src/test/regress/sql/strings.sql - master - balmaster/postgres

src/test/regress/sql/strings.sql
1 050 строк38 KB
Masahiko Sawada
Add base32hex support to encode() and decode() functions.
25 мар 2026, 21:35
25 мар 2026, 21:35497c117
--
-- STRINGS
-- Test various data entry syntaxes.
--

-- SQL string continuation syntax
-- E021-03 character string literals
SELECT 'first line'
' - next line'
	' - third line'
	AS "Three lines to one";

-- illegal string continuation syntax
SELECT 'first line'
' - next line' /* this comment is not allowed here */
' - third line'
	AS "Illegal comment within continuation";

-- Unicode escapes
SELECT U&'d\0061t\+000061' AS U&"d\0061t\+000061";
SELECT U&'d!0061t\+000061' UESCAPE '!' AS U&"d*0061t\+000061" UESCAPE '*';
SELECT U&'a\\b' AS "a\b";

SELECT U&' \' UESCAPE '!' AS "tricky";
SELECT 'tricky' AS U&"\" UESCAPE '!';

SELECT U&'wrong: \061';
SELECT U&'wrong: \+0061';
SELECT U&'wrong: +0061' UESCAPE +;
SELECT U&'wrong: +0061' UESCAPE '+';

SELECT U&'wrong: \db99';
SELECT U&'wrong: \db99xy';
SELECT U&'wrong: \db99\\';
SELECT U&'wrong: \db99\0061';
SELECT U&'wrong: \+00db99\+000061';
SELECT U&'wrong: \+2FFFFF';

-- while we're here, check the same cases in E-style literals
SELECT E'd\u0061t\U00000061' AS "data";
SELECT E'a\\b' AS "a\b";
SELECT E'wrong: \u061';
SELECT E'wrong: \U0061';
SELECT E'wrong: \udb99';
SELECT E'wrong: \udb99xy';
SELECT E'wrong: \udb99\\';
SELECT E'wrong: \udb99\u0061';
SELECT E'wrong: \U0000db99\U00000061';
SELECT E'wrong: \U002FFFFF';

-- this is no longer allowed:
SET standard_conforming_strings TO off;
-- but this should be acceptable:
SET standard_conforming_strings TO on;
-- or this:
RESET standard_conforming_strings;

-- bytea
SET bytea_output TO hex;
SELECT E'\\xDeAdBeEf'::bytea;
SELECT E'\\x De Ad Be Ef '::bytea;
SELECT E'\\xDeAdBeE'::bytea;
SELECT E'\\xDeAdBeEx'::bytea;
SELECT E'\\xDe00BeEf'::bytea;
SELECT E'DeAdBeEf'::bytea;
SELECT E'De\\000dBeEf'::bytea;
SELECT E'De\123dBeEf'::bytea;
SELECT E'De\\123dBeEf'::bytea;
SELECT E'De\\678dBeEf'::bytea;
SELECT E'DeAd\\\\BeEf'::bytea;

SELECT reverse(''::bytea);
SELECT reverse('\xaa'::bytea);
SELECT reverse('\xabcd'::bytea);

SELECT ('\x' || repeat(' ', 32))::bytea;
SELECT ('\x' || repeat('!', 32))::bytea;
SELECT ('\x' || repeat('/', 34))::bytea;
SELECT ('\x' || repeat('0', 34))::bytea;
SELECT ('\x' || repeat('9', 32))::bytea;
SELECT ('\x' || repeat(':', 32))::bytea;
SELECT ('\x' || repeat('@', 34))::bytea;
SELECT ('\x' || repeat('A', 34))::bytea;
SELECT ('\x' || repeat('F', 32))::bytea;
SELECT ('\x' || repeat('G', 32))::bytea;
SELECT ('\x' || repeat('`', 34))::bytea;
SELECT ('\x' || repeat('a', 34))::bytea;
SELECT ('\x' || repeat('f', 32))::bytea;
SELECT ('\x' || repeat('g', 32))::bytea;
SELECT ('\x' || repeat('~', 34))::bytea;

SET bytea_output TO escape;
SELECT E'\\xDeAdBeEf'::bytea;
SELECT E'\\x De Ad Be Ef '::bytea;
SELECT E'\\xDe00BeEf'::bytea;
SELECT E'DeAdBeEf'::bytea;
SELECT E'De\\000dBeEf'::bytea;
SELECT E'De\\123dBeEf'::bytea;
SELECT E'DeAd\\\\BeEf'::bytea;

-- Test non-error-throwing API too
SELECT pg_input_is_valid(E'\\xDeAdBeE', 'bytea');
SELECT * FROM pg_input_error_info(E'\\xDeAdBeE', 'bytea');
SELECT * FROM pg_input_error_info(E'\\xDeAdBeEx', 'bytea');
SELECT * FROM pg_input_error_info(E'foo\\99bar', 'bytea');

--
-- test conversions between various string types
-- E021-10 implicit casting among the character data types
--

SELECT CAST(f1 AS text) AS "text(char)" FROM CHAR_TBL;

SELECT CAST(f1 AS text) AS "text(varchar)" FROM VARCHAR_TBL;

SELECT CAST(name 'namefield' AS text) AS "text(name)";

-- since this is an explicit cast, it should truncate w/o error:
SELECT CAST(f1 AS char(10)) AS "char(text)" FROM TEXT_TBL;
-- note: implicit-cast case is tested in char.sql

SELECT CAST(f1 AS char(20)) AS "char(text)" FROM TEXT_TBL;

SELECT CAST(f1 AS char(10)) AS "char(varchar)" FROM VARCHAR_TBL;

SELECT CAST(name 'namefield' AS char(10)) AS "char(name)";

SELECT CAST(f1 AS varchar) AS "varchar(text)" FROM TEXT_TBL;

SELECT CAST(f1 AS varchar) AS "varchar(char)" FROM CHAR_TBL;

SELECT CAST(name 'namefield' AS varchar) AS "varchar(name)";

--
-- test SQL string functions
-- E### and T### are feature reference numbers from SQL99
--

-- E021-09 trim function
SELECT TRIM(BOTH FROM '  bunch o blanks  ') = 'bunch o blanks' AS "bunch o blanks";

SELECT TRIM(LEADING FROM '  bunch o blanks  ') = 'bunch o blanks  ' AS "bunch o blanks  ";

SELECT TRIM(TRAILING FROM '  bunch o blanks  ') = '  bunch o blanks' AS "  bunch o blanks";

SELECT TRIM(BOTH 'x' FROM 'xxxxxsome Xsxxxxx') = 'some Xs' AS "some Xs";

