class="op">*</span>color <span class="op">=</span> g_strdup_printf <span class="op">(</span><span class="st">&quot;label.lb {background-color: %s;}&quot;</span><span class="op">,</span></span>
<span id="cb8-4"><a href="#cb8-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>                                   g_variant_get_string <span class="op">(</span>parameter<span class="op">,</span> NULL<span class="op">));</span></span>
<span id="cb8-5"><a href="#cb8-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>  gtk_css_provider_load_from_data <span class="op">(</span>provider<span class="op">,</span> color<span class="op">,</span> <span class="op">-</span><span class="dv">1</span><span class="op">);</span></span>
<span id="cb8-6"><a href="#cb8-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>  g_free <span class="op">(</span>color<span class="op">);</span></span>
<span id="cb8-7"><a href="#cb8-7" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>  g_action_change_state <span class="op">(</span>G_ACTION <span class="op">(</span>action<span class="op">),</span> parameter<span class="op">);</span></span>
<span id="cb8-8"><a href="#cb8-8" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="op">}</span></span></code></pre></div>
<ul>
<li>There are three parameters. The first parameter is the action which
emits the “activate” signal. The second parameter is the parameter given
to the action. It is a color specified by the menu. The third parameter
is left out because the fourth argument of the
<code>g_signal_connect</code> is NULL.</li>
<li><code>color</code> is a CSS string created by
<code>g_strdup_printf</code>. The parameter of
<code>g_strdup_printf</code> is the same as printf C standard function.
<code>g_variant_get_string</code> gets the string contained in
<code>parameter</code>. You mustn’t change or free the string.</li>
<li>Sets the color of the css provider. <code>label.lb</code> is a
selector. <code>lable</code> is a node name of GtkLabel and
<code>lb</code> is a class. <code>label.lb</code> selects GtkLabel which
has lb class. For example, menus have GtkLabel to display their labels,
but they don’t have <code>lb</code> class. So, the CSS doesn’t change
the their background color. <code>{background-color %s}</code> makes the
background color the one from <code>parameter</code>.</li>
<li>Frees the string <code>color</code>.</li>
<li>Changes the state by <code>g_action_change_state</code>.</li>
</ul>
<p>Note: If you haven’t set an “activate” signal handler, the signal is
forwarded to “change-state” signal. So, you can use “change-state”
signal instead of “activate” signal. See
<code>src/menu/menu2_change_state.c</code>.</p>
<h3 id="gvarianttype">GVariantType</h3>
<p>GVariantType gives a type of GVariant. GVariant can contain many
kinds of types. And the type often needs to be recognized at
runtime.</p>
<p>GVariantType is created with a string which expresses a type.</p>
<ul>
<li>“b” means boolean type.</li>
<li>“s” means string type.</li>
</ul>
<p>The following program is a simple example. It finally outputs the
string “s”.</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb9"><pre
class="sourceCode numberSource C numberLines"><code class="sourceCode c"><span id="cb9-1"><a href="#cb9-1"></a><span class="pp">#include </span><span class="im">&lt;glib.h&gt;</span></span>
<span id="cb9-2"><a href="#cb9-2"></a></span>
<span id="cb9-3"><a href="#cb9-3"></a><span class="dt">int</span></span>
<span id="cb9-4"><a href="#cb9-4"></a>main <span class="op">(</span><span class="dt">int</span> argc<span class="op">,</span> <span class="dt">char</span> <span class="op">**</span>argv<span class="op">)</span> <span class="op">{</span></span>
<span id="cb9-5"><a href="#cb9-5"></a>  GVariantType <span class="op">*</span>vtype <span class="op">=</span> g_variant_type_new <span class="op">(</span><span class="st">&quot;s&quot;</span><span class="op">);</span></span>
