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docs/sec10.html
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Toshio Sekiya
Update section 17 to 21.
03 янв 2023, 09:30
03 янв 2023, 09:30
d4317f1
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<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8" /> <meta name="generator" content="pandoc" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" /> <link href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/bootstrap@5.0.2/dist/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet" integrity="sha384-EVSTQN3/azprG1Anm3QDgpJLIm9Nao0Yz1ztcQTwFspd3yD65VohhpuuCOmLASjC" crossorigin="anonymous"> <title>GTK 4 tutorial</title> <style> code{white-space: pre-wrap;} span.smallcaps{font-variant: small-caps;} span.underline{text-decoration: underline;} div.column{display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; width: 50%;} div.hanging-indent{margin-left: 1.5em; text-indent: -1.5em;} ul.task-list{list-style: none;} pre{overflow: visible;} pre > code.sourceCode { white-space: pre; position: relative; } pre > code.sourceCode > span { display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25; } pre > code.sourceCode > span:empty { height: 1.2em; } code.sourceCode > span { color: inherit; text-decoration: inherit; } div.sourceCode { margin: 1em 0; 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border: 1px solid;} img {display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;} figcaption {text-align: center;} </style> </head> <body style="padding-top: 70px;"> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar fixed-top navbar-expand-lg navbar-dark bg-primary"> <div class="container-fluid"> <span class="navbar-brand">Gtk4 tutorial</span> <button class="navbar-toggler" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#navbarSupportedContent" aria-controls="navbarSupportedContent" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle navigation"> <span class="navbar-toggler-icon"></span> </button> <div class="collapse navbar-collapse" id="navbarSupportedContent"> <ul class="navbar-nav me-auto mb-2 mb-lg-0"> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="index.html">Home</a> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="sec9.html">Prev: section9</a> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="sec11.html">Next: section11</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="build-system">Build system</h1> <h2 id="managing-big-source-files">Managing big source files</h2> <p>We’ve compiled a small editor so far. But Some bad signs are beginning to appear.</p> <ul> <li>We’ve had only one C source file and put everything in it. We need to sort it out.</li> <li>There are two compilers, <code>gcc</code> and <code>glib-compile-resources</code>. We should control them by one building tool.</li> </ul> <p>These ideas are useful to manage big source files.</p> <h2 id="divide-a-c-source-file-into-two-parts.">Divide a C source file into two parts.</h2> <p>When you divide C source file into several parts, each file should contain one thing. For example, our source has two things, the definition of TfeTextView and functions related to GtkApplication and GtkApplicationWindow. It is a good idea to separate them into two files, <code>tfetextview.c</code> and <code>tfe.c</code>.</p> <ul> <li><code>tfetextview.c</code> includes the definition and functions of TfeTextView.</li> <li><code>tfe.c</code> includes functions like <code>main</code>, <code>app_activate</code>, <code>app_open</code> and so on, which relate to GtkApplication and GtkApplicationWindow</li> </ul> <p>Now we have three source files, <code>tfetextview.c</code>, <code>tfe.c</code> and <code>tfe3.ui</code>. The <code>3</code> of <code>tfe3.ui</code> is like a version number. Managing version with filenames is one possible idea but it may make bothersome problem. You need to rewrite filename in each version and it affects to contents of source files that refer to filenames. So, we should take <code>3</code> away from the filename.</p> <p>In <code>tfe.c</code> the function <code>tfe_text_view_new</code> is invoked to create a TfeTextView instance. But it is defined in <code>tfetextview.c</code>, not <code>tfe.c</code>. The lack of the declaration (not definition) of <code>tfe_text_view_new</code> makes error when <code>tfe.c</code> is compiled. The declaration is necessary in <code>tfe.c</code>. Those public information is usually written in header files. It has <code>.h</code> suffix like <code>tfetextview.h</code> And header files are included by C source files. For example, <code>tfetextview.h</code> is included by <code>tfe.c</code>.