-- E021-06 substring expression
SELECT SUBSTRING('1234567890' FROM 3) = '34567890' AS "34567890";

SELECT SUBSTRING('1234567890' FROM 4 FOR 3) = '456' AS "456";

-- test overflow cases
SELECT SUBSTRING('string' FROM 2 FOR 2147483646) AS "tring";
SELECT SUBSTRING('string' FROM -10 FOR 2147483646) AS "string";
SELECT SUBSTRING('string' FROM -10 FOR -2147483646) AS "error";

-- T581 regular expression substring (with SQL's bizarre regexp syntax)
SELECT SUBSTRING('abcdefg' SIMILAR 'a#"(b_d)#"%' ESCAPE '#') AS "bcd";
-- obsolete SQL99 syntax
SELECT SUBSTRING('abcdefg' FROM 'a#"(b_d)#"%' FOR '#') AS "bcd";

-- No match should return NULL
SELECT SUBSTRING('abcdefg' SIMILAR '#"(b_d)#"%' ESCAPE '#') IS NULL AS "True";

-- Null inputs should return NULL
SELECT SUBSTRING('abcdefg' SIMILAR '%' ESCAPE NULL) IS NULL AS "True";
SELECT SUBSTRING(NULL SIMILAR '%' ESCAPE '#') IS NULL AS "True";
SELECT SUBSTRING('abcdefg' SIMILAR NULL ESCAPE '#') IS NULL AS "True";

-- The first and last parts should act non-greedy
SELECT SUBSTRING('abcdefg' SIMILAR 'a#"%#"g' ESCAPE '#') AS "bcdef";
SELECT SUBSTRING('abcdefg' SIMILAR 'a*#"%#"g*' ESCAPE '#') AS "abcdefg";

-- Vertical bar in any part affects only that part
SELECT SUBSTRING('abcdefg' SIMILAR 'a|b#"%#"g' ESCAPE '#') AS "bcdef";
SELECT SUBSTRING('abcdefg' SIMILAR 'a#"%#"x|g' ESCAPE '#') AS "bcdef";
SELECT SUBSTRING('abcdefg' SIMILAR 'a#"%|ab#"g' ESCAPE '#') AS "bcdef";

-- Can't have more than two part separators
SELECT SUBSTRING('abcdefg' SIMILAR 'a*#"%#"g*#"x' ESCAPE '#') AS "error";

-- Postgres extension: with 0 or 1 separator, assume parts 1 and 3 are empty
SELECT SUBSTRING('abcdefg' SIMILAR 'a#"%g' ESCAPE '#') AS "bcdefg";
SELECT SUBSTRING('abcdefg' SIMILAR 'a%g' ESCAPE '#') AS "abcdefg";

-- substring() with just two arguments is not allowed by SQL spec;
-- we accept it, but we interpret the pattern as a POSIX regexp not SQL
SELECT SUBSTRING('abcdefg' FROM 'c.e') AS "cde";

-- With a parenthesized subexpression, return only what matches the subexpr
SELECT SUBSTRING('abcdefg' FROM 'b(.*)f') AS "cde";
-- Check case where we have a match, but not a subexpression match
SELECT SUBSTRING('foo' FROM 'foo(bar)?') IS NULL AS t;

-- Check behavior of SIMILAR TO, which uses largely the same regexp variant
SELECT 'abcdefg' SIMILAR TO '_bcd%' AS true;
SELECT 'abcdefg' SIMILAR TO 'bcd%' AS false;
SELECT 'abcdefg' SIMILAR TO '_bcd#%' ESCAPE '#' AS false;
SELECT 'abcd%' SIMILAR TO '_bcd#%' ESCAPE '#' AS true;
-- Postgres uses '\' as the default escape character, which is not per spec
SELECT 'abcdefg' SIMILAR TO '_bcd\%' AS false;
-- and an empty string to mean "no escape", which is also not per spec
SELECT 'abcd\efg' SIMILAR TO '_bcd\%' ESCAPE '' AS true;
-- these behaviors are per spec, though:
SELECT 'abcdefg' SIMILAR TO '_bcd%' ESCAPE NULL AS null;
SELECT 'abcdefg' SIMILAR TO '_bcd#%' ESCAPE '##' AS error;

-- Characters that should be left alone in character classes when a
-- SIMILAR TO regexp pattern is converted to POSIX style.
-- Underscore "_"
EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM TEXT_TBL WHERE f1 SIMILAR TO '_[_[:alpha:]_]_';
-- Percentage "%"
EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM TEXT_TBL WHERE f1 SIMILAR TO '%[%[:alnum:]%]%';
-- Dot "."
EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM TEXT_TBL WHERE f1 SIMILAR TO '.[.[:alnum:].].';
-- Dollar "$"
EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM TEXT_TBL WHERE f1 SIMILAR TO '$[$[:alnum:]$]$';
-- Opening parenthesis "("
EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM TEXT_TBL WHERE f1 SIMILAR TO '()[([:alnum:](]()';
-- Caret "^"
EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM TEXT_TBL WHERE f1 SIMILAR TO '^[^[:alnum:]^[^^][[^^]][\^][[\^]]\^]^';
-- Closing square bracket "]" at the beginning of character class
EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM TEXT_TBL WHERE f1 SIMILAR TO '[]%][^]%][^%]%';
-- Closing square bracket effective after two carets at the beginning
-- of character class.
EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM TEXT_TBL WHERE f1 SIMILAR TO '[^^]^';
-- Closing square bracket after an escape sequence at the beginning of
-- a character closes the character class
EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM TEXT_TBL WHERE f1 SIMILAR TO '[|a]%' ESCAPE '|';

-- Test backslash escapes in regexp_replace's replacement string
SELECT regexp_replace('1112223333', E'(\\d{3})(\\d{3})(\\d{4})', E'(\\1) \\2-\\3');
SELECT regexp_replace('foobarrbazz', E'(.)\\1', E'X\\&Y', 'g');
SELECT regexp_replace('foobarrbazz', E'(.)\\1', E'X\\\\Y', 'g');
-- not an error, though perhaps it should be:
SELECT regexp_replace('foobarrbazz', E'(.)\\1', E'X\\Y\\1Z\\');

SELECT regexp_replace('AAA   BBB   CCC   ', E'\\s+', ' ', 'g');
SELECT regexp_replace('AAA', '^|$', 'Z', 'g');
SELECT regexp_replace('AAA aaa', 'A+', 'Z', 'gi');
-- invalid regexp option
SELECT regexp_replace('AAA aaa', 'A+', 'Z', 'z');