<span id="cb9-6"><a href="#cb9-6"></a>  <span class="dt">const</span> <span class="dt">char</span> <span class="op">*</span>type_string <span class="op">=</span> g_variant_type_peek_string <span class="op">(</span>vtype<span class="op">);</span></span>
<span id="cb9-7"><a href="#cb9-7"></a>  g_print <span class="op">(</span><span class="st">&quot;%s</span><span class="sc">\n</span><span class="st">&quot;</span><span class="op">,</span>type_string<span class="op">);</span></span>
<span id="cb9-8"><a href="#cb9-8"></a><span class="op">}</span></span></code></pre></div>
<ul>
<li><code>g_variant_type_new</code> creates GVariantType. It uses a type
string “s” which means string.</li>
<li><code>g_variant_type_peek_string</code> takes a peek at
<code>vtype</code>. It is the string “s” given to <code>vtype</code>
when it was created.</li>
<li>prints the string to the terminal.</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="example">Example</h2>
<p>The following code includes stateful actions above. This program has
menus like this:</p>
<figure>
<img src="image/menu2.png" alt="menu2" />
<figcaption aria-hidden="true">menu2</figcaption>
</figure>
<ul>
<li>Fullscreen menu toggles the size of the window between maximum and
non-maximum. If the window is maximum size, which is called full screen,
then a check mark is put before “fullscreen” label.</li>
<li>Red, green and blue menu determines the back ground color of any
labels. The menus have radio buttons on the left of the menus. And the
radio button of the selected menu turns on.</li>
<li>Quit menu quits the application.</li>
</ul>
<p>The code is as follows.</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb10"><pre
class="sourceCode numberSource C numberLines"><code class="sourceCode c"><span id="cb10-1"><a href="#cb10-1"></a><span class="pp">#include </span><span class="im">&lt;gtk/gtk.h&gt;</span></span>
<span id="cb10-2"><a href="#cb10-2"></a></span>
<span id="cb10-3"><a href="#cb10-3"></a><span class="co">/* The provider below provides application wide CSS data. */</span></span>
<span id="cb10-4"><a href="#cb10-4"></a>GtkCssProvider <span class="op">*</span>provider<span class="op">;</span></span>
<span id="cb10-5"><a href="#cb10-5"></a></span>
<span id="cb10-6"><a href="#cb10-6"></a><span class="dt">static</span> <span class="dt">void</span></span>
<span id="cb10-7"><a href="#cb10-7"></a>fullscreen_changed<span class="op">(</span>GSimpleAction <span class="op">*</span>action<span class="op">,</span> GVariant <span class="op">*</span>value<span class="op">,</span> GtkWindow <span class="op">*</span>win<span class="op">)</span> <span class="op">{</span></span>
<span id="cb10-8"><a href="#cb10-8"></a>  <span class="cf">if</span> <span class="op">(</span>g_variant_get_boolean <span class="op">(</span>value<span class="op">))</span></span>
<span id="cb10-9"><a href="#cb10-9"></a>    gtk_window_maximize <span class="op">(</span>win<span class="op">);</span></span>
<span id="cb10-10"><a href="#cb10-10"></a>  <span class="cf">else</span></span>
<span id="cb10-11"><a href="#cb10-11"></a>    gtk_window_unmaximize <span class="op">(</span>win<span class="op">);</span></span>
<span id="cb10-12"><a href="#cb10-12"></a>  g_simple_action_set_state <span class="op">(</span>action<span class="op">,</span> value<span class="op">);</span></span>
<span id="cb10-13"><a href="#cb10-13"></a><span class="op">}</span></span>
<span id="cb10-14"><a href="#cb10-14"></a></span>
<span id="cb10-15"><a href="#cb10-15"></a><span class="dt">static</span> <span class="dt">void</span></span>
<span id="cb10-16"><a href="#cb10-16"></a>color_activated<span class="op">(</span>GSimpleAction <span class="op">*</span>action<span class="op">,</span> GVariant <span class="op">*</span>parameter<span class="op">)</span> <span class="op">{</span></span>
