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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"><html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>51.2. How Connections Are Established</title><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="stylesheet.css" /><link rev="made" href="pgsql-docs@lists.postgresql.org" /><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets Vsnapshot" /><link rel="prev" href="query-path.html" title="51.1. The Path of a Query" /><link rel="next" href="parser-stage.html" title="51.3. The Parser Stage" /></head><body id="docContent" class="container-fluid col-10"><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="5" align="center">51.2. How Connections Are Established</th></tr><tr><td width="10%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="query-path.html" title="51.1. The Path of a Query">Prev</a> </td><td width="10%" align="left"><a accesskey="u" href="overview.html" title="Chapter 51. Overview of PostgreSQL Internals">Up</a></td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 51. Overview of PostgreSQL Internals</th><td width="10%" align="right"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html" title="PostgreSQL 18.4 Documentation">Home</a></td><td width="10%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="parser-stage.html" title="51.3. The Parser Stage">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" id="CONNECT-ESTAB"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">51.2. How Connections Are Established <a href="#CONNECT-ESTAB" class="id_link">#</a></h2></div></div></div><p>
    <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> implements a
    <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">process per user</span>”</span> client/server model.
    In this model, every
    <a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-CLIENT"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-CLIENT" title="Client (process)">client process</a></em></a>
    connects to exactly one
    <a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-BACKEND"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-BACKEND" title="Backend (process)">backend process</a></em></a>.
    As we do not know ahead of time how many connections will be made,
    we have to use a <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">supervisor process</span>”</span> that spawns a new
    backend process every time a connection is requested. This supervisor
    process is called
    <a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-POSTMASTER"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-POSTMASTER" title="Postmaster (process)">postmaster</a></em></a>
    and listens at a specified TCP/IP port for incoming connections.
    Whenever it detects a request for a connection, it spawns a new
    backend process.  Those backend processes communicate with each
    other and with other processes of the
    <a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-INSTANCE"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-INSTANCE" title="Instance">instance</a></em></a>
    using <em class="firstterm">semaphores</em> and
    <a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-SHARED-MEMORY"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-SHARED-MEMORY" title="Shared memory">shared memory</a></em></a>
    to ensure data integrity throughout concurrent data access.
   </p><p>
    The client process can be any program that understands the
    <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> protocol described in
    <a class="xref" href="protocol.html" title="Chapter 54. Frontend/Backend Protocol">Chapter 54</a>.  Many clients are based on the
    C-language library <span class="application">libpq</span>, but several independent
    implementations of the protocol exist, such as the Java
    <span class="application">JDBC</span> driver.
   </p><p>
    Once a connection is established, the client process can send a query
    to the backend process it's connected to. The query is transmitted using
    plain text, i.e., there is no parsing done in the client. The backend
    process parses the query, creates an <em class="firstterm">execution plan</em>,
    executes the plan, and returns the retrieved rows to the client
    by transmitting them over the established connection.
   </p></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="query-path.html" title="51.1. The Path of a Query">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="overview.html" title="Chapter 51. Overview of PostgreSQL Internals">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="parser-stage.html" title="51.3. The Parser Stage">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">51.1. The Path of a Query </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html" title="PostgreSQL 18.4 Documentation">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> 51.3. The Parser Stage</td></tr></table></div></body></html>