-- extended regexp_replace tests
SELECT regexp_replace('A PostgreSQL function', 'A|e|i|o|u', 'X', 1);
SELECT regexp_replace('A PostgreSQL function', 'A|e|i|o|u', 'X', 1, 2);
SELECT regexp_replace('A PostgreSQL function', 'a|e|i|o|u', 'X', 1, 0, 'i');
SELECT regexp_replace('A PostgreSQL function', 'a|e|i|o|u', 'X', 1, 1, 'i');
SELECT regexp_replace('A PostgreSQL function', 'a|e|i|o|u', 'X', 1, 2, 'i');
SELECT regexp_replace('A PostgreSQL function', 'a|e|i|o|u', 'X', 1, 3, 'i');
SELECT regexp_replace('A PostgreSQL function', 'a|e|i|o|u', 'X', 1, 9, 'i');
SELECT regexp_replace('A PostgreSQL function', 'A|e|i|o|u', 'X', 7, 0, 'i');
-- 'g' flag should be ignored when N is specified
SELECT regexp_replace('A PostgreSQL function', 'a|e|i|o|u', 'X', 1, 1, 'g');
-- errors
SELECT regexp_replace('A PostgreSQL function', 'a|e|i|o|u', 'X', -1, 0, 'i');
SELECT regexp_replace('A PostgreSQL function', 'a|e|i|o|u', 'X', 1, -1, 'i');
-- erroneous invocation of non-extended form
SELECT regexp_replace('A PostgreSQL function', 'a|e|i|o|u', 'X', '1');

--  regexp_count tests
SELECT regexp_count('123123123123123', '(12)3');
SELECT regexp_count('123123123123', '123', 1);
SELECT regexp_count('123123123123', '123', 3);
SELECT regexp_count('123123123123', '123', 33);
SELECT regexp_count('ABCABCABCABC', 'Abc', 1, '');
SELECT regexp_count('ABCABCABCABC', 'Abc', 1, 'i');
-- errors
SELECT regexp_count('123123123123', '123', 0);
SELECT regexp_count('123123123123', '123', -3);

-- regexp_like tests
SELECT regexp_like('Steven', '^Ste(v|ph)en$');
SELECT regexp_like('a'||CHR(10)||'d', 'a.d', 'n');
SELECT regexp_like('a'||CHR(10)||'d', 'a.d', 's');
SELECT regexp_like('abc', ' a . c ', 'x');
SELECT regexp_like('abc', 'a.c', 'g');  -- error

-- regexp_instr tests
SELECT regexp_instr('abcdefghi', 'd.f');
SELECT regexp_instr('abcdefghi', 'd.q');
SELECT regexp_instr('abcabcabc', 'a.c');
SELECT regexp_instr('abcabcabc', 'a.c', 2);
SELECT regexp_instr('abcabcabc', 'a.c', 1, 3);
SELECT regexp_instr('abcabcabc', 'a.c', 1, 4);
SELECT regexp_instr('abcabcabc', 'A.C', 1, 2, 0, 'i');
SELECT regexp_instr('1234567890', '(123)(4(56)(78))', 1, 1, 0, 'i', 0);
SELECT regexp_instr('1234567890', '(123)(4(56)(78))', 1, 1, 0, 'i', 1);
SELECT regexp_instr('1234567890', '(123)(4(56)(78))', 1, 1, 0, 'i', 2);
SELECT regexp_instr('1234567890', '(123)(4(56)(78))', 1, 1, 0, 'i', 3);
SELECT regexp_instr('1234567890', '(123)(4(56)(78))', 1, 1, 0, 'i', 4);
SELECT regexp_instr('1234567890', '(123)(4(56)(78))', 1, 1, 0, 'i', 5);
SELECT regexp_instr('1234567890', '(123)(4(56)(78))', 1, 1, 1, 'i', 0);
SELECT regexp_instr('1234567890', '(123)(4(56)(78))', 1, 1, 1, 'i', 1);
SELECT regexp_instr('1234567890', '(123)(4(56)(78))', 1, 1, 1, 'i', 2);
SELECT regexp_instr('1234567890', '(123)(4(56)(78))', 1, 1, 1, 'i', 3);
SELECT regexp_instr('1234567890', '(123)(4(56)(78))', 1, 1, 1, 'i', 4);
SELECT regexp_instr('1234567890', '(123)(4(56)(78))', 1, 1, 1, 'i', 5);
-- Check case where we have a match, but not a subexpression match
SELECT regexp_instr('foo', 'foo(bar)?', 1, 1, 0, '', 1);
-- errors
SELECT regexp_instr('abcabcabc', 'a.c', 0, 1);
SELECT regexp_instr('abcabcabc', 'a.c', 1, 0);
SELECT regexp_instr('abcabcabc', 'a.c', 1, 1, -1);
SELECT regexp_instr('abcabcabc', 'a.c', 1, 1, 2);
SELECT regexp_instr('abcabcabc', 'a.c', 1, 1, 0, 'g');
SELECT regexp_instr('abcabcabc', 'a.c', 1, 1, 0, '', -1);

-- regexp_substr tests
SELECT regexp_substr('abcdefghi', 'd.f');
SELECT regexp_substr('abcdefghi', 'd.q') IS NULL AS t;
SELECT regexp_substr('abcabcabc', 'a.c');
SELECT regexp_substr('abcabcabc', 'a.c', 2);
SELECT regexp_substr('abcabcabc', 'a.c', 1, 3);
SELECT regexp_substr('abcabcabc', 'a.c', 1, 4) IS NULL AS t;
SELECT regexp_substr('abcabcabc', 'A.C', 1, 2, 'i');
SELECT regexp_substr('1234567890', '(123)(4(56)(78))', 1, 1, 'i', 0);
SELECT regexp_substr('1234567890', '(123)(4(56)(78))', 1, 1, 'i', 1);
SELECT regexp_substr('1234567890', '(123)(4(56)(78))', 1, 1, 'i', 2);
SELECT regexp_substr('1234567890', '(123)(4(56)(78))', 1, 1, 'i', 3);
SELECT regexp_substr('1234567890', '(123)(4(56)(78))', 1, 1, 'i', 4);
SELECT regexp_substr('1234567890', '(123)(4(56)(78))', 1, 1, 'i', 5) IS NULL AS t;
-- Check case where we have a match, but not a subexpression match
SELECT regexp_substr('foo', 'foo(bar)?', 1, 1, '', 1) IS NULL AS t;
-- errors
SELECT regexp_substr('abcabcabc', 'a.c', 0, 1);
SELECT regexp_substr('abcabcabc', 'a.c', 1, 0);
SELECT regexp_substr('abcabcabc', 'a.c', 1, 1, 'g');
SELECT regexp_substr('abcabcabc', 'a.c', 1, 1, '', -1);