</p> <p>All the source files are listed below.</p> <p><code>tfetextview.h</code></p> <div class="sourceCode" id="cb1"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource C numberLines"><code class="sourceCode c"><span id="cb1-1"><a href="#cb1-1"></a><span class="pp">#include </span><span class="im"><gtk/gtk.h></span></span> <span id="cb1-2"><a href="#cb1-2"></a></span> <span id="cb1-3"><a href="#cb1-3"></a><span class="pp">#define TFE_TYPE_TEXT_VIEW tfe_text_view_get_type ()</span></span> <span id="cb1-4"><a href="#cb1-4"></a>G_DECLARE_FINAL_TYPE <span class="op">(</span>TfeTextView<span class="op">,</span> tfe_text_view<span class="op">,</span> TFE<span class="op">,</span> TEXT_VIEW<span class="op">,</span> GtkTextView<span class="op">)</span></span> <span id="cb1-5"><a href="#cb1-5"></a></span> <span id="cb1-6"><a href="#cb1-6"></a><span class="dt">void</span></span> <span id="cb1-7"><a href="#cb1-7"></a>tfe_text_view_set_file <span class="op">(</span>TfeTextView <span class="op">*</span>tv<span class="op">,</span> GFile <span class="op">*</span>f<span class="op">);</span></span> <span id="cb1-8"><a href="#cb1-8"></a></span> <span id="cb1-9"><a href="#cb1-9"></a>GFile <span class="op">*</span></span> <span id="cb1-10"><a href="#cb1-10"></a>tfe_text_view_get_file <span class="op">(</span>TfeTextView <span class="op">*</span>tv<span class="op">);</span></span> <span id="cb1-11"><a href="#cb1-11"></a></span> <span id="cb1-12"><a href="#cb1-12"></a>GtkWidget <span class="op">*</span></span> <span id="cb1-13"><a href="#cb1-13"></a>tfe_text_view_new <span class="op">(</span><span class="dt">void</span><span class="op">);</span></span></code></pre></div> <p><code>tfetextview.c</code></p> <div class="sourceCode" id="cb2"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource C numberLines"><code class="sourceCode c"><span id="cb2-1"><a href="#cb2-1"></a><span class="pp">#include </span><span class="im"><gtk/gtk.h></span></span> <span id="cb2-2"><a href="#cb2-2"></a><span class="pp">#include </span><span class="im">"tfetextview.h"</span></span> <span id="cb2-3"><a href="#cb2-3"></a></span> <span id="cb2-4"><a href="#cb2-4"></a><span class="kw">struct</span> _TfeTextView</span> <span id="cb2-5"><a href="#cb2-5"></a><span class="op">{</span></span> <span id="cb2-6"><a href="#cb2-6"></a> GtkTextView parent<span class="op">;</span></span> <span id="cb2-7"><a href="#cb2-7"></a> GFile <span class="op">*</span>file<span class="op">;</span></span> <span id="cb2-8"><a href="#cb2-8"></a><span class="op">};</span></span> <span id="cb2-9"><a href="#cb2-9"></a></span> <span id="cb2-10"><a href="#cb2-10"></a>G_DEFINE_TYPE <span class="op">(</span>TfeTextView<span class="op">,</span> tfe_text_view<span class="op">,</span> GTK_TYPE_TEXT_VIEW<span class="op">);</span></span> <span id="cb2-11"><a href="#cb2-11"></a></span> <span id="cb2-12"><a href="#cb2-12"></a><span class="dt">static</span> <span class="dt">void</span></span> <span id="cb2-13"><a href="#cb2-13"></a>tfe_text_view_init <span class="op">(</span>TfeTextView <span class="op">*</span>tv<span class="op">)</span> <span class="op">{</span></span> <span id="cb2-14"><a href="#cb2-14"></a><span class="op">}</span></span> <span id="cb2-15"><a href="#cb2-15"></a></span> <span id="cb2-16"><a href="#cb2-16"></a><span class="dt">static</span> <span class="dt">void</span></span> <span id="cb2-17"><a href="#cb2-17"></a>tfe_text_view_class_init <span class="op">(</span>TfeTextViewClass <span class="op">*</span>class<span class="op">)</span> <span class="op">{</span></span> <span id="cb2-18"><a href="#cb2-18"></a><span class="op">}</span></span> <span id="cb2-19"><a href="#cb2-19"></a></span> <span id="cb2-20"><a href="#cb2-20"></a><span class="dt">void</span></span> <span id="cb2-21"><a href="#cb2-21"></a>tfe_text_view_set_file <span class="op">(</span>TfeTextView <span class="op">*</span>tv<span class="op">,</span> GFile <span class="op">*</span>f<span class="op">)</span> <span class="op">{</span></span> <span id="cb2-22"><a href="#cb2-22"></a> tv <span class="op">-></span> file <span class="op">=</span> f<span class="op">;</span></span> <span id="cb2-23"><a href="#cb2-23"></a><span class="op">}</span></span> <span id="cb2-24"><a href="#cb2-24"></a></span> <span id="cb2-25"><a href="#cb2-25"></a>GFile <span class="op">*</span></span> <span id="cb2-26"><a href="#cb2-26"></a>tfe_text_view_get_file <span class="op">(</span>TfeTextView <span class="op">*</span>tv<span class="op">)</span> <span class="op">{</span></span> <span id="cb2-27"><a href="#cb2-27"></a> <span class="cf">return</span> tv <span class="op">-></span> file<span class="op">;</span></span> <span id="cb2-28"><a href="#cb2-28"></a><span class="op">}</span></span> <span id="cb2-29"><a href="#cb2-29"></a></span> <span id="cb2-30"><a href="#cb2-30"></a>GtkWidget <span class="op">*</span></span> <span id="cb2-31"><a href="#cb2-31"></a>tfe_text_view_new <span class="op">(</span><span class="dt">void</span><span class="op">)</span> <span class="op">{</span></span> <span id="cb2-32"><a href="#cb2-32"></a> <span class="cf">return</span> GTK_WIDGET <span class="op">(</span>g_object_new <span class="op">(</span>TFE_TYPE_TEXT_VIEW<span class="op">,</span> NULL<span class="op">));</span></span> <span id="cb2-33"><a href="#cb2-33"></a><span class="op">}</span></span></code></pre></div> <p><code>tfe.c</code></p> <div class="sourceCode" id="cb3"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource C numberLines"><code class="sourceCode c"><span id="cb3-1"><a href="#cb3-1"></a><span class="pp">#include </span><span class="im"><gtk/gtk.h></span></span> <span id="cb3-2"><a href="#cb3-2"></a><span class="pp">#include </span><span class="im">"tfetextview.h"</span></span> <span id="cb3-3"><a href="#cb3-3"></a></span> <span id="cb3-4"><a href="#cb3-4"></a><span class="dt">static</span> <span class="dt">void</span></span> <span id="cb3-5"><a href="#cb3-5"></a>app_activate <span class="op">(</span>GApplication <span class="op">*</span>app<span class="op">)</span> <span class="op">{</span></span> <span id="cb3-6"><a href="#cb3-6"></a> g_print <span class="op">(</span><span class="st">"You need a filename argument.</span><span class="sc">\n</span><span class="st">"</span><span class="op">);</span></span> <span id="cb3-7"><a href="#cb3-7"></a><span class="op">}</span></span> <span id="cb3-8"><a href="#cb3-8"></a></span> <span id="cb3-9"><a href="#cb3-9"></a><span class="dt">static</span> <span class="dt">void</span></span> <span id="cb3-10"><a href="#cb3-10"></a>app_open <span class="op">(</span>GApplication <span class="op">*</span>app<span class="op">,</span> GFile <span class="op">**</span> files<span class="op">,</span> gint n_files<span class="op">,</span> gchar <span class="op">*</span>hint<span class="op">)</span> <span class="op">{</span></span> <span id="cb3-11"><a href="#cb3-11"></a> GtkWidget <span class="op">*</span>win<span class="op">;</span></span> <span id="cb3-12"><a href="#cb3-12"></a> GtkWidget <span class="op">*</span>nb<span class="op">;</span></span> <span id="cb3-13"><a href="#cb3-13"></a> GtkWidget <span class="op">*</span>lab<span class="op">;</span></span> <span id="cb3-14"><a href="#cb3-14"></a> GtkNotebookPage <span class="op">*</span>nbp<span class="op">;</span></span> <span id="cb3-15"><a href="#cb3-15"></a> GtkWidget <span class="op">*</span>scr<span class="op">;</span></span> <span id="cb3-16"><a href="#cb3-16"></a> GtkWidget <span class="op">*</span>tv<span class="op">;</span></span> <span id="cb3-17"><a href="#cb3-17"></a> GtkTextBuffer <span class="op">*</span>tb<span class="op">;</span></span> <span id="cb3-18"><a href="#cb3-18"></a> <span class="dt">char</span> <span class="op">*</span>contents<span class="op">;</span></span> <span id="cb3-19"><a href="#cb3-19"></a> gsize length<span class="op">;</span></span> <span id="cb3-20"><a href="#cb3-20"></a> <span class="dt">char</span> <span class="op">*</span>filename<span class="op">;</span></span> <span id="cb3-21"><a href="#cb3-21"></a> <span class="dt">int</span> i<span class="op">;</span></span> <span id="cb3-22"><a href="#cb3-22"></a> GtkBuilder <span class="op">*</span>build<span class="op">;</span></span> <span id="cb3-23"><a href="#cb3-23"></a></span> <span id="cb3-24"><a href="#cb3-24"></a> build <span class="op">=</span> gtk_builder_new_from_resource <span class="op">(</span><span class="st">"/com/github/ToshioCP/tfe3/tfe.ui"</span><span class="op">);</span></span> <span id="cb3-25"><a href="#cb3-25"></a> win <span class="op">=</span> GTK_WIDGET <span class="op">(</span>gtk_builder_get_object <span class="op">(</span>build<span class="op">,</span> <span class="st">"win"</span><span class="op">));</span></span> <span id="cb3-26"><a href="#cb3-26"></a> gtk_window_set_application <span class="op">(</span>GTK_WINDOW <span class="op">(</span>win<span class="op">),</span> GTK_APPLICATION <span class="op">(</span>app<span