<span id="cb10-17"><a href="#cb10-17"></a>  <span class="dt">char</span> <span class="op">*</span>color <span class="op">=</span> g_strdup_printf <span class="op">(</span><span class="st">&quot;label.lb {background-color: %s;}&quot;</span><span class="op">,</span> g_variant_get_string <span class="op">(</span>parameter<span class="op">,</span> NULL<span class="op">));</span></span>
<span id="cb10-18"><a href="#cb10-18"></a>  <span class="co">/* Change the CSS data in the provider. */</span></span>
<span id="cb10-19"><a href="#cb10-19"></a>  <span class="co">/* Previous data is thrown away. */</span></span>
<span id="cb10-20"><a href="#cb10-20"></a>  gtk_css_provider_load_from_data <span class="op">(</span>provider<span class="op">,</span> color<span class="op">,</span> <span class="op">-</span><span class="dv">1</span><span class="op">);</span></span>
<span id="cb10-21"><a href="#cb10-21"></a>  g_free <span class="op">(</span>color<span class="op">);</span></span>
<span id="cb10-22"><a href="#cb10-22"></a>  g_action_change_state <span class="op">(</span>G_ACTION <span class="op">(</span>action<span class="op">),</span> parameter<span class="op">);</span></span>
<span id="cb10-23"><a href="#cb10-23"></a><span class="op">}</span></span>
<span id="cb10-24"><a href="#cb10-24"></a></span>
<span id="cb10-25"><a href="#cb10-25"></a><span class="dt">static</span> <span class="dt">void</span></span>
<span id="cb10-26"><a href="#cb10-26"></a>remove_provider <span class="op">(</span>GApplication <span class="op">*</span>app<span class="op">,</span> GtkCssProvider <span class="op">*</span>provider<span class="op">)</span> <span class="op">{</span></span>
<span id="cb10-27"><a href="#cb10-27"></a>  GdkDisplay <span class="op">*</span>display <span class="op">=</span> gdk_display_get_default<span class="op">();</span></span>
<span id="cb10-28"><a href="#cb10-28"></a>  </span>
<span id="cb10-29"><a href="#cb10-29"></a>  gtk_style_context_remove_provider_for_display <span class="op">(</span>display<span class="op">,</span> GTK_STYLE_PROVIDER <span class="op">(</span>provider<span class="op">));</span></span>
<span id="cb10-30"><a href="#cb10-30"></a>  g_object_unref <span class="op">(</span>provider<span class="op">);</span></span>
<span id="cb10-31"><a href="#cb10-31"></a><span class="op">}</span></span>
<span id="cb10-32"><a href="#cb10-32"></a></span>
<span id="cb10-33"><a href="#cb10-33"></a><span class="dt">static</span> <span class="dt">void</span></span>
<span id="cb10-34"><a href="#cb10-34"></a>app_activate <span class="op">(</span>GApplication <span class="op">*</span>app<span class="op">)</span> <span class="op">{</span></span>
<span id="cb10-35"><a href="#cb10-35"></a>  GtkWindow <span class="op">*</span>win <span class="op">=</span> GTK_WINDOW <span class="op">(</span>gtk_application_window_new <span class="op">(</span>GTK_APPLICATION <span class="op">(</span>app<span class="op">)));</span></span>
<span id="cb10-36"><a href="#cb10-36"></a>  gtk_window_set_title <span class="op">(</span>win<span class="op">,</span> <span class="st">&quot;menu2&quot;</span><span class="op">);</span></span>
<span id="cb10-37"><a href="#cb10-37"></a>  gtk_window_set_default_size <span class="op">(</span>win<span class="op">,</span> <span class="dv">400</span><span class="op">,</span> <span class="dv">300</span><span class="op">);</span></span>
<span id="cb10-38"><a href="#cb10-38"></a></span>
<span id="cb10-39"><a href="#cb10-39"></a>  GtkWidget <span class="op">*</span>lb <span class="op">=</span> gtk_label_new <span class="op">(</span>NULL<span class="op">);</span></span>
<span id="cb10-40"><a href="#cb10-40"></a>  gtk_widget_add_css_class <span class="op">(</span>lb<span class="op">,</span> <span class="st">&quot;lb&quot;</span><span class="op">);</span> <span class="co">/* the class is used by CSS Selector */</span></span>