-- set so we can tell NULL from empty string
\pset null '\\N'

-- return all matches from regexp
SELECT regexp_matches('foobarbequebaz', $re$(bar)(beque)$re$);

-- test case insensitive
SELECT regexp_matches('foObARbEqUEbAz', $re$(bar)(beque)$re$, 'i');

-- global option - more than one match
SELECT regexp_matches('foobarbequebazilbarfbonk', $re$(b[^b]+)(b[^b]+)$re$, 'g');

-- empty capture group (matched empty string)
SELECT regexp_matches('foobarbequebaz', $re$(bar)(.*)(beque)$re$);
-- no match
SELECT regexp_matches('foobarbequebaz', $re$(bar)(.+)(beque)$re$);
-- optional capture group did not match, null entry in array
SELECT regexp_matches('foobarbequebaz', $re$(bar)(.+)?(beque)$re$);

-- no capture groups
SELECT regexp_matches('foobarbequebaz', $re$barbeque$re$);

-- start/end-of-line matches are of zero length
SELECT regexp_matches('foo' || chr(10) || 'bar' || chr(10) || 'bequq' || chr(10) || 'baz', '^', 'mg');
SELECT regexp_matches('foo' || chr(10) || 'bar' || chr(10) || 'bequq' || chr(10) || 'baz', '$', 'mg');
SELECT regexp_matches('1' || chr(10) || '2' || chr(10) || '3' || chr(10) || '4' || chr(10), '^.?', 'mg');
SELECT regexp_matches(chr(10) || '1' || chr(10) || '2' || chr(10) || '3' || chr(10) || '4' || chr(10), '.?$', 'mg');
SELECT regexp_matches(chr(10) || '1' || chr(10) || '2' || chr(10) || '3' || chr(10) || '4', '.?$', 'mg');

-- give me errors
SELECT regexp_matches('foobarbequebaz', $re$(bar)(beque)$re$, 'gz');
SELECT regexp_matches('foobarbequebaz', $re$(barbeque$re$);
SELECT regexp_matches('foobarbequebaz', $re$(bar)(beque){2,1}$re$);

-- split string on regexp
SELECT foo, length(foo) FROM regexp_split_to_table('the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog', $re$\s+$re$) AS foo;
SELECT regexp_split_to_array('the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog', $re$\s+$re$);

SELECT foo, length(foo) FROM regexp_split_to_table('the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog', $re$\s*$re$) AS foo;
SELECT regexp_split_to_array('the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog', $re$\s*$re$);
SELECT foo, length(foo) FROM regexp_split_to_table('the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog', '') AS foo;
SELECT regexp_split_to_array('the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog', '');
-- case insensitive
SELECT foo, length(foo) FROM regexp_split_to_table('thE QUick bROWn FOx jUMPs ovEr The lazy dOG', 'e', 'i') AS foo;
SELECT regexp_split_to_array('thE QUick bROWn FOx jUMPs ovEr The lazy dOG', 'e', 'i');
-- no match of pattern
SELECT foo, length(foo) FROM regexp_split_to_table('the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog', 'nomatch') AS foo;
SELECT regexp_split_to_array('the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog', 'nomatch');
-- some corner cases
SELECT regexp_split_to_array('123456','1');
SELECT regexp_split_to_array('123456','6');
SELECT regexp_split_to_array('123456','.');
SELECT regexp_split_to_array('123456','');
SELECT regexp_split_to_array('123456','(?:)');
SELECT regexp_split_to_array('1','');
-- errors
SELECT foo, length(foo) FROM regexp_split_to_table('thE QUick bROWn FOx jUMPs ovEr The lazy dOG', 'e', 'zippy') AS foo;
SELECT regexp_split_to_array('thE QUick bROWn FOx jUMPs ovEr The lazy dOG', 'e', 'iz');
-- global option meaningless for regexp_split
SELECT foo, length(foo) FROM regexp_split_to_table('thE QUick bROWn FOx jUMPs ovEr The lazy dOG', 'e', 'g') AS foo;
SELECT regexp_split_to_array('thE QUick bROWn FOx jUMPs ovEr The lazy dOG', 'e', 'g');

-- change NULL-display back
\pset null ''

-- E021-11 position expression
SELECT POSITION('4' IN '1234567890') = '4' AS "4";

SELECT POSITION('5' IN '1234567890') = '5' AS "5";

SELECT POSITION('\x11'::bytea IN ''::bytea) = 0 AS "0";
SELECT POSITION('\x33'::bytea IN '\x1122'::bytea) = 0 AS "0";
SELECT POSITION(''::bytea IN '\x1122'::bytea) = 1 AS "1";
SELECT POSITION('\x22'::bytea IN '\x1122'::bytea) = 2 AS "2";
SELECT POSITION('\x5678'::bytea IN '\x1234567890'::bytea) = 3 AS "3";

-- T312 character overlay function
SELECT OVERLAY('abcdef' PLACING '45' FROM 4) AS "abc45f";

SELECT OVERLAY('yabadoo' PLACING 'daba' FROM 5) AS "yabadaba";

SELECT OVERLAY('yabadoo' PLACING 'daba' FROM 5 FOR 0) AS "yabadabadoo";

SELECT OVERLAY('babosa' PLACING 'ubb' FROM 2 FOR 4) AS "bubba";

--
-- test LIKE
-- Be sure to form every test as a LIKE/NOT LIKE pair.
--

-- simplest examples
-- E061-04 like predicate
SELECT 'hawkeye' LIKE 'h%' AS "true";
SELECT 'hawkeye' NOT LIKE 'h%' AS "false";

SELECT 'hawkeye' LIKE 'H%' AS "false";
SELECT 'hawkeye' NOT LIKE 'H%' AS "true";

SELECT 'hawkeye' LIKE 'indio%' AS "false";
SELECT 'hawkeye' NOT LIKE 'indio%' AS "true";

SELECT 'hawkeye' LIKE 'h%eye' AS "true";
SELECT 'hawkeye' NOT LIKE 'h%eye' AS "false";

SELECT 'indio' LIKE '_ndio' AS "true";
SELECT 'indio' NOT LIKE '_ndio' AS "false";

SELECT 'indio' LIKE 'in__o' AS "true";
SELECT 'indio' NOT LIKE 'in__o' AS "false";

SELECT 'indio' LIKE 'in_o' AS "false";
SELECT 'indio' NOT LIKE 'in_o' AS "true";

SELECT 'abc'::name LIKE '_b_' AS "true";
SELECT 'abc'::name NOT LIKE '_b_' AS "false";

