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// Copyright 2009 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
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// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
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// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
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// Package plan9 contains an interface to the low-level operating system
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// primitives. OS details vary depending on the underlying system, and
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// by default, godoc will display the OS-specific documentation for the current
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// system. If you want godoc to display documentation for another
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// system, set $GOOS and $GOARCH to the desired system. For example, if
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// you want to view documentation for freebsd/arm on linux/amd64, set $GOOS
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// to freebsd and $GOARCH to arm.
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// The primary use of this package is inside other packages that provide a more
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// portable interface to the system, such as "os", "time" and "net". Use
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// those packages rather than this one if you can.
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// For details of the functions and data types in this package consult
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// the manuals for the appropriate operating system.
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// These calls return err == nil to indicate success; otherwise
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// err represents an operating system error describing the failure and
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// holds a value of type syscall.ErrorString.
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package plan9 // import "golang.org/x/sys/plan9"
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// ByteSliceFromString returns a NUL-terminated slice of bytes
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// containing the text of s. If s contains a NUL byte at any
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// location, it returns (nil, EINVAL).
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func ByteSliceFromString(s string) ([]byte, error) {
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if strings.IndexByte(s, 0) != -1 {
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a := make([]byte, len(s)+1)
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// BytePtrFromString returns a pointer to a NUL-terminated array of
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// bytes containing the text of s. If s contains a NUL byte at any
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// location, it returns (nil, EINVAL).
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func BytePtrFromString(s string) (*byte, error) {
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a, err := ByteSliceFromString(s)
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// ByteSliceToString returns a string form of the text represented by the slice s, with a terminating NUL and any
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// bytes after the NUL removed.
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func ByteSliceToString(s []byte) string {
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if i := bytes.IndexByte(s, 0); i != -1 {
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// BytePtrToString takes a pointer to a sequence of text and returns the corresponding string.
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// If the pointer is nil, it returns the empty string. It assumes that the text sequence is terminated
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// at a zero byte; if the zero byte is not present, the program may crash.
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func BytePtrToString(p *byte) string {
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// Find NUL terminator.
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for ptr := unsafe.Pointer(p); *(*byte)(ptr) != 0; n++ {
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ptr = unsafe.Pointer(uintptr(ptr) + 1)
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return string(unsafe.Slice(p, n))
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// Single-word zero for use when we need a valid pointer to 0 bytes.
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func (ts *Timespec) Unix() (sec int64, nsec int64) {
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return int64(ts.Sec), int64(ts.Nsec)
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func (tv *Timeval) Unix() (sec int64, nsec int64) {
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return int64(tv.Sec), int64(tv.Usec) * 1000
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func (ts *Timespec) Nano() int64 {
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return int64(ts.Sec)*1e9 + int64(ts.Nsec)
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func (tv *Timeval) Nano() int64 {
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return int64(tv.Sec)*1e9 + int64(tv.Usec)*1000
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// use is a no-op, but the compiler cannot see that it is.
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// Calling use(p) ensures that p is kept live until that point.
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func use(p unsafe.Pointer)