<span id="cb10-41"><a href="#cb10-41"></a>  gtk_window_set_child <span class="op">(</span>win<span class="op">,</span> lb<span class="op">);</span></span>
<span id="cb10-42"><a href="#cb10-42"></a></span>
<span id="cb10-43"><a href="#cb10-43"></a>  GSimpleAction <span class="op">*</span>act_fullscreen</span>
<span id="cb10-44"><a href="#cb10-44"></a>    <span class="op">=</span> g_simple_action_new_stateful <span class="op">(</span><span class="st">&quot;fullscreen&quot;</span><span class="op">,</span> NULL<span class="op">,</span> g_variant_new_boolean <span class="op">(</span>FALSE<span class="op">));</span></span>
<span id="cb10-45"><a href="#cb10-45"></a>  g_signal_connect <span class="op">(</span>act_fullscreen<span class="op">,</span> <span class="st">&quot;change-state&quot;</span><span class="op">,</span> G_CALLBACK <span class="op">(</span>fullscreen_changed<span class="op">),</span> win<span class="op">);</span></span>
<span id="cb10-46"><a href="#cb10-46"></a>  g_action_map_add_action <span class="op">(</span>G_ACTION_MAP <span class="op">(</span>win<span class="op">),</span> G_ACTION <span class="op">(</span>act_fullscreen<span class="op">));</span></span>
<span id="cb10-47"><a href="#cb10-47"></a></span>
<span id="cb10-48"><a href="#cb10-48"></a>  gtk_application_window_set_show_menubar <span class="op">(</span>GTK_APPLICATION_WINDOW <span class="op">(</span>win<span class="op">),</span> TRUE<span class="op">);</span></span>
<span id="cb10-49"><a href="#cb10-49"></a></span>
<span id="cb10-50"><a href="#cb10-50"></a>  gtk_window_present <span class="op">(</span>win<span class="op">);</span></span>
<span id="cb10-51"><a href="#cb10-51"></a><span class="op">}</span></span>
<span id="cb10-52"><a href="#cb10-52"></a></span>
<span id="cb10-53"><a href="#cb10-53"></a><span class="dt">static</span> <span class="dt">void</span></span>
<span id="cb10-54"><a href="#cb10-54"></a>app_startup <span class="op">(</span>GApplication <span class="op">*</span>app<span class="op">)</span> <span class="op">{</span></span>
<span id="cb10-55"><a href="#cb10-55"></a>  GSimpleAction <span class="op">*</span>act_color</span>
<span id="cb10-56"><a href="#cb10-56"></a>    <span class="op">=</span> g_simple_action_new_stateful <span class="op">(</span><span class="st">&quot;color&quot;</span><span class="op">,</span> g_variant_type_new<span class="op">(</span><span class="st">&quot;s&quot;</span><span class="op">),</span> g_variant_new_string <span class="op">(</span><span class="st">&quot;red&quot;</span><span class="op">));</span></span>
<span id="cb10-57"><a href="#cb10-57"></a>  GSimpleAction <span class="op">*</span>act_quit</span>
<span id="cb10-58"><a href="#cb10-58"></a>    <span class="op">=</span> g_simple_action_new <span class="op">(</span><span class="st">&quot;quit&quot;</span><span class="op">,</span> NULL<span class="op">);</span></span>
<span id="cb10-59"><a href="#cb10-59"></a>  g_signal_connect <span class="op">(</span>act_color<span class="op">,</span> <span class="st">&quot;activate&quot;</span><span class="op">,</span> G_CALLBACK <span class="op">(</span>color_activated<span class="op">),</span> NULL<span class="op">);</span></span>
<span id="cb10-60"><a href="#cb10-60"></a>  g_signal_connect_swapped <span class="op">(</span>act_quit<span class="op">,</span> <span class="st">&quot;activate&quot;</span><span class="op">,</span> G_CALLBACK <span class="op">(</span>g_application_quit<span class="op">),</span> app<span class="op">);</span></span>
<span id="cb10-61"><a href="#cb10-61"></a>  g_action_map_add_action <span class="op">(</span>G_ACTION_MAP <span class="op">(</span>app<span class="op">),</span> G_ACTION <span class="op">(</span>act_color<span class="op">));</span></span>
<span id="cb10-62"><a href="#cb10-62"></a>  g_action_map_add_action <span class="op">(</span>G_ACTION_MAP <span class="op">(</span>app<span class="op">),</span> G_ACTION <span class="op">(</span>act_quit<span class="op">));</span></span>