SELECT 'abc'::bytea LIKE '_b_'::bytea AS "true";
SELECT 'abc'::bytea NOT LIKE '_b_'::bytea AS "false";

-- unused escape character
SELECT 'hawkeye' LIKE 'h%' ESCAPE '#' AS "true";
SELECT 'hawkeye' NOT LIKE 'h%' ESCAPE '#' AS "false";

SELECT 'indio' LIKE 'ind_o' ESCAPE '$' AS "true";
SELECT 'indio' NOT LIKE 'ind_o' ESCAPE '$' AS "false";

-- escape character
-- E061-05 like predicate with escape clause
SELECT 'h%' LIKE 'h#%' ESCAPE '#' AS "true";
SELECT 'h%' NOT LIKE 'h#%' ESCAPE '#' AS "false";

SELECT 'h%wkeye' LIKE 'h#%' ESCAPE '#' AS "false";
SELECT 'h%wkeye' NOT LIKE 'h#%' ESCAPE '#' AS "true";

SELECT 'h%wkeye' LIKE 'h#%%' ESCAPE '#' AS "true";
SELECT 'h%wkeye' NOT LIKE 'h#%%' ESCAPE '#' AS "false";

SELECT 'h%awkeye' LIKE 'h#%a%k%e' ESCAPE '#' AS "true";
SELECT 'h%awkeye' NOT LIKE 'h#%a%k%e' ESCAPE '#' AS "false";

SELECT 'indio' LIKE '_ndio' ESCAPE '$' AS "true";
SELECT 'indio' NOT LIKE '_ndio' ESCAPE '$' AS "false";

SELECT 'i_dio' LIKE 'i$_d_o' ESCAPE '$' AS "true";
SELECT 'i_dio' NOT LIKE 'i$_d_o' ESCAPE '$' AS "false";

SELECT 'i_dio' LIKE 'i$_nd_o' ESCAPE '$' AS "false";
SELECT 'i_dio' NOT LIKE 'i$_nd_o' ESCAPE '$' AS "true";

SELECT 'i_dio' LIKE 'i$_d%o' ESCAPE '$' AS "true";
SELECT 'i_dio' NOT LIKE 'i$_d%o' ESCAPE '$' AS "false";

SELECT 'a_c'::bytea LIKE 'a$__'::bytea ESCAPE '$'::bytea AS "true";
SELECT 'a_c'::bytea NOT LIKE 'a$__'::bytea ESCAPE '$'::bytea AS "false";

-- escape character same as pattern character
SELECT 'maca' LIKE 'm%aca' ESCAPE '%' AS "true";
SELECT 'maca' NOT LIKE 'm%aca' ESCAPE '%' AS "false";

SELECT 'ma%a' LIKE 'm%a%%a' ESCAPE '%' AS "true";
SELECT 'ma%a' NOT LIKE 'm%a%%a' ESCAPE '%' AS "false";

SELECT 'bear' LIKE 'b_ear' ESCAPE '_' AS "true";
SELECT 'bear' NOT LIKE 'b_ear' ESCAPE '_' AS "false";

SELECT 'be_r' LIKE 'b_e__r' ESCAPE '_' AS "true";
SELECT 'be_r' NOT LIKE 'b_e__r' ESCAPE '_' AS "false";

SELECT 'be_r' LIKE '__e__r' ESCAPE '_' AS "false";
SELECT 'be_r' NOT LIKE '__e__r' ESCAPE '_' AS "true";


--
-- test ILIKE (case-insensitive LIKE)
-- Be sure to form every test as an ILIKE/NOT ILIKE pair.
--

SELECT 'hawkeye' ILIKE 'h%' AS "true";
SELECT 'hawkeye' NOT ILIKE 'h%' AS "false";

SELECT 'hawkeye' ILIKE 'H%' AS "true";
SELECT 'hawkeye' NOT ILIKE 'H%' AS "false";

SELECT 'hawkeye' ILIKE 'H%Eye' AS "true";
SELECT 'hawkeye' NOT ILIKE 'H%Eye' AS "false";

SELECT 'Hawkeye' ILIKE 'h%' AS "true";
SELECT 'Hawkeye' NOT ILIKE 'h%' AS "false";

SELECT 'ABC'::name ILIKE '_b_' AS "true";
SELECT 'ABC'::name NOT ILIKE '_b_' AS "false";

--
-- test %/_ combination cases, cf bugs #4821 and #5478
--

SELECT 'foo' LIKE '_%' as t, 'f' LIKE '_%' as t, '' LIKE '_%' as f;
SELECT 'foo' LIKE '%_' as t, 'f' LIKE '%_' as t, '' LIKE '%_' as f;

SELECT 'foo' LIKE '__%' as t, 'foo' LIKE '___%' as t, 'foo' LIKE '____%' as f;
SELECT 'foo' LIKE '%__' as t, 'foo' LIKE '%___' as t, 'foo' LIKE '%____' as f;

SELECT 'jack' LIKE '%____%' AS t;


--
-- basic tests of LIKE with indexes
--

CREATE TABLE texttest (a text PRIMARY KEY, b int);
SELECT * FROM texttest WHERE a LIKE '%1%';

CREATE TABLE byteatest (a bytea PRIMARY KEY, b int);
SELECT * FROM byteatest WHERE a LIKE '%1%';

DROP TABLE texttest, byteatest;


--
-- test implicit type conversion
--

-- E021-07 character concatenation
SELECT 'unknown' || ' and unknown' AS "Concat unknown types";

SELECT text 'text' || ' and unknown' AS "Concat text to unknown type";

SELECT char(20) 'characters' || ' and text' AS "Concat char to unknown type";

SELECT text 'text' || char(20) ' and characters' AS "Concat text to char";

SELECT text 'text' || varchar ' and varchar' AS "Concat text to varchar";

--
-- test substr with toasted text values
--
CREATE TABLE toasttest(f1 text);

insert into toasttest values(repeat('1234567890',10000));
insert into toasttest values(repeat('1234567890',10000));

--
-- Ensure that some values are uncompressed, to test the faster substring
-- operation used in that case
--
alter table toasttest alter column f1 set storage external;
insert into toasttest values(repeat('1234567890',10000));
insert into toasttest values(repeat('1234567890',10000));

-- If the starting position is zero or less, then return from the start of the string
-- adjusting the length to be consistent with the "negative start" per SQL.
SELECT substr(f1, -1, 5) from toasttest;

-- If the length is less than zero, an ERROR is thrown.
SELECT substr(f1, 5, -1) from toasttest;