class="op">));</span></span> <span id="cb3-27"><a href="#cb3-27"></a> nb <span class="op">=</span> GTK_WIDGET <span class="op">(</span>gtk_builder_get_object <span class="op">(</span>build<span class="op">,</span> <span class="st">"nb"</span><span class="op">));</span></span> <span id="cb3-28"><a href="#cb3-28"></a> g_object_unref <span class="op">(</span>build<span class="op">);</span></span> <span id="cb3-29"><a href="#cb3-29"></a> <span class="cf">for</span> <span class="op">(</span>i <span class="op">=</span> <span class="dv">0</span><span class="op">;</span> i <span class="op"><</span> n_files<span class="op">;</span> i<span class="op">++)</span> <span class="op">{</span></span> <span id="cb3-30"><a href="#cb3-30"></a> <span class="cf">if</span> <span class="op">(</span>g_file_load_contents <span class="op">(</span>files<span class="op">[</span>i<span class="op">],</span> NULL<span class="op">,</span> <span class="op">&</span>contents<span class="op">,</span> <span class="op">&</span>length<span class="op">,</span> NULL<span class="op">,</span> NULL<span class="op">))</span> <span class="op">{</span></span> <span id="cb3-31"><a href="#cb3-31"></a> scr <span class="op">=</span> gtk_scrolled_window_new <span class="op">();</span></span> <span id="cb3-32"><a href="#cb3-32"></a> tv <span class="op">=</span> tfe_text_view_new <span class="op">();</span></span> <span id="cb3-33"><a href="#cb3-33"></a> tb <span class="op">=</span> gtk_text_view_get_buffer <span class="op">(</span>GTK_TEXT_VIEW <span class="op">(</span>tv<span class="op">));</span></span> <span id="cb3-34"><a href="#cb3-34"></a> gtk_text_view_set_wrap_mode <span class="op">(</span>GTK_TEXT_VIEW <span class="op">(</span>tv<span class="op">),</span> GTK_WRAP_WORD_CHAR<span class="op">);</span></span> <span id="cb3-35"><a href="#cb3-35"></a> gtk_scrolled_window_set_child <span class="op">(</span>GTK_SCROLLED_WINDOW <span class="op">(</span>scr<span class="op">),</span> tv<span class="op">);</span></span> <span id="cb3-36"><a href="#cb3-36"></a></span> <span id="cb3-37"><a href="#cb3-37"></a> tfe_text_view_set_file <span class="op">(</span>TFE_TEXT_VIEW <span class="op">(</span>tv<span class="op">),</span> g_file_dup <span class="op">(</span>files<span class="op">[</span>i<span class="op">]));</span></span> <span id="cb3-38"><a href="#cb3-38"></a> gtk_text_buffer_set_text <span class="op">(</span>tb<span class="op">,</span> contents<span class="op">,</span> length<span class="op">);</span></span> <span id="cb3-39"><a href="#cb3-39"></a> g_free <span class="op">(</span>contents<span class="op">);</span></span> <span id="cb3-40"><a href="#cb3-40"></a> filename <span class="op">=</span> g_file_get_basename <span class="op">(</span>files<span class="op">[</span>i<span class="op">]);</span></span> <span id="cb3-41"><a href="#cb3-41"></a> lab <span class="op">=</span> gtk_label_new <span class="op">(</span>filename<span class="op">);</span></span> <span id="cb3-42"><a href="#cb3-42"></a> gtk_notebook_append_page <span class="op">(</span>GTK_NOTEBOOK <span class="op">(</span>nb<span class="op">),</span> scr<span class="op">,</span> lab<span class="op">);</span></span> <span id="cb3-43"><a href="#cb3-43"></a> nbp <span class="op">=</span> gtk_notebook_get_page <span class="op">(</span>GTK_NOTEBOOK <span class="op">(</span>nb<span class="op">),</span> scr<span class="op">);</span></span> <span id="cb3-44"><a href="#cb3-44"></a> g_object_set <span class="op">(</span>nbp<span class="op">,</span> <span class="st">"tab-expand"</span><span class="op">,</span> TRUE<span class="op">,</span> NULL<span class="op">);</span></span> <span id="cb3-45"><a href="#cb3-45"></a> g_free <span class="op">(</span>filename<span class="op">);</span></span> <span id="cb3-46"><a href="#cb3-46"></a> <span class="op">}</span> <span class="cf">else</span> <span class="cf">if</span> <span class="op">((</span>filename <span class="op">=</span> g_file_get_path <span class="op">(</span>files<span class="op">[</span>i<span class="op">]))</span> <span class="op">!=</span> NULL<span class="op">)</span> <span class="op">{</span></span> <span id="cb3-47"><a href="#cb3-47"></a> g_print <span class="op">(</span><span class="st">"No such file: %s.