<span id="cb10-63"><a href="#cb10-63"></a></span>
<span id="cb10-64"><a href="#cb10-64"></a>  GMenu <span class="op">*</span>menubar <span class="op">=</span> g_menu_new <span class="op">();</span></span>
<span id="cb10-65"><a href="#cb10-65"></a>  GMenu <span class="op">*</span>menu <span class="op">=</span> g_menu_new <span class="op">();</span></span>
<span id="cb10-66"><a href="#cb10-66"></a>  GMenu <span class="op">*</span>section1 <span class="op">=</span> g_menu_new <span class="op">();</span></span>
<span id="cb10-67"><a href="#cb10-67"></a>  GMenu <span class="op">*</span>section2 <span class="op">=</span> g_menu_new <span class="op">();</span></span>
<span id="cb10-68"><a href="#cb10-68"></a>  GMenu <span class="op">*</span>section3 <span class="op">=</span> g_menu_new <span class="op">();</span></span>
<span id="cb10-69"><a href="#cb10-69"></a>  GMenuItem <span class="op">*</span>menu_item_fullscreen <span class="op">=</span> g_menu_item_new <span class="op">(</span><span class="st">&quot;Full Screen&quot;</span><span class="op">,</span> <span class="st">&quot;win.fullscreen&quot;</span><span class="op">);</span></span>
<span id="cb10-70"><a href="#cb10-70"></a>  GMenuItem <span class="op">*</span>menu_item_red <span class="op">=</span> g_menu_item_new <span class="op">(</span><span class="st">&quot;Red&quot;</span><span class="op">,</span> <span class="st">&quot;app.color::red&quot;</span><span class="op">);</span></span>
<span id="cb10-71"><a href="#cb10-71"></a>  GMenuItem <span class="op">*</span>menu_item_green <span class="op">=</span> g_menu_item_new <span class="op">(</span><span class="st">&quot;Green&quot;</span><span class="op">,</span> <span class="st">&quot;app.color::green&quot;</span><span class="op">);</span></span>
<span id="cb10-72"><a href="#cb10-72"></a>  GMenuItem <span class="op">*</span>menu_item_blue <span class="op">=</span> g_menu_item_new <span class="op">(</span><span class="st">&quot;Blue&quot;</span><span class="op">,</span> <span class="st">&quot;app.color::blue&quot;</span><span class="op">);</span></span>
<span id="cb10-73"><a href="#cb10-73"></a>  GMenuItem <span class="op">*</span>menu_item_quit <span class="op">=</span> g_menu_item_new <span class="op">(</span><span class="st">&quot;Quit&quot;</span><span class="op">,</span> <span class="st">&quot;app.quit&quot;</span><span class="op">);</span></span>
<span id="cb10-74"><a href="#cb10-74"></a></span>
<span id="cb10-75"><a href="#cb10-75"></a>  g_menu_append_item <span class="op">(</span>section1<span class="op">,</span> menu_item_fullscreen<span class="op">);</span></span>
<span id="cb10-76"><a href="#cb10-76"></a>  g_menu_append_item <span class="op">(</span>section2<span class="op">,</span> menu_item_red<span class="op">);</span></span>
<span id="cb10-77"><a href="#cb10-77"></a>  g_menu_append_item <span class="op">(</span>section2<span class="op">,</span> menu_item_green<span class="op">);</span></span>
<span id="cb10-78"><a href="#cb10-78"></a>  g_menu_append_item <span class="op">(</span>section2<span class="op">,</span> menu_item_blue<span class="op">);</span></span>
<span id="cb10-79"><a href="#cb10-79"></a>  g_menu_append_item <span class="op">(</span>section3<span class="op">,</span> menu_item_quit<span class="op">);</span></span>
<span id="cb10-80"><a href="#cb10-80"></a>  g_object_unref <span class="op">(</span>menu_item_red<span class="op">);</span></span>
<span id="cb10-81"><a href="#cb10-81"></a>  g_object_unref <span class="op">(</span>menu_item_green<span class="op">);</span></span>
<span id="cb10-82"><a href="#cb10-82"></a>  g_object_unref <span class="op">(</span>menu_item_blue<span class="op">);</span></span>
<span id="cb10-83"><a href="#cb10-83"></a>  g_object_unref <span class="op">(</span>menu_item_fullscreen<span class="op">);</span></span>