-- If no third argument (length) is provided, the length to the end of the
-- string is assumed.
SELECT substr(f1, 99995) from toasttest;

-- If start plus length is > string length, the result is truncated to
-- string length
SELECT substr(f1, 99995, 10) from toasttest;

TRUNCATE TABLE toasttest;
INSERT INTO toasttest values (repeat('1234567890',300));
INSERT INTO toasttest values (repeat('1234567890',300));
INSERT INTO toasttest values (repeat('1234567890',300));
INSERT INTO toasttest values (repeat('1234567890',300));
-- expect >0 blocks
SELECT pg_relation_size(reltoastrelid) = 0 AS is_empty
  FROM pg_class where relname = 'toasttest';

TRUNCATE TABLE toasttest;
ALTER TABLE toasttest set (toast_tuple_target = 4080);
INSERT INTO toasttest values (repeat('1234567890',300));
INSERT INTO toasttest values (repeat('1234567890',300));
INSERT INTO toasttest values (repeat('1234567890',300));
INSERT INTO toasttest values (repeat('1234567890',300));
-- expect 0 blocks
SELECT pg_relation_size(reltoastrelid) = 0 AS is_empty
  FROM pg_class where relname = 'toasttest';

DROP TABLE toasttest;

--
-- test substr with toasted bytea values
--
CREATE TABLE toasttest(f1 bytea);

insert into toasttest values(decode(repeat('1234567890',10000),'escape'));
insert into toasttest values(decode(repeat('1234567890',10000),'escape'));

--
-- Ensure that some values are uncompressed, to test the faster substring
-- operation used in that case
--
alter table toasttest alter column f1 set storage external;
insert into toasttest values(decode(repeat('1234567890',10000),'escape'));
insert into toasttest values(decode(repeat('1234567890',10000),'escape'));

-- If the starting position is zero or less, then return from the start of the string
-- adjusting the length to be consistent with the "negative start" per SQL.
SELECT substr(f1, -1, 5) from toasttest;

-- If the length is less than zero, an ERROR is thrown.
SELECT substr(f1, 5, -1) from toasttest;

-- If no third argument (length) is provided, the length to the end of the
-- string is assumed.
SELECT substr(f1, 99995) from toasttest;

-- If start plus length is > string length, the result is truncated to
-- string length
SELECT substr(f1, 99995, 10) from toasttest;

DROP TABLE toasttest;

-- test internally compressing datums

-- this tests compressing a datum to a very small size which exercises a
-- corner case in packed-varlena handling: even though small, the compressed
-- datum must be given a 4-byte header because there are no bits to indicate
-- compression in a 1-byte header

CREATE TABLE toasttest (c char(4096));
INSERT INTO toasttest VALUES('x');
SELECT length(c), c::text FROM toasttest;
SELECT c FROM toasttest;
DROP TABLE toasttest;

-- test with short varlenas (up to 126 data bytes reduced to a 1-byte header)
-- being toasted.
CREATE TABLE toasttest (f1 text, f2 text);
ALTER TABLE toasttest SET (toast_tuple_target = 128);
ALTER TABLE toasttest ALTER COLUMN f1 SET STORAGE EXTERNAL;
ALTER TABLE toasttest ALTER COLUMN f2 SET STORAGE EXTERNAL;
-- Here, the first value is a varlena large enough to make it toasted and
-- stored uncompressed.  The second value is a short varlena, toasted
-- and stored uncompressed.
INSERT INTO toasttest values(repeat('1234', 1000), repeat('5678', 30));
SELECT reltoastrelid::regclass AS reltoastname FROM pg_class
  WHERE oid = 'toasttest'::regclass \gset
-- There should be two values inserted in the toast relation.
SELECT count(*) FROM :reltoastname WHERE chunk_seq = 0;
SELECT substr(f1, 5, 10) AS f1_data, substr(f2, 5, 10) AS f2_data
  FROM toasttest;
SELECT pg_column_compression(f1) AS f1_comp, pg_column_compression(f2) AS f2_comp
  FROM toasttest;
TRUNCATE toasttest;
-- test with inline compressible varlenas.
SET default_toast_compression = 'pglz';
ALTER TABLE toasttest ALTER COLUMN f1 SET STORAGE MAIN;
ALTER TABLE toasttest ALTER COLUMN f2 SET STORAGE MAIN;
INSERT INTO toasttest values(repeat('1234', 1024), repeat('5678', 1024));
-- There should be no values in the toast relation.
SELECT substr(f1, 5, 10) AS f1_data, substr(f2, 5, 10) AS f2_data
  FROM toasttest;
SELECT pg_column_compression(f1) AS f1_comp, pg_column_compression(f2) AS f2_comp
  FROM toasttest;
SELECT count(*) FROM :reltoastname;
TRUNCATE toasttest;
-- test with external compressed data (default).
ALTER TABLE toasttest ALTER COLUMN f1 SET STORAGE EXTENDED;
ALTER TABLE toasttest ALTER COLUMN f2 SET STORAGE EXTENDED;
INSERT INTO toasttest values(repeat('1234', 10240), NULL);
-- There should be one value in the toast relation.
SELECT substr(f1, 5, 10) AS f1_data, substr(f2, 5, 10) AS f2_data
  FROM toasttest;
SELECT pg_column_compression(f1) AS f1_comp, pg_column_compression(f2) AS f2_comp
  FROM toasttest;
SELECT count(*) FROM :reltoastname WHERE chunk_seq = 0;
RESET default_toast_compression;
DROP TABLE toasttest;

--
-- test length
--

SELECT length('abcdef') AS "length_6";

--
-- test strpos
--

SELECT strpos('abcdef', 'cd') AS "pos_3";

SELECT strpos('abcdef', 'xy') AS "pos_0";

SELECT strpos('abcdef', '') AS "pos_1";

SELECT strpos('', 'xy') AS "pos_0";

SELECT strpos('', '') AS "pos_1";

--
-- test replace
--
SELECT replace('abcdef', 'de', '45') AS "abc45f";

SELECT replace('yabadabadoo', 'ba', '123') AS "ya123da123doo";

SELECT replace('yabadoo', 'bad', '') AS "yaoo";