</span><span class="sc">\n</span><span class="st">"</span><span class="op">,</span> filename<span class="op">);</span></span> <span id="cb3-48"><a href="#cb3-48"></a> g_free <span class="op">(</span>filename<span class="op">);</span></span> <span id="cb3-49"><a href="#cb3-49"></a> <span class="op">}</span> <span class="cf">else</span></span> <span id="cb3-50"><a href="#cb3-50"></a> g_print <span class="op">(</span><span class="st">"No valid file is given</span><span class="sc">\n</span><span class="st">"</span><span class="op">);</span></span> <span id="cb3-51"><a href="#cb3-51"></a> <span class="op">}</span></span> <span id="cb3-52"><a href="#cb3-52"></a> <span class="cf">if</span> <span class="op">(</span>gtk_notebook_get_n_pages <span class="op">(</span>GTK_NOTEBOOK <span class="op">(</span>nb<span class="op">))</span> <span class="op">></span> <span class="dv">0</span><span class="op">)</span> <span class="op">{</span></span> <span id="cb3-53"><a href="#cb3-53"></a> gtk_window_present <span class="op">(</span>GTK_WINDOW <span class="op">(</span>win<span class="op">));</span></span> <span id="cb3-54"><a href="#cb3-54"></a> <span class="op">}</span> <span class="cf">else</span></span> <span id="cb3-55"><a href="#cb3-55"></a> gtk_window_destroy <span class="op">(</span>GTK_WINDOW <span class="op">(</span>win<span class="op">));</span></span> <span id="cb3-56"><a href="#cb3-56"></a><span class="op">}</span></span> <span id="cb3-57"><a href="#cb3-57"></a></span> <span id="cb3-58"><a href="#cb3-58"></a><span class="dt">int</span></span> <span id="cb3-59"><a href="#cb3-59"></a>main <span class="op">(</span><span class="dt">int</span> argc<span class="op">,</span> <span class="dt">char</span> <span class="op">**</span>argv<span class="op">)</span> <span class="op">{</span></span> <span id="cb3-60"><a href="#cb3-60"></a> GtkApplication <span class="op">*</span>app<span class="op">;</span></span> <span id="cb3-61"><a href="#cb3-61"></a> <span class="dt">int</span> stat<span class="op">;</span></span> <span id="cb3-62"><a href="#cb3-62"></a></span> <span id="cb3-63"><a href="#cb3-63"></a> app <span class="op">=</span> gtk_application_new <span class="op">(</span><span class="st">"com.github.ToshioCP.tfe"</span><span class="op">,</span> G_APPLICATION_HANDLES_OPEN<span class="op">);</span></span> <span id="cb3-64"><a href="#cb3-64"></a> g_signal_connect <span class="op">(</span>app<span class="op">,</span> <span class="st">"activate"</span><span class="op">,</span> G_CALLBACK <span class="op">(</span>app_activate<span class="op">),</span> NULL<span class="op">);</span></span> <span id="cb3-65"><a href="#cb3-65"></a> g_signal_connect <span class="op">(</span>app<span class="op">,</span> <span class="st">"open"</span><span class="op">,</span> G_CALLBACK <span class="op">(</span>app_open<span class="op">),</span> NULL<span class="op">);</span></span> <span id="cb3-66"><a href="#cb3-66"></a> stat <span class="op">=</span>g_application_run <span class="op">(</span>G_APPLICATION <span class="op">(</span>app<span class="op">),</span> argc<span class="op">,</span> argv<span class="op">);</span></span> <span id="cb3-67"><a href="#cb3-67"></a> g_object_unref <span class="op">(</span>app<span class="op">);</span></span> <span id="cb3-68"><a href="#cb3-68"></a> <span class="cf">return</span> stat<span class="op">;</span></span> <span id="cb3-69"><a href="#cb3-69"></a><span class="op">}</span></span></code></pre></div> <p>The ui file <code>tfe.ui</code> is the same as <code>tfe3.ui</code> in the previous section.</p> <p><code>tfe.gresource.xml</code></p> <div class="sourceCode" id="cb4"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource xml numberLines"><code class="sourceCode xml"><span id="cb4-1"><a href="#cb4-1"></a><span class="fu"><?xml</span><span class="ot"> version=</span><span class="st">"1.0"</span><span class="ot"> encoding=</span><span class="st">"UTF-8"</span><span class="fu">?></span></span> <span id="cb4-2"><a href="#cb4-2"></a><<span class="kw">gresources</span>></span> <span id="cb4-3"><a href="#cb4-3"></a> <<span class="kw">gresource</span><span class="ot"> prefix=</span><span class="st">"/com/github/ToshioCP/tfe3"</span>></span> <span id="cb4-4"><a href="#cb4-4"></a> <<span class="kw">file</span>>tfe.ui</<span class="kw">file</span>></span> <span id="cb4-5"><a href="#cb4-5"></a> </<span class="kw">gresource</span>></span> <span id="cb4-6"><a href="#cb4-6"></a></<span class="kw">gresources</span>></span></code></pre></div> <p>Dividing a file makes it easy to maintain source files. But now we face a new problem. The building step increases.</p> <ul> <li>Compiling the ui file <code>tfe.ui</code> into <code>resources.c</code>.</li> <li>Compiling <code>tfe.c</code> into <code>tfe.o</code> (object file).</li> <li>Compiling <code>tfetextview.c</code> into <code>tfetextview.o</code>.