<span id="cb10-84"><a href="#cb10-84"></a>  g_object_unref <span class="op">(</span>menu_item_quit<span class="op">);</span></span>
<span id="cb10-85"><a href="#cb10-85"></a></span>
<span id="cb10-86"><a href="#cb10-86"></a>  g_menu_append_section <span class="op">(</span>menu<span class="op">,</span> NULL<span class="op">,</span> G_MENU_MODEL <span class="op">(</span>section1<span class="op">));</span></span>
<span id="cb10-87"><a href="#cb10-87"></a>  g_menu_append_section <span class="op">(</span>menu<span class="op">,</span> <span class="st">&quot;Color&quot;</span><span class="op">,</span> G_MENU_MODEL <span class="op">(</span>section2<span class="op">));</span></span>
<span id="cb10-88"><a href="#cb10-88"></a>  g_menu_append_section <span class="op">(</span>menu<span class="op">,</span> NULL<span class="op">,</span> G_MENU_MODEL <span class="op">(</span>section3<span class="op">));</span></span>
<span id="cb10-89"><a href="#cb10-89"></a>  g_menu_append_submenu <span class="op">(</span>menubar<span class="op">,</span> <span class="st">&quot;Menu&quot;</span><span class="op">,</span> G_MENU_MODEL <span class="op">(</span>menu<span class="op">));</span></span>
<span id="cb10-90"><a href="#cb10-90"></a></span>
<span id="cb10-91"><a href="#cb10-91"></a>  gtk_application_set_menubar <span class="op">(</span>GTK_APPLICATION <span class="op">(</span>app<span class="op">),</span> G_MENU_MODEL <span class="op">(</span>menubar<span class="op">));</span></span>
<span id="cb10-92"><a href="#cb10-92"></a></span>
<span id="cb10-93"><a href="#cb10-93"></a>  provider <span class="op">=</span> gtk_css_provider_new <span class="op">();</span></span>
<span id="cb10-94"><a href="#cb10-94"></a>  <span class="co">/* Initialize the css data */</span></span>
<span id="cb10-95"><a href="#cb10-95"></a>  gtk_css_provider_load_from_data <span class="op">(</span>provider<span class="op">,</span> <span class="st">&quot;label.lb {background-color: red;}&quot;</span><span class="op">,</span> <span class="op">-</span><span class="dv">1</span><span class="op">);</span></span>
<span id="cb10-96"><a href="#cb10-96"></a>  <span class="co">/* Add CSS to the default GdkDisplay. */</span></span>
<span id="cb10-97"><a href="#cb10-97"></a>  GdkDisplay <span class="op">*</span>display <span class="op">=</span> gdk_display_get_default <span class="op">();</span></span>
<span id="cb10-98"><a href="#cb10-98"></a>  gtk_style_context_add_provider_for_display <span class="op">(</span>display<span class="op">,</span> GTK_STYLE_PROVIDER <span class="op">(</span>provider<span class="op">),</span></span>
<span id="cb10-99"><a href="#cb10-99"></a>                                              GTK_STYLE_PROVIDER_PRIORITY_APPLICATION<span class="op">);</span></span>
<span id="cb10-100"><a href="#cb10-100"></a>  g_signal_connect <span class="op">(</span>app<span class="op">,</span> <span class="st">&quot;shutdown&quot;</span><span class="op">,</span> G_CALLBACK <span class="op">(</span>remove_provider<span class="op">),</span> provider<span class="op">);</span></span>
<span id="cb10-101"><a href="#cb10-101"></a><span class="op">}</span></span>
<span id="cb10-102"><a href="#cb10-102"></a></span>
<span id="cb10-103"><a href="#cb10-103"></a><span class="pp">#define APPLICATION_ID &quot;com.github.ToshioCP.menu2&quot;</span></span>
<span id="cb10-104"><a href="#cb10-104"></a></span>
<span id="cb10-105"><a href="#cb10-105"></a><span class="dt">int</span></span>
<span id="cb10-106"><a href="#cb10-106"></a>main <span class="op">(</span><span class="dt">int</span> argc<span class="op">,</span> <span class="dt">char</span> <span class="op">**</span>argv<span class="op">)</span> <span class="op">{</span></span>
<span id="cb10-107"><a href="#cb10-107"></a>  GtkApplication <span class="op">*</span>app<span class="op">;</span></span>
<span id="cb10-108"><a href="#cb10-108"></a>  <span class="dt">int</span> stat<span class="op">;</span></span>