--
-- test split_part
--
select split_part('','@',1) AS "empty string";

select split_part('','@',-1) AS "empty string";

select split_part('joeuser@mydatabase','',1) AS "joeuser@mydatabase";

select split_part('joeuser@mydatabase','',2) AS "empty string";

select split_part('joeuser@mydatabase','',-1) AS "joeuser@mydatabase";

select split_part('joeuser@mydatabase','',-2) AS "empty string";

select split_part('joeuser@mydatabase','@',0) AS "an error";

select split_part('joeuser@mydatabase','@@',1) AS "joeuser@mydatabase";

select split_part('joeuser@mydatabase','@@',2) AS "empty string";

select split_part('joeuser@mydatabase','@',1) AS "joeuser";

select split_part('joeuser@mydatabase','@',2) AS "mydatabase";

select split_part('joeuser@mydatabase','@',3) AS "empty string";

select split_part('@joeuser@mydatabase@','@',2) AS "joeuser";

select split_part('joeuser@mydatabase','@',-1) AS "mydatabase";

select split_part('joeuser@mydatabase','@',-2) AS "joeuser";

select split_part('joeuser@mydatabase','@',-3) AS "empty string";

select split_part('@joeuser@mydatabase@','@',-2) AS "mydatabase";

--
-- test to_bin, to_oct, and to_hex
--
select to_bin(-1234) AS "11111111111111111111101100101110";
select to_bin(-1234::bigint);
select to_bin(256*256*256 - 1) AS "111111111111111111111111";
select to_bin(256::bigint*256::bigint*256::bigint*256::bigint - 1) AS "11111111111111111111111111111111";

select to_oct(-1234) AS "37777775456";
select to_oct(-1234::bigint) AS "1777777777777777775456";
select to_oct(256*256*256 - 1) AS "77777777";
select to_oct(256::bigint*256::bigint*256::bigint*256::bigint - 1) AS "37777777777";

select to_hex(-1234) AS "fffffb2e";
select to_hex(-1234::bigint) AS "fffffffffffffb2e";
select to_hex(256*256*256 - 1) AS "ffffff";
select to_hex(256::bigint*256::bigint*256::bigint*256::bigint - 1) AS "ffffffff";

--
-- SHA-2
--
SET bytea_output TO hex;

SELECT sha224('');
SELECT sha224('The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.');

SELECT sha256('');
SELECT sha256('The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.');

SELECT sha384('');
SELECT sha384('The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.');

SELECT sha512('');
SELECT sha512('The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.');

--
-- CRC
--
SELECT crc32('');
SELECT crc32('The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.');

SELECT crc32c('');
SELECT crc32c('The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.');

SELECT crc32c(repeat('A', 127)::bytea);
SELECT crc32c(repeat('A', 128)::bytea);
SELECT crc32c(repeat('A', 129)::bytea);
SELECT crc32c(repeat('A', 800)::bytea);

--
-- encode/decode
--
SELECT encode('\x1234567890abcdef00', 'hex');
SELECT decode('1234567890abcdef00', 'hex');
SELECT encode(('\x' || repeat('1234567890abcdef0001', 7))::bytea, 'base64');
SELECT decode(encode(('\x' || repeat('1234567890abcdef0001', 7))::bytea,
                     'base64'), 'base64');
SELECT encode('\x1234567890abcdef00', 'escape');
SELECT decode(encode('\x1234567890abcdef00', 'escape'), 'escape');

-- report an error with a hint listing valid encodings when an invalid encoding is specified
SELECT encode('\x01'::bytea, 'invalid');  -- error
SELECT decode('00', 'invalid');           -- error

--
-- base32hex encoding/decoding
--
SET bytea_output TO hex;

SELECT encode('', 'base32hex');  -- ''
SELECT encode('\x11', 'base32hex');  -- '24======'
SELECT encode('\x1122', 'base32hex');  -- '24H0===='
SELECT encode('\x112233', 'base32hex');  -- '24H36==='
SELECT encode('\x11223344', 'base32hex');  -- '24H36H0='
SELECT encode('\x1122334455', 'base32hex');  -- '24H36H2L'
SELECT encode('\x112233445566', 'base32hex');  -- '24H36H2LCO======'

SELECT decode('', 'base32hex');  -- ''
SELECT decode('24======', 'base32hex');  -- \x11
SELECT decode('24H0====', 'base32hex');  -- \x1122
SELECT decode('24H36===', 'base32hex');  -- \x112233
SELECT decode('24H36H0=', 'base32hex');  -- \x11223344
SELECT decode('24H36H2L', 'base32hex');  -- \x1122334455
SELECT decode('24H36H2LCO======', 'base32hex');  -- \x112233445566

SELECT decode('24h36h2lco', 'base32hex');  -- OK, the encoding is case-insensitive

-- Tests for decoding unpadded base32hex strings. Padding '=' are optional.
SELECT decode('24', 'base32hex');
SELECT decode('24H', 'base32hex');
SELECT decode('24H36', 'base32hex');
SELECT decode('24H36H0', 'base32hex');

SELECT decode('2', 'base32hex'); -- \x, 5 bits isn't enough for a byte, so nothing is emitted
SELECT decode('11=', 'base32hex');  -- OK, non-zero padding bits are accepted (consistent with base64)

SELECT decode('2=', 'base32hex'); -- error
SELECT decode('=', 'base32hex');  -- error
SELECT decode('W', 'base32hex');  -- error
SELECT decode('24H36H0=24', 'base32hex'); -- error

-- Check round-trip capability of base32hex encoding for multiple random UUIDs.
DO $$
DECLARE
  v1 uuid;
  v2 uuid;
BEGIN
  FOR i IN 1..10 LOOP
    v1 := gen_random_uuid();
    v2 := decode(encode(v1::bytea, 'base32hex'), 'base32hex')::uuid;

    IF v1 != v2 THEN
      RAISE EXCEPTION 'base32hex encoding round-trip failed, expected % got %', v1, v2;
    END IF;
  END LOOP;
  RAISE NOTICE 'OK';
END;
$$;


--
-- base64url encoding/decoding
--

-- Simple encoding/decoding
SELECT encode('\x69b73eff', 'base64url');  -- abc-_w
SELECT decode('abc-_w', 'base64url');      -- \x69b73eff

-- Round-trip: decode(encode(x)) = x
SELECT decode(encode('\x1234567890abcdef00', 'base64url'), 'base64url');  -- \x1234567890abcdef00

-- Empty input
SELECT encode('', 'base64url');  -- ''
SELECT decode('', 'base64url');  -- ''

-- 1 byte input
SELECT encode('\x01', 'base64url');  -- AQ
SELECT decode('AQ', 'base64url');    -- \x01

-- 2 byte input
SELECT encode('\x0102'::bytea, 'base64url');  -- AQI
SELECT decode('AQI', 'base64url');            -- \x0102

-- 3 byte input (no padding needed)
SELECT encode('\x010203'::bytea, 'base64url');  -- AQID
SELECT decode('AQID', 'base64url');             -- \x010203