</li> <li>Compiling <code>resources.c</code> into <code>resources.o</code>.</li> <li>Linking all the object files into application <code>tfe</code>.</li> </ul> <p>Build tools manage the steps. I’ll show you three build tools, Meson and Ninja, Make and Rake. Meson and Ninja is recommended as a C build tool, but others are also fine. It’s your choice.</p> <h2 id="meson-and-ninja">Meson and Ninja</h2> <p>Meson and Ninja is one of the most popular building tool to build C language program. Many developers use Meson and Ninja lately. For example, GTK 4 uses them.</p> <p>You need to make <code>meson.build</code> file first.</p> <div class="sourceCode" id="cb5"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource numberLines"><code class="sourceCode"><span id="cb5-1"><a href="#cb5-1"></a>project('tfe', 'c')</span> <span id="cb5-2"><a href="#cb5-2"></a></span> <span id="cb5-3"><a href="#cb5-3"></a>gtkdep = dependency('gtk4')</span> <span id="cb5-4"><a href="#cb5-4"></a></span> <span id="cb5-5"><a href="#cb5-5"></a>gnome=import('gnome')</span> <span id="cb5-6"><a href="#cb5-6"></a>resources = gnome.compile_resources('resources','tfe.gresource.xml')</span> <span id="cb5-7"><a href="#cb5-7"></a></span> <span id="cb5-8"><a href="#cb5-8"></a>sourcefiles=files('tfe.c', 'tfetextview.c')</span> <span id="cb5-9"><a href="#cb5-9"></a></span> <span id="cb5-10"><a href="#cb5-10"></a>executable('tfe', sourcefiles, resources, dependencies: gtkdep)</span></code></pre></div> <ul> <li>1: The function <code>project</code> defines things about the project. The first parameter is the name of the project and the second is the programming language.</li> <li>2: <code>dependency</code> function defines a dependency that is taken by <code>pkg-config</code>. We put <code>gtk4</code> as an argument.</li> <li>5: <code>import</code> function imports a module. In line 5, the gnome module is imported and assigned to the variable <code>gnome</code>. The gnome module provides helper tools to build GTK programs.</li> <li>6: <code>.compile_resources</code> is a method of the gnome module and compiles files to resources under the instruction of xml file. In line 6, the resource filename is <code>resources</code>, which means <code>resources.c</code> and <code>resources.h</code>, and xml file is <code>tfe.gresource.xml</code>. This method generates C source file by default.</li> <li>8: Defines source files.</li> <li>10: Executable function generates a target file by compiling source files. The first parameter is the filename of the target. The following parameters are source files. The last parameter is an option <code>dependencies</code>. <code>gtkdep</code> is used in the compilation.</li> </ul> <p>Now run meson and ninja.</p> <pre><code>$ meson _build $ ninja -C _build</code></pre> <p>Then, the executable file <code>tfe</code> is generated under the directory <code>_build</code>.</p> <pre><code>$ _build/tfe tfe.c tfetextview.c</code></pre> <p>A window appears. It includes a notebook with two pages. One is <code>tfe.c</code> and the other is <code>tfetextview.c</code>.</p> <p>For further information, see <a href="https://mesonbuild.com/">The Meson Build system</a>.</p> <h2 id="make">Make</h2> <p>Make is a build tool created in 1976. It was a standard build tool for C compiling, but lately it is replaced by Meson and Ninja.</p> <p>Make analyzes Makefile and executes compilers. All instructions are written in Makefile.</p> <p>For example,</p> <div class="sourceCode" id="cb8"><pre class="sourceCode makefile"><code class="sourceCode makefile"><span id="cb8-1"><a href="#cb8-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="dv">sample.o:</span><span class="dt"> sample.c</span></span> <span id="cb8-2"><a href="#cb8-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> gcc -o sample.o sample.c</span></code></pre></div> <p>Malefile above consists of three elements, <code>sample.o</code>, <code>sample.c</code> and <code>gcc -o sample.o sample.c</code>.</p> <ul> <li><code>sample.o</code> is a target.</li> <li><code>sample.c</code> is a prerequisite.</li> <li><code>gcc -o sample.o sample.c</code> is a recipe. Recipes follow tab characters, not spaces. (It is very important. Use tab, or make won’t work as you expected).</li> </ul> <p>The rule is:</p> <p>If a prerequisite modified later than a target, then make executes the recipe.