<span id="cb10-109"><a href="#cb10-109"></a></span>
<span id="cb10-110"><a href="#cb10-110"></a>  app <span class="op">=</span> gtk_application_new <span class="op">(</span>APPLICATION_ID<span class="op">,</span> G_APPLICATION_DEFAULT_FLAGS<span class="op">);</span></span>
<span id="cb10-111"><a href="#cb10-111"></a>  g_signal_connect <span class="op">(</span>app<span class="op">,</span> <span class="st">&quot;startup&quot;</span><span class="op">,</span> G_CALLBACK <span class="op">(</span>app_startup<span class="op">),</span> NULL<span class="op">);</span></span>
<span id="cb10-112"><a href="#cb10-112"></a>  g_signal_connect <span class="op">(</span>app<span class="op">,</span> <span class="st">&quot;activate&quot;</span><span class="op">,</span> G_CALLBACK <span class="op">(</span>app_activate<span class="op">),</span> NULL<span class="op">);</span></span>
<span id="cb10-113"><a href="#cb10-113"></a></span>
<span id="cb10-114"><a href="#cb10-114"></a>  stat <span class="op">=</span>g_application_run <span class="op">(</span>G_APPLICATION <span class="op">(</span>app<span class="op">),</span> argc<span class="op">,</span> argv<span class="op">);</span></span>
<span id="cb10-115"><a href="#cb10-115"></a>  g_object_unref <span class="op">(</span>app<span class="op">);</span></span>
<span id="cb10-116"><a href="#cb10-116"></a>  <span class="cf">return</span> stat<span class="op">;</span></span>
<span id="cb10-117"><a href="#cb10-117"></a><span class="op">}</span></span></code></pre></div>
<ul>
<li>6-23: Signal handlers connected to the actions.</li>
<li>25-31: The handler <code>remove_provider</code> is called when the
application quits. It removes the provider from the display and releases
the provider.</li>
<li>33-51: An activate signal handler.</li>
<li>35-37: A new window is created and assigned to <code>win</code>. Its
title and default size are set to “menu2” and 400x300 respectively.</li>
<li>39-41: A new label is created and assigned to <code>lb</code> The
name is “lb”, which is used in CSS. It is added to <code>win</code> as a
child.</li>
<li>43-46: A toggle action is created and assigned to
<code>act_fullscreen</code>. It’s connected to the signal handler
<code>fullscreen_changed</code>. It’s added to the window, so the scope
is “win”. The action corresponds to the window. So, if there are two or
more windows, the actions are created two or more.</li>
<li>48: The function
<code>gtk_application_window_set_show_menubar</code> adds a menubar to
the window.</li>
<li>50: The window is shown.</li>
<li>53-101: A startup signal handler.</li>
<li>55-62: Two actions <code>act_color</code> and <code>act_quit</code>
are created. These actions exists only one because the startup handler
is called once. They are connected to their handlers and added to the
application. Their scopes are “app”.</li>
<li>64-89: Menus are built.</li>
<li>91: The menubar is added to the application.</li>
<li>93-100: A css provider is created, set the data and added to the
default display. The “shutdown” signal on the application is connected
to a handler “remove_provider”. So, the provider is removed from the
display and freed when the application quits.</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="compile">Compile</h2>
<p>Change your current directory to <code>src/menu</code>.</p>
<pre><code>$ comp menu2
$./a.out</code></pre>
<p>Then, you will see a window and the background color of the content
is red. You can change the size to maximum and change again to the
original size. You can change the background color to green or blue.</p>
<p>If you run the application again, another window will appear in the
same screen. Both of the window have the same background color. Because
the <code>act_color</code> action has “app” scope and the CSS is applied
to the default display shared by the windows.</p>
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