-- 4 byte input (results in 6 base64 chars)
SELECT encode('\xdeadbeef'::bytea, 'base64url');  -- 3q2-7w
SELECT decode('3q2-7w', 'base64url');             -- \xdeadbeef

-- Round-trip test for all lengths from 0–4
SELECT encode(decode(encode(E'\\x', 'base64url'), 'base64url'), 'base64url');
SELECT encode(decode(encode(E'\\x00', 'base64url'), 'base64url'), 'base64url');
SELECT encode(decode(encode(E'\\x0001', 'base64url'), 'base64url'), 'base64url');
SELECT encode(decode(encode(E'\\x000102', 'base64url'), 'base64url'), 'base64url');
SELECT encode(decode(encode(E'\\x00010203', 'base64url'), 'base64url'), 'base64url');

-- Invalid inputs (should ERROR)
-- invalid character '@'
SELECT decode('QQ@=', 'base64url');

-- missing characters (incomplete group)
SELECT decode('QQ', 'base64url');  -- ok (1 byte)
SELECT decode('QQI', 'base64url'); -- ok (2 bytes)
SELECT decode('QQIDQ', 'base64url'); -- ERROR: invalid base64url end sequence

-- unexpected '=' at start
SELECT decode('=QQQ', 'base64url');

-- valid base64 padding in base64url (optional, but accepted)
SELECT decode('abc-_w==', 'base64url');  -- should decode to \x69b73eff

--
-- get_bit/set_bit etc
--
SELECT get_bit('\x1234567890abcdef00'::bytea, 43);
SELECT get_bit('\x1234567890abcdef00'::bytea, 99);  -- error
SELECT set_bit('\x1234567890abcdef00'::bytea, 43, 0);
SELECT set_bit('\x1234567890abcdef00'::bytea, 99, 0);  -- error
SELECT get_byte('\x1234567890abcdef00'::bytea, 3);
SELECT get_byte('\x1234567890abcdef00'::bytea, 99);  -- error
SELECT set_byte('\x1234567890abcdef00'::bytea, 7, 11);
SELECT set_byte('\x1234567890abcdef00'::bytea, 99, 11);  -- error

--
-- conversions between bytea and integer types
--
SELECT 0x1234::int2::bytea AS "\x1234", (-0x1234)::int2::bytea AS "\xedcc";
SELECT 0x12345678::int4::bytea AS "\x12345678", (-0x12345678)::int4::bytea AS "\xedcba988";
SELECT 0x1122334455667788::int8::bytea AS "\x1122334455667788",
       (-0x1122334455667788)::int8::bytea AS "\xeeddccbbaa998878";

SELECT ''::bytea::int2 AS "0";
SELECT '\x12'::bytea::int2 AS "18";
SELECT '\x1234'::bytea::int2 AS "4460";
SELECT '\x123456'::bytea::int2; -- error

SELECT ''::bytea::int4 AS "0";
SELECT '\x12'::bytea::int4 AS "18";
SELECT '\x12345678'::bytea::int4 AS "305419896";
SELECT '\x123456789A'::bytea::int4; -- error

SELECT ''::bytea::int8 AS "0";
SELECT '\x12'::bytea::int8 AS "18";
SELECT '\x1122334455667788'::bytea::int8 AS "1234605616436508552";
SELECT '\x112233445566778899'::bytea::int8; -- error

-- min/max integer values
SELECT '\x8000'::bytea::int2 AS "-32768", '\x7FFF'::bytea::int2 AS "32767";
SELECT '\x80000000'::bytea::int4 AS "-2147483648", '\x7FFFFFFF'::bytea::int4 AS "2147483647";
SELECT '\x8000000000000000'::bytea::int8 AS "-9223372036854775808",
       '\x7FFFFFFFFFFFFFFF'::bytea::int8 AS "9223372036854775807";

--
-- Additional string functions
--
SET bytea_output TO escape;

SELECT initcap('hi THOMAS');

SELECT lpad('hi', 5, 'xy');
SELECT lpad('hi', 5);
SELECT lpad('hi', -5, 'xy');
SELECT lpad('hello', 2);
SELECT lpad('hi', 5, '');

SELECT rpad('hi', 5, 'xy');
SELECT rpad('hi', 5);
SELECT rpad('hi', -5, 'xy');
SELECT rpad('hello', 2);
SELECT rpad('hi', 5, '');

SELECT ltrim('zzzytrim', 'xyz');

SELECT translate('', '14', 'ax');
SELECT translate('12345', '14', 'ax');
SELECT translate('12345', '134', 'a');

SELECT ascii('x');
SELECT ascii('');

SELECT chr(65);
SELECT chr(0);

SELECT repeat('Pg', 4);
SELECT repeat('Pg', -4);

SELECT SUBSTRING('1234567890'::bytea FROM 3) "34567890";
SELECT SUBSTRING('1234567890'::bytea FROM 4 FOR 3) AS "456";
SELECT SUBSTRING('string'::bytea FROM 2 FOR 2147483646) AS "tring";
SELECT SUBSTRING('string'::bytea FROM -10 FOR 2147483646) AS "string";
SELECT SUBSTRING('string'::bytea FROM -10 FOR -2147483646) AS "error";

SELECT trim(E'\\000'::bytea from E'\\000Tom\\000'::bytea);
SELECT trim(leading E'\\000'::bytea from E'\\000Tom\\000'::bytea);
SELECT trim(trailing E'\\000'::bytea from E'\\000Tom\\000'::bytea);
SELECT btrim(E'\\000trim\\000'::bytea, E'\\000'::bytea);
SELECT btrim(''::bytea, E'\\000'::bytea);
SELECT btrim(E'\\000trim\\000'::bytea, ''::bytea);
SELECT encode(overlay(E'Th\\000omas'::bytea placing E'Th\\001omas'::bytea from 2),'escape');
SELECT encode(overlay(E'Th\\000omas'::bytea placing E'\\002\\003'::bytea from 8),'escape');
SELECT encode(overlay(E'Th\\000omas'::bytea placing E'\\002\\003'::bytea from 5 for 3),'escape');

SELECT bit_count('\x1234567890'::bytea);

SELECT unistr('\0064at\+0000610');
SELECT unistr('d\u0061t\U000000610');
SELECT unistr('a\\b');
-- errors:
SELECT unistr('wrong: \db99');
SELECT unistr('wrong: \db99\0061');
SELECT unistr('wrong: \+00db99\+000061');
SELECT unistr('wrong: \+2FFFFF');
SELECT unistr('wrong: \udb99\u0061');
SELECT unistr('wrong: \U0000db99\U00000061');
SELECT unistr('wrong: \U002FFFFF');
SELECT unistr('wrong: \xyz');