</p> <p>In the example above, if <code>sample.c</code> is modified after the generation of <code>sample.o</code>, then make executes gcc and compile <code>sample.c</code> into <code>sample.o</code>. If the modification time of <code>sample.c</code> is older then the generation of <code>sample.o</code>, then no compiling is necessary, so make does nothing.</p> <p>The Makefile for <code>tfe</code> is as follows.</p> <div class="sourceCode" id="cb9"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource makefile numberLines"><code class="sourceCode makefile"><span id="cb9-1"><a href="#cb9-1"></a><span class="dv">all:</span><span class="dt"> tfe</span></span> <span id="cb9-2"><a href="#cb9-2"></a></span> <span id="cb9-3"><a href="#cb9-3"></a><span class="dv">tfe:</span><span class="dt"> tfe.o tfetextview.o resources.o</span></span> <span id="cb9-4"><a href="#cb9-4"></a> gcc -o tfe tfe.o tfetextview.o resources.o `pkg-config --libs gtk4`</span> <span id="cb9-5"><a href="#cb9-5"></a></span> <span id="cb9-6"><a href="#cb9-6"></a><span class="dv">tfe.o:</span><span class="dt"> tfe.c tfetextview.h</span></span> <span id="cb9-7"><a href="#cb9-7"></a> gcc -c -o tfe.o `pkg-config --cflags gtk4` tfe.c</span> <span id="cb9-8"><a href="#cb9-8"></a><span class="dv">tfetextview.o:</span><span class="dt"> tfetextview.c tfetextview.h</span></span> <span id="cb9-9"><a href="#cb9-9"></a> gcc -c -o tfetextview.o `pkg-config --cflags gtk4` tfetextview.c</span> <span id="cb9-10"><a href="#cb9-10"></a><span class="dv">resources.o:</span><span class="dt"> resources.c</span></span> <span id="cb9-11"><a href="#cb9-11"></a> gcc -c -o resources.o `pkg-config --cflags gtk4` resources.c</span> <span id="cb9-12"><a href="#cb9-12"></a></span> <span id="cb9-13"><a href="#cb9-13"></a><span class="dv">resources.c:</span><span class="dt"> tfe.gresource.xml tfe.ui</span></span> <span id="cb9-14"><a href="#cb9-14"></a> glib-compile-resources tfe.gresource.xml --target=resources.c --generate-source</span> <span id="cb9-15"><a href="#cb9-15"></a></span> <span id="cb9-16"><a href="#cb9-16"></a><span class="ot">.Phony:</span><span class="dt"> clean</span></span> <span id="cb9-17"><a href="#cb9-17"></a></span> <span id="cb9-18"><a href="#cb9-18"></a><span class="dv">clean:</span></span> <span id="cb9-19"><a href="#cb9-19"></a> rm -f tfe tfe.o tfetextview.o resources.o resources.c</span></code></pre></div> <p>You just type <code>make</code> and everything will be done.</p> <pre><code>$ make gcc -c -o tfe.o `pkg-config --cflags gtk4` tfe.c gcc -c -o tfetextview.o `pkg-config --cflags gtk4` tfetextview.c glib-compile-resources tfe.gresource.xml --target=resources.c --generate-source gcc -c -o resources.o `pkg-config --cflags gtk4` resources.c gcc -o tfe tfe.o tfetextview.o resources.o `pkg-config --libs gtk4`</code></pre> <p>I used only very basic rules to write this Makefile. There are many more convenient methods to make it more compact. But it will be long to explain it. So I want to finish with make and move on to the next topic.</p> <p>You can download “Gnu Make Manual” from <a href="https://www.gnu.org/software/make/manual/">GNU website</a>.</p> <h2 id="rake">Rake</h2> <p>Rake is a similar program to make. It is written in Ruby language. If you don’t use Ruby, you don’t need to read this subsection. However, Ruby is really sophisticated and recommendable script language.</p> <ul> <li>Rakefile controls the behavior of <code>rake</code>.</li> <li>You can write any Ruby code in Rakefile.</li> </ul> <p>Rake has task and file task, which is similar to target, prerequisite and recipe in make.</p> <div class="sourceCode" id="cb11"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource ruby numberLines"><code class="sourceCode ruby"><span id="cb11-1"><a href="#cb11-1"></a><span class="fu">require</span> <span class="vs">'rake/clean'</span></span> <span id="cb11-2"><a href="#cb11-2"></a></span> <span id="cb11-3"><a href="#cb11-3"></a>targetfile <span class="kw">=</span> <span class="st">"tfe"</span></span> <span id="cb11-4"><a href="#cb11-4"></a>srcfiles <span class="kw">=</span> <span class="dt">FileList</span><span class="kw">[</span><span class="st">"tfe.c"</span>, <span class="st">"tfetextview.c"</span>, <span class="st">"resources.c"</span><span class="kw">]</span></span> <span id="cb11-5"><a href="#cb11-5"></a>uifile <span class="kw">=</span> <span class="st">"tfe.ui"</span></span> <span id="cb11-6"><a href="#cb11-6"></a>rscfile <span class="kw">=</span> srcfiles<span class="kw">[</span><span class="dv">2</span><span class="kw">]</span></span> <span id="cb11-7"><a href="#cb11-7"></a>objfiles <span class="kw">=</span> srcfiles<span class="at">.ext</span>(<span class="st">".o"</span>)</span> <span id="cb11-8"><a href="#cb11-8"></a>gresource_xml <span class="kw">=</span> <span class="st">"tfe.gresource.xml"</span></span> <span id="cb11-9"><a href="#cb11-9"></a></span> <span id="cb11-10"><a href="#cb11-10"></a><span class="cn">CLEAN</span><span class="at">.include</span>(targetfile, objfiles, rscfile)</span> <span id="cb11-11"><a href="#cb11-11"></a></span> <span id="cb11-12"><a href="#cb11-12"></a>task <span class="wa">default: </span>targetfile</span> <span id="cb11-13"><a href="#cb11-13"></a></span> <span id="cb11-14"><a href="#cb11-14"></a>file targetfile <span class="kw">=></span> objfiles <span class="cf">do</span> <span class="kw">|</span>t<span class="kw">|</span></span> <span id="cb11-15"><a href="#cb11-15"></a> sh <span class="st">"gcc -o </span><span class="sc">#{</span>t<span class="at">.name</span><span class="sc">}</span><span class="st"> </span><span class="sc">#{</span>t<span class="at">.prerequisites.join</span>(<span class="ch">' '</span>)<span class="sc">}</span><span class="st"> `pkg-config --libs gtk4`"</span></span> <span id="cb11-16"><a href="#cb11-16"></a><span class="cf">end</span></span> <span id="cb11-17"><a href="#cb11-17"></a></span> <span id="cb11-18"><a href="#cb11-18"></a>objfiles<span class="at">.each</span> <span class="cf">do</span> <span class="kw">|</span>obj<span class="kw">|</span></span> <span id="cb11-19"><a href="#cb11-19"></a> src <span class="kw">=</span> obj<span class="at">.ext</span>(<span class="st">".c"</span>)</span> <span id="cb11-20"><a href="#cb11-20"></a> file obj <span class="kw">=></span> src <span class="cf">do</span> <span class="kw">|</span>t<span class="kw">|</span></span> <span id="cb11-21"><a href="#cb11-21"></a> sh <span class="st">"gcc -c -o </span><span class="sc">#{</span>t<span class="at">.name</span><span class="sc">}</span><span class="st"> `pkg-config --cflags gtk4` </span><span class="sc">#{</span>t<span class="at">.source</span><span class="sc">}</span><span class="st">"</span></span> <span id="cb11-22"><a href="#cb11-22"></a> <span class="cf">end</span></span> <span id="cb11-23"><a href="#cb11-23"></a><span class="cf">end</span></span> <span id="cb11-24"><a href="#cb11-24"></a></span> <span id="cb11-25"><a href="#cb11-25"></a>file rscfile <span class="kw">=></span> uifile <span class="cf">do</span> <span class="kw">|</span>t<span class="kw">|</span></span> <span id="cb11-26"><a href="#cb11-26"></a> sh <span class="st">"glib-compile-resources </span><span class="sc">#{</span>gresource_xml<span class="sc">}</span><span class="st"> --target=</span><span class="sc">#{</span>t<span class="at">.name</span><span class="sc">}</span><span class="st"> --generate-source"</span></span> <span id="cb11-27"><a href="#cb11-27"></a><span class="cf">end</span></span></code></pre></div> <p>The contents of the <code>Rakefile</code> is almost same as the <code>Makefile</code> in the previous subsection.</p> <ul> <li>3-8: Defines target file, source files and so on.</li> <li>1, 10 Requires rake/clean library. And clean files are added to CLEAN. The files included by CLEAN will be removed when <code>rake clean</code> is typed on the command line.</li> <li>12: The default target depends on <code>targetfile</code>. The task <code>default</code> is the final goal of tasks.</li> <li>14-16: <code>targetfile</code> depends on <code>objfiles</code>. The variable <code>t</code> is a task object. <ul> <li><code>t.name</code> is a target name</li> <li><code>t.prerequisites</code> is an array of prerequisites.</li> <li><code>t.source</code> is the first element of prerequisites.</li> </ul></li> <li><code>sh</code> is a method to give the following string to shell as an argument and executes the shell.</li> <li>18-23: An each iterator of the array <code>objfiles</code>. Each object depends on corresponding source file.</li> <li>25-27: Resource file depends on ui file.</li> </ul> <p>Rakefile might seem to be difficult for beginners. But, you can use any Ruby syntax in the Rakefile, so it is really flexible. If you practice Ruby and Rakefile, it will be highly productive tools.</p> <p>For further information, see <a href="https://toshiocp.github.io/Rake-tutorial-for-beginners-en/LearningRake.html">Rake tutorial for beginners</a>.</p> </div> <script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/bootstrap@5.0.2/dist/js/bootstrap.bundle.min.js" integrity="sha384-MrcW6ZMFYlzcLA8Nl+NtUVF0sA7MsXsP1UyJoMp4YLEuNSfAP+JcXn/tWtIaxVXM" crossorigin="anonymous"